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Hársfalvi P, Reiczigel J. Profile likelihood confidence interval for the prevalence assessed by an imperfect diagnostic test. Prev Vet Med 2023; 214:105886. [PMID: 36913890 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a new confidence interval for the prevalence of a disease for a situation when sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test are estimated from validation samples independent of the study sample. The new interval is based on profile likelihood and incorporates an adjustment improving the coverage probability. Its coverage probability and expected length were assessed by simulation and compared to two other methods for this problem, namely those by Lang and Reiczigel (2014) and Flor et al. (2020). Expected length of the new interval is less than that of the Lang and Reiczigel interval while its coverage is about the same. Comparison to the Flor interval resulted in similar expected length but higher coverage probabilities for the new interval. All in all, the new interval proved to be better than both its competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Hársfalvi
- University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Department of Biostatistics, Budapest, Hungary; BiTrial Clinical Research, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Jenő Reiczigel
- University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Department of Biostatistics, Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Oberto F, Carella E, Caruso C, Acutis PL, Lelli D, Bertolotti L, Masoero L, Peletto S. A Qualitative PCR Assay for the Discrimination of Bubaline Herpesvirus 1, Bovine Herpesvirus 1 and Bovine Herpesvirus 5. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030577. [PMID: 36985151 PMCID: PMC10056083 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bubaline herpesvirus 1 (BuHV-1), Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) are classified in the genus Varicellovirus, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae. BoHV-1 is the causative agent of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, BoHV-5 induces moderate disease in adult cattle while BuHV-1 has instead been associated with a decline in livestock production of water buffaloes. The aim of this study was to develop a qualitative PCR assay that allows the discrimination of BuHV-1, BoHV-1 and BoHV-5. The alignment of homologous genes identified specific nucleotide sequences of BuHV- 1, BoHV-1 and BoHV-5. The design of the primers and the optimization of the PCR assay were focused on the target sequences located on the portions of gD, gE and gG genes. This assay involved the use of three different PCR end-points: the PCR of a portion of the gD gene identified only the presence of BoHV-1; the PCR of a portion of the gE gene confirmed the presence of both BoHV-5 and BuHV-1; the PCR of a portion of the gG gene discriminated between BoHV-5 and BuHV-1, as the amplification product was observed only for BoHV-5. This qualitative PCR assay allowed the differentiation of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 infections both in cattle and water buffaloes and heterologous BuHV-1 infections in bovine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Oberto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuele Carella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Claudio Caruso
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale CN1, Via Pier Carlo Boggio 12, 12100 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Loretta Masoero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy
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İnce ÖB, Şevik M. Risk assessment and seroprevalence of bovine herpesvirus type 1 infection in dairy herds in the inner Aegean Region of Turkey. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 80:101741. [PMID: 34929412 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) infection in dairy cattle herds in Afyonkarahisar province in the Aegean Region of Turkey. Blood samples were collected from 602 cattle from 56 unvaccinated dairy herds between May 2018 and June 2019. Animal and herd-level epidemiological information was collected with a questionnaire during blood collection. Specific antibodies against BoHV-1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were detected by using a virus neutralization test and a commercial indirect ELISA kit, respectively. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine any association between categorical variables and BoHV-1 seropositivity. The animal-level and herd-level seroprevalences of BoHV-1 infection were determined to be 39.53% (95% confidence interval, CI: 35.71-43.50) and 73.21% (95% CI: 60.41-83.04), respectively. Within-herd prevalence was more than 50% in 34.14% of infected herds. Cattle age (odds ratio, OR= 2.34, 95% CI: 1.58-3.44), BVDV infection (OR= 7.74, 95% CI: 5.08-11.76), and the presence of goats in the herd (OR= 2.84, 95% CI: 1.91-4.19) were identified as risk factors for BoHV-1 seropositivity by the multivariable logistic regression model. This is the first study conducted in Turkey using two-layer sampling and logistic regression analyses to determine the herd-level and animal-level seroprevalence and associated risk factors of BoHV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Barış İnce
- Animal Breeding and Genetic Research and Implementation Center, Pamukkale University, Pamukkale, 20100 Denizli, Turkey; Province Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Murat Şevik
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Eregli, 42310 Konya, Turkey
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Benaissa MH, Youngs CR, Mimoune N, Faye B, Mimouni FZ, Kaidi R. First serological evidence of BHV-1 virus in Algerian dromedary camels: Seroprevalence and associated risk factors. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 76:101638. [PMID: 33684641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), caused by bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), is a major livestock health concern in many countries of the world. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were (i) to estimate the seroprevalence of BHV-1 infection and (ii) to assess risk factors associated with this disease in dromedary camels in four districts of Algeria. Blood samples were taken from 865 camels from 84 randomly selected herds, and serum was analyzed for presence of antibodies against BHV-1 by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Logistic regression was used to determine associations between seroprevalence and potential risk factors (collected using a questionnaire). Antibodies against BHV-1 were detected in 3.7 % (32/865) of samples. Eighteen of 84 camel herds had at least one BHV-1 seropositive camel, giving a herd seroprevalence of 21.4 %. Based on univariate analysis, the introduction of purchased animals and contact with others animal herds appeared as major risk factors. By using multivariate analysis, the only important risk factor was introduction of new animals. This study provided, for the first time, evidence of BHV-1 infection in dromedary camels in Algeria; it also provided estimates of seroprevalence of this disease and suggests that camels may serve as a reservoir of BHV-1 for spread to other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hocine Benaissa
- Scientific and Technical Research Centre for Arid Areas (CRSTRA), Biophysical Station, PB 30240, Nezla, Touggourt, Algeria.
| | - Curtis R Youngs
- Animal Science Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Nora Mimoune
- Higher National Veterinary School, PB 161 Rue Issad Abbes, Oued Smar, Algiers, Algeria; Institute of Veterinary Sciences, LBRA, University of Blida 1, PB 270, Soumaa, Blida, Algeria
| | | | - Fatima Zohra Mimouni
- Scientific and Technical Research Centre for Arid Areas (CRSTRA), Biophysical Station, PB 30240, Nezla, Touggourt, Algeria
| | - Rachid Kaidi
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences, LBRA, University of Blida 1, PB 270, Soumaa, Blida, Algeria
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Muñoz Murcia AL, Motta-Delgado PA, Herrera W, Polania R, Cháves LC. Prevalencia del virus de la rinotraqueitis infecciosa bovina en el departamento del Caquetá, Amazonia Colombiana. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y DE ZOOTECNIA 2020. [DOI: 10.15446/rfmvz.v67n1.87675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
La rinotraqueitis infecciosa bovina (IBR) es una enfermedad ampliamente difundida enel mundo con gran repercusión socio-económica en las ganaderías bovinas. El objetivodel presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de IBR en 100 hatos del departamentodel Caquetá, para lo cual, se muestrearon 960 bovinos mayores de 36 meses entre eneroy marzo de 2016 en predios seleccionados a partir de los criterios: a) tamaño (50-180hectáreas), b) con más de 10 vacas en ordeño, c) disponibilidad de los productores paracooperar y d) accesibilidad de las vías. Las muestras de suero sanguíneo se remitieronal Laboratorio de Diagnóstico Clínico Veterinario del ICA y se analizaron a través laprueba Elisa de bloqueo (BHV-1) gB. Los sueros con porcentaje de bloqueo superior al55% se consideraron positivos a anticuerpos para IBR. Se encontró alta seroprevalencia(73,13%), mayor además en machos que en hembras (p < 0,05). A nivel municipal laseroprevalencia fue mayor en los municipios de El Doncello, Puerto Rico y San Vicentedel Caguán y se encontró diferencia significativa (p < 0,05) entre los nueve municipiosanalizados. A nivel de hatos, la prevalencia fue del 99%. En conclusión, la prevalenciadel virus de la rinotraqueitis infecciosa bovina (IBR) en bovinos de doble propósito deldepartamento del Caquetá fue muy alta.
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Fernandes LG, Denwood MJ, de Sousa Américo Batista Santos C, Alves CJ, Pituco EM, de Campos Nogueira Romaldini AH, De Stefano E, Nielsen SS, de Azevedo SS. Bayesian estimation of herd-level prevalence and risk factors associated with BoHV-1 infection in cattle herds in the State of Paraíba, Brazil. Prev Vet Med 2019; 169:104705. [PMID: 31311643 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out to estimate the animal- and herd-level prevalence of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) infection in cattle in the State of Paraíba, and to identify risk factors associated with herd-level infection. The state was divided into three sampling strata, and for each stratum, the prevalence of herds infected with BoHV-1 was estimated through a two-stage sampling survey carried out from September 2012 to January 2013. In total, 2443 animals were sampled from 478 herds. A virus-neutralization test was used for BoHV-1 antibody detection. A Bayesian latent-class model was used to describe the data, taking into account imperfect diagnostic test characteristics and the non-independence of test results from animals within the same herd, and using a dynamic within-model risk factor selection method based on indicator variable selection. The adjusted herd-level prevalence was estimated to be 84% (95% CI: 80-88%) for the State of Paraíba, and the animal-level prevalence was estimated to be 73% (95% CI: 66-84%). Only five of the available risk factors were used by the model, with the three most influential being disposal of aborted foetuses (3.78, 95% CI: 1.11-13.85), sharing resources with other farms (3.0, 95% CI: 1.1-8,6), and a herd size of > 23 animals (2.5, 95% CI: 1.1-6.0). Our findings suggest that the animal- and herd-level seroprevalence of BoHV-1 infection in the State of Paraíba is high. While some risk factors such as herd size and sharing resources were identified as risk factors for BoHV-1 infection, these risk factors are initially likely to be of only minor relevance in a control programme due to the extremely high prevalence of infected farms. However, the results are relevant to the risk of reintroduction of disease on farms that have previously eradicated the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leíse Gomes Fernandes
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine, Center of Rural Technology and Health, Federal University of Campina Grande, 58700-970 Patos, PB, Brazil
| | - Matthew James Denwood
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Clebert José Alves
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine, Center of Rural Technology and Health, Federal University of Campina Grande, 58700-970 Patos, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eliana De Stefano
- Biological Institute, Bovine Viral Diseases Laboratory, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sérgio Santos de Azevedo
- Academic Unit of Veterinary Medicine, Center of Rural Technology and Health, Federal University of Campina Grande, 58700-970 Patos, PB, Brazil.
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Kaddour A, Bouyoucef A, Fernandez G, Prieto A, Geda F, Moula N. Bovine herpesvirus 1 in the northeast of Algiers, Algeria: Seroprevalence and associated risk factors in dairy herd. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6:60-65. [PMID: 31453172 PMCID: PMC6702926 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2019.f312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The present study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in a dairy herd in the northeast of Algiers, Algeria. Materials and methods: The target area is in the northeast of Algiers with humid to semi-dry climate and known for its economically important production of cattle. A total of 1,066 randomly selected individual blood samples of dairy herd collected at 120 dairy farms from rural districts of northeast of Algiers were evaluated with antibodies against BoHV-1 using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, to determine the BoHV-1 infection status of the herds. A questionnaire submitted to the farmers during collection of the blood samples was used to collect data on potential BoHV-1 associated risk factors. Results: In the present study, the estimated farm and individual animal BoHV-1 seroprevalence levels were 58.33% and 14.16%, respectively. A logistic regression analysis of the random-effects model revealed that the significant associated risk factors for the present farm and individual animal seroprevalence levels were rural district, cattle introduced to the farm, region, and hygiene. Conclusion: This study found higher seroprevalence of BoHV-1 in the northeast of Algiers. The results could be used in designing the prevention and control strategy of BoHV-1 in the northeastern part of Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdenour Kaddour
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences of Blida, Saad Dahleb University, Blida, Algeria
| | - Abdallah Bouyoucef
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences of Blida, Saad Dahleb University, Blida, Algeria
| | - Gonzalo Fernandez
- Laboratory of the Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of University de Santiago de Compostela logo, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Prieto
- Laboratory of the Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of University de Santiago de Compostela logo, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fikremariam Geda
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Sustainable Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Nassim Moula
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Sustainable Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Maresca C, Scoccia E, Dettori A, Felici A, Guarcini R, Petrini S, Quaglia A, Filippini G. National surveillance plan for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in autochthonous Italian cattle breeds: Results of first year of activity. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:150-153. [PMID: 29778188 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) caused by Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a significant disease in domestic and wild cattle. In June 2015, the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry in Italy approved a national surveillance plan to control and eradicate IBR in beef cattle breeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the results of the first year of the IBR voluntary surveillance plan in Italy. The aim of the plan is to eradicate IBR in all bovines recorded in the National Herd Book for Italian beef cattle breeds over six years. Monetary incentives are used to encourage breeders to achieve the annual seroprevalence ranges stated in the plan. A Ministerial decree states that all bovines in breeding herds and aged older than 12 months should be serologically tested. Serum samples were tested for presence of the antibody to glycoprotein E of BoHV-1 using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The national herd seroprevalence was 55.49% (95% confidence interval [CI] 52.01-58.92). Of 25,121 bovines tested for antibodies against BoHV-1, 8014 were positive. The seroprevalence in animals from autochthonous Italian cattle breeds was 31.89% (95% CI 31.31-32.47). Seroprevalence was highest in Podolica cattle (55.14%; 95% CI 54.07-56.21), lowest in Maremmana cattle (9.95%; 95% CI 7.99-12.31), and intermediate in Chianina (22.01%; 95% CI 21.03-23.01), Marchigiana (24.85%; 95% CI 23.52-26.23), and Romagnola (15.60%; 95% CI 14.62-16.64) cattle. These seroprevalence rates indicate a need for intervention to decrease the inevitable severe economic losses arising from BoHV-1 infection. Although some regions in Italy have a long history of combatting BoHV-1 infection, only the province of Bolzano has eradicated IBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Maresca
- Centro di Referenza nazionale per la Rinotracheite Infettiva del Bovino (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Scoccia
- Centro di Referenza nazionale per la Rinotracheite Infettiva del Bovino (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Dettori
- Centro di Referenza nazionale per la Rinotracheite Infettiva del Bovino (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Felici
- Centro di Referenza nazionale per la Rinotracheite Infettiva del Bovino (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Roberta Guarcini
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne (ANABIC), S. Martino in Colle, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Stefano Petrini
- Centro di Referenza nazionale per la Rinotracheite Infettiva del Bovino (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Quaglia
- Associazione Nazionale Allevatori Bovini Italiani da Carne (ANABIC), S. Martino in Colle, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Filippini
- Centro di Referenza nazionale per la Rinotracheite Infettiva del Bovino (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
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Gaeta NC, Ribeiro BL, Alemán MA, Yoshihara E, Marques EC, Hellmeister AN, Pituco EM, Gregory L. Serological investigation of antibodies against respiratory viruses in calves from Brazilian family farming and their relation to clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is responsible for economic losses in cattle production. Viruses are categorized as primary etiological agents. The aims of this study were to evaluate the presence of antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine herpes virus type 1 (BoHV-1), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in healthy and BRD calves from family farming in relation to clinical signs of BRD. Hundred and forty-five calves were randomly selected and physical examination was performed. Only 123 animals were classified as healthy and BRD calves. Antibodies were evaluated by virus neutralization test. Person’s Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were performed as univariate analysis. Binary Logistic Regression was applied as multivariate analysis. Variables with P<0.10 were considered statistically significant. Variables with 0.15<P<0.10 were considered as statistical tendencies. Antibodies against BoHV-1, BVDV, and BRSV were detected in 32%, 23% and 37% animals. Antibodies against both three viruses were detected in 26.8% of calves. The presence of antibodies against BRSV were associated to normal heart rates (P=0.018) and unilateral airflow (P=0.035). Tendency was observed to unilateral airflow (P=0.06) Statistical tendencies were observed to Ab-BoHV-1 and body temperature (P=0.119) and breathing pattern (P=0.123). The profile of antibodies against respiratory viruses in calves from Brazilian family farming was firstly described. The results confirmed the importance of some clinical signs to viral infection.
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Das P, Mohanty NN, Ranganatha S, Ranabijuli S, Sarangi LN, Panda HK. A comparative evaluation of avidin-biotin ELISA and micro SNT for detection of antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in cattle population of Odisha, India. Vet World 2014. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.548-552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Confidence limits for prevalence of disease adjusted for estimated sensitivity and specificity. Prev Vet Med 2014; 113:13-22. [PMID: 24416798 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of a disease is usually assessed by diagnostic tests that may produce false results. Rogan and Gladen (1978) described a method to estimate the true prevalence correcting for sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic procedure, and Reiczigel et al. (2010) provided exact confidence intervals for the true prevalence assuming sensitivity and specificity were known. In this paper we propose a new method to construct approximate confidence intervals for the true prevalence when sensitivity and specificity are estimated from independent samples. To improve coverage we applied an adjustment similar to that described in Agresti and Coull (1998). According to an extensive simulation study the new confidence intervals maintain the nominal level fairly well even for sample sizes as small as 30; mini-mum coverage is above 88%, 93%, and 98% at nominal 90%, 95%, and 99%, respectively. We illustrate the advantages of the proposed method with real-life applications.
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Raaperi K, Orro T, Viltrop A. Epidemiology and control of bovine herpesvirus 1 infection in Europe. Vet J 2014; 201:249-56. [PMID: 24954868 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, abortion and balanoposthitis, as well as neurological and systemic disease in cattle. The virus is endemic in cattle populations worldwide although in Europe six countries and several regions in other countries have achieved 'IBR-free' status by implementing control measures. According to European Union (EU) directives, all member states must comply with specific requirements related to BHV-1 infection status in semen and embryos. The requirement that 'IBR-free' states restrict the importation of cattle from endemically infected regions has motivated several European countries to instigate disease eradication programmes. Despite such control measures within the EU, outbreaks of IBR persist in 'IBR-free' states contiguous with infected countries. This review presents a summary of recent research on the epidemiology of BHV-1, highlights the control measures and surveillance systems in place, and discusses the challenges facing eradication schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerli Raaperi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51014, Estonia.
| | - Toomas Orro
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Arvo Viltrop
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51014, Estonia
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Biswas S, Bandyopadhyay S, Dimri U, H. Patra P. Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) – a re-emerging concern in livestock: a revisit to its biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prophylaxis. Vet Q 2013; 33:68-81. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2013.799301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Biswas
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Umesh Dimri
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Pabitra H. Patra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, C.V.Sc. & AH, Tripura, India
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14
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Ampe B, Duchateau L, Speybroeck N, Berkvens D, Dupont A, Kerkhofs P, Thiry E, Dispas M. Assessment of the long-term effect of vaccination on transmission of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in cattle herds hyperimmunized with glycoprotein E–deleted marker vaccine. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1787-93. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.11.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Abstract
AbstractBovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1) is primarily associated with clinical syndromes such as rhinotracheitis, pustular vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis, abortion, infertility, conjunctivitis and encephalitis in bovine species. The main sources of infection are the nasal exudates and the respiratory droplets, genital secretions, semen, fetal fluids and tissues. The BHV-1 virus can become latent following a primary infection with a field isolate or vaccination with an attenuated strain. The viral genomic DNA has been demonstrated in the sensory ganglia of the trigeminal nerve in infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and in sacral spinal ganglia in pustular vulvovaginitis and balanoposthitis cases. BHV-1 infections can be diagnosed by detection of virus or virus components and antibody by serological tests or by detection of genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nucleic acid hybridization and sequencing. Inactivated vaccines and modified live virus vaccines are used for prevention of BHV-1 infections in cattle; subunit vaccines and marker vaccines are under investigation.
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16
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O'Grady L, O'Neill R, Collins D, Clegg T, More S. Herd and within-herd BoHV-1 prevalence among Irish beef herds submitting bulls for entry to a performance testing station. Ir Vet J 2008; 61:809-15. [PMID: 21851705 PMCID: PMC3113875 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-61-12-809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), caused by bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1), may result in various clinical consequences, including severe respiratory disease and conjunctivitis, venereal disease and reduced reproductive performance and abortion. This paper presents the serosurveillance findings from an intake of bulls into a performance testing station in Ireland during November 2007. The herd and within-herd BoHV-1 prevalence in 53 Irish beef herds and the risk factors for infection in these herds were determined, among bulls entering a beef performance testing station in Ireland. BoHV-1 status was determined for 41 herds, of which 30 (73.2%) herds were infected and the mean within-herd BoHV-1 prevalence was 28 (± 20)%. Multivariate exact logistic modelling revealed increasing numbers of contiguous herds and decreasing percentage of males within the herd as significant risk factors associated with infected herds. These findings highlight the high prevalence of BoHV-1 infection in those Irish beef herds that submitted bulls to this performance testing station, and raise concerns regarding IBR control nationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O'Grady
- Section of Herd and Veterinary Public Health, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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17
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Guarino H, Núñez A, Repiso MV, Gil A, Dargatz DA. Prevalence of serum antibodies to bovine herpesvirus-1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus in beef cattle in Uruguay. Prev Vet Med 2008; 85:34-40. [PMID: 18280598 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the prevalence of serum antibodies to bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus in beef cattle in Uruguay. A random sample of 230 herds selected with probability proportional to population size based on the number of cattle was chosen from a list frame of all registered livestock farms as of June 1999. Sera from up to 10 heifers, cows and bulls (up to 30 sera total per herd) were collected on selected farms between March 2000 and March 2001 and evaluated by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Overall, 6358 serum samples were evaluated. We also collected data on previous diagnosis of BHV-1 or BVD infections and on the use of vaccines against these agents. The estimated prevalence of exposure to BHV-1 and BVD at the herd level for the Uruguayan beef population was 99% and 100%, respectively. Approximately 37% of beef cattle in Uruguay have been exposed to BHV-1 and 69% to BVD virus. Only 3% of beef herds in Uruguay regularly (typically, annually) use vaccines against either of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Guarino
- Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries, Veterinary Laboratories Division, Miguel C. Rubino, Ruta 8 km 17.500, P.O. Box 6577, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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18
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Hens N, Faes C, Aerts M, Shkedy Z, Mintiens K, Laevens H, Boelaert F. Handling missingness when modeling the force of infection from clustered seroprevalence data. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1198/108571107x250535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Vandenbussche F, Vanbinst T, Verheyden B, Van Dessel W, Demeestere L, Houdart P, Bertels G, Praet N, Berkvens D, Mintiens K, Goris N, De Clercq K. Evaluation of antibody-ELISA and real-time RT-PCR for the diagnosis and profiling of bluetongue virus serotype 8 during the epidemic in Belgium in 2006. Vet Microbiol 2007; 129:15-27. [PMID: 18093753 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 2006 bluetongue (BT) emerged for the first time in North-Western Europe. Reliable diagnostic tools are essential in controlling BT but data on the diagnostic sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) are often missing. This paper aims to describe and analyse the results obtained with the diagnostics used in Belgium during the 2006 BT crisis. The diagnosis was based on a combination of antibody detection (competitive ELISA, cELISA) and viral RNA detection by real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). The performance of the cELISA as a diagnostic tool was assessed on field results obtained during the epidemic and previous surveillance campaigns. As the infectious status of the animals is unknown during an epidemic, a Bayesian analysis was performed. Both assays were found to be equally specific (RT-qPCR: 98.5%; cELISA: 98.2%) while the diagnostic sensitivity of the RT-qPCR (99.5%) was superior to that of the cELISA (87.8%). The assumption of RT-qPCR as standard of comparison during the bluetongue virus (BTV) epidemic proved valid based on the results of the Bayesian analysis. A ROC analysis of the cELISA, using RT-qPCR as standard of comparison, showed that the cut-off point with the highest accuracy occurred at a percentage negativity of 66, which is markedly higher than the cut-off proposed by the manufacturer. The analysis of the results was further extended to serological and molecular profiling and the possible use of profiling as a rapid epidemiological marker of the BTV in-field situation was assessed. A comparison of the serological profiles obtained before, during and at the end of the Belgian epidemic clearly showed the existence of an intermediate zone which appears soon after BTV (re)enters the population. The appearance or disappearance of this intermediate zone is correlated with virus circulation and provides valuable information, which would be entirely overlooked if only positive and negative results were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Vandenbussche
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Department of Virology, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium.
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20
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Faes C, Hens N, Aerts M, Shkedy Z, Geys H, Mintiens K, Laevens H, Boelaert F. Estimating herd-specific force of infection by using random-effects models for clustered binary data and monotone fractional polynomials. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9876.2006.00555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) is the causative agent of respiratory and genital tract infections such as infectious rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV, balanoposthitis (IBP), and abortion. Despite of a pronounced immune response, the virus is never eliminated from an infected host but establishes life-long latency and may be reactivated at intervals. Europe has a long history of fighting against BoHV-1 infections, yet, only a small number of countries has achieved IBR-eradication. Therefore, it seemed appropriate to review the reasoning pro and contra such a task. Clearly, the goal can indeed be achieved as has been demonstrated by a number of European countries. However, detection and stamping out of seemingly healthy virus carriers is inevitable in the process. Unfortunately, the use of vaccines is only of temporary and limited value. Therefore, there are numerous considerations to be put forward against such plans, including the high costs, the great risks, and the unsatisfactory quality of tools. If either control or eradication of IBR is nonetheless a goal, then better vaccines are needed as well as better companion tests. Moreover, better tools for the characterization of viral isolates are required. Collaborative actions to gather viral strains from as many countries as possible for inclusion into a newly created clustering library would be most advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Viet AF, Medley GF. Stochastic dynamics of immunity in small populations: A general framework. Math Biosci 2006; 200:28-43. [PMID: 16466754 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2005.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of immunological status is a powerful tool in the surveillance and control of infectious pathogens in livestock and human populations. The distribution of immunity levels in the population provides information on time and age dependent transmission. A stochastic model is developed for a livestock population which relates the dynamics of the distribution of immunity levels at the population level to those of pathogen transmission. A general model with K immunity level categories is first proposed, taking into account the increase of the immunity level due to an infection or a re-exposure, the decrease of the immunity level with time since infection or exposure, and the effect of immunity level on the susceptibility and the infectivity of individuals. Numerical results are presented in the particular cases with K=2 and K=3 immunity level categories. We demonstrate that for a given distribution of the immunity levels at the population level, the model can be used to identify quantities such as most likely periods of time since introduction of infection. We discuss this approach in relation to analysis of serological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-F Viet
- Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom; Unit of Animal Health Management, Veterinary School - INRA, BP 40706, 44307 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
| | - G F Medley
- Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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23
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Boelaert F, Speybroeck N, de Kruif A, Aerts M, Burzykowski T, Molenberghs G, Berkvens DL. Risk factors for bovine herpesvirus-1 seropositivity. Prev Vet Med 2005; 69:285-95. [PMID: 15907575 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the investigation of risk factors for bovine herpesvirus-1-seropositivity, based on a cluster-sample survey of the Belgian cattle population. This serosurvey was carried out in 1998 in 309 randomly selected unvaccinated herds of all types (dairy, mixed and beef) were all bovids (N = 11,284) were sampled. Older and male cattle had higher seroprevalence. Origin (homebred or purchased) and herd size interacted; for smaller herds (< or = 50 cattle on the premises), purchase status and larger herd size were risk factors, whereas these effects were not observed for larger herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boelaert
- Co-ordination Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
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24
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Haine D, Boelaert F, Pfeiffer DU, Saegerman C, Lonneux JF, Losson B, Mintiens K. Herd-level seroprevalence and risk-mapping of bovine hypodermosis in Belgian cattle herds. Prev Vet Med 2004; 65:93-104. [PMID: 15454329 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2003] [Revised: 03/30/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the seroprevalence of Hypoderma spp. and to develop a spatial model describing the risk surface of warble-fly infection in Belgian cattle herds (adjusting for herd size, herd type, local temperature, rainfall, relative air humidity and land-cover). This survey was carried out in 390 selected herds of all types (dairy, mixed and beef) from December 1997 to March 1998, which were included in a national infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and paratuberculosis (Johne's-disease) survey. All animals >24 months old were blood sampled and an ELISA was used on pooled serum samples (10 animals per pool). The herd seroprevalence was 48.7% (95% confidence interval: 43.6-53.8); positive herds were mainly in the south of the country and along the North Sea coast. The logistic multiple-regression model of herd-level seropositivity indicated that mixed-type and beef-cattle herds have more than four-fold and two-fold increases in the odds of being Hypoderma-positive, respectively, compared with dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Haine
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
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