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Nguyen NNJ, Sherman C, van der Kwast TH, Downes MR. Aggressive prostatic adenocarcinoma with urothelial-like morphology, with frequent CK7/CK20/HMWK expression and occasional diffuse neuroendocrine features: A clinicopathologic study of 12 cases. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 254:155105. [PMID: 38218041 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostatic adenocarcinoma can occasionally display urothelial carcinoma morphology, which prompts immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies to determine its lineage. Typically, prostate cancer is characterized by the lack of cytokeratin (CK) 7, CK20 and high molecular weight keratin (HMWK) expression, as opposed to bladder cancer. METHODS We report a series of 12 prostatic adenocarcinoma cases with unusual urothelial-like morphology, diagnosed at two academic institutions in Toronto between 2018 and 2023, and analyzed by immunohistochemistry for prostatic, urothelial, and neuroendocrine marker expression. We collected patient age, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) status, tumour site, histomorphology, Grade group (GG) and results of genetic testing. RESULTS The median age of the 12 patients included in this case series was 75.5 years (range 41-85). A history of prostatic cancer was noted in 7/12 (58%) patients. Five of nine (56%) patients had elevated serum PSA level at diagnosis. Six of eleven (55%) patients had prior ADT. Tumour sites were prostate (n = 6), bladder (n = 3), liver metastases (n = 2), and lung metastasis (n = 1). GGs of the primary tumours were GG3 (n = 1) and GG5 (n = 8). The observed urothelial-like morphology was diffuse in ten cases, and focal in two cases. CK7 was strong/diffuse in 8/11 tested cases, and focal weak in one case. CK20, HMWK, p63 and GATA3 were patchy/focal/weak/moderate in 3/6, 4/7, 4/8 and 2/9 cases, respectively. Ten (83%) cases were positive for at least one prostatic marker; eight (67%) cases had loss/weak staining of at least one prostatic marker. AR loss was seen in 2/7 (29%) cases. Seven of ten (70%) cases had diffuse/strong expression of at least one neuroendocrine marker. No trend was evident between prior ADT/AR status and any IHC result. Molecular analyses for DNA damage repair (DDR) genes (n = 6) demonstrated one ATM deletion (bladder). In addition, one TMPRSS2:ERG fusion (lung metastasis) was identified. CONCLUSION This series comprises high-grade and/or metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma cases with distinctive urothelial-like morphology and frequent aberrant CK7/CK20/HMWK expression. Their histomorphology, highly suggestive of an urothelial origin, represents a diagnostic pitfall that can lead to considerable management repercussions. The fact that a high proportion of the reported cases had loss/weak expression of at least one of the tested prostatic-specific markers, and occasionally a diffuse positivity for neuroendocrine markers highlights the importance of (1) clinical history and (2) utilization of broad IHC panels to correctly diagnose such unusual prostate cancer cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher Sherman
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anatomic Pathology, Precision Diagnostics & Therapeutics Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theodorus H van der Kwast
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle R Downes
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anatomic Pathology, Precision Diagnostics & Therapeutics Program, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Merkulova AA, Abdalian S, Silbak S, Pinheiro A, Schmaier AH. C1 inhibitor and prolylcarboxypeptidase modulate prekallikrein activation on endothelial cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:961-971.e7. [PMID: 37399947 PMCID: PMC10592223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined how prekallikrein (PK) activation on human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) is regulated by the ambient concentration of C1 inhibitor (C1INH) and prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP). OBJECTIVE We sought to examine the specificity of PK activation on HMVECs by PRCP and the role of C1INH to regulate it, high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK) cleavage, and bradykinin (BK) liberation. METHODS Investigations were performed on cultured HMVECs. Immunofluorescence, enzymatic activity assays, immunoblots, small interfering RNA knockdowns, and cell transfections were used to perform these studies. RESULTS Cultured HMVECs constitutively coexpressed PK, HK, C1INH, and PRCP. PK activation on HMVECs was modulated by the ambient C1INH concentration. In the absence of C1INH, forming PKa on HMVECs cleaved 120-kDa HK completely to a 65-kDa H-chain and a 46-kDa L-chain in 60 minutes. In the presence of 2 μM C1INH, only 50% of the HK became cleaved. C1INH concentrations (0.0-2.5 μM) decreased but did not abolish BK liberated from HK by activated PK. Factor XII did not activate when incubated with HMVECs alone for 1 hour. However, if incubated in the presence of HK and PK, factor XII became activated. The specificity of PK activation on HMVECs by PRCP was shown by several inhibitors to each enzyme. Furthermore, PRCP small interfering RNA knockdowns magnified C1INH inhibitory activity on PK activation, and PRCP transfections reduced C1INH inhibition at any given concentration. CONCLUSIONS These combined studies indicated that on HMVECs, PK activation and HK cleavage to liberate BK were modulated by the local concentrations of C1INH and PRCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alona A Merkulova
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sarah Abdalian
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sadiq Silbak
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alessandro Pinheiro
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alvin H Schmaier
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Moellmer SA, Puy C, McCarty OJT. HK is the apple of FXI's eye. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:2485-2487. [PMID: 36271466 PMCID: PMC9589922 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Moellmer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Cristina Puy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Owen J. T. McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Regan-Smith S, Fritzen R, Hierons SJ, Ajjan RA, Blindauer CA, Stewart AJ. Strategies for Therapeutic Amelioration of Aberrant Plasma Zn2+ Handling in Thrombotic Disease: Targeting Fatty Acid/Serum Albumin-Mediated Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810302. [PMID: 36142215 PMCID: PMC9499645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation, maintenance and regulation of blood coagulation is inexorably linked to the actions of Zn2+ in blood plasma. Zn2+ interacts with a variety of haemostatic proteins in the bloodstream including fibrinogen, histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) and high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) to regulate haemostasis. The availability of Zn2+ to bind such proteins is controlled by human serum albumin (HSA), which binds 70–85% of plasma Zn2+ under basal conditions. HSA also binds and transports non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). Upon NEFA binding, there is a change in the structure of HSA which leads to a reduction in its affinity for Zn2+. This enables other plasma proteins to better compete for binding of Zn2+. In diseases where elevated plasma NEFA concentrations are a feature, such as obesity and diabetes, there is a concurrent increase in hypercoagulability. Evidence indicates that NEFA-induced perturbation of Zn2+-binding by HSA may contribute to the thrombotic complications frequently observed in these pathophysiological conditions. This review highlights potential interventions, both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical that may be employed to combat this dysregulation. Lifestyle and dietary changes have been shown to reduce plasma NEFA concentrations. Furthermore, drugs that influence NEFA levels such as statins and fibrates may be useful in this context. In severely obese patients, more invasive therapies such as bariatric surgery may be useful. Finally, other potential treatments such as chelation therapies, use of cholesteryl transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors, lipase inhibitors, fatty acid inhibitors and other treatments are highlighted, which with additional research and appropriate clinical trials, could prove useful in the treatment and management of thrombotic disease through amelioration of plasma Zn2+ dysregulation in high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Remi Fritzen
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
| | | | - Ramzi A. Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Alan J. Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1334-463546
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Sparkenbaugh EM, Kasztan M, Henderson MW, Ellsworth P, Davis PR, Wilson KJ, Reeves B, Key NS, Strickland S, McCrae K, Pollock DM, Pawlinski R. High molecular weight kininogen contributes to early mortality and kidney dysfunction in a mouse model of sickle cell disease. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2329-2340. [PMID: 32573897 PMCID: PMC8043232 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, vaso-occlusive crises, chronic inflammation, and activation of coagulation. The clinical complications such as painful crisis, stroke, pulmonary hypertension, nephropathy and venous thromboembolism lead to cumulative organ damage and premature death. High molecular weight kininogen (HK) is a central cofactor for the kallikrein-kinin and intrinsic coagulation pathways, which contributes to both coagulation and inflammation. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that HK contributes to the hypercoagulable and pro-inflammatory state that causes end-organ damage and early mortality in sickle mice. METHODS We evaluated the role of HK in the Townes mouse model of SCD. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS We found elevated plasma levels of cleaved HK in sickle patients compared to healthy controls, suggesting ongoing HK activation in SCD. We used bone marrow transplantation to generate wild type and sickle cell mice on a HK-deficient background. We found that short-term HK deficiency attenuated thrombin generation and inflammation in sickle mice at steady state, which was independent of bradykinin signaling. Moreover, long-term HK deficiency attenuates kidney injury, reduces chronic inflammation, and ultimately improves survival of sickle mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M. Sparkenbaugh
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Malgorzata Kasztan
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael W. Henderson
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Patrick Ellsworth
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Parker Ross Davis
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Wilson
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brandi Reeves
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nigel S. Key
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keith McCrae
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David M. Pollock
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rafal Pawlinski
- UNC Blood Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Pinheiro A, Schmaier AH. Factor XII's autoactivation and cell biology interdigitate in disease states. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:1808-1812. [PMID: 32468711 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pinheiro
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alvin H Schmaier
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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