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Culler MD, Bayram I, Decker EA. Enzymatic Modification of Lecithin for Improved Antioxidant Activity in Combination with Tocopherol in Emulsions and Bulk Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13404-13412. [PMID: 36215731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized α-tocopherol can be regenerated by phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), but current commercial sources of PE are too expensive for use as a food additive. The present study aims to determine the optimal reaction conditions for generating high PE lecithin (MHPEL) enzymatically and to validate the MHPEL's synergism with tocopherol in delaying lipid oxidation in an oil-in-water emulsion system at pH 7 and 4 and in bulk oil. Under optimal conditions of pH 9.0, 37 °C and 4 h, a MHPEL with ∼71.6% PE was obtained from 96% phosphatidylcholine lecithin using phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus. Mixed tocopherols (300 μmol/kg oil) and MHPEL (1500 μmol/kg oil) synergistically increased both the hydroperoxide and hexanal lag phase of lipid oxidation in stripped soybean oil-in-water emulsions at pH 7 by 3 days. At pH 4, this combination increased the hydroperoxide and hexanal lag phases by 3 and 2 days, respectively. The combination of 50 μmol/kg oil α-tocopherol and 1000 μmol/kg oil MHPEL also synergistically increased the hydroperoxide (5 days) and hexanal (4 days) lag phases in stripped bulk soybean oil. This approach represents a potential clean-label antioxidant system that could have commercial applications to decrease food waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D Culler
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Ipek Bayram
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Eric A Decker
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
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Identification of a novel phospholipase D with high transphosphatidylation activity and its application in synthesis of phosphatidylserine and DHA-phosphatidylserine. J Biotechnol 2017; 249:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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3
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Djakpa H, Kulkarni A, Barrows-Murphy S, Miller G, Zhou W, Cho H, Török B, Stieglitz K. Identifying New Drug Targets for Potent Phospholipase D Inhibitors: Combining Sequence Alignment, Molecular Docking, and Enzyme Activity/Binding Assays. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 87:714-29. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Djakpa
- STEM Biotechnology Division; Roxbury Community College; Roxbury MA USA
| | - Aditya Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry; University of Massachusetts Boston; 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
| | | | - Greg Miller
- STEM Biotechnology Division; Roxbury Community College; Roxbury MA USA
| | - Weihong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; University of Massachusetts Boston; 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
| | - Hyejin Cho
- Department of Chemistry; University of Massachusetts Boston; 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
| | - Béla Török
- Department of Chemistry; University of Massachusetts Boston; 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
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4
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Kulkarni A, Quang P, Curry V, Keyes R, Zhou W, Cho H, Baffoe J, Török B, Stieglitz K. 1,3‐Disubstituted‐4‐Aminopyrazolo [3, 4‐d] Pyrimidines, a New Class of Potent Inhibitors for Phospholipase
D. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:270-81. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
| | - Phong Quang
- STEM Biotechnology Division Roxbury Community College Roxbury MA 02120 USA
| | - Victoriana Curry
- STEM Biotechnology Division Roxbury Community College Roxbury MA 02120 USA
| | - Renee Keyes
- STEM Biotechnology Division Roxbury Community College Roxbury MA 02120 USA
| | - Weihong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
| | - Hyejin Cho
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
| | - Jonathan Baffoe
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
| | - Béla Török
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston MA 02125 USA
| | - Kimberly Stieglitz
- STEM Biotechnology Division Roxbury Community College Roxbury MA 02120 USA
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5
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Kuhle K, Flieger A. Legionella phospholipases implicated in virulence. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 376:175-209. [PMID: 23925490 DOI: 10.1007/82_2013_348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases are diverse enzymes produced in eukaryotic hosts and their bacterial pathogens. Several pathogen phospholipases have been identified as major virulence factors acting mainly in two different modes: on the one hand, they have the capability to destroy host membranes and on the other hand they are able to manipulate host signaling pathways. Reaction products of bacterial phospholipases may act as secondary messengers within the host and therefore influence inflammatory cascades and cellular processes, such as proliferation, migration, cytoskeletal changes as well as membrane traffic. The lung pathogen and intracellularly replicating bacterium Legionella pneumophila expresses a variety of phospholipases potentially involved in disease-promoting processes. So far, genes encoding 15 phospholipases A, three phospholipases C, and one phospholipase D have been identified. These cell-associated or secreted phospholipases may contribute to intracellular establishment, to egress of the pathogen from the host cell, and to the observed lung pathology. Due to the importance of phospholipase activities for host cell processes, it is conceivable that the pathogen enzymes may mimic or substitute host cell phospholipases to drive processes for the pathogen's benefit. The following chapter summarizes the current knowledge on the L. pneumophila phospholipases, especially their substrate specificity, localization, mode of secretion, and impact on host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kuhle
- FG 11 - Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch-Institut, Burgstr. 37, 38855, Wernigerode, Germany
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6
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Continuous monitoring of phospholipid vesicle hydrolysis by phospholipase D (PLD) reveals differences in hydrolysis by PLDs from 2 Streptomyces species. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 94:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Selvy PE, Lavieri RR, Lindsley CW, Brown HA. Phospholipase D: enzymology, functionality, and chemical modulation. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6064-119. [PMID: 21936578 PMCID: PMC3233269 DOI: 10.1021/cr200296t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Selvy
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37064, USA
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8
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Blistering of supported lipid membranes induced by Phospholipase D, as observed by real-time atomic force microscopy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:276-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Apel AK, Sola-Landa A, Rodríguez-García A, Martín JF. Phosphate control of phoA, phoC and phoD gene expression in Streptomyces coelicolor reveals significant differences in binding of PhoP to their promoter regions. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:3527-3537. [PMID: 17906150 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/007070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three putative alkaline phosphatase genes, phoA, phoC and phoD, were identified in the genome of Streptomyces coelicolor by homology with the amino acid sequence obtained from the PhoA protein of Streptomyces griseus. PhoA and PhoC correspond to broad-spectrum alkaline phosphatases whereas PhoD is similar to a Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipase D of Streptomyces chromofuscus. The phoA and phoD genes were efficiently expressed in R5 medium under phosphate-limited conditions, as shown by studies using the xylE reporter gene, whereas phoC was poorly transcribed under the same conditions. Expression of phoA was clearly PhoP-dependent since it was not transcribed in the S. coelicolor DeltaphoP mutant and was strongly activated under low phosphate concentrations. Similarly, expression of phoD was PhoP-dependent and highly sensitive to phosphate availability. By contrast, expression of phoC was not PhoP-dependent. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that PhoP binds to the phoA and phoD promoters, but not to that of phoC. Footprinting studies with GST-PhoP revealed the presence of a PHO box (two direct 11 nt repeats) in the phoA promoter and two PHO boxes in the promoter of phoD. The transcription start points of the three promoters were identified by primer extension. The transcription start point of phoD coincides with the G of its translation start codon, indicating that this gene is transcribed as a leaderless mRNA. The deduced -10 and -35 regions of phoD (but not those of phoA) overlapped with the PHO boxes in this promoter, suggesting that an excess of PhoP interferes with binding of the RNA polymerase to this promoter. In summary, the three promoters showed clear differences in the modulation of their expression by PhoP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Apel
- Área de Microbiología, Fac. CC. Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24071, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Alberto Sola-Landa
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-García
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain
| | - Juan F Martín
- Área de Microbiología, Fac. CC. Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24071, León, Spain
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain
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10
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Wagner K, Brezesinski G. Phospholipase D activity is regulated by product segregation and the structure formation of phosphatidic acid within model membranes. Biophys J 2007; 93:2373-83. [PMID: 17557794 PMCID: PMC1965428 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.108787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus (scPLD) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholines (PC) to produce choline and phosphatidic acid (PA), a lipid messenger molecule within biological membranes. To scrutinize the influence of membrane structure on scPLD activity, three different substrate-containing monolayers are used as model systems: pure dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as well as equimolar mixtures of DPPC/n-hexadecanol (C(16)OH) and DPPC/dipalmitoylglycerol (DPG). The activity of scPLD toward these monolayers is tested by infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy and exhibits different dependencies on surface pressure. For pure DPPC, the catalytic turnover drastically drops above 20 mN/m. On addition of C(16)OH, this strong decrease starts at 5 mN/m. For the DPPC/DPG system, the reaction yield linearly decreases between 5 and 25 mN/m. The difference in scPLD activity is correlated to the phase state of the monolayers as examined by x-ray diffraction, Brewster angle microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Because the additives C(16)OH and DPG mediate the miscibility of PC and PA, only a basal activity of scPLD is observed toward the mixed systems at higher surface pressures. At pure DPPC monolayers, scPLD is activated after the segregation of initially formed PA. Furthermore, scPLD is inhibited when the lipids in the PA-rich domains adopt an upright orientation. This phenomenon offers a self-regulating mechanism for the concentration of the second messenger PA within biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wagner
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
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11
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Uhm TB, Li T, Bao J, Chung G, Ryu DD. Analysis of phospholipase D gene from Streptoverticillium reticulum and the effect of biochemical properties of substrates on phospholipase D activity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Sugano M, Yamauchi K, Sugano K, Kawasaki K, Tozuka M, Katsuyama T, Soya H, Tanaka T, Imamura S, Nomoto S. New Enzymatic Assay Using Phospholipase D to Measure Total Calcium in Serum. Clin Chem 2005; 51:1021-4. [PMID: 15805146 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.047464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Sugano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
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13
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Zambonelli C, Roberts MF. Non-HKD Phospholipase D Enzymes: New Players in Phosphatidic Acid Signaling? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 79:133-81. [PMID: 16096028 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(04)79003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Zambonelli
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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Yang H, Roberts MF. Expression and characterization of a heterodimer of Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1703:43-51. [PMID: 15588701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D (PLD) is secreted by the bacterium and proteolytically cleaved to a more active form (PLD(37/18)) where the two parts of the molecule are still tightly associated. Based on previous sequencing results of authentic PLD(37/18), we have constructed a vector consisting of separate ORFs for the N-terminal and C-terminal portions of S. chromofuscus PLD and overexpressed active heterodimeric PLD. Neither fragment cloned separately folded properly. The identity of each peptide was confirmed by peptide-mass fingerprinting with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The recombinant complex had a specific activity about six times higher than that of the recombinant intact PLD enzyme and was no longer activated by phosphatidic acid (PA). Phosphotransferase activity, binding affinity to phospholipid vesicles, loss of product activation, pH profile and pH-related Ca(2+) activation and inhibition were comparable to authentic PLD(37/18) purified from S. chromofuscus growth medium. PLD(37) alone could also be isolated; the enzyme was active but not as stable as PLD(37/18). These experimental results strongly support the hypothesis that the C-terminal peptide is necessary for correct folding and insertion of catalytic metal ions. However, they suggest the ligands involved in Fe(3+) coordination must be altered upon cleavage of the protein. Asp389, in the C-terminal fragment, whose replacement impairs Fe(3+) binding to the protein, must be replaced by another ligand, since the N-terminal fragment, once folded, is active. In the process of cloning the two peptides, the complete signal sequence for this protein was also determined. The signal peptide of S. chromofuscus PLD enzyme contained a twin arginine motif suggesting that S. chromofuscus PLD, like Bacillus subtilis phoD, is most likely secreted by the TAT translocation pathway under the transcriptional control of the pho regulon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Yang
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, USA
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15
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Estrela-Lopis I, Brezesinski G, Möhwald H. Miscibility of DPPC and DPPA in monolayers at the air/water interface. Chem Phys Lipids 2004; 131:71-80. [PMID: 15210366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2003] [Revised: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Monolayers of mixtures of 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as the substrate and 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid (DPPA) as the product of the hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by phospholipase D (PLD) were investigated in the presence of Ca2+. The miscibility behavior and the microstructure of mixed domains have been studied by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD), Brewster angle microscopy and film balance measurements. The phase diagram reveals partial miscibility on both sides and a wide miscibility gap, which becomes narrower at high pressure. At low pressure, the segregation of condensed DPPA-rich domains in a fluid-like DPPC matrix was detected already at small DPPA concentrations and their structure was determined. A small amount of DPPC mixed into the segregated DPPA domains induces the transformation from rectangular to an oblique unit cell and increases the tilt angle in the condensed domains. At high pressure, two types of condensed phase domains were found: DPPC-rich and DPPA-rich. A drastic reduction of the tilt angle in the DPPC-rich domains with increasing amount of DPPA was observed. The decrease of the tilt angle must be connected with a change of the head group conformation of DPPC in such mixed domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Estrela-Lopis
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 27, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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El Kirat K, Chauvet JP, Roux B, Besson F. Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D interaction with lipidic activators at the air–water interface. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2004; 1661:144-53. [PMID: 15003877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2003] [Revised: 12/17/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus (PLDSc) is a soluble enzyme that interacts with membranes to catalyse phosphatidylcholine (PC) transformation. In this work, we focused on the interaction between PLDSc and two lipid activators: a neutral lipid, diacylglycerol (DAG), and an anionic one, phosphatidic acid (PA). DAG is a naturally occurring alcohol, so it is a potent nucleophile for the transphosphatidylation reaction catalysed by PLD. Concerning PA, it is a widely described activator of PLDSc-catalysed hydrolysis of PC. The monolayer technique allowed us to define PLDSc interaction with DAG and PA. In the case of DAG, the results suggest an insertion of PLDSc within the acyl chains of the lipid with an exclusion pressure of approximately 45 mN/m. PLDSc-DAG interaction seemed to occur preferentially with the lipid in the liquid-expanded (LE) phase. PLDSc interaction with PA was found to be more effective at high surface pressures. The overall results obtained with PA show a preferential interaction of the protein with condensed PA domains. No exclusion pressure could be found for PLDSc-PA interaction indicating only superficial interaction with the polar head of this lipid. Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) images were acquired in order to confirm these results and to visualise the patterns induced by PLDSc adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim El Kirat
- University of Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5013, Bat. Chevreul, 43 Bd du 11/11/1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, UCB-Lyon 1, France.
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Tokumura A. Metabolic pathways and physiological and pathological significances of lysolipid phosphate mediators. J Cell Biochem 2004; 92:869-81. [PMID: 15258912 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate are structurally simple and physiologically very important lysophospholipids. Because they possess distinct structural backbones (glycerol and sphingosine, respectively), there are different metabolic pathways for their intracellular production. Recently, several key enzymes that produce or degrade these lysolipid phosphate mediators extracellularly have been characterized. This review focuses on the physiological and pathophysiological significances of the extracellular metabolic pathways involving recently characterized exo-type lysophospholipase D, ecto-type phospholipase A, and ecto-type lipid phosphate phosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Tokumura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
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Zambonelli C, Casali M, Roberts MF. Mutagenesis of Putative Catalytic and Regulatory Residues of Streptomyces chromofuscus Phospholipase D Differentially Modifies Phosphatase and Phosphodiesterase Activities. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:52282-9. [PMID: 14557260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310252200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus (sc-PLD) is a member of the diverse family of metallo-phosphodiesterase/phosphatase enzymes that also includes purple acid phosphatases, protein phosphatases, and nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Whereas iron is an essential cofactor for scPLD activity, Mn2+ is also found in the enzyme. A third metal ion, Ca2+, has been shown to enhance scPLD catalytic activity although it is not an essential cofactor. Sequence alignment of scPLD with known phosphodiesterases and phosphatases requiring metal ions suggested that His-212, Glu-213, and Asp-389 could be involved in Mn2+ binding. H212A, E213A, and D389A were prepared to test this hypothesis. These three mutant enzymes and wild type scPLD show similar metal content but considerably different catalytic properties, suggesting different roles for each residue. His-212 appears involved in binding the phosphate group of substrates, whereas Glu-213 acts as a ligand for Ca2+. D389A showed a greatly reduced phosphodiesterase activity but almost unaltered ability to hydrolyze the phosphate group in p-nitrophenyl phosphate suggesting it had a critical role in aligning groups at the active site to control phosphodiesterase versus phosphatase activities. We propose a model for substrate and cofactor binding to the catalytic site of scPLD based on these results and on sequence alignment to purple acid phosphatases of known structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Zambonelli
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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El Kirat K, Prigent AF, Chauvet JP, Roux B, Besson F. Transphosphatidylation activity of Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D in biomimetic membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 270:4523-30. [PMID: 14622281 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipase D (PLD) from Streptomyces chromofuscus belongs to the superfamily of PLDs. All the enzymes included in this superfamily are able to catalyze both hydrolysis and transphosphatidylation activities. However, S. chromofuscus PLD is calcium dependent and is often described as an enzyme with weak transphosphatidylation activity. S. chromofuscus PLD-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipids in aqueous medium leads to the formation of phosphatidic acid. Previous studies have shown that phosphatidic acid-calcium complexes are activators for the hydrolysis activity of this bacterial PLD. In this work, we investigated the influence of diacylglycerols (naturally occurring alcohols) as candidates for the transphosphatidylation reaction. Our results indicate that the transphosphatidylation reaction may occur using diacylglycerols as a substrate and that the phosphatidylalcohol produced can be directly hydrolyzed by PLD. We also focused on the surface pressure dependency of PLD-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipids. These experiments provided new information about PLD activity at a water-lipid interface. Our findings showed that classical phospholipid hydrolysis is influenced by surface pressure. In contrast, phosphatidylalcohol hydrolysis was found to be independent of surface pressure. This latter result was thought to be related to headgroup hydrophobicity. This work also highlights the physiological significance of phosphatidylalcohol production for bacterial infection of eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim El Kirat
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Biologique, UMR CNRS 5013, Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
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Yang H, Roberts MF. Phosphohydrolase and transphosphatidylation reactions of two Streptomyces phospholipase D enzymes: covalent versus noncovalent catalysis. Protein Sci 2003; 12:2087-98. [PMID: 12931007 PMCID: PMC2324005 DOI: 10.1110/ps.03192503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic comparison of the hydrolase and transferase activities of two bacterial phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes with little sequence homology provides insights into mechanistic differences and also the more general role of Ca(2+) in modulating PLD reactions. Although the two PLDs exhibit similar substrate specificity (phosphatidylcholine preferred), sensitivity to substrate aggregation or Ca(2+), and pH optima are quite distinct. Streptomyces sp. PMF PLD, a member of the PLD superfamily, generates both hydrolase and transferase products in parallel, consistent with a mechanism that proceeds through a covalent phosphatidylhistidyl intermediate where the rate-limiting step is formation of the covalent intermediate. For Streptomyces chromofuscus PLD, the two reactions exhibit different pH profiles, a result consistent with a mechanism likely to involve direct attack of water or an alcohol on the phosphorus. Ca(2+), not required for monomer or micelle hydrolysis, can activate both PLDs for hydrolysis of PC unilamellar vesicles. In the case of Streptomyces sp. PMF PLD, Ca(2+) relieves product inhibition by interactions with the phosphatidic acid (PA). A similar rate enhancement could occur with other HxKx(4)D-motif PLDs as well. For S. chromofuscus PLD, Ca(2+) is absolutely critical for binding of the enzyme to PC vesicles and for PA activation. That the Ca(2+)-PA activation involves a discreet site on the protein is suggested by the observation that the identity of the C-terminal residue in S. chromofuscus PLD can modulate the extent of product activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Yang
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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21
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Oh MK, Yang H, Roberts MF. Using O-(n-alkyl)-N-(N,N'-dimethylethyl)phosphoramidates to investigate the role of Ca2+ and interfacial binding in a bacterial phospholipase D. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1649:146-53. [PMID: 12878033 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-9639(03)00166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
O-(n-alkyl)-N-(N,N'-dimethylethyl)phosphoramidates (n=6, 8, and 10; CnPNC) were synthesized and characterized as inhibitors of phospholipase D (PLD) activity toward phosphatidylcholine presented as monomers, micelles, and bilayers. Detailed studies with recombinant Streptomyces chromofuscus PLD, a Ca(2+)-activated enzyme that does not show large changes in catalytic activity toward the same substrate as a monomer or micelle, showed that the longer the inhibitor chain length, the more potent CnPNC is as a competitive inhibitor toward all the substrates. However, the physical state of the inhibitor did affect the maximum inhibition attainable. For a fixed concentration of diC4PC (monomer substrate), CnPNC inhibition reached a maximum around the CMC of the inhibitor; the inhibition was reduced at higher inhibitor concentrations, in part caused by the lower solubility of the aggregated inhibitor. With diC4PC as the substrate and using concentrations of C10PNC that were below its CMC, the Ki for C10PNC was 0.030+/-0.003 mM, approximately 13-fold less than the Km for substrate. Aggregated substrates showed significant inhibition of PLD by CnPNC, although as the substrate chain length increased, inhibition by a given CnPNC was diminished. With POPC vesicles, the apparent Ki for C10PNC was 0.030 of the apparent Km. The availability of these inhibitors allowed us to show that PC analogues can bind to the active site of S. chromofuscus PLD in the absence of Ca2+. Once bound at the active site, the inhibitor does not significantly affect the divalent ion-dependent partitioning of the enzyme to PC surfaces. Of the two other PLD enzymes examined, cabbage PLD, but not Streptomyces sp. PMF, was able to catalyze the cleavage of the P-N bond. Differential susceptibility of PLDs to these phosphoramidates may eventually be useful in studying PLD isozymes in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Oh
- Department of Chemistry, E.F. Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, USA
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22
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Zambonelli C, Roberts MF. An iron-dependent bacterial phospholipase D reminiscent of purple acid phosphatases. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:13706-11. [PMID: 12519726 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210363200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant phospholipase D (PLD) from Streptomyces chromofuscus (scPLD) has been characterized using colorimetric assays, spectroscopic investigations, and site-directed mutagenesis. scPLD, which shows phosphodiesterase activity toward a wide variety of phospholipids and phosphatase activity toward p-nitrophenyl phosphate, exhibits a visible absorption band with lambda(max) at 570 nm. Metal ion analysis performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy shows the presence of approximately 1 equivalent of iron, 0.27 equivalent of manganese, and 0.1 equivalent of zinc per mole of protein as isolated. The metal ion content coupled with the visible absorption feature is compatible with the presence of Fe(3+)-tyrosinate coordination. When scPLD was dialyzed against solutions containing Mn(2+), Zn(2+) or EDTA, the Fe(3+) content was reduced to variable extents, and the residual specific activity correlated well with the residual iron content. Sequence homology with metal ion binding motifs in known alkaline phosphatases and purple acid phosphatase from red kidney bean shows that most of the residues involved in metal ion coordination are conserved among all the sequences considered. Mutation of some of these conserved residues (C123A, D151A, Y154F, and H391A) produced enzymes lacking iron with dramatically reduced PLD activity but little change in secondary structure or ability to bind to small unilamellar vesicles of phosphatidylcholine (with Ba(2+)) or phosphatidic acid. We suggest that scPLD is a member of a family of phosphodiesterase/phosphatases with structural and mechanistic similarity to iron-dependent purple acid phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Zambonelli
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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Yang H, Roberts MF. Cloning, overexpression, and characterization of a bacterial Ca2+-dependent phospholipase D. Protein Sci 2002; 11:2958-68. [PMID: 12441393 PMCID: PMC2373738 DOI: 10.1110/ps.0225302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD), an important enzyme involved in signal transduction in mammals, is also secreted by many microorganisms. A highly conserved HKD motif has been identified in most PLD homologs in the PLD superfamily. However, the Ca(2+)-dependent PLD from Streptomyces chromofuscus exhibits little homology to other PLDs. We have cloned (using DNA isolated from the ATCC type strain), overexpressed in Escherichia coli (two expression systems, pET-23a(+) and pTYB11), and purified the S. chromofuscus PLD. Based on attempts at sequence alignment with other known Ca(2+)-independent PLD enzymes from Streptomyces species, we mutated five histidine residues (His72, His171, His187, His200, His226) that could be part of variants of an HKD motif. Only H187A and H200A showed dramatically reduced activity. However, mutation of these histidine residues to alanine also significantly altered the secondary structure of PLD. Asparagine replacements at these positions yielded enzymes with structure and activity similar to the recombinant wild-type PLD. The extent of phosphatidic acid (PA) activation of PC hydrolysis by the recombinant PLD enzymes differed in magnitude from PLD purified from S. chromofuscus culture medium (a 2-fold activation rather than 4-5-fold). One of the His mutants, H226A, showed a 12-fold enhancement by PA, suggesting this residue is involved in the kinetic activation. Another notable difference of this bacterial PLD from others is that it has a single cysteine (Cys123); other Streptomyces Ca(2+)-independent PLDs have eight Cys involved in intramolecular disulfide bonds. Both C123A and C123S, with secondary structure and stability similar to recombinant wild-type PLD, exhibited specific activity reduced by 10(-5) and 10(-4). The Cys mutants still bound Ca(2+), so that it is likely that this residue is part of the active site of the Ca(2+)-dependent PLD. This would suggest that S. chromofuscus PLD is a member of a new class of PLD enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Yang
- Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02167, USA
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El Kirat K, Besson F, Prigent AF, Chauvet JP, Roux B. Role of calcium and membrane organization on phospholipase D localization and activity. Competition between a soluble and insoluble substrate. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:21231-6. [PMID: 11940565 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106449200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The phospholipase D (PLD) from Streptomyces chromofuscus is a soluble enzyme known to be activated by the phosphatidic acid-calcium complexes. PLD-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipids in aqueous medium leads to the formation of phosphatidic acid (PA). Previous studies concluded on an allosteric activation of PLD by the PA-calcium complexes. In this work, the role of PA and calcium was investigated in terms of membrane structure and dynamics. The role of calcium in PLD partitioning between the soluble phase and the water-lipid interface was tested. The monomolecular film technique was used to measure both membrane dynamics and PLD activity. These experiments provided information on PLD activity at a water-lipid interface. Moreover, the ability of PA to enhance PLD activity toward phosphatidylcholine was correlated to the physical properties of PA itself, affecting the rheology of the membrane. The effect of calcium was investigated on PLD binding to lipids and on the catalytic process by competition experiments between a soluble and a vesicular substrate. These experiments confirmed the absolute PLD requirement for calcium and pointed out the importance of calcium for PLD catalytic process and for the enzyme location at the water-lipid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim El Kirat
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Biologique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5013, Bâtiment Chevreul, 43 Boulevard du 11/11/1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, France.
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25
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Stieglitz KA, Seaton BA, Roberts MF. Binding of proteolytically processed phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus to phosphatidylcholine membranes facilitates vesicle aggregation and fusion. Biochemistry 2001; 40:13954-63. [PMID: 11705386 DOI: 10.1021/bi011338o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipase D is secreted from Streptomyces chromofuscus as an intact enzyme of 57 kDa (PLD(57)). Under certain growth conditions, PLD is proteolytically cleaved and activated to form PLD(42/20) (named for the apparent size of the peptides). The PLD(42) catalytic core and 20 kDa C-terminal domain remain tightly associated through noncovalent interactions. In the presence of Ba(2+) (to enhance protein binding to zwitterionic vesicles without hydrolysis of substrate), PLD(42/20), but not PLD(57), induces POPC vesicle leakiness as measured by entrapped CF leakage. PLD(42/20) also induces vesicle fusion (as measured by light scattering, fluorescence quenching, and cryo-TEM) under these conditions (1 mM POPC, 5 mM Ba(2+)); neither PLD(42) nor PLD(20) alone can act as a fusogen. For intact PLD(57) to cause CF leakiness, the soluble activator diC(4)PA must be present. However, even with diC(4)PA, PLD(57) does not induce significant vesicle fusion. In the absence of metal ions, all PLD forms bind to PC vesicles doped with 10 mol % PA. Again, only PLD(42/20) is fusogenic and causes aggregation and fusion on a rapid time scale. Taken together, these data suggest that activated PLD(42/20) inserts more readily into the lipid bilayer than other PLD forms and creates structures that allow bilayers to fuse. Cleavage of the PLD(57) by a secreted protease to generate PLD(42/20) occurs in the late stages of S. chromofuscus cell cultures. Production of this more active and fusogenic enzyme may play a role in nutrient scavenging in stationary phase cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Stieglitz
- Department of Physiology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Martin SF, Pitzer GE. Solution conformations of short-chain phosphatidylcholine. Substrates of the phosphatidylcholine-preferring PLC of Bacillus cereus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1464:104-12. [PMID: 10704924 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(99)00252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylcholine (PC)-preferring phospholipase C (PLC) from Bacillus cereus (PLC(Bc)) hydrolyzes various 1,2-diacyl derivatives of PC at different rates. Substrates with side chains having eight or more carbons are present in micellular form in aqueous media and are processed most rapidly. The catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) for the hydrolyses of short-chain PCs at concentrations below their respective critical micelle concentrations also decreases as the side chains become shorter, and this loss of efficiency owes its origin to increases in K(m). In order to ascertain whether the observed increases in K(m) might arise from conformational changes in the glycerol backbone, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments were performed in D(2)O to determine the (3)J(HH) and (3)J(CH) coupling constants along the glycerol subunit of 1, 2-dipropanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (K(m)=61 mM), 1, 2-dibutanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (K(m)=21.2 mM) and 1, 2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (K(m)=2.4 mM). Using these coupling constants, the fractional populations for each rotamer about the backbone of each of substrate were calculated. Two rotamers, which were approximately equally populated, about the sn-1-sn-2 bond of each substrate were significantly preferred, and in these conformers, the oxygens on the sn-1 and sn-2 carbons of the backbone were synclinal to optimize intramolecular hydrophobic interactions between the acyl side chains. There was greater flexibility about the sn-2-sn-3 bond, and each of the three possible staggered conformations was significantly populated, although there was a slight preference for the rotamer in which the oxygen bearing the phosphate head group was synclinal to the oxygen at the sn-2 carbon and to the sn-1 carbon; in this orientation, the head group is folded back relative to the side chains. These studies demonstrate that there is no significant change in the conformation about the glycerol backbone as a function of side chain length in short-chain phospholipids. Thus, prior organization of the substrate seems an unlikely determinant of the catalytic efficiency of PLC(Bc), and other factors such as hydrophobic interactions or differential solvation/desolvation effects associated with the complexation of the substrate with PLC(Bc) may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Stieglitz K, Seaton B, Roberts MF. The role of interfacial binding in the activation of Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D by phosphatidic acid. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:35367-74. [PMID: 10585404 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.50.35367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D (PLD) cleavage of phosphatidylcholine in bilayers can be enhanced by the addition of the product phosphatidic acid (PA). Other anionic lipids such as phosphatidylinositol, oleic acid, or phosphatidylmethanol do not activate this PLD. This allosteric activation by PA could involve a conformational change in the enzyme that alters PLD binding to phospholipid surfaces. To test this, the binding of intact PLD and proteolytically cleaved isoforms to styrene divinylbenzene beads coated with a phospholipid monolayer and to unilamellar vesicles was examined. The results indicate that intact PLD has a very high affinity for PA bilayers at pH >/= 7 in the presence of EGTA that is weakened as Ca(2+) or Ba(2+) are added to the system. Proteolytically clipped PLD also binds tightly to PA in the absence of metal ions. However, the isolated catalytic fragment has a considerably weaker affinity for PA surfaces. In contrast to PA surfaces, all PLD forms exhibited very low affinity for PC interfaces with an increased binding when Ba(2+) was added. All PLD forms also bound tightly to other anionic phospholipid surfaces (e.g. phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylmethanol). However, this binding was not modulated in the same way by divalent cations. Chemical cross-linking studies suggested that a major effect of PLD binding to PA.Ca(2+) surfaces is aggregation of the enzyme. These results indicate that PLD partitioning to phospholipid surfaces and kinetic activation are two separate events and suggest that the Ca(2+) modulation of PA.PLD binding involves protein aggregation that may be the critical interaction for activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Stieglitz
- Department of Physiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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