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Zhang X, Zhang S, Xie B, Sun Z. Review: regulation on structure, rheological properties and aroma volatile compounds of fermented chickpea milk by enzymatic catalysis. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei 430070 China
- College of Food Engineering Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy Zhengzhou Henan 450011 China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei 430070 China
| | - Bijun Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei 430070 China
| | - Zhida Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei 430070 China
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2
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Abstract
The MEROPS website (http://merops.sanger.ac.uk) includes information on peptidase inhibitors as well as on peptidases and their substrates. Displays have been put in place to link peptidases and inhibitors together. The classification of protein peptidase inhibitors is continually being revised, and currently inhibitors are grouped into 67 families based on comparisons of protein sequences. These families can be further grouped into 38 clans based on comparisons of tertiary structure. Small molecule inhibitors are important reagents for peptidase characterization and, with the increasing importance of peptidases as drug targets, they are also important to the pharmaceutical industry. Small molecule inhibitors are now included in MEROPS and over 160 summaries have been written.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Rawlings
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
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3
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Lenaerts L, De Clercq E, Naesens L. Clinical features and treatment of adenovirus infections. Rev Med Virol 2008; 18:357-74. [PMID: 18655013 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) are common opportunistic pathogens that are rarely associated with severe clinical symptoms in healthy individuals. In contrast, in patients with compromised immunity, Ad infections often result in disseminated and potentially life-threatening disease. Among these are AIDS patients, individuals with hereditary immunodeficiencies and recipients of solid organ or haematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) who receive immunosuppressive therapy. The latter account for the largest number of severe Ad infections. There is currently no formally approved antiviral therapy for the treatment of severe Ad keratoconjunctivitis and life-threatening Ad infections in immunocompromised patients. Here we update current knowledge on Ad biology, the clinical features observed in different patient groups and specific immune responses towards Ad infections. In addition, we review current and future treatment options, including: (i) the antiviral drugs cidofovir, ribavirin and new investigational compounds, as evaluated in the clinic or in relevant animal models, as well as (ii) novel immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Lenaerts
- Division of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Uchio E, Fuchigami A, Kadonosono K, Hayashi A, Ishiko H, Aoki K, Ohno S. Anti-adenoviral effect of anti-HIV agents in vitro in serotypes inducing keratoconjunctivitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245:1319-25. [PMID: 17226023 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-006-0523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around one million people are affected by adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis a year in Japan, and it is recognized as one of the major pathogens of ophthalmological nosocomial infection worldwide. Although cidofovir can be used systemically for immunocompromised patients with disseminated adenoviral infection, no specific anti-adenoviral agent has been established for the treatment of adenoviral infection. We evaluated the anti-adenoviral effect of anti-HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) agents in this study. METHODS Five anti-HIV agents (zalcitabine, stavudine, nevirapine, indinavir and amprenavir) were subjected to in vitro evaluation. A549 cells were used for viral cell culture, and adenovirus serotypes 3, 4, 8, 19 and 37 were used. After calculating CC(50) (50% cytotoxic concentration) of each agent by MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) method, we cultured adenovirus with the agents for seven days and quantitatively measured extracted adenoviral DNA by real-time PCR. RESULTS Among the anti-HIV drugs, zalcitabine and stavudine, both nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, showed significant anti-adenoviral activity. In contrast, nevirapine, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and indinavir and amprenavir, which are both protease inhibitors, were ineffective against adenovirus. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that zalcitabine and stavudine are possible candidates for the local and systemic treatment of adenoviral infection, and the anti-adenoviral effect might depend on the pharmacological properties of anti-HIV agents. The chemical properties on the clinical safety for systemic and local application need to be determined in order to for these drugs to be accepted for the treatment of adenovirus in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Uchio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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Sulea T, Lindner HA, Ménard R. Structural aspects of recently discovered viral deubiquitinating activities. Biol Chem 2006; 387:853-62. [PMID: 16913834 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination has been identified as a regulatory mechanism in key cellular activities, and deubiquitination is recognized as an important step in processes governed by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers. Viruses are known to target ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifier pathways using various strategies, including the recruitment of host deubiquitinating enzymes. Deubiquitinating activities have recently been described for proteins from three different virus families (adenovirus, coronavirus and herpesvirus), and predicted for others. This review centers on structural-functional aspects that characterize the confirmed viral deubiquitinating enzymes, and their relationships to established families of cellular deubiquitinating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traian Sulea
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Québec H4P 2R2, Canada.
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6
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Lenaerts L, Naesens L. Antiviral therapy for adenovirus infections. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:172-80. [PMID: 16698093 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of severe adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis and life-threatening adenovirus infections in immunocompromised patients is still unsatisfactory. We here review the mode of action and antiviral data for cidofovir and ribavirin, obtained in cell culture, animal models or patients. Several nucleoside or nucleotide analogues have been described that target the adenovirus polymerase, whereas other antiviral targets have been poorly investigated. Furthermore, optimal therapeutic response may be achieved by combining antiviral therapy with immunotherapeutic approaches, as currently being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lenaerts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Adenoviral disease in pediatric SOT recipients is emerging as an important viral pathogen, with serious consequences impacting morbidity, mortality and graft survival. The optimal diagnostic techniques, as well as therapy have yet to be established. This article reviews the current epidemiology of AdV in orthotopic liver, intestinal, cardiothoracic and renal transplant recipients. Issues related to diagnosis, notably the use of newer non-culture based viral detection methods and therapy, including anti-adenoviral agents and adoptive immunotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Naesens L, Lenaerts L, Andrei G, Snoeck R, Van Beers D, Holy A, Balzarini J, De Clercq E. Antiadenovirus activities of several classes of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1010-6. [PMID: 15728896 PMCID: PMC549266 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.3.1010-1016.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of any formally licensed antiadenovirus drugs and the increasing incidence of life-threatening adenovirus infections in immunosuppressed patients warrant the development of effective antiadenovirus compounds. A detailed study was performed on the antiadenovirus activities of several classes of nucleoside and nucleotide analogues in human embryonic lung fibroblast cells. The antiadenovirus activities were evaluated by three methods, viz., evaluating the adenoviral cytopathic effect, monitoring cell viability by a colorimetric assay, and real-time PCR quantitation of viral DNA as a direct parameter for virus replication. The most active and selective compounds were the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues cidofovir, its adenine analogue (S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine [(S)-HPMPA], and the new derivative (S)-2,4-diamino-6-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propoxy]pyrimidine [(S)-HPMPO-DAPy]; the N7-substituted acyclic derivative 2-amino-7-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)purine (S-2242); and the 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogues zalcitabine and alovudine. No antiadenovirus activity was observed for the antiviral drugs ribavirin, foscarnet, acyclovir, penciclovir, and brivudin, while ganciclovir displayed modest activity. However, in human osteosarcoma cells transfected with herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase, ganciclovir demonstrated highly potent antiadenovirus activity, suggesting that the efficacy of ganciclovir against adenovirus is limited by inefficient phosphorylation in adenovirus-infected cells, rather than by insufficient inhibition at the viral DNA polymerase level. Collectively, our antiviral data show that the adenovirus DNA polymerase exhibits sensitivity to a relatively broad spectrum of inhibitors and should be studied further as an antiviral target in antiadenovirus drug development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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9
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Abstract
With the possible exception of very simple viruses, most viruses appear to encode at least one virus specific endopeptidase. In addition to facilitating the orchestrated fragmentation of polyproteins of RNA viruses, these proteolytic enzymes may also be involved in the suppression of host protein synthesis, the regulation of virus assembly, the egress and subsequent uncoating in another cycle of infection of both RNA and DNA viruses. The endopeptidase encoded by adenoviruses (AVP or adenain) appears to be involved in several of these functions. Most of the literature concerns the protease of human adenovirus type 2, but there are good reasons to believe that the proteases of other adenovirus serotypes will be very similar. For a review see Weber [1,2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Weber
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Qc, J1H 5N4, Canada
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Abstract
Replication of the adenovirus genome is catalysed by adenovirus DNA polymerase in which the adenovirus preterminal protein acts as a protein primer. DNA polymerase and preterminal protein form a heterodimer which, in the presence of the cellular transcription factors NFI/CTFI and NFIII/Oct-1, binds to the origin of DNA replication. DNA replication is initiated by DNA polymerase mediated transfer of dCMP onto preterminal protein. Further DNA synthesis is catalysed by DNA polymerase in a strand displacement mechanism which also requires adenovirus DNA binding protein. Here, we discuss the role of individual proteins in this process as revealed by biochemical analysis, mutagenesis and molecular modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liu
- Centre for Biomolecular Science, Biomolecular Science Building, The University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
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Rubio D, Alejo A, Rodríguez I, Salas ML. Polyprotein processing protease of African swine fever virus: purification and biochemical characterization. J Virol 2003; 77:4444-8. [PMID: 12634404 PMCID: PMC150643 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.7.4444-4448.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purified recombinant African swine fever virus polyprotein processing protease cleaves the two GG-X sites in polyprotein pp62 with the same efficiency. Cleavage at the site that is first recognized in vivo is not a requisite for cleavage at the second site, suggesting the existence of mechanisms that control the ordered processing of the polyprotein during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rubio
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Spain
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Weber JM, Ruzindana-Umunyana A, Imbeault L, Sircar S. Inhibition of adenovirus infection and adenain by green tea catechins. Antiviral Res 2003; 58:167-73. [PMID: 12742577 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(02)00212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Green tea catechins have been reported to inhibit proteases involved in cancer metastasis and infection by influenza virus and HIV. To date there are no effective anti-adenoviral therapies. Consequently, we studied the effect of green tea catechins, and particularly the predominant component, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), on adenovirus infection and the viral protease adenain, in cell culture. Adding EGCG (100 microM) to the medium of infected cells reduced virus yield by two orders of magnitude, giving and IC(50) of 25 microM and a therapeutic index of 22 in Hep2 cells. The agent was the most effective when added to the cells during the transition from the early to the late phase of viral infection suggesting that EGCG inhibits one or more late steps in virus infection. One of these steps appears to be virus assembly because the titer of infectious virus and the production of physical particles was much more affected than the synthesis of virus proteins. Another step might be the maturation cleavages carried out by adenain. Of the four catechins tested on adenain, EGCG was the most inhibitory with an IC(50) of 109 microM, compared with an IC(50) of 714 microM for PCMB, a standard cysteine protease inhibitor. EGCG and different green teas inactivated purified adenovirions with IC(50) of 250 and 245-3095, respectively. We conclude that the anti-adenoviral activity of EGCG manifests itself through several mechanisms, both outside and inside the cell, but at effective drug concentrations well above that reported in the serum of green tea drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Weber
- Departement de Microbiologie et d'Infectiologie, Faculte de Medecine, Universite de Sherbrooke, Que, Sherbrooke, Canada J1H 5N4.
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Ruzindana-Umunyana A, Weber JM. Interactions of human lacrimal and salivary cystatins with adenovirus endopeptidase. Antiviral Res 2001; 51:203-14. [PMID: 11448731 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(01)00154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over 100 serotypes of adenoviruses have been implicated in a variety of human and domesticated animal pathologies and some serotypes are widely used as gene transfer vectors. Aside from the limited use of vaccines for specific serotypes, little effort has been expended in the development of antivirals. The objective here was to study the effect of cystatins from human saliva (CS) and tears (CT), two points of viral entry, on adenain, the adenovirus type 2 encoded proteinase, which is absolutely required for infectivity. Two molecular weight species (13 and 14.5 kDa) were purified from both fluids at a yield of 5 mg/l. In vitro adenain activity was inhibited to 50% at a molar ratio of 5 CS:1 adenain and 3 CT:1 adenain. By comparison, papain was inhibited to 50% at a molar ratio of 2 CS:1 papain and 1.5 CT:1 papain. Adenain differed from papain in response to CS and chicken egg white (CEW) cystatin in being stimulated at low concentrations, and in being inhibited only at very high concentrations of cystatins. The presence of cleavage consensus sites specific to adenain in the human cystatins could drive the adenain-cystatin interaction predominantly in the substrate pathway direction. However, we found that the cystatins could only be digested after denaturation and by highly active fresh enzyme preparations. Our experiments designed to test the nature of the interaction between adenain and cystatins suggest a docking model for the adenain-human cystatin interaction, similar to that proposed for papain and CEW. At equilibrium the dissociation constant, K(d), between adenain and CT was 1.2 nM. The kinetic parameters determined here suggest a simple reversible mechanism for the inhibition of adenain by human cystatins. We conclude that the cystatins present in tears and saliva are unlikely to play a significant role in inhibiting adenovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruzindana-Umunyana
- Departement de Microbiologie et d'Infectiologie, Faculte de Medecine, Universite de Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Sherbrooke, Canada
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Andrés G, Alejo A, Simón-Mateo C, Salas ML. African swine fever virus protease, a new viral member of the SUMO-1-specific protease family. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:780-7. [PMID: 11031264 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006844200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a complex DNA virus that employs polyprotein processing at Gly-Gly-Xaa sites as a strategy to produce several major core components of the viral particle. The virus gene S273R encodes a 31-kDa protein that contains a "core domain" with the conserved catalytic residues characteristic of SUMO-1-specific proteases and the adenovirus protease. Using a COS cell expression system, it was found that protein pS273R is capable of cleaving the viral polyproteins pp62 and pp220 in a specific way giving rise to the same intermediates and mature products as those produced in ASFV-infected cells. Furthermore, protein pS273R, like adenovirus protease and SUMO-1-specific enzymes, is a cysteine protease, because its activity is abolished by mutation of the predicted catalytic histidine and cysteine residues and is inhibited by sulfhydryl-blocking reagents. Protein pS273R is expressed late after infection and is localized in the cytoplasmic viral factories, where it is found associated with virus precursors and mature virions. In the virions, the protein is present in the core shell, a domain where the products of the viral polyproteins are also located. The identification of the ASFV protease will allow a better understanding of the role of polyprotein processing in virus assembly and may contribute to our knowledge of the emerging family of SUMO-1-specific proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Andrés
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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