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Kobayashi H, Matsubara S, Yoshimoto C, Shigetomi H, Imanaka S. Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitors as Potential Targets for Understanding the Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051237. [PMID: 37238908 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that causes maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Preeclampsia is associated with complex abnormalities of the coagulation and fibrinolytic system. Tissue factor (TF) is involved in the hemostatic system during pregnancy, while the Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI) is a major physiological inhibitor of the TF-initiated coagulation cascade. The imbalance in hemostatic mechanisms may lead to a hypercoagulable state, but prior research has not comprehensively investigated the roles of TFPI1 and TFPI2 in preeclamptic patients. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the biological functions of TFPI1 and TFPI2 and discuss future directions in preeclampsia research. METHODS A literature search was performed from inception to 30 June 2022 in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. RESULTS TFPI1 and TFPI2 are homologues with different protease inhibitory activities in the coagulation and fibrinolysis system. TFPI1 is an essential physiological inhibitor of the TF-initiated extrinsic pathway of coagulation. On the other hand, TFPI2 inhibits plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis and exerts antifibrinolytic activity. It also inhibits plasmin-mediated inactivation of clotting factors and maintains a hypercoagulable state. Furthermore, in contrast to TFPI1, TFPI2 suppresses trophoblast cell proliferation and invasion and promotes cell apoptosis. TFPI1 and TFPI2 may play important roles in regulating the coagulation and fibrinolytic system and trophoblast invasion to establish and maintain successful pregnancies. Concentrations of TF, TFPI1, and TFPI2 in maternal blood and placental tissue are significantly altered in preeclamptic women compared to normal pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS TFPI protein family may affect both the anticoagulant (i.e., TFPI1) and antifibrinolytic/procoagulant (i.e., TFPI2) systems. TFPI1 and TFPI2 may function as new predictive biomarkers for preeclampsia and navigate precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Ms.Clinic MayOne, 871-1 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-0813, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Sho Matsubara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Kei Oushin Clinic, 5-2-6 Naruo-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8184, Japan
| | - Chiharu Yoshimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, 2-897-5 Shichijyonishi-machi, Nara 630-8581, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shigetomi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Aska Ladies Clinic, 3-3-17 Kitatomigaoka-cho, Nara 634-0001, Japan
| | - Shogo Imanaka
- Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Ms.Clinic MayOne, 871-1 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-0813, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
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Kılınç E, Can Timucin A, Selim Cinaroglu S, Timucin E. Modeling and dynamical analysis of the full-length structure of factor XII with zinc. J Mol Model 2022; 28:129. [PMID: 35469101 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (II), the second most abundant transition metal in blood, binds to the initiator of the contact pathway, factor XII (FXII). This binding induces conformational changes in the structure of FXII eventually leading to its activation. Despite many in vitro and in vivo studies on zinc-mediated activation of FXII, its molecular mechanism remains elusive mainly due to absence of a full-length structural model of FXII. To this end, this study investigated the role of zinc in the structure and dynamics of the full-length structure FXII that was obtained through molecular modeling. We have used four structural templates covering more than 70% of the FXII sequence and the remaining interconnecting regions were built by loop modeling. The resulting full-length structure of FXII contained disordered regions, but in comparison to the AlphaFold (AF) prediction, our full-length model represented a more realistic structure because of the disordered regions which were modeled to yield a more compact full-length structure in our model than the AF structure. Other than the disordered regions, our model and AF prediction were highly similar. The resulting full-length FXII structure was used to generate different systems representing the zinc-bound form (holo). Further to assess the contribution of the disulfide bridges, we also analyzed the apo and holo FXII structures with oxidized or reduced cysteine side-chains. Simulations suggested zinc binding conferred rigidity to the structure, particularly to the light chain of FXII. Zinc binding alone was sufficient to limit the backbone flexibility while 15 disulfide bonds, which were scattered throughout the structure, made a less significant contribution to the backbone rigidity. Altogether our results provide insights into the first realistic full-length structure of FXII focusing on the impact of structural zinc and disulfide bridges in the dynamics of this structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evren Kılınç
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Can Timucin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey
| | | | - Emel Timucin
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey.
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The Globular C1q Receptor Is Required for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling during Candida albicans Infection. mBio 2021; 12:e0271621. [PMID: 34724825 PMCID: PMC8561387 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02716-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During oropharyngeal candidiasis, Candida albicans activates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which induces oral epithelial cells to endocytose the fungus and synthesize proinflammatory mediators. To elucidate EGFR signaling pathways that are stimulated by C. albicans, we used proteomics to identify 1,214 proteins that were associated with EGFR in C. albicans-infected cells. Seven of these proteins were selected for additional study. Among these proteins, WW domain-binding protein 2, Toll-interacting protein, interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), and the globular C1q receptor (gC1qR) were found to associate with EGFR in viable oral epithelial cells. Each of these proteins was required for maximal endocytosis of C. albicans, and all regulated fungus-induced production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and/or IL-8, either positively or negatively. gC1qR was found to function as a key coreceptor with EGFR. Interacting with the C. albicans Als3 invasin, gC1qR was required for the fungus to induce autophosphorylation of both EGFR and the ephrin type A receptor 2. The combination of gC1qR and EGFR was necessary for maximal endocytosis of C. albicans and secretion of IL-1β, IL-8, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by human oral epithelial cells. In mouse oral epithelial cells, inhibition of gC1qR failed to block C. albicans-induced phosphorylation, and knockdown of IFITM3 did not inhibit C. albicans endocytosis, indicating that gC1qR and IFITM3 function differently in mouse versus human oral epithelial cells. Thus, this work provides an atlas of proteins that associate with EGFR and identifies several that play a central role in the response of human oral epithelial cells to C. albicans infection.
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Sparkenbaugh EM, Kasztan M, Henderson MW, Ellsworth P, Davis PR, Wilson KJ, Reeves B, Key NS, Strickland S, McCrae K, Pollock DM, Pawlinski R. High molecular weight kininogen contributes to early mortality and kidney dysfunction in a mouse model of sickle cell disease. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2329-2340. [PMID: 32573897 PMCID: PMC8043232 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, vaso-occlusive crises, chronic inflammation, and activation of coagulation. The clinical complications such as painful crisis, stroke, pulmonary hypertension, nephropathy and venous thromboembolism lead to cumulative organ damage and premature death. High molecular weight kininogen (HK) is a central cofactor for the kallikrein-kinin and intrinsic coagulation pathways, which contributes to both coagulation and inflammation. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that HK contributes to the hypercoagulable and pro-inflammatory state that causes end-organ damage and early mortality in sickle mice. METHODS We evaluated the role of HK in the Townes mouse model of SCD. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS We found elevated plasma levels of cleaved HK in sickle patients compared to healthy controls, suggesting ongoing HK activation in SCD. We used bone marrow transplantation to generate wild type and sickle cell mice on a HK-deficient background. We found that short-term HK deficiency attenuated thrombin generation and inflammation in sickle mice at steady state, which was independent of bradykinin signaling. Moreover, long-term HK deficiency attenuates kidney injury, reduces chronic inflammation, and ultimately improves survival of sickle mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M. Sparkenbaugh
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Malgorzata Kasztan
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael W. Henderson
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Patrick Ellsworth
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Parker Ross Davis
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Wilson
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brandi Reeves
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nigel S. Key
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keith McCrae
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David M. Pollock
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rafal Pawlinski
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Ni R, Kindler DR, Waag R, Rouault M, Ravikumar P, Nitsch R, Rudin M, Camici GG, Liberale L, Kulic L, Klohs J. fMRI Reveals Mitigation of Cerebrovascular Dysfunction by Bradykinin Receptors 1 and 2 Inhibitor Noscapine in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Amyloidosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:27. [PMID: 30890928 PMCID: PMC6413713 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques can be used to assess cerebrovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease, an important and early contributor to pathology. We hypothesized that bradykinin receptor inhibition alleviates the vascular dysfunction in a transgenic arcAβ mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis and that fMRI techniques can be used to monitor the treatment response. Transgenic arcAβ mice, and non-transgenic littermates of 14 months-of-age were either treated with the bradykinin receptors 1 and 2 blocker noscapine or received normal drinking water as control over 3 months (n = 8–11/group) and all mice were assessed using fMRI at the end of the treatment period. Perfusion MRI using an arterial spin labeling technique showed regional hypoperfusion in arcAβ compared to non-transgenic controls, which was alleviated by noscapine treatment. Similarly, measuring cerebral blood volume changes upon pharmacological stimulation using vessel dilator acetazolamide revealed recovery of regional impairment of cerebral vascular reactivity in arcAβ mice upon noscapine treatment. In addition, we assessed with immunohistochemistry beta-amyloid (Aβ) and inflammation levels in brain sections. Immunohistological stainings for Aβ deposition (6E10) and related microgliosis (Iba1) in the cortex and hippocampus were found comparable between noscapine-treated and untreated arcAβ mice. In addition, levels of soluble and insoluble Aβ38, Aβ40, Aβ42 were found to be similar in brain tissue homogenates of noscapine-treated and untreated arcAβ mice using electro-chemiluminescent based immunoassay. In summary, bradykinin receptors blockade recovered cerebral vascular dysfunction in a mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis. fMRI methods revealed the functional deficit in disease condition and were useful tools to monitor the treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Ni
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Zurich Neuroscience Center, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Rita Kindler
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Waag
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marie Rouault
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Zurich Neuroscience Center, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Priyanka Ravikumar
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Nitsch
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rudin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni G Camici
- Zurich Neuroscience Center, Zürich, Switzerland.,Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Liberale
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luka Kulic
- Zurich Neuroscience Center, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Klohs
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Zurich Neuroscience Center, Zürich, Switzerland
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Depletion of coagulation factor XII ameliorates brain pathology and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease mice. Blood 2017; 129:2547-2556. [PMID: 28242605 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-11-753202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular abnormalities and inflammation are found in many Alzheimer disease (AD) patients, but whether these changes play a causative role in AD is not clear. The factor XII (FXII) -initiated contact system can trigger both vascular pathology and inflammation and is activated in AD patients and AD mice. We have investigated the role of the contact system in AD pathogenesis. Cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK), a marker for activation of the inflammatory arm of the contact system, is increased in a mouse model of AD, and this cleavage is temporally correlated with the onset of brain inflammation. Depletion of FXII in AD mice inhibited HK cleavage in plasma and reduced neuroinflammation, fibrinogen deposition, and neurodegeneration in the brain. Moreover, FXII-depleted AD mice showed better cognitive function than untreated AD mice. These results indicate that FXII-mediated contact system activation contributes to AD pathogenesis, and therefore this system may offer novel targets for AD treatment.
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Bäck J, Lood C, Bengtsson AA, Ekdahl KN, Nilsson B. Contact activation products are new potential biomarkers to evaluate the risk of thrombotic events in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 15:R206. [PMID: 24299152 PMCID: PMC3979000 DOI: 10.1186/ar4399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have persistent platelet activation and an increased risk of thrombotic events, which cannot be accounted for by traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Factor (F)XII has a potentially important role in thrombus formation and is triggered by activated platelets. We therefore asked whether the contact system is involved in inflammation and vascular disease (VD) in SLE. Methods Fibrin clots were incubated with purified FXII or whole blood, and the activation and regulation of FXII were studied. Plasma from SLE patients with (n = 31) or without (n = 38) previous VD and from matched healthy controls (n = 68) were analyzed for the presence of complexes formed between contact system enzymes and antithrombin (AT) or C1 inhibitor (C1INH) and evaluated with regard to clinical data and laboratory parameters. Results Fibrin clots elicited FXII activation and acted as co-factors for AT. In clotting plasma, the levels of FXIIa-AT increased, and FXIIa-C1INH decreased. A similar reciprocal relationship existed in SLE patients. FXIIa-AT was elevated in the SLE patients with a history of VD, while the corresponding levels of factor FXIIa-C1INH were significantly decreased. FXIIa-AT correlated strongly with platelet parameters. The odds ratio for VD among the SLE patients was 8.9 if they had low levels of FXIIa-C1INH, 6.1 for those with high levels of FXIIa-AT, and increased to 23.4 for those with both decreased levels of FXIIa-C1INH and increased levels of FXIIa-AT. Conclusions Activation of FXII is elicited by fibrin during thrombotic reactions in vitro and in vivo, and fibrin acts as a heparin-like co-factor and regulates AT. Patients with SLE had altered levels of FXIIa-serpin complexes, supporting that the contact system is involved in this disease. FXIIa-serpin complexes are strongly associated with previous VD in SLE patients, suggesting that these complexes are potential biomarkers for monitoring and assessing the risk of thrombotic events in SLE.
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Torika N, Filipovich-Rimon T, Asraf K, Roasso E, Danon A, Fleisher-Berkovich S. Differential regulation of astrocyte prostaglandin response by kinins: possible role for mitogen activated protein kinases. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 741:323-9. [PMID: 25169427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of kinins, well known as peripheral inflammatory mediators, in the modulation of brain inflammation is not completely understood. The present data show that bradykinin, a B2 receptor agonist, enhanced both basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein levels and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in primary rat astrocytes. By contrast, Lys-des-Arg(9)-bradykinin, which is a bradykinin breakdown product and a selective kinin B1 receptor agonist, attenuated both basal and LPS-induced astrocyte cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA levels and prostaglandin E2 production. Pre-treating the cells with p42/p44 MAPK but not with JNK or p38 inhibitors completely abrogated PGE2 synthesis in cells stimulated with LPS in the presence of bradykinin or bradykinin B1 receptor agonist. Bradykinin, but not the bradykinin B1 receptor agonist, augmented p42/p44 MAPK phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of JNK and p38 was not altered upon exposure to Bradykinin or the bradykinin B1 receptor agonist. These results suggest that the dual delayed effect of kinins on PGE2 synthesis may be due to differential regulation of COX-2 and signaling molecules such as p42/p44 MAPKs. Thus, kinins may exert opposing actions on brain inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nofar Torika
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Talia Filipovich-Rimon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Keren Asraf
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ella Roasso
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Abraham Danon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Sigal Fleisher-Berkovich
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Non-canonical signalling and roles of the vasoactive peptides angiotensins and kinins. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126:753-74. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20130414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors) are among the most important targets for drug discovery due to their ubiquitous expression and participation in cellular events under both healthy and disease conditions. These receptors can be activated by a plethora of ligands, such as ions, odorants, small ligands and peptides, including angiotensins and kinins, which are vasoactive peptides that are classically involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular events. These peptides and their corresponding GPCRs have been reported to play roles in other systems and under pathophysiological conditions, such as cancer, central nervous system disorders, metabolic dysfunction and bone resorption. More recently, new mechanisms have been described for the functional regulation of GPCRs, including the transactivation of other signal transduction receptors and the activation of G-protein-independent pathways. The existence of such alternative mechanisms for signal transduction and the discovery of agonists that can preferentially trigger one signalling pathway over other pathways (called biased agonists) have opened new perspectives for the discovery and development of drugs with a higher specificity of action and, therefore, fewer side effects. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on the non-canonical signalling and roles of angiotensins and kinins.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Vasculitis is a systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease, characterized by inflammation in and around vessel walls leading to perturbed vessel patency and tissue damage. Many different organs may be involved. In this review, pathogenetic mechanisms of vasculitis are discussed, with special reference to activation of the kinin system. Mechanisms of kinin system activation are described, ultimately leading to release of kinins from high molecular weight kininogen. These vasoactive peptides promote inflammation. CONCLUSION Kinin system activation during vasculitis promotes inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Amaral FA, Lemos MTR, Dong KE, Bittencourt MFQP, Caetano AL, Pesquero JB, Viel TA, Buck HS. Participation of kinin receptors on memory impairment after chronic infusion of human amyloid-beta 1-40 peptide in mice. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:93-7. [PMID: 19926131 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 09/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infusion of human amyloid-beta 1-40 (Abeta) in the lateral ventricle (LV) of rats is associated with memory impairment and increase of kinin receptors in cortical and hippocampal areas. Deletion of kinin B1 or B2 receptors abolished memory impairment caused by an acute single injection of Abeta in the LV. As brain tissue and kinin receptors could unlikely react to acute or chronic administration of a similar quantity of Abeta, we evaluated the participation of B1 or B2 receptors in memory impairment after chronic infusion of Abeta. Male C57Bl/6J (wt), knock-out B1 (koB1) or B2 (koB2) mice (12weeks of age) previously trained in a two-way shuttle-box and achieving conditioned avoidance responses (CAR, % of 50 trials) were infused with AB (550pmol, 0.12microL/h, 28days) or vehicle in the LV using a mini-osmotic pump. They were tested before the surgery (T0), 7 and 35days after the infusion started (T7; T35). In T0, no difference was observed between CAR of the control (Cwt=59.7+/-6.7%; CkoB1=46.7+/-4.0%; CkoB2=64.4+/-5.8%) and Abeta (Abetawt=66.0+/-3.0%; AbetakoB1=66.8+/-8.2%; AbetakoB2=58.7+/-5.9%) groups. In T7, AbetakoB2 showed a significant decrease in CAR (41.0+/-8.6%) compared to the control-koB2 (72.8+/-2.2%, P<0.05). In T35, a significant decrease (P<0.05) was observed in Abetawt (40.7+/-3.3%) and AbetakoB2 (41.2+/-10.7%) but not in the AbetakoB1 (64.0+/-14.0%) compared to their control groups. No changes were observed in the controls at T35. We suggest that in chronic infusion of BA, B1 receptors could play an important role in the neurodegenerative process. Conversely, the premature memory impairment of koB2 suggests that it may be a protective factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Agostini Amaral
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, Rua Dr. Cesario Motta Junior, 61, São Paulo, SP, CEP 01221-020, Brazil
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Mitochondrial p32 protein is a critical regulator of tumor metabolism via maintenance of oxidative phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:1303-18. [PMID: 20100866 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01101-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
p32/gC1qR/C1QBP/HABP1 is a mitochondrial/cell surface protein overexpressed in certain cancer cells. Here we show that knocking down p32 expression in human cancer cells strongly shifts their metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis. The p32 knockdown cells exhibited reduced synthesis of the mitochondrial-DNA-encoded OXPHOS polypeptides and were less tumorigenic in vivo. Expression of exogenous p32 in the knockdown cells restored the wild-type cellular phenotype and tumorigenicity. Increased glucose consumption and lactate production, known as the Warburg effect, are almost universal hallmarks of solid tumors and are thought to favor tumor growth. However, here we show that a protein regularly overexpressed in some cancers is capable of promoting OXPHOS. Our results indicate that high levels of glycolysis, in the absence of adequate OXPHOS, may not be as beneficial for tumor growth as generally thought and suggest that tumor cells use p32 to regulate the balance between OXPHOS and glycolysis.
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Physiological responses to protein aggregates: Fibrinolysis, coagulation and inflammation (new roles for old factors). FEBS Lett 2009; 583:2691-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Viel TA, Lima Caetano A, Nasello AG, Lancelotti CL, Nunes VA, Araujo MS, Buck HS. Increases of kinin B1 and B2 receptors binding sites after brain infusion of amyloid-beta 1–40 peptide in rats. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 29:1805-14. [PMID: 17570564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous inflammation pathways have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease, the involvement of the kallikrein-kinin system is still under investigation. We anatomically localized and quantified the density of kinin B(1) and B(2) receptors binding sites in the rat brain after the infusion of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide in the right lateral brain ventricle for 5 weeks. The conditioned avoidance test showed a significant reduction of memory consolidation in rats infused with Abeta (68.6+/-20.9%, P<0.05) when compared to control group (90.8+/-4.1%; infused with vehicle). Autoradiographic studies performed in brain samples of both groups using [(125)I]HPP-[des-Arg(10)]-Hoe-140 (150pM, 90min, 25 degrees C) showed a significant increase in density of B(1) receptor binding sites in the ventral hippocampal commissure (1.23+/-0.07fmol/mg), fimbria (1.31+/-0.05fmol/mg), CA1 and CA3 hippocampal areas (1.05+/-0.03 and 1.24+/-0.02fmol/mg, respectively), habenular nuclei (1.30+/-0.04fmol/mg), optical tract (1.30+/-0.05fmol/mg) and internal capsule (1.26+/-0.05fmol/mg) in Abeta group. For B(2) receptors ([(125)I]HPP-Hoe-140, 200pM, 90min, 25 degrees C), a significant increase in density of binding sites was observed in optical tract (2.04+/-0.08fmol/mg), basal nucleus of Meynert (1.84+/-0.18fmol/mg), lateral septal nucleus - dorsal and intermediary portions (1.66+/-0.29fmol/mg), internal capsule (1.74+/-0.19fmol/mg) and habenular nuclei (1.68+/-0.11fmol/mg). In control group, none of these nuclei showed [(125)I]HPP-Hoe-140 labeling. This significant increase in densities of kinin B(1) and B(2) receptors in animals submitted to Abeta infusion was observed mainly in brain regions related to cognitive behavior, suggesting the involvement of the kallikrein-kinin system in Alzheimer's disease in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Araujo Viel
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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16
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Prediger R, Medeiros R, Pandolfo P, Duarte F, Passos G, Pesquero J, Campos M, Calixto J, Takahashi R. Genetic deletion or antagonism of kinin B1 and B2 receptors improves cognitive deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2008; 151:631-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Yin W, Ghebrehiwet B, Weksler B, Peerschke EIB. Regulated complement deposition on the surface of human endothelial cells: effect of tobacco smoke and shear stress. Thromb Res 2007; 122:221-8. [PMID: 18166221 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke and hemodynamic stress both contribute to vascular inflammation and associated atherosclerosis. We recently demonstrated direct activation of complement components C4 and C3 on human endothelial cells (EC). The present study was designed to explore complement activation on bone marrow microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in response to endothelial cell injury by tobacco smoke extract, shear stress, or other known inflammatory and atherogenic mediators, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and INF-gamma. Following treatment, confluent EC monolayers were exposed to plasma (60 min, 37 degrees C), and cell surface deposition of stable complement derivatives C4d, iC3b and SC5b-9 was measured in situ using an ELISA approach. Consistent with previous results, moderate levels of C4d, iC3b and SC5b-9 deposition were observed on native EC monolayers exposed to human plasma. Tobacco smoke and shear stress enhanced EC C4d deposition. In contrast, LPS and INF-gamma failed to affect EC mediated complement activation, despite evidence of EC activation illustrated by ICAM-1 expression. The combination of tobacco smoke and shear stress nearly doubled EC C4d expression. No increases in iC3b or SC5b-9 were noted, suggesting inhibition of classical and alternative pathway C3 convertase assembly or activity. Indeed, concomitantly increased surface expression of complement regulatory proteins CD35 (CR1) and CD55 was observed following EC exposure to tobacco smoke and shear stress. These results suggest that a balance between complement activation and regulation exists at the EC surface, and may impact vascular injury leading to thrombosis, arteriosclerosis, and atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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18
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Participation of kallikrein-kinin system in different pathologies. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 8:135-42. [PMID: 18182216 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The general description of kinins refers to these peptides as molecules involved in vascular tone regulation and inflammation. Nevertheless, in the last years a series of evidences has shown that local hormonal systems, such as the kallikrein-kinin system, may be differently regulated and are of pivotal importance to pathophysiological control. The combined interpretations of many recent studies allow us to conclude that the kallikrein-kinin system plays broader and richer roles than those classically described until recently. In this review, we report findings concerning the participation of the kallikrein-kinin system in inflammation, cancer, and in pathologies related to cardiovascular, renal and central nervous systems.
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19
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Iores-Marçal LM, Viel TA, Buck HS, Nunes VA, Gozzo AJ, Cruz-Silva I, Miranda A, Shimamoto K, Ura N, Araujo MS. Bradykinin release and inactivation in brain of rats submitted to an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease. Peptides 2006; 27:3363-9. [PMID: 17030465 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Revised: 07/12/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin system is involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Components of this system, identified in rat and human brains, can be altered in neurodegenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease. Here, we studied kinin release and its inactivation in rats submitted to chronic cerebroventricular infusion of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide. Neurodegeneration was confirmed by histological analysis of brain samples. In cerebrospinal fluid of animals infused with Abeta, bradykinin concentration was increased, as determined by radioimmunoassay. However, in the brain of Abeta group, we only detected the tripeptide Arg-Pro-Pro, purified by reversed-phase chromatography and characterized by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. This fragment of bradykinin indicated the possible participation of kinin-processing enzymes in the brain such as a prolyl oligopeptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia M Iores-Marçal
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, 04044-020, S. Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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20
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Chelobanov BP, Laktionov PP, Vlasov VV. Proteins involved in binding and cellular uptake of nucleic acids. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:583-96. [PMID: 16827649 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906060010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The study of mechanisms of nucleic acid transport across the cell membrane is valuable both for understanding the biological function of extracellular nucleic acids and the practical use of nucleic acids in gene therapy. It has been clearly demonstrated that cell surface proteins are necessary for transport of nucleic acids into cells. A large amount of data has now been accumulated about the proteins that participate in nucleic acid transport. The methods for revealing and identification of these proteins, possible mechanisms of protein-mediated transport of nucleic acids, and cellular functions of these proteins are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Chelobanov
- Institute of Biochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia.
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21
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Joseph K, Kaplan AP. Formation of Bradykinin: A Major Contributor to the Innate Inflammatory Response. Adv Immunol 2005; 86:159-208. [PMID: 15705422 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(04)86005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The plasma kinin-forming cascade can be activated by contact with negatively charged macromolecules leading to binding and autoactivation of factor XII, activation of prekallikrein to kallikrein by factor XIIa, and cleavage of high molecular weight kininogen (HK) by kallikrein to release the vasoactive peptide bradykinin. Once kallikrein formation begins, there is rapid cleavage of unactivated factor XII to factor XIIa, and this positive feedback is favored kinetically over factor XII autoactivation. Examples of surface initiators that can function in this fashion are endotoxin, sulfated mucopolysaccharides, and aggregated Abeta protein. Physiological activation appears to occur along the surface of endothelial cells both by the aforementioned contact-initiated reactions as well as bypass pathways that are independent of factor XII. Factor XII binds primarily to cell surface u-PAR (urokinase plasminogen activator receptor); HK binds to gC1qR via its light chain (domain 5) and to cytokeratin 1 by its heavy chain (domain 3) and, to a lesser degree, by its light chain. Prekallikrein circulates bound to HK (as does coagulation factor XI), and prekallikrein is thereby brought to the surface as HK binds. All cell-binding reactions are dependent on zinc ion. Endothelial cells (HUVECs) have bimolecular complexes of u-PAR-cytokeratin 1 and gC1qR-cytokeratin 1 at the cell surface plus free gC1qR, which is present in substantial molar excess. Factor XII appears to interact primarily with the u-PAR-cytokeratin 1 complex, whereas HK binds primarily to the gC1qR-cytokeratin 1 complex and to free gC1qR. Release of endothelial cell heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) or the enzyme prolylcarboxypeptidase leads to activation of the bradykinin-forming cascade by activating the prekallikrein-HK complex. In contrast to factor XIIa, neither will activate prekallikrein in the absence of HK, both reactions require zinc ion, and the stoichiometry suggests interaction of one molecule of Hsp90 (for example) with one molecule of prekallikrein-HK complex. The presence of factor XII, however, leads to a marked augmentation in reaction rate via the kallikrein feedback as well as to a change to classic enzyme-substrate kinetics. The circumstances in which activation is initiated by factor XII autoactivation or by these factor XII bypasses are yet to be defined. The pathologic conditions in which bradykinin generation appears important include hereditary and acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency, cough and angioedema due to ACE inhibitors, endotoxin shock, with contributions to conditions as diverse as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, control of blood pressure, and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusumam Joseph
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine and Allergy/Clinical Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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22
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Puchades M, Hansson SF, Nilsson CL, Andreasen N, Blennow K, Davidsson P. Proteomic studies of potential cerebrospinal fluid protein markers for Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 118:140-6. [PMID: 14559363 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
By comparing the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome between Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and controls, it may be possible to identify proteins that play a role in the disease process and thus to study the pathogenesis of AD. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), SYPRO Ruby staining and mass spectrometry were used for clinical screening of disease-influenced CSF proteins in AD patients compared to controls. In order to increase the detection of CSF proteins and to improve the separation of protein isoforms in a 2-D gel, micro-narrow range IPG strips were used. The levels of eight proteins and their isoforms, including apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein J, beta-trace, retinol-binding protein, kininogen, alpha-1 antitrypsin, cell cycle progression 8 protein, and alpha-1beta glycoprotein were significantly altered in CSF of AD patients compared to controls. Furthermore, we also used liquid-phase IEF, as a prefractionation step, prior to 2-DE for comparison of CSF proteins between individual AD patients and controls. The levels of 37 proteins spots were altered in AD patients. One of the identified proteins, alpha-2-HS glycoprotein, has not previously been linked to AD. Our study shows that several glycoproteins are altered in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Puchades
- Unit of Experimental Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Göteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Mölndal, S-431 80 Mölndal, Göteborg, Sweden.
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23
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Das A, Smalheiser NR, Markaryan A, Kaplan A. Evidence for binding of the ectodomain of amyloid precursor protein 695 and activated high molecular weight kininogen. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1571:225-38. [PMID: 12090937 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To identify ligands that bind to the N-terminal portion of human amyloid precursor protein (APP), we sought binding partners for a fragment of the ectodomain of human APP695 (sAPP(695)T). The probe bound to fragments of high molecular weight kininogen (HK) in rat cortical membrane preparations in vitro. Laser confocal microscopy indicated that APP and HK colocalize near cerebral blood vessels, in the neuropil, and in many neurons of rat brain. sAPP(695)T bound to human activated kininogen (HKa) (K(d)=0.3+/-0.1 nM), but not to inactivated or low molecular weight kininogen. Binding was specific for the light chain sequence of HKa. Biotinylated human HKa also bound to sAPP(695) (K(d)=0.3+/-0.5 nM). sAPP(695) and HKa form tight complexes in solution that can be coimmunoprecipitated. These results support the hypothesis that forms of APP and kininogen can interact in brain tissue. Considering the implications of APP in neurite outgrowth, the APP-HKa interaction could modulate neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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24
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Bergamaschini L, Donarini C, Rossi E, De Luigi A, Vergani C, De Simoni MG. Heparin attenuates cytotoxic and inflammatory activity of Alzheimer amyloid-beta in vitro. Neurobiol Aging 2002; 23:531-6. [PMID: 12009502 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta protein (Abeta) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease because of its neurotoxicity and the ability to trigger local inflammation. Compounds that interact with the amino acids of the N-terminal region or interfere with aggregation can reduce the Abeta biologic activity. We evaluated the effect of heparin on Abeta (1-42) neurotoxicity and on its ability to activate complement and contact system. On differentiated PC12 cells, a reliable model of neuronal cells, heparin at the doses of 10 and 20 microg/ml significantly counteracted Abeta cytotoxicity as assessed by measuring MTT conversion. We then explored the effect of heparin on Abeta (1-42)-induced complement and contact system activation. Abeta (1-42) was incubated with heparin in presence of normal plasma as the source of complement and contact system factors. Heparin reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, complement and contact system activation, assessed by measuring the degree of C4 and high molecular weight kininogen cleavage. The present data show that heparin can attenuate neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory activity of Abeta and suggest that this drug could represent a new strategy to reduce the progressive neurodegeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bergamaschini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Maggiore IRCCS, University of Milan, Italy.
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25
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Rozanov DV, Ghebrehiwet B, Postnova TI, Eichinger A, Deryugina EI, Strongin AY. The hemopexin-like C-terminal domain of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase regulates proteolysis of a multifunctional protein, gC1qR. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:9318-25. [PMID: 11773076 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110711200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) including membrane type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP) can degrade extracellular matrix and cell surface receptor molecules and have an essential function in malignancy. Recently, we established a functional link between MT1-MMP and the receptor of complement component 1q (gC1qR). The gC1qR is known as a compartment-specific regulator of diverse cellular and viral proteins. Once released by proliferating cells, soluble gC1qR may inhibit complement component 1q hemolytic activity and play important roles in vivo in assisting tumor cells to evade destruction by complement. Here, we report that gC1qR is susceptible to MT1-MMP proteolysis in vitro and in cell cultures. The major MT1-MMP cleavage site (Gly(79) down arrow Gln(80)) is localized within the structurally disordered loop connecting the beta(3) and the beta(4) strands of gC1qR. The recombinant MT1-MMP construct that included the catalytic domain but lacked the hemopexin-like domain lost the proteolytic capacity; however, it retained the ability to bind gC1qR. Inhibition of MT1-MMP activity by a hydroxamate inhibitor converted the protease into a cell surface receptor of gC1qR and promoted co-precipitation MT1-MMP with the soluble gC1qR protein. It is tempting to hypothesize that these novel mechanisms may play important roles in vivo and have to be taken into account in designing hydroxamate-based cancer therapy.
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26
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Collard CD, Montalto MC, Reenstra WR, Buras JA, Stahl GL. Endothelial oxidative stress activates the lectin complement pathway: role of cytokeratin 1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 159:1045-54. [PMID: 11549596 PMCID: PMC1850443 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61779-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress increases endothelial mannose-binding lectin (MBL) binding and activates the lectin complement pathway (LCP). However, the molecular mechanism of MBL binding to the endothelium after oxidative stress is unknown. Intermediate filaments have been previously reported to activate the classical complement pathway in an antibody-independent manner. We investigated whether oxidative stress increases human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cytokeratin 1 (CK1) expression and activates the LCP via MBL binding to CK1. Reoxygenation (3 hours, 21% O(2)) of hypoxic HUVECs (24 hours, 1% O(2)) significantly increased CK1 mRNA (in situ hybridization) and membrane protein expression [enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)/confocal microscopy]. Incubating human serum (HS) with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or anti-human MBL monoclonal antibody attenuated MBL and C3 deposition on purified CK1 (ELISA). CK1 and MBL were co-immunoprecipitated from hypoxic HUVECs reoxygenated in HS. Treatment with anti-human cytokeratin Fab fragments attenuated endothelial MBL and C3 deposition after oxidative stress (ELISA/confocal microscopy). We conclude that: 1) endothelial oxidative stress increases CK1 expression, MBL binding, and C3 deposition; 2) inhibition of MBL attenuates purified CK1-induced complement activation; and 3) anti-human cytokeratin Fab fragments attenuate endothelial MBL and C3 deposition after oxidative stress. These results suggest that MBL binding to endothelial cytokeratins may mediate LCP activation after oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Collard
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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27
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Remotti F, Fetsch JF, Miettinen M. Keratin 1 expression in endothelia and mesenchymal tumors: an immunohistochemical analysis of normal and neoplastic tissues. Hum Pathol 2001; 32:873-9. [PMID: 11521233 DOI: 10.1053/hupa.2001.26466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Keratin polypeptides of the nonhair type, numbered 1 through 20 in the Moll catalog, are selectively expressed in normal and neoplastic tissues. Keratin 1 (K1), the highest-molecular-weight keratin (67 kd), was generally considered specific for keratinizing squamous epithelia. However, recent studies have shown that it is an integral component of the multiprotein kininogen receptor of endothelial cells. A library of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples was evaluated immunohistochemically (avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method) for K1 expression using a specific monoclonal antibody (Novocastra clone 34betaB4). The study group included a wide variety of normal tissues and 541 tumors of epithelial or mesenchymal derivation. The specificity of the antibody to K1 was verified in normal epithelial tissues, where the staining was essentially limited to the epidermis and Hassal corpuscles of the thymus and focally to other squamous epithelia. Among carcinomas, it was essentially limited to keratinizing squamous carcinomas. It was also regularly found in endothelial cells of normal capillaries, veins, and arteries. Capillary, cavernous, and venous hemangiomas often had endothelia with K1 positivity. Among the malignant vascular tumors, epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas were consistently positive (8 of 8). However, angiosarcomas had more variable expression (59 of 81 were positive), with well-differentiated tumors generally having greater reactivity than poorly differentiated examples. Mesenchymal tumors with K1 expression included schwannomas (10 of 16), epithelioid sarcomas (26 of 37), and synovial sarcomas (19 of 68). In the last 2 tumor types, K1 reactivity was detected in both epithelioid and spindled neoplastic populations. In addition to its specificity for keratinizing squamous epithelia, K1 can be immunohistochemically detected in normal vascular endothelial cells and a spectrum of vascular tumors. However, its expression in poorly differentiated vascular tumors is variable, suggesting that this marker is poorly conserved in highly transformed endothelia. The unexpected K1 immunoreactivity in nonvascular soft tissue tumors, such as synovial sarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma, and schwannomas, requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Remotti
- Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA
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28
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van Leeuwen HC, O'Hare P. Retargeting of the mitochondrial protein p32/gC1Qr to a cytoplasmic compartment and the cell surface. J Cell Sci 2001; 114:2115-23. [PMID: 11493647 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114.11.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
p32/gC1qR is a small acidic protein that has been reported to have a broad range of distinct functions and to associate with a wide array of cellular, viral and bacterial proteins. It has been found in each of the main cellular compartments including mitochondria, nucleus and cytoplasm and is also thought to be located at the plasma membrane and secreted into the extracellular matrix. The true physiological role(s) of p32 remains controversial because it has been difficult to reconcile all of the findings on protein interactions and the seemingly disparate observations on compartmentalisation. However, it has been proposed that p32 is somehow involved in transport processes connecting diverse cellular compartments and the cell surface. Here we show that native p32 appears to be localised mainly in the mitochondria and is not detectable on the cell surface. However, addition of a short tag to the N-terminus of p32 appears to block its mitochondrial targeting, resulting in redirection into a cytoplasmic vesicular pattern, overlapping with the endoplasmic reticulum. The redirection of p32 results in an alteration in and co-localisation with ER markers including calreticulin, a lumenal ER chaperone. Furthermore, we show both by immunofluorescence and cross-linking studies that this also results in cell-surface expression of p32. These results indicate that, at least under certain circumstances, p32 can be retargeted and may help to provide an explanation for the diverse observations on its localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C van Leeuwen
- Marie Curie Research Institute, The Chart, Oxted, Surrey, RH8 0TL, UK
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