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Torreggiani C, Maes D, Franchi L, Raffi V, Borri E, Prosperi A, Chiapponi C, Luppi A. Premature farrowing and stillbirths in two organic sow farms due to riboflavin deficiency. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:12. [PMID: 37143142 PMCID: PMC10161553 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Riboflavin deficiency can lead to premature farrowing, stillborn piglets, weak-born piglets and neonatal death. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is considered essential for reproductive function. The longer the period on riboflavin-deficient diets, the more severe the clinical signs become. Litter size as well as body size of piglets can also be considered risk factors that may contribute to the problem. CASE PRESENTATION This case report involved two organic farms of 320 (farm A) and 250 sows (farm B). Between 2019 and 2020, premature farrowing with weak-born or stillborn piglets and severe intra-litter mortality, ranging from 60 to 100% were observed. Investigations for infectious causes of reproductive disease, drinking water quality and general feed composition were performed, but showed no significant results. Feed composition was subsequently evaluated more in detail. Riboflavin levels were very low specifically 1.25 mg/kg of diet (3.75 mg/kg of diet is the NRC minimum recommended level). Riboflavin as a vitamin complex supplement (B complex) was administered to sows one month before the farrowing date and this led to a rapid improvement of the problem such that no stillbirth or intra-litter mortality was observed. CONCLUSIONS The clinical presentation, the low riboflavin levels in the feed below the recommended levels for gestating sows and the effectiveness of the riboflavin supplementation, led to an ex juvantibus diagnosis of this deficiency condition. This case report highlights that riboflavin deficiency during gestation should be considered in case of premature parturition and stillborn litters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Torreggiani
- IZSLER, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy.
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Alice Prosperi
- IZSLER, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Chiapponi
- IZSLER, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Luppi
- IZSLER, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia-Romagna, Parma, Italy
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Cardeti G, Cersini A, Manna G, De Santis P, Scicluna MT, Albani A, Simula M, Sittinieri S, De Santis L, De Liberato C, Ngakan PO, Wahid I, Carosi M. Detection of viruses from feces of wild endangered Macaca maura: a potential threat to moor macaque survival and for zoonotic infection. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:418. [PMID: 36447236 PMCID: PMC9706849 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, there is a scarcity of information and literature on Macaca maura health status relative to viral diseases. The objectives of the present study were to investigate on the potential spread of enteric and non-enteric viruses shed in the environment through a wild macaque feces and to understand the possible interrelation in the spread of zoonotic viruses in a poorly studied geographical area, the Sulawesi Island. This study will also contribute providing useful information on potential threats to the health of this endangered species. METHODS The sampling was conducted between 2014 and 2016 in the Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, in the south of the Sulawesi Island and non-invasive sampling methods were used to collect fresh stools of the M. maura, one of the seven macaque species endemic to the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. The population under study consisted in two wild, neighboring social macaque groups with partially overlapping home ranges; twenty-four samples were collected and examined using negative staining electron microscopy and a panel of PCR protocols for the detection of ten RNA and two DNA viruses. RESULTS Viral particles resembling parvovirus (5 samples), picornavirus (13 samples) and calicivirus (13 samples) were detected by electron microscopy whereas the PCR panel was negative for the 12 viruses investigated, except for one sample positive for a mosquito flavivirus. The results did not correlate with animal sex; furthermore, because all of the animals were clinically healthy, it was not possible to correlate feces consistency with viral presence. CONCLUSIONS As information on viral infections in wild moor macaques remains limited, further studies are yet required to identify the fecal-oral and blood transmitted potentially zoonotic viruses, which may infect the moor macaque and other macaque species endemic to the South Sulawesi Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Cardeti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cersini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola De Santis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Scicluna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Albani
- grid.8509.40000000121622106Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy ,Royal Society for the Protection of Birds/Gola Rainforest National Park, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Massimiliano Simula
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Sittinieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Santis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio De Liberato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, Rome, Italy
| | - Putu Oka Ngakan
- grid.412001.60000 0000 8544 230XFaculty of Forestry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Sulawesi Indonesia
| | - Isra Wahid
- grid.412001.60000 0000 8544 230XFaculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Sulawesi Indonesia
| | - Monica Carosi
- grid.8509.40000000121622106Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
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Wei N, Xiong J, Ma J, Ye J, Si Y, Cao S. Development of efficient, sensitive, and specific detection method for Encephalomyocarditis virus based on CRISPR/Cas13a. J Virol Methods 2022; 309:114592. [PMID: 35905814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is one of the major zoonosis pathogens, and it can cause acute myocarditis in young pigs or reproductive failure in sows. EMCV has been recognized as a pathogen infecting many species and causes substantial economic losses worldwide. Therefore, the development of a rapid, sensitive, and accurate detection of this virus is essential for the diagnosis and control of the EMCV-induced disease. The RNA-guiding, RNA-targeting CRISPR effector CRISPR/Cas13a (Cas13a, previously known as C2c2) exhibits a "collateral effect" of promiscuous RNase activity upon the target recognition. When the crRNA of LwCas13a binds to the target RNA, the collateral cleavage activity of LwCas13a is activated to degrade the non-targeted RNA. In this study, we developed an efficient, sensitive, and specific EMCV detection method based on the collateral cleavage activity of LwCas13a by combining recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) and a lateral flow strip. This method was an isothermal detection at 37 °C, which allowed visual observation by the naked eyes. We also optimized the reaction conditions of this method, and the detection result could be obtained within 60 min. The sensitivity of our method reached up to 101 copies/µL. Furthermore, no cross-reactions with other 8 major swine viruses were observed, indicating the excellent specificity of this method. At the same time, the assay had a 100 % coincidence rate with qPCR detection of the EMCV in 37 clinical samples. In addition, our developed method requires only 2-step operations and basic equipment, and thus it is simple and inexpensive. Overall, CRISPR/Cas13a-based detection has a great application potential for the EMCV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junyao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Youhui Si
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Schaumburg F, Carrell CS, Henry CS. Rapid Bacteria Detection at Low Concentrations Using Sequential Immunomagnetic Separation and Paper-Based Isotachophoresis. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9623-9630. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Schaumburg
- INTEC (Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET), RN 168, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Cody S. Carrell
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Qin S, Underwood D, Driver L, Kistler C, Diallo I, Kirkland PD. Evaluation of a duplex reverse-transcription real-time PCR assay for the detection of encephalomyocarditis virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:554-559. [PMID: 29860932 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718779112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated a fluorogenic probe-based assay for the detection of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) by comparing a set of published primers and probe to a new set of primers and probe. The published reagents failed to amplify a range of Australian isolates and an Italian reference strain of EMCV. In contrast, an assay based on 2 new sets of primers and probes that were run in a duplex reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR) worked well, with high amplification efficiency. The analytical sensitivity was ~100-fold higher than virus isolation in cell culture. The intra-assay variation was 0.21-4.90%. No cross-reactivity was observed with a range of other porcine viruses. One hundred and twenty-two clinical specimens were tested simultaneously by RT-rtPCR and virus isolation in cell culture; 72 specimens gave positive results by RT-rtPCR, and 63 of these were also positive by virus isolation. Of 245 archived cell culture isolates of EMCV that were tested in the RT-rtPCR, 242 samples were positive. The new duplex RT-rtPCR assay is a reliable tool for the detection of EMCV in clinical specimens and for use in epidemiologic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Qin
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
| | - Darren Underwood
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
| | - Luke Driver
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
| | - Carol Kistler
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
| | - Ibrahim Diallo
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
| | - Peter D Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia (Qin, Kirkland).,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China (Qin).,Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Underwood, Driver, Kistler, Diallo)
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Srisa-Art M, Boehle KE, Geiss BJ, Henry CS. Highly Sensitive Detection of Salmonella typhimurium Using a Colorimetric Paper-Based Analytical Device Coupled with Immunomagnetic Separation. Anal Chem 2017; 90:1035-1043. [PMID: 29211962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella causes over a million foodborne illnesses per year in the United States resulting in more hospitalizations and deaths than any other foodborne bacterial pathogen. To help prevent outbreaks, a rapid, portable, sensitive, and reliable method for onsite detection of bacteria that can be used in different sample matrices would be beneficial. Herein, we present a colorimetric paper-based analytical device (PAD) combined with immunomagnetic separation (IMS) for detecting Salmonella typhimurium. IMS anti-Salmonella coated magnetic beads were applied to capture and separate bacteria from the sample matrix and preconcentrate it into small volumes before testing on paper. To directly detect S. typhimurium after IMS, a sandwich immunoassay was implemented into the procedure with β-galactosidase (β-gal) as the detection enzyme. Using the antibody/enzyme complex, we performed a colorimetric assay with chlorophenol red-β-d-galactopyranoside (CPRG) for bacteria quantification. The method was confirmed to be highly specific to S. typhimurium without interference from other pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia coli. Using this system, the limit of detection of S. typhimurium was found to be 102 CFU mL-1 in culturing solution without any pre-enrichment. In addition, distance-based detection where the concentration is read as the length of colored band formed on the reaction was also demonstrated. This assay had a detection limit of 102 CFU mL-1 for S. typhimurium, providing an instrument-free quantitative analysis alternative to spot tests, which require image analysis. Finally, the proposed platform was applied for detection of S. typhimurium in inoculated Starling bird fecal samples and whole milk with detection limits of 105 CFU g-1 and 103 CFU mL-1, respectively, and this is the first published paper-based detection method for S. typhimurium in bird feces and whole milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monpichar Srisa-Art
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Zhang L, Qi Y, Luo L, Sun J, Yuan W. Development and application of an indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies against encephalomyocarditis virus. Biomed Rep 2017; 7:423-428. [PMID: 29109860 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) can cause acute myocarditis in young pigs or reproductive failure in sows. It has been recognized worldwide as a pathogen infecting many species and causes substantial economic losses. In the present study, an indirect ELISA was developed for the detection of antibodies to EMCV. The VP1 gene of EMCV was amplified by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and expressed in Escherichia coli with 49.3 kDa under the condition of isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside. Following this, the authors obtained the recombinant protein VP1 as a coating antigen. The antigen concentration and serum dilution were optimized using a checkerboard titration. Compared with viral neutralization tests, the sensitivity and specificity of the indirect ELISA was 95.7% and 92.9%, respectively. A total of 265 clinical swine serum samples from different pig farms in China were used to a serological survey. The seropositive rate of the serum samples was 81.9%. In conclusion, the developed indirect ELISA assay is sensitive and specific, which will be useful for large-scale serological survey in EMCV infection and monitoring antibodies titers against EMCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yan Qi
- College of Animal Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei 071001, P.R. China.,Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology, Baoding, Hebei 071001, P.R. China.,North China Research Center of Animal Epidemic Pathogen Biology, China Agriculture Ministry, Baoding, Hebei 071001, P.R. China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jiguo Sun
- College of Animal Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei 071001, P.R. China.,Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology, Baoding, Hebei 071001, P.R. China.,North China Research Center of Animal Epidemic Pathogen Biology, China Agriculture Ministry, Baoding, Hebei 071001, P.R. China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Animal Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, Hebei 071001, P.R. China.,Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology, Baoding, Hebei 071001, P.R. China.,North China Research Center of Animal Epidemic Pathogen Biology, China Agriculture Ministry, Baoding, Hebei 071001, P.R. China
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Cardeti G, Mariano V, Eleni C, Aloisi M, Grifoni G, Sittinieri S, Dante G, Antognetti V, Foglia EA, Cersini A, Nardi A. Encephalomyocarditis virus infection in Macaca sylvanus and Hystrix cristata from an Italian rescue centre for wild and exotic animals. Virol J 2016; 13:193. [PMID: 27894321 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0653-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a small, non enveloped, positive sense single-stranded RNA virus in the genus Cardiovirus, family Picornaviridae, with two known serotypes. It is spread worldwide and infects a huge range of vertebrate hosts with zoonotic potential for humans. The pig is the mammal most likely to be impacted on with the disease, but EMCV occurrence has also been reported in non-human primates and in a variety of domestic, captive and wild animals. Until now, human cases have been very rare and the risk appears to be almost negligible in spite of human susceptibility to the infection. Case presentation Between September and November 2012 a fatal Encephalomyocarditis virus outbreak involving four Barbary macaques and 24 crested porcupines occurred at a rescue centre for wild and exotic animals in Central Italy. In this open-field zoo park located near Grosseto, Tuscany about 1000 animals belonging to different species, including various non-human primates were hosted at that time. Sudden deaths were generally observed without any evident symptoms or only with mild nonspecific clinical signs. The major gross change was characterised by grey-white necrotic foci in the myocardium and the same EMCV strain was isolated both in macaques and crested porcupines. Phylogenetic analysis has confirmed that only one EMCV strain is circulating in Italy, capable of infecting different animal species. Conclusions This report confirms the susceptibility of non-human primates to the EMCV infection and describes the disease in porcupine, a common wild Italian and African species. No human cases were observed, but given the zoonotic potential of EMCV these findings are of importance in the context of animal-human interface.
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Yang Z, Wei Y, Rao S, Gao L, Yin Y, Xue F, Fang W, Gu R, Jiao X. Immunomagnetic separation combined with colony immunoblotting for selective enrichment and detection of piliated Lactobacillus rhamnosus
strains. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1406-1415. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Z.Q. Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis; Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Y.F. Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - S.Q. Rao
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - L. Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Y.Q. Yin
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - F. Xue
- Plant, Animal and Food Inspection Center; Jiangsu Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau; Nanjing China
| | - W.M. Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - R.X. Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Safety Control; Yangzhou University; Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - X.A. Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis; Yangzhou Jiangsu China
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Vansteenkiste K, Van Limbergen T, Decaluwé R, Tignon M, Cay B, Maes D. Clinical problems due to encephalomyocarditis virus infections in two pig herds. Porcine Health Manag 2016; 2:19. [PMID: 28405445 PMCID: PMC5382511 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-016-0036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections with encephalomyocarditis virus may cause myocarditis and sudden death in young pigs and reproduction disorders in sows. The presence of encephalomyocarditis virus infected rodents is considered a major risk factor for transmission of the virus to pigs. There is currently no effective treatment. Tightening up biosecurity, applying effective rodent control and reducing stress are the main control measures. Case presentation Two farrow-to-finish herds suffering from problems with sudden death are presented. In herd A, suckling piglets from 3 to 12 days old were dying acutely whereas in herd B, piglets at the end of the nursery period (8–10 weeks) were showing identical problems. A presumptive diagnosis of encephalomyocarditis virus infection was made because typical lesions were observed in some of the affected pigs. These lesions were not always present in pigs dying acutely or in some cases the lesions were very subtle. Therefore other causes had to be ruled out based upon clinical history, clinical signs and diagnostic tests. A conclusive diagnosis was finally established by showing encephalomyocarditis virus in heart tissue using conventional gel-based polymerase chain reaction tests. The real-time PCR test that gave initially negative result was further optimized to avoid false negative results. Conclusions Typical lesions are not always present in piglets infected with encephalomyocarditis virus, indicating the importance of examining multiple animals. Problems in suckling piglets may occur in affected herds without reproductive problems in sows. Transmission routes of EMCV in swine are not fully understood. A stand-empty period following thorough cleaning and disinfection is recommended for controlling EMC virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas Vansteenkiste
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tommy Van Limbergen
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Decaluwé
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marylène Tignon
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Machelen, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Cay
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Machelen, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Lopes ALK, Cardoso J, Dos Santos FRCC, Silva ACG, Stets MI, Zanchin NIT, Soares MJ, Krieger MA. Development of a magnetic separation method to capture sepsis associated bacteria in blood. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 128:96-101. [PMID: 27432342 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bloodstream infections are important public health problems, associated with high mortality due to the inability to detect the pathogen quickly in the early stages of infection. Such inability has led to a growing interest in the development of a rapid, sensitive, and specific assay to detect these pathogens. In an effort to improve diagnostic efficiency, we present here a magnetic separation method for bacteria that is based on mutated lysozyme (LysE35A) to capture S. aureus from whole blood. LysE35A-coated beads were able to bind different MSSA and MRSA isolates in the blood and also other six Gram-positive and two Gram-negative species in whole blood. This system was capable to bind bacteria at low concentrations (10CFU/ml) in spiked blood. Samples captured with the mutated lysozyme showed more responsive amplification of the 16S gene than whole blood at concentrations of 10(3)-10(5)CFU. These data demonstrate detection of S. aureus directly in blood samples, without in vitro cultivation. Our results show that capture with LysE35A-coated beads can be useful to develop a point of care diagnostic system for rapid and sensitive detection of pathogens in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Kalb Lopes
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná, Department of Research and Development, Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader Street 3775, 81350-010 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Josiane Cardoso
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná, Department of Research and Development, Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader Street 3775, 81350-010 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Claudia Graziani Silva
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná, Department of Research and Development, Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader Street 3775, 81350-010 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Stets
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná, Department of Research and Development, Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader Street 3775, 81350-010 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Nilson Ivo Tonin Zanchin
- Laboratory of Proteomic and Protein Engineering, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader Street 3775, 81350-010 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Maurilio José Soares
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader Street 3775, 81350-010 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Krieger
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná, Department of Research and Development, Prof. Algacyr Munhoz Mader Street 3775, 81350-010 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Ha JH, Choi C, Ha SD. Evaluation of Immunomagnetic Separation Method for the Recovery of Hepatitis A Virus and GI.1 and GII.4 Norovirus Strains Seeded on Oyster and Mussel. Food Environ Virol 2014; 6:290-296. [PMID: 24952877 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of viral diseases are frequently associated with the consumption of minimally processed shellfish. Among the viruses in these outbreaks, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human norovirus (NoV) have been increasingly reported as the most common food-borne pathogens. These viruses must be concentrated in tested samples in order to be detected. In this study, a method for the detection of NoV and HAV in shellfish using an immuno-magnetic separation (IMS) procedure combined with reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR was developed. The IMS/RT-PCR method was applied to investigate the recovery rates of HAV, NoV GI.1, and GII.4 from oyster and mussel. Based on IMS/RT-PCR results, recovery rates for HAV from oyster and mussel test samples were 2.4 and 1.1%, respectively. The NoV GI.1 recovery rates from oyster and mussel samples were 4.9-9.2% (mean 6.9%) and 4.3-8.6% (mean 6.2%), respectively, and the NoV GII.4 recovery rates were 8.8 and 8.5%, respectively. These results verified that HAV, NoV GI.1, and GII.4 can be detected in all the test samples using the IMS/RT-PCR method, although the three inoculated viruses were recovered with low efficiency. In conclusion, the IMS/RT-PCR method can be used to efficiently and rapidly detect viruses such as HAV and NoV in shellfish such as oyster and mussel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyoung Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Ansung, Gyunggi-do, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Ansung, Gyunggi-do, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodongdaero, Ansung, Gyunggi-do, 456-756, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Nae-ri, Daeduk-myun, Ansung, Gyunggi-do, 456-756, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Z, Liu Y, Lin W, Cui S. A real-time PCR to detect and analyze virulent EMCV loads in sows and piglets. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10013-7. [PMID: 22752806 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A real-time polymerase chain reaction with SYBR Green was developed for the detection and quantification of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) in porcine tissues; the method uses two primers specific for the 3D gene. The detection limit of this assay was 22 gene copies/reaction, equivalent to 0.001 TCID(50)/ml. The assay was linear over a 10(7) dilution range of template concentrations and was specific for EMCV; it did not amplify other porcine pathogens (porcine circovirus 2, porcine reproductive and respiratory virus, classical swine fever virus, pseudorabies virus, or porcine teschovirus). This assay detected EMCV titers at least 10(4) smaller than the routine PCR assay. To increase our understand of EMCV pathogenesis, the new method was used to quantify levels of EMCV genome in various tissues of artificially challenged sows and piglets. The virus was found mainly in the heart, lung, spleen, kidney, and endometrium of sows, and mainly in the heart, spleen, lung, and testis of fetuses. The real-time PCR method described here should be useful for the study of EMCV infection and distribution in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang, China
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Pérez LJ, Díaz de Arce H. A RT-PCR assay for the detection of encephalomycarditis virus infections in pigs. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:988-93. [PMID: 24031451 PMCID: PMC3768574 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220090004000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infections can cause losses in pig farms all over the world. Rapid, sensitive and unequivocal detection of this virus is therefore essential for the diagnosis and control of the disease. An RT-PCR assay was developed, optimized and evaluated for encephalomyocarditis virus detection in organ based on a pair of primers that amplifies a 165 bp DNA fragment from a highly conserved nucleotide region of the viral 3D glycoprotein. PCR products of the expected size were obtained from Cuban EMCV 744/03 strain. Non-specific reactions were not observed when other porcine RNA genome viruses and uninfected cells were used. The analytical sensitivity of the test was estimated to be 2 TCID50/50 μL. The analysis of tissue homogenate samples from naturally infected animals proved the potential usefulness of the method for a rapid disease diagnosis from field cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester J Pérez
- Grupo de Virología, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria. San José de las Lajas, La Habana , Cuba
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Kreuder C, Miller MA, Lowenstine LJ, Conrad PA, Carpenter TE, Jessup DA, Mazet JAK. Evaluation of cardiac lesions and risk factors associated with myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:289-99. [PMID: 15757130 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe cardiac lesions and identify risk factors associated with myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in beach-cast southern sea otters. ANIMALS Free-ranging southern sea otters. PROCEDURE Sea otters were necropsied at the Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center from 1998 through 2001. Microscopic and gross necropsy findings were used to classify sea otters as myocarditis or DCM case otters or control otters. Univariate, multivariate, and spatial analytical techniques were used to evaluate associations among myocarditis; DCM; common sea otter pathogens; and potential infectious, toxic, and nutritional causes. RESULTS Clusters of sea otters with myocarditis and DCM were identified in the southern aspect of the sea otter range from May to November 2000. Risk factors for myocarditis included age, good body condition, and exposure to domoic acid and Sarcocystis neurona. Myocarditis associated with domoic acid occurred predominantly in the southern part of the range, whereas myocarditis associated with S. neurona occurred in the northern part of the range. Age and suspected previous exposure to domoic acid were identified as major risk factors for DCM. A sample of otters with DCM had significantly lower concentrations of myocardial L-carnitine than control and myocarditis case otters. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Cardiac disease is an important cause of death in southern sea otters. Domoic acid toxicosis and infection with S. neurona are likely to be 2 important causes of myocarditis in sea otters. Domoic acid-induced myocarditis appears to progress to DCM, and depletion of myocardial L-carnitine may play a key role in this pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kreuder
- Wildlife Heath Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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