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Potts RWA, Gutierrez AP, Penaloza CS, Regan T, Bean TP, Houston RD. Potential of genomic technologies to improve disease resistance in molluscan aquaculture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200168. [PMID: 33813884 PMCID: PMC8059958 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Molluscan aquaculture is a major contributor to global seafood production, but is hampered by infectious disease outbreaks that can cause serious economic losses. Selective breeding has been widely used to improve disease resistance in major agricultural and aquaculture species, and has clear potential in molluscs, albeit its commercial application remains at a formative stage. Advances in genomic technologies, especially the development of cost-efficient genomic selection, have the potential to accelerate genetic improvement. However, tailored approaches are required owing to the distinctive reproductive and life cycle characteristics of molluscan species. Transgenesis and genome editing, in particular CRISPR/Cas systems, have been successfully trialled in molluscs and may further understanding and improvement of genetic resistance to disease through targeted changes to the host genome. Whole-organism genome editing is achievable on a much greater scale compared to other farmed species, making genome-wide CRISPR screening approaches plausible. This review discusses the current state and future potential of selective breeding, genomic tools and genome editing approaches to understand and improve host resistance to infectious disease in molluscs. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Molluscan genomics: broad insights and future directions for a neglected phylum'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. A. Potts
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Weymouth Laboratory, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Alejandro P. Gutierrez
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Carolina S. Penaloza
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tim Regan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tim P. Bean
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ross D. Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Miyashita T, Takami A, Takagi R. Molecular cloning and characterization of the 5'-flanking regulatory region of the carbonic anhydrase nacrein gene of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata and its expression. Biochem Genet 2012; 50:673-83. [PMID: 22573138 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-012-9510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The carbonic anhydrase nacrein participates in the formation of the nacreous or prismatic layer of Pinctada fucata. We isolated a genomic clone containing the nacrein gene and cloned the 5'-flanking region. Within the 1336 bp 5' flanking region, we identified putative cis-acting elements, including the TATA box (TATAAAA) at -82 bp, and AP1 (-819 bp) and Oct-1 (-1244 bp) binding sites. In addition to the mantle, the nacrein gene is also expressed in the adductor muscle, liver, and foot. These results showed that nacrein not only takes part in the formation of the hard tissue but also might be involved in acid-base balance, ion transport, and maintenance of ionic concentration. In vitro transcription experiments showed that the addition of human c-jun activates transcription from the nacrein promoter. This is the first report of a promoter from a gene that controls the formation of the hard tissue of mollusk shells.
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Wang J, Yao M, Zhang Z, Gu J, Zhang Y, Li B, Sun L, Liu X. Enhanced suicide gene therapy by chimeric tumor-specific promoter based on HSF1 transcriptional regulation. FEBS Lett 2003; 546:315-20. [PMID: 12832060 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two tandem cassettes, one containing the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (hTERT) promoter upstream of a constitutively activated form of heat shock transcription factor 1 (cHSF1) and followed by the other containing the heat shock protein 70B (hsp70B) promoter (HSE) upstream of the cytosine deaminase (CD) gene, could greatly enhance the efficiency of CD gene therapy while retaining tumor specificity in vitro and in vivo. This hTERT-cHSF1/HSE promoter could restrict gene expression in tumor cells and was about 1.5-3-fold more potent than the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. hTERT-cHSF1/HSE-CD transfection led to tumor cells more sensitive to 5-fluorocytosine compared with hTERT-CD and its toxicity was comparable to that of CMV-CD. Besides enhancement of promoter activity, cHSF1 overexpression itself could enhance the bystander effect of CD gene therapy that could be reversed by anti-Fas antibody. This system also led to activation of stress-related genes such as hsp70 in tumor cells, which in the presence of cell killing by the cytotoxic gene is a highly immunostimulatory event. Furthermore, a more potent anti-tumor effect of hTERT-cHSF1/HSE-CD was observed in nude mice inoculated with Bcap37 cells. No obvious activity of the hTERT-cHSF1/HSE promoter was observed in normal tissues after intravenous administration. These results indicate that the hTERT-cHSF1/HSE promoter is highly tumor-specific and strong with potential application in targeted gene therapy, and therefore may be useful for construction of vectors for systemic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, PR China
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Pham DQD, Shaffer JJ, Chavez CA, Douglass PL. Identification and mapping of the promoter for the gene encoding the ferritin heavy-chain homologue of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 33:51-62. [PMID: 12459200 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(02)00167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of numerous human diseases. The recent development of transgenic mosquitoes provides a new tool to examine molecular interactions between insect vectors and the pathogens they transmit. One focus in generating transgenic mosquito lies on expressing anti-pathogenic proteins at primary sites of pathogenic invasions, specifically the mosquito gut. Promoters that direct the expression of anti-pathogenic proteins in the mosquito gut are thus sought after because they may provide ways to hinder pathogenic development in the mosquito. Here, we report the identification and mapping of a strong promoter from the Aedes aegypti ferritin heavy-chain homologue (HCH) gene. All known insect ferritin HCH genes are expressed in the gut and inducible by an iron overload. Our transfection assays and DNase I footprinting analyses show that the mosquito ferritin HCH-gene contains regulatory elements both upstream and downstream of the transcriptional start site. The promoter of this gene contains a CF2 site, two GATA-binding sites, an E2F site, a TATA-box, an AP-1 site and a C/EBP binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Q-D Pham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, WI 53141-2000, USA.
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Braiden V, Ohtsuru A, Kawashita Y, Miki F, Sawada T, Ito M, Cao Y, Kaneda Y, Koji T, Yamashita S. Eradication of breast cancer xenografts by hyperthermic suicide gene therapy under the control of the heat shock protein promoter. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11:2453-63. [PMID: 11119417 DOI: 10.1089/10430340050207948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the usefulness of heat shock protein (HSP) promoter for breast cancer gene therapy, hyperthermia and HSV thymidine kinase (tk) suicide gene combination therapy was examined with mouse mammary cancer cell line FM3A. HSP promoter activity was markedly increased after heat shock (41-45 degrees C), with maximum activation (about 400-fold) at 3 hr. An in vitro cytotoxic assay showed that HSP-tk-transduced FM3A cells became more sensitive (more than 50,000 times) to ganciclovir (GCV) with heat shock, but untreated cells showed no increased cytotoxic sensitivity to GCV compared with control FM3A cells. In addition to promoter-oriented selective cell killing, a "chemosensitization effect" as a bystander effect was demonstrated by hyperthermia and suicide gene combination therapy, using a non-heat-inducible promoter. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that this synergistic killing effect was dependent on apoptotic cell death with upregulation of both Fas and FasL (Fas ligand) expression. We also examined the efficacy of HSP-tk gene therapy in vivo by implanting breast cancer in subcutaneous and intraperitoneal models of BALB/c nude mice targeted by the HVJ-anionic liposome method. Significant tumor regression was observed in HSP-tk-transduced tumors followed by hyperthermia therapy, but no such inhibition was noted in either the mock vector transfection or hyperthermia group compared with control tumor-bearing mice. Our results demonstrate that this combination system is synergistically effective in mediating Fas-dependent apoptosis for a specific gene therapy targeting HSP-expressing mammary carcinomas, even in advanced and heat-resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Braiden
- Department of Nature Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Saraiva E, Fampa P, Cedeno V, Bergoin M, Mialhe E, Miller LH. Expression of heterologous promoters in Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) cell lines. J Med Entomol 2000; 37:802-806. [PMID: 11126533 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-37.6.802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To establish a transient expression system for genes introduced into sand fly cell lines, we tested the expression of the luciferase reporter gene under control of different promoters. Towards this end, we lipofected cell lines obtained from New and Old World sand flies, LL-5 from Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva and PP-9 from Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli, respectively. The relative levels of luciferase expression were studied under control of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), human cytomegalovirus, simian virus 40 or Junonia coenia (Hübner) densovirus (P9) promoters. The Drosophila heat shock protein 70 promoter, originating from insect genes, functioned as a strong promoter in both cell lines. Promoters from the different virus genes also were capable of driving transgene expression in both cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Saraiva
- Laboratory of Parasitic Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 4, Room 126, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Boulo V, Cadoret JP, Shike H, Shimizu C, Miyanohara A, Burns JC. Infection of cultured embryo cells of the pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, by pantropic retroviral vectors. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2000; 36:395-9. [PMID: 10949999 DOI: 10.1290/1071-2690(2000)036<0395:ioceco>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The inability to stably introduce and express foreign genes has hampered basic research in molluscan species. We cultured cells from dissociated embryos of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, and infected these primary cultures with pantropic retroviral vectors containing the envelope glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus. Luciferase transgene expression mediated by different heterologous promoters was demonstrated for at least 9 d after infection of the cells. Surprisingly, the promoter reproducibly mediating the highest level of luciferase expression was the retroviral promoter (U3 region of long terminal repeat) from the Moloney murine leukemia virus. The infection efficiency using a low multiplicity of infection (0.05) was estimated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction to be between 0.1-0.5%. This system will facilitate studies of gene expression and regulation and should be widely applicable to other molluscan species.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Boulo
- IFREMER-CNRS, Universite Montpellier II, Defense et Resistance chez les Invertebres Marins, France.
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Cadoret JP, Debón R, Cornudella L, Lardans V, Morvan A, Roch P, Boulo V. Transient expression assays with the proximal promoter of a newly characterized actin gene from the oyster Crassostrea gigas. FEBS Lett 1999; 460:81-5. [PMID: 10571065 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We undertook the characterization of an actin gene and its proximal promoter in the oyster Crassostrea gigas. A complete actin cDNA was identified, sequenced and its amino acid sequence deduced. Comparative analysis showed a high homology with actin of other species and that this gene is closer to the cytoplasmic form of actins than to the muscle type. A probe derived from the 5'-untranslated region of the cDNA was then used to isolate the actin gene from a genomic library. The gene was sequenced and shown to contain a single 643 bp intron. A 1670 bp fragment upstream from the open reading frame was isolated and sequenced. This upstream region displays typical features of actins such as a serum response element (CarG box). This fragment was cloned into the promoterless vector pGL3-basic and the resulting construct was transfected into cells of dissociated oyster heart primary cultures. Its capacity to express the luciferase in this in vitro homologous system was monitored and showed high expression levels. This is the first complete actin sequence reported so far for the oyster C. gigas and its promoter is the first available among bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Cadoret
- Défense et Résistance chez les Invertébrés Marins, IFREMER-CNRS-Université de Montpellier II, France.
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Abstract
Three heterologous promoters (hsp70 and actin 5C from Drosophila melanogaster and IE1 from the immediate early gene of the Bombyx mori baculovirus) were assessed for their ability to drive transient luciferase expression in mosquito cells. Overall, the actin 5C promoter was considerably more effective at driving luciferase expression than either hsp70 or IE1 in cell lines derived from Anopheles, Aedes and Culex species. hsp70 functioned well when induced by heat shock and was also induced to a lesser extent by chemicals such as sodium arsenite. IE1 was also an effective initiator of transcription, particularly in two Anopheles cell lines, but generally it performed less well than the actin 5C promoter and was also outperformed by hsp70 in Anopheles gambiae cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y G Zhao
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Donnan Laboratories
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