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Lepedda AJ, Nieddu G, Cannas C, Formato M. Molecular and pathobiological insights of bikunin/UTI in cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1701-1711. [PMID: 36414878 PMCID: PMC9889512 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08117-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bikunin is a small chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (PG) with Ser-protease inhibitory activity that plays pleiotropic roles in health and disease. It is involved in several physiological processes including stabilization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissues and key reproductive events. Bikunin is also implicated in both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions and represents a non-invasive circulating and/or urinary (as Urinary Trypsin Inhibitor or UTI) biomarker. It exerts inhibitory effects on urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) mediating tumor invasiveness by a down-regulation of uPA mRNA expression, thus representing an anti-metastatic agent. However, only limited data on its potential as a diagnostic and/or prognostic marker of cancer have been reported so far. Recent technological advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics have provided researchers with a huge amount of information allowing for large-scale surveys of the cancer proteome. To address such issues, we analyzed bikunin expression data across several types of tumors, by using UALCAN proteogenomic analysis portal. In this article we critically review the roles of bikunin in human pathobiology, with a special focus on its inhibitory effects and mechanisms in cancer aggressiveness as well as its significance as cancer circulating biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele Nieddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Cannas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marilena Formato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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2
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Pan Y, Fang H, Lu F, Pan M, Chen F, Xiong P, Yao Y, Huang H. Ulinastatin ameliorates tissue damage of severe acute pancreatitis through modulating regulatory T cells. J Inflamm (Lond) 2017; 14:7. [PMID: 28344516 PMCID: PMC5360080 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-017-0154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulinastatin or urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) has been shown to ameliorate the inflammatory response induced by experimental severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and hence reduce the mortality, however the mechanism of its action remains incompletely understood. We have investigated the effect of ulinastatin on regulatory T-cells (Tregs) in an established rat model of SAP. METHODS We established a rat SAP model by injecting 5% Na-taurocholate into the pancreatic duct and treated the SAP rats with ulinastatin with different dose level (5000, 10000, 30000 U/kg) through intraperitoneal injection at 0, 6 and 12 h. RESULTS We showed that the tissue damage of pancreas and the mortality of the SAP rats were significantly reduced by ulinastatin. We also showed that in the SAP rats the frequencies of CD4+ T cells and Tregs, as well as the expressions of TGF-β1, CTLA-4, and Foxp3 were decreased in the SAP animals while IL-1β, IL-10 and TNF-α were significantly increased. Treatment with ulinastatin up-regulated the proportion of Tregs in CD4+ T cells and the expression of IL-10, Foxp3 and CTLA-4 in the SAP rats in a dose dependence fashion, while down-regulating the levels of L-1β and TNF-α, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that ulinastatin alleviates inflammatory response and tissue damage in SAP rats by increasing the proportion of Tregs. Our study provides a new mechanism for the beneficial effect of ulinastatin in SAP rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- General Surgery Department, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haizong Fang
- General Surgery Department, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengchun Lu
- General Surgery Department, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Minggui Pan
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, 710 Lawrence Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA
| | - Fei Chen
- General Surgery Department, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Yi Yao
- General Surgery Department, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Heguang Huang
- General Surgery Department, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No.29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 People’s Republic of China
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Kanayama S, Yamada Y, Onogi A, Shigetomi H, Ueda S, Tsuji Y, Haruta S, Kawaguchi R, Yoshida S, Sakata M, Sado T, Kitanaka T, Oi H, Yagyu T, Kobayashi H. Molecular structure and function analysis of bikunin on down-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in activated neutrophils. Cytokine 2008; 42:191-197. [PMID: 18226914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We performed a detailed molecular analysis of bikunin-mediated anti-inflammation (suppressive effect of cytokine release, MAP kinase activation, and nuclear translocation of NF-kB) using a truncated form of bikunin. MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained bikunin derivatives that contained O-glycoside-linked N-terminal glycopeptide (Bik-m1), N-glycoside-linked C-terminal tandem Kunitz domains (Bik-m2), bikunin lacking O-glycoside (Bik-c), asialo bikunin (Bik-a), bikunin lacking N-glycoside (Bik-n), and purified C-terminal Kunitz domain II (kII) of bikunin (HI-8). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot were carried out to measure secreted TNF-alpha and MAP kinase activation. RESULTS We examined the TNF-alpha secretion in control and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated neutrophils and did not see any changes of its protein levels in the cells pretreated with Bik-m1, Bik-m2, Bik-c, or HI-8. In all of the derivatives tested, only the derivatives that lacked N-glycoside side chain showed a significant suppression of TNF-alpha secretion by LPS. Only a small (21 amino acids) deletion of the N-terminal portion of bikunin (which corresponds to Bik-m2) abolished its suppressing activity of TNF-alpha secretion, thus suggesting that the N-terminal 21 amino acids play a critical role in anti-inflammation. Bik-m1 alone failed to show anti-inflammatory response. Bikunin failed to inhibit ionomycin-induced phosphorylation of MAP kinases. CONCLUSION These data allow us to conclude that the cytokine expression was inhibited only by the O-glycoside-linked core protein without the N-glycoside side chain. Our results also suggest a possible role of bikunin for receptor-dependent MAP kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kanayama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Nara, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Nara, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Akira Onogi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Nara, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shigetomi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Nara, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Ueda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Nara, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Yoriko Tsuji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Nara, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Shoji Haruta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Nara, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kawaguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Nara, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Shozo Yoshida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Nara, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Mariko Sakata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Nara, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sado
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Nara, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Kitanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Nara, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Oi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Nara, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Yagyu
- NetForce Co., Ltd., Nakamura, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Nara, Kashihara 634-8522, Japan.
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4
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Wakahara K, Kobayashi H, Yagyu T, Matsuzaki H, Kondo T, Kurita N, Sekino H, Inagaki K, Suzuki M, Kanayama N, Terao T. Bikunin down-regulates heterodimerization between CD44 and growth factor receptors and subsequently suppresses agonist-mediated signaling. J Cell Biochem 2005; 94:995-1009. [PMID: 15597342 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We provided evidence previously that bikunin, a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, can disrupt dimerization of CD44 proteins, which may result in suppression of receptor-mediated MAP kinase signaling. However, to what extent dimerization may alter ligand-induced signaling has not been documented. Given the recent recognition that some growth factor receptors can form heterodimers with CD44, the present study was undertaken to determine whether the CD44 and growth factor receptors (e.g., EGFR, FGFR, HGFR, VEGFR, TGF-betaRI, or TGF-betaRII) can form heterodimers in cancer cells and, if so, to investigate the potential functional consequences of such heterodimerization. We also examined whether bikunin can abrogate these heterodimerizations and inhibit CD44/growth factor-dependent signaling. Here, we show direct evidence for heterodimerization of CD44-FGFR and CD44-TGF-betaRI in human chondrosarcoma HCS-2/8 cells, CD44-EGFR complex in human glioma U87MG cells, and CD44-TGF-betaRI heterodimer in human ovarian cancer HRA cells. Coupling of CD44 and growth factor receptor may be selective, depending on a cell type. Bikunin does not alter the ligand binding, whereas functionally reduces heterodimerization between CD44 and growth factor receptors. The disruption of heterodimerization substantially reduces receptor-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and ERK1/2 activation. Taken together, our data suggest that bikunin-mediated suppression of heterodimerization between CD44 and growth factors may inhibit the agonist-promoted activation of the signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Wakahara
- NetForce Co. Ltd., Taiko 3-1-18, Nakamura, Nagoya, Aichi 453-0801, Japan
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Maciejewski R, Burdan F, Burski K, Madej B, Ziemiakowicz R, Dabrowski A, Wallner G. Selected biochemical parameters and ultrastructural picture of pancreas due to Ulinastatin treatment of experimental acute pancreatitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 56:305-11. [PMID: 15816359 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI, Ulinastatin) is a protease inhibitor that has not been yet used in Europe in any experimental trial of severe acute pancreatitis. We have combined the experimental model of severe, hemorrhagic form of acute pancreatitis, and pharmacological treatment with a protease inhibitor. Male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups: healthy controls, operated, operated with experimentally induced acute pancreatitis, and animals with acute pancreatitis--treated with UTI preparations. Subjects in the last group were administered UTI intraperitoneally 1 h after pancreatitis induction in an average standard dose of 3000 units/animal. Additionally, four subgroups were created in this treated group, based on the UTI administration time--number of standard doses received: 2 h - 1 standard dose, 6 h - 5 standard doses, 12 h - 11 doses, 24 and 48 h - 15 doses. Statistically significant differences in the serum amylase and lipase activity between the UTI-treated and non-treated subjects were found. In the group of non-treated animals, there a profound destruction of cellular organelles was observed with a total degradation of nuceli, endoplasmatic reticulum and zymogen granules. However, in the UTI-treated subjects, pathological processes proceeded with the significantly slower pace and in much smaller quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maciejewski
- Human Anatomy Department, Medical University of Lublin, PL-20074 Lublin, Poland
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6
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Lin SD, Endo R, Kuroda H, Kondo K, Miura Y, Takikawa Y, Kato A, Suzuki K. Plasma and urine levels of urinary trypsin inhibitor in patients with chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 19:327-32. [PMID: 14748881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2003.03221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Because urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) is synthesized by hepatocytes and excreted into the urine, plasma and urine levels of UTI may alter in liver diseases. However, there are few reports on the changes in these levels in chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationships between plasma and urine UTI levels and the severity of liver damage or progression of HCC in patients with chronic liver diseases and HCC. METHODS Plasma and urine UTI levels were measured by a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 16 patients with chronic hepatitis (CH), 19 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) and 39 patients with HCC. RESULTS Plasma UTI level exhibited a significant positive correlation with the urine UTI level. Plasma and urine UTI levels significantly decreased in LC patients compared with those of normal controls. In contrast, the plasma UTI level in HCC patients was higher than that in LC patients, but there was no difference between the groups in the urine UTI level. Plasma and urine UTI levels in LC and HCC patients were significantly correlated with the degree of liver damage according to the Child-Pugh classification. Although neither the plasma nor urine level of UTI in HCC patients were related to the clinical stage of HCC, both levels were closely associated with the level of protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II. CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate that the levels of plasma and urine UTI in patients with LC reflect the severity of liver damage. In HCC patients, these levels may also reflect progression of HCC, although further study is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi De Lin
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
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7
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Suzuki M, Kobayashi H, Kanayama N, Saga Y, Suzuki M, Lin CY, Dickson RB, Terao T. Inhibition of tumor invasion by genomic down-regulation of matriptase through suppression of activation of receptor-bound pro-urokinase. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:14899-908. [PMID: 14747469 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313130200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) degrades the extracellular matrix and plays critical roles in tumor invasion and metastasis. Matriptase, a membrane-bound serine protease, was shown to activate uPA in a uPA receptor-free, solution-based study. We now investigate whether matriptase affects activation of receptor-bound uPA and contributes to the invasiveness of HRA human ovarian cancer cells in vitro and tumor behavior in nude mice. Here we show the following. 1) uPA expression was effectively stimulated by TGF-beta1 in HRA cells. 2) Antisense (AS)-matriptase transfection achieved a marked inhibition of receptor-bound pro-uPA activation without altering expression of uPA and uPA receptor mRNA and proteins, irrespective of whether cells were stimulated with TGF-beta1. 3) Tumor cell receptor-bound pro-uPA could be efficiently cleaved by matriptase to generate enzymatically active two-chain uPA. Thus, matriptase can substitute for plasmin in the proteolytic activation of pro-uPA to enzymatically active uPA. 4) The AS-matriptase-treated cells had a decreased ability to invade an extracellular matrix layer, as compared with control cells. 5) When the AS-matriptase-treated cells were injected intraperitoneally into nude mice, the mice developed smaller tumors. Our data identify a novel role for matriptase for activation of receptor-bound uPA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Coloring Agents/pharmacology
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation
- Extracellular Matrix/enzymology
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Fibrinolysin/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Genome
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Peritoneal Neoplasms/pathology
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Serine Endopeptidases
- Tetrazolium Salts/pharmacology
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- Trypsin Inhibitor, Kunitz Soybean/biosynthesis
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama 1-20-1, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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8
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Kobayashi H, Suzuki M, Kanayama N, Terao T. Genetic down-regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase by bikunin correlates with suppression of invasion and metastasis in human ovarian cancer HRA cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:6371-9. [PMID: 14597629 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305749200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a cDNA microarray analysis, we previously found that exposure of a highly invasive ovarian cancer cell line HRA with bikunin, a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, or bikunin gene overexpression markedly reduced phosphoinositide kinase (PI3K) p85 gene expression, demonstrating that PI3K may be a candidate bikunin target gene. To clarify how reduced levels of PI3K may confer repressed invasiveness, we transfected HRA cells with PI3K p85 antisense-oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) and compared the properties of the transfected cells with those of parental cells and sense (S)-ODN cells. We have also demonstrated previously that transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) stimulates urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)-dependent invasion and metastasis of HRA cells. Here, we show that 1) TGF-beta1 induced a rapid increase of the PI3K activity that was accompanied by increased expression (5-fold) of the uPA mRNA; 2) pharmacological inhibition of PI3K or AS-PI3K ODN transfection inhibited TGF-beta1-stimulated Akt phosphorylation; 3) both PI3K pharmacological inhibitors and forced expression of AS-PI3K ODN reduced TGF-beta1-stimulated uPA mRNA and protein expression by approximately 70% compared with controls; 4) concentrations of PI3K inhibitors, sufficient to inhibit uPA up-regulation, inhibited TGF-beta1-dependent HRA cell invasion; 5) the AS-PI3K ODN cells had a decreased ability to invade the extracellular matrix layer as compared with controls; and 6) when the AS-PI3K ODN cells were injected intraperitoneally into nude mice, the mice developed smaller intraperitoneal tumors and showed longer survival. We conclude that PI3K plays an essential role in promoting uPA-mediated invasive phenotype in HRA cells. Our data identify a novel role for PI3K as a bikunin target gene on uPA up-regulation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama 1-20-1, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
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9
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Hirashima Y, Kobayashi H, Suzuki M, Tanaka Y, Kanayama N, Terao T. Transforming growth factor-beta1 produced by ovarian cancer cell line HRA stimulates attachment and invasion through an up-regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in human peritoneal mesothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:26793-802. [PMID: 12743121 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212187200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The processes of ovarian cancer dissemination are characterized by altered local proteolysis, cellular proliferation, cell attachment, and invasion, suggesting that the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its specific inhibitor (plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1)) could be involved in the pathogenesis of peritoneal dissemination. We showed previously that expression of uPA and PAI-1 in the human ovarian cancer cell line HRA can be down-regulated by exogenous bikunin (bik), a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, via suppression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) up-regulation and that overexpression of the bik gene can specifically suppress the in vivo growth and peritoneal dissemination of HRA cells in an animal model. We hypothesize that the plasminogen activator system in mesothelial cells can be modulated by HRA cells. To test this hypothesis, we used complementary techniques in mesothelial cells to determine whether uPA and PAI-1 expression are altered by exposure to culture media conditioned by HRA cells. Here we show the following: 1) that expression of PAI-1, but not uPA, was markedly induced by culture media conditioned by wild-type HRA cells but not by bik transfected clones; 2) that by antibody neutralization the effect appeared to be mediated by HRA cell-derived TGF-beta1; 3) that exogenous TGF-beta1 specifically enhanced PAI-1 up-regulation at the mRNA and protein level in mesothelial cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, mainly through MAPK-dependent activation mechanism; and 4) that mesothelial cell-derived PAI-1 may promote tumor invasion possibly by enhancing cell-cell interaction. This represents a novel pathway by which tumor cells can regulate the plasminogen activator system-dependent cellular responses in mesothelial cells that may contribute to formation of peritoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Hirashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama 1-20-1, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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10
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Tanaka Y, Kobayashi H, Suzuki M, Kanayama N, Suzuki M, Yamakawa T, Morishita H, Terao T. Reduced bikunin gene expression as a factor of poor prognosis in ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 2003; 98:424-30. [PMID: 12872365 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies, the authors showed that various types of cultured tumor cells treated with exogenous bikunin protein or ovarian carcinoma cells transfected with bikunin cDNA have low invasiveness and diminished metastatic potential. This study was carried out to clarify the relation between the expression of individual bikunin mRNA and tumor progression. METHODS Forty-one newly diagnosed ovarian carcinomas were investigated using a semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The authors found that 24 patients had tumors that overexpressed bikunin and that gene expression was reduced in the tumors of the remaining 17 individuals. Bikunin mRNA expression was independent of age, surgical stage, tumor size, degree of differentiation, histologic subtype, and serum CA 125 levels. There was a significant correlation between low expression of bikunin mRNA and lymph node status (P=0.035) or peritoneal status (P=0.042). Multivariate analysis indicated that bikunin was an independent prognostic marker (P=0.013; hazard ratio, 2.30; 95 % confidence interval, 1.13-4.19), even after controlling for lymph node metastasis and the degree of peritoneal dissemination. In addition, low expression was a significant predictor for poor prognosis compared with high expression (2-year survival rate; 75.0 % vs. 47.1 %, respectively; P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that low bikunin mRNA expression by ovarian carcinoma cells may be associated with poor prognosis. It is conceivable that testing for bikunin mRNA may identify patients with ovarian carcinoma who are at high risk for early disease recurrence and a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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11
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Suzuki M, Kobayashi H, Tanaka Y, Hirashima Y, Kanayama N, Takei Y, Saga Y, Suzuki M, Itoh H, Terao T. Suppression of invasion and peritoneal carcinomatosis of ovarian cancer cell line by overexpression of bikunin. Int J Cancer 2003; 104:289-302. [PMID: 12569552 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bikunin (bik), a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, also known as urinary trypsin inhibitor, is proposed as a main participant in the inhibition of tumor cell invasion and metastasis, possibly through the direct inhibition of cell-associated plasmin activity and suppression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) mRNA expression. In the present study, we transfected the human ovarian carcinoma cell line HRA, highly invasive cells, with an expression vector harboring a cDNA encoding for human bik. Our study was designed to investigate the effect of bik overexpression and changes in tumor cell phenotype and invasiveness in the stably transfected clones. Bik gene transfection of HRA gave the following results: 1) transfection of HRA with the bik cDNA resulted in 5 variants stably expressing functional bik; 2) bik(+) clones exhibited a significantly reduced uPA mRNA expression as compared to the parental cells; 3) bikunin negatively regulates the ERK1/2 activity; 4) secretion-blocking treatments of bik(+) clones abrogated bik-mediated suppression of ERK1/2 activation and uPA expression; 5) the regulation of invasion seen in the HRA cells is mainly mediated by the uPA-plasmin-MMP-2 system; 6) transfection of HRA with the bik gene significantly reduced invasion, but not proliferation, adhesion, or migration relative to the parental cells; and 7) animals with bik(+) clones induced reduced peritoneal dissemination and long term survival. We conclude that transfection of HRA cells with the bik cDNA constitutively suppresses ERK1/2 activation, which results in inhibition of uPA expression and subsequently reduces dissemination of bik(+) clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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12
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Sun GW, Kobayashi H, Suzuki M, Kanayama N, Terao T. Link protein as an enhancer of cumulus cell-oocyte complex expansion. Mol Reprod Dev 2002; 63:223-31. [PMID: 12203832 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.90008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the specific components involved in regulating cumulus cell-oocyte complex (COC) expansion in an in vitro mouse experiment, freshly-isolated COC were cultured in the presence of various combinations of FSH (1.0 microg/ml), proteins of the inter-alpha-inhibitor (I alpha I) family (a light chain, also known as bikunin, heavy chains [HC1 + HC2] and I alpha I [0.01-2.0 microg/ml]) and link protein (LP) (0.016-10 microg/ml) for 24 h and were observed for expansion of their cumulus cells (percent of COC with + 3 and + 4 expansion and average projected area). The COC were videotaped in real time at the initiation of culture and after 24 h of culture. FSH alone did not stimulate cumulus expansion under serum-free conditions; however, treatment with I alpha I (0.1-2.0 microg/ml) or heavy chains (10 microg/ml), but not bikunin (10 micro g/ml), in the presence of FSH significantly increased COC expansion, with maximal promotion occurring at 1.0 microg/ ml of I alpha I. Addition of LP (2.0 micro g/ml) to the medium containing I alpha I (1.0 microg/ml) and FSH resulted in significantly higher expansion levels than were observed in response to I alpha I alone, although LP alone (10 microg/ml) had no or very little effect by itself. Anti-I alpha I or anti-LP polyclonal antibody, which inhibits binding of I alpha I and LP, respectively, to hyaluronic acid (HA), markedly reduced expansion of the surrounding cumulus cell extracellular matrices. Therefore, in vitro, LP might serve, in part, to enhance the COC expansion possibly by stabilizing HA-I alpha I (or heavy chains) complex on the surrounding cumulus cell matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wei Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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13
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Kobayashi H, Suzuki M, Kanayama N, Nishida T, Takigawa M, Terao T. Suppression of urokinase receptor expression by bikunin is associated with inhibition of upstream targets of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent cascade. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2002; 269:3945-57. [PMID: 12180971 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory showed that bikunin, a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, suppresses 4beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)- or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)-induced urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression in different cell types. In addition to its effects on protease inhibition, bikunin could be modulating other cellular events associated with the metastatic cascade. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether bikunin was able to suppress the expression of uPA receptor (uPAR) mRNA and protein in a human chondrosarcoma cell line, HCS-2/8, and two human ovarian cancer cell lines, HOC-I and HRA. The present study showed that (a) bikunin suppresses the expression of constitutive and PMA-induced uPAR mRNA and protein in a variety of cell types; (b) an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation system is necessary for the PMA-induced increase in uPAR expression, as PD098059 and U0126, which prevent the activation of MEK1, reduce the uPAR expression; (c) bikunin markedly suppresses PMA-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 at the concentration that prevents uPAR expression, but does not reduce total ERK1/2 antigen level; (d) bikunin has no ability to inhibit overexpression of uPAR in cells treated with sodium vanadate; and (e) we further studied the inhibition of uPAR expression by stable transfection of HRA cells with bikunin gene, demonstrating that bikunin secretion is necessary for inhibition of uPAR expression. We conclude that bikunin downregulates constitutive and PMA-stimulated uPAR mRNA and protein possibly through suppression of upstream targets of the ERK-dependent cascade, independent of whether cells were treated with exogenous bikunin or transfected with bikunin gene.
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MESH Headings
- Bone Neoplasms/pathology
- Butadienes/pharmacology
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Chondrosarcoma/pathology
- Depression, Chemical
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Flavonoids/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- MAP Kinase Kinase 1
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Nitriles/pharmacology
- Ovarian Neoplasms
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/drug effects
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Transfection
- Trypsin Inhibitor, Kunitz Soybean
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.
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14
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Suzuki M, Kobayashi H, Fujie M, Nishida T, Takigawa M, Kanayama N, Terao T. Kunitz-type protease inhibitor bikunin disrupts phorbol ester-induced oligomerization of CD44 variant isoforms containing epitope v9 and subsequently suppresses expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in human chondrosarcoma cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:8022-32. [PMID: 11777908 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108545200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that bikunin (bik), a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, suppresses phorbol ester (PMA)-stimulated expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). In the present study, we tried to answer this mechanism using human chondrosarcoma HCS-2/8 cells. Our results showed the following novel findings: (a) the standard form of CD44 (CD44s; 85 kDa) is expressed in both unstimulated and PMA-stimulated cells, while CD44v isoforms containing epitope v9 (110 kDa) are strongly up-regulated in response to treatment with PMA; (b) CD44v isoforms containing epitope v9 present on the same cell exclusively form aggregates in stimulated cells; (c) induction of uPA mRNA expression could be achieved by using a second cross-linker antibody to cross-link Fab monomers of anti-CD44; (d) co-treatment of stimulated cells with anti-CD44 mAb alone or anti-CD44v9 mAb alone suppresses PMA-induced clustering of CD44, which results in inhibition of uPA overexpression; (e) bikunin efficiently disrupts PMA-induced clustering of CD44, but does not prevent PMA-induced up-regulation of CD44v isoforms containing epitope v9; and (f) after exposure to bik, approximately 150-kDa band is mainly detected with immunoprecipitation and this band is shown to be a heterodimer composed of the 110-kDa v9-containing CD44v isoforms and a 45-kDa bik receptor (bik-R). In conclusion, we provide, for the first time, evidence that the bik-R can physically interact with the CD44v isoforms containing epitope v9 and function as a repressor to down-regulate PMA-stimulated uPA expression, at least in part, by preventing clustering of CD44v isoforms containing epitope v9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handacho 3600, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
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15
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Lin SD, Endo R, Sato A, Takikawa Y, Shirakawa K, Suzuki K. Plasma and urine levels of urinary trypsin inhibitor in patients with acute and fulminant hepatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17:140-7. [PMID: 11966943 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) is synthesized by hepatocytes and excreted into urine. Plasma and urine UTI levels have been measured to evaluate whether these levels may be useful markers in various pathological conditions. However, there has been no study on plasma and urine UTI levels in patients with acute liver diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate plasma and urine UTI levels and their relationship with the severity of hepatic damage in patients with acute liver diseases. METHODS Plasma and urine UTI levels were measured by newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 15 patients with acute hepatitis (AH), 12 patients with acute severe hepatitis (ASH) and 10 patients with fulminant hepatitis (FH), as assessed on admission. The serial changes in plasma and urine UTI were also observed in some patients with AH and ASH. RESULTS Plasma UTI levels (U/mL, median [25-75th percentile]) were: 11.0, (9.5-16.1) in patients with AH; 7.8 (5.6-11.5) in those with ASH; 6.5 (4.0-9.5) in patients with FH; and 9.7 (7.3-11.0) in normal controls. Plasma UTI levels in patients with FH were significantly lower than in those with AH. Plasma UTI levels showed significant positive correlations with the levels of prothrombin time (PT), hepaplastin test, antithrombin III, alpha2-plasmin inhibitor, plasminogen (Plg) and fibrinogen. After the recovery of liver dysfunction, increased plasma UTI levels in patients with AH were decreased, whereas previously decreased plasma UTI levels in patients with ASH were increased. Urine UTI levels were significantly increased in patients with AH compared with those of normal controls. In patients with ASH and FH, urine UTI levels were increased but not significantly. Urine UTI levels significantly positively correlated with PT and Plg. After the recovery of liver dysfunction, previously increased urine UTI levels in patients with AH were decreased. The correlation between plasma UTI and urine UTI levels was not significant. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggested that the levels of plasma and urine UTI changed in patients with AH and were closely related to the abnormalities of coagulo-fibrinolysis, including PT. Further studies are needed to clarify whether these levels may be useful markers to predict the prognosis of acute hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi De Lin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zunyi Medical College, Guizhou, China
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16
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Suzuki M, Kobayashi H, Tanaka Y, Hirashima Y, Terao T. Structure and function analysis of urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI): identification of binding domains and signaling property of UTI by analysis of truncated proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1547:26-36. [PMID: 11343788 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The binding of urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) to its binding sites/receptors on tumor cells inhibits cell invasion in a number of experimental systems and that UTI downregulates constitutive and phorbol ester-induced urokinase production by certain tumor cells. To determine whether the carbohydrate moieties and core protein are required for urokinase suppression, we obtained UTI derivatives that contained O-glycoside-linked N-terminal glycopeptide (UTIm1), N-glycoside-linked C-terminal tandem Kunitz domains (UTIm2), UTI lacking O-glycoside (UTIc), asialo UTI (UTIa), UTI lacking N-glycoside (UTIn), purified Kunitz domain II of UTI (HI-8), and recombinant Kunitz domain II of UTI (R-020). The IC(50) of inhibiting binding of (125)I-labeled UTI to cells was indistinguishable for UTIa, UTIn and intact UTI, whereas the IC(50) for inhibiting binding of (125)I-labeled UTI to cells was 2.5-, 25- and 29-fold greater for UTIm1, UTIm2 and UTIc than for native UTI. We next looked at the suppression of the urokinase expression by UTI derivatives. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was carried out to measure secreted and cell-associated urokinase. Intact UTI, UTIa, or UTIn effectively suppressed urokinase expression, but UTIm1, UTIm2, UTIc, HI-8 and R-020 had no significant effect. These data show that UTI requires either the N-terminal extension with the O-linked carbohydrate moiety (chondroitin 4-sulfate sugar side chain; Ala1 to Lys21 residues) or the Kunitz domain I (Lys22 to Arg77 residues) of UTI to bind to cells, but the urokinase expression was inhibited only by the O-glycoside-linked core protein without the N-glycoside side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handacho 3600, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan
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17
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Hirashima Y, Kobayashi H, Suzuki M, Tanaka Y, Kanayama N, Fujie M, Nishida T, Takigawa M, Terao T. Characterization of binding properties of urinary trypsin inhibitor to cell-associated binding sites on human chondrosarcoma cell line HCS-2/8. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:13650-6. [PMID: 11278581 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m009906200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) forms membrane complexes with UTI-binding proteins (UTI-BPs) and initiates modulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression, which results in UTI-mediated suppression of cell invasiveness. It has been established that suppression of uPA expression and invasiveness by UTI is mediated through inhibition of protein kinase C-dependent signaling pathways and that human chondrosarcoma cell line HCS-2/8 expresses two types of UTI-BPs; a 40-kDa UTI-BP (UTI-BP(40)), which is identical to link protein (LP), and a 45-kDa UTI-BP (UTI-BP(45)). Here we characterize binding properties of UTI-BPs.UTI complexes in the cells. In vitro ligand blot, cell binding and competition assays, and Scatchard analyses demonstrate that both UTI-BP(40) and UTI-BP(45) bind (125)I-UTI. A deglycosylated form of UTI (NG-UTI), from which the chondroitin-sulfate side chain has been removed, binds only to UTI-BP(40). Additional experiments, using various reagents to block binding of (125)I-UTI and NG-UTI to the UTI-BP(40) and UTI-BP(45) confirm that the chondroitin sulfate side chain of UTI is required for its binding to UTI-BP(45). Analysis of binding of (125)I-UTI and NG-UTI to the cells suggests that low affinity binding sites are the UTI-BP(40) (which can bind NG-UTI), and the high affinity sites are the UTI-BP(45). In addition, UTI-induced suppression of phorbol ester stimulated up-regulation of uPA is inhibited by reagents that were shown to prevent binding of UTI to the 40- and 45-kDa proteins. We conclude that UTI must bind to both of the UTI-BPs to suppress uPA up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hirashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handacho 3600, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
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18
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Falkenberg C, Wester L, Belting M, Eklund E, Akerström B. Expression of a Functional Proteinase Inhibitor Capable of Accepting Xylose: Bikunin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 387:99-106. [PMID: 11368189 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bikunin is a Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitor, which is cross-linked to heavy chains via a chondroitin sulfate chain, forming inter-alpha-inhibitor and related molecules. Rat bikunin was produced by baculovirus-infected insect cells. The protein could be purified with a total yield of 20 mg/liter medium. Unlike naturally occuring bikunin the recombinant protein had no galactosaminoglycan chain. Endoglycosidase digestion also suggested that the recombinant form lacked N-linked oligosaccharides. Bikunin is translated as a part of a precursor, alpha1-microglobulin/bikunin, but the functional significance of the cotranslation is unknown. Our results indicate that the proteinase inhibitory function of bikunin is not regulated by the alpha1-microglobulin-part of the alpha1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor since recombinant bikunin had the same trypsin inhibitory activity as the recombinant precursor. Both free bikunin and the precursor were also functional as a substrate in an in vitro xylosylation system. This demonstrates that the alpha1-microglobulin-part is not necessary for the first step of galactosaminoglycan assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Falkenberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lund University, Sweden.
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19
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Kobayashi H, Suzuki M, Tanaka Y, Hirashima Y, Terao T. Suppression of urokinase expression and invasiveness by urinary trypsin inhibitor is mediated through inhibition of protein kinase C- and MEK/ERK/c-Jun-dependent signaling pathways. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:2015-22. [PMID: 11050091 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007650200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, interacts with cells as a negative modulator of the invasive cells. Human ovarian cancer cell line, HRA, was treated with phorbol ester (PMA) to evaluate the effect on expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), since the action of uPA has been implicated in matrix degradation and cell motility. Preincubation of the cells with UTI reduced the ability of PMA to trigger the uPA expression at the gene level and at the protein level. UTI-induced down-regulation of PMA-stimulated uPA expression is irreversible and is independent of a cytotoxic effect. Down-regulation of uPA by UTI is mediated by its binding to the cells. We next asked whether the mechanism of inhibition of uPA expression by UTI was due to interference with the protein kinase C second messenger system. An assay for PKC activity demonstrated that UTI does not directly inhibit the catalytic activity of PKC and that PMA translocation of PKC from cytosol to membrane was inhibited by UTI, indicating that UTI inhibits the activation cascade of PKC. PMA could also activate a signaling pathway involving MEK1/ERK2/c-Jun-dependent uPA expression. When cells were preincubated with UTI, we could detect suppression of phosphorylation of these proteins. Like several types of PKC inhibitor, UTI inhibited PMA-stimulated invasiveness. We conclude that UTI markedly suppresses the cell motility possibly through negative regulation of PKC- and MEK/ERK/c-Jun-dependent mechanisms, and that these changes in behavior are correlated with a coordinated down-regulation of uPA which is likely to contribute to the cell invasion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handacho 3600, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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20
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Kobayashi H, Suzuki M, Sun GW, Hirashima Y, Terao T. Suppression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression from human ovarian cancer cells by urinary trypsin inhibitor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1481:310-6. [PMID: 11018722 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, efficiently inhibits tumor cell invasion and metastasis. We examined the effect of UTI on urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression in ovarian cancer cell lines, HOC-I and HRA. By Northern blot, Western blot, ELISA, and zymographic analyses, we demonstrated that UTI inhibited the expression of uPA mRNA and protein in these cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, independent of whether induction was triggered by phorbol ester. Monoclonal antibody 4G12, which inhibits UTI binding to the cells, produced a dose-dependent abrogation in UTI-mediated down-regulation of uPA expression. These data suggest that UTI significantly down-regulates tumor cell uPA mRNA expression and protein secretion, and that UTI binding to the cells is necessary to exert the UTI's action.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handacho 3600, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan
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21
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Kobayashi H, Hirashima Y, Terao T. Human myometrial cells in culture express specific binding sites for urinary trypsin inhibitor. Mol Hum Reprod 2000; 6:735-42. [PMID: 10908284 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/6.8.735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), which is present in amniotic fluid, prevents uterine contractility during pregnancy possibly via specific binding protein mechanisms. To test for the presence of UTI binding sites on the cell surface, we prepared cultured myometrial cells obtained at biopsy from 12 pregnant women and performed binding, competition, and cross-linking experiments using a specific radiolabelled UTI as a ligand. We report for the first time two classes of binding sites of differing affinities. Scatchard analysis at 4 degrees C, using radioiodinated UTI, revealed that UTI binds to 35 000 high affinity binding sites/cell (K(d) = 9.1x10(-9) mol/l) and 450 000 lower affinity binding sites/cell (K(d) = 3.5x10(-7) mol/l) in cultured myometrial cells. It appears to be the low affinity site that is internalized, and this has been identified as a protein of approximately 45 kDa by cross-linking and immunoaffinity labelling studies. Monoclonal antibodies against the NH(2)-terminal fragment of UTI abrogated specific binding of this protein to the cells. Treatment of the cells with hyaluronidase resulted in >80% inhibition of the [(125)I]-labelled UTI binding to the cells. These data show that the UTI binding site, which is hyaluronidase sensitive, is expressed on the surface of human uterine myometrial cells to accumulate the UTI molecule during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handacho 3600, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
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22
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Kobayashi H, Hirashima Y, Sun GW, Fujie M, Nishida T, Takigawa M, Terao T. Identity of urinary trypsin inhibitor-binding protein to link protein. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:21185-91. [PMID: 10801881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m907862199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, directly binds to some types of cells via cell-associated UTI-binding proteins (UTI-BPs). Here we report that the 40-kDa protein (UTI-BP(40)) was purified from the cultured human chondrosarcoma cell line HCS-2/8 by UTI affinity chromatography. Purified UTI-BP(40) was digested with trypsin, and the amino acid sequences of the peptide fragments were determined. The sequences of six tryptic fragments of UTI-BP(40) were identical to subsequences present in human link protein (LP). Authentic bovine LP and UTI-BP(40) displayed identical electrophoretic and chromatographic behavior. The UTI-binding properties of UTI-BP(40) and LP were indistinguishable. Direct binding and competition studies strongly demonstrated that the NH(2)-terminal fragment is the UTI-binding part of the LP molecule, that the COOH-terminal UTI fragment (HI-8) failed to bind the NH(2)-terminal subdomain of the LP molecule, and that LP and UTI-BP(40) exhibited significant hyaluronic acid binding. These results demonstrate that UTI-BP(40) is identical to LP and that the NH(2)-terminal domain of UTI is involved in the interaction with the NH(2)-terminal fragment of LP, which is bound to hyaluronic acid in the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Equipment Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handacho 3600, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192
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23
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Kobayashi H, Hirashima Y, Sun GW, Ohi H, Fujie M, Terao T. Identification and characterization of a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor in ascites fluid from patients with ovarian carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2000; 87:44-54. [PMID: 10861451 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20000701)87:1<44::aid-ijc7>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI; Mr 40 kDa) is a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor that efficiently inhibits cell-associated trypsin and plasmin activities. The aim of this study is to examine the expression pattern of UTI in the human ovarian carcinoma ascites fluid by Western blotting, zymography, immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry, biochemical and gene analyses and animal experiments. We have identified and characterized the 40 kDa immunoreactive UTI (UTI(40)) and 8 kDa degradation fragment (UTI(8)) in ascites fluid. The levels of UTI(40) and UTI(8) are elevated in ascites fluid taken from patients with ovarian carcinoma relative to paired plasma samples. The UTI(40) and UTI(8) were identified immunologically by the reactivity with 2 different anti-UTI antibodies recognizing different epitopes of the UTI molecule, functionally by its ability to bind trypsin and structurally by its apparent molecular mass with and without deglycosylation treatment. The purified polypeptides have been sequenced and were identical with sequences obtained from UTI and the carboxyl-terminal domain of UTI, respectively. However, UTI mRNA was not detected in the ovarian carcinoma tissue and ovarian carcinoma cell lines examined. Based on extravasation experiments using intravenously injected biotinylated inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IalphaI; a precursor of UTI), we conclude that UTI(40) and UTI(8) found in the ascites fluid may result from (i) the extravasation of plasma proteins such as IalphaI into the peritoneal cavity via hyperpermeable vessels and (ii) the subsequent degradation of IalphaI and UTI(40) by tumor cell-associated trypsin-like enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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24
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Abstract
Bikunin is a plasma proteinase inhibitor that has received little attention in the past, probably because its activity towards various proteinases was found to be relatively weak in early work. It was recently discovered, however, that bikunin effectively inhibits a proteinase that seems to be involved in the metastasis of tumour cells--cell surface plasmin--and that a fragment of bikunin inhibits two proteinases of the coagulation pathway--factor Xa and kallikrein. Furthermore, it has been found that bikunin has other properties, such as the ability to modulate cell growth and to block cellular calcium uptake. Most of the bikunin in the blood occurs as a covalently linked subunit of the proteins pre- and inter-alpha-inhibitor. In this form bikunin lacks some of its known activities, and there is evidence that its release by partial proteolytic degradation may function as a regulatory mechanism. Although the physiological function of bikunin still remains to be established, current data suggest that this protein plays a role in inflammation. Further studies could therefore lead to results of therapeutical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fries
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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