1
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Morita M, Toida A, Horiuchi Y, Watanabe S, Sasahara M, Kawaguchi K, So T, Imanaka T. Generation of an immortalized astrocytic cell line from Abcd1-deficient H-2K btsA58 mice to facilitate the study of the role of astrocytes in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06228. [PMID: 33659749 PMCID: PMC7892932 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is an inherited metabolic disease characterized by inflammatory demyelination, and activated astrocytes as well as microglia are thought to be involved in its pathogenesis. Conditionally immortalized astrocytic cell clones were prepared from wild-type or Abcd1-deficient H-2KbtsA58 transgenic mice to study the involvement of astrocytes in the pathogenesis of X-ALD. The established astrocyte clones expressed astrocyte-specific molecules such as Vimentin, S100β, Aldh1L1 and Glast. The conditionally immortalized astrocytes proliferated vigorously and exhibited a compact cell body under a permissive condition at 33 °C in the presence of IFN-γ, whereas they became quiescent and exhibited substantial cell enlargement under a non-permissive condition at 37 °C in the absence of IFN-γ. An Abcd1-deficient astrocyte clone exhibited a decrease in the β-oxidation of very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) and an increase in cellular levels of VLCFA, typical features of Abcd1-deficiency. Upon stimulation with LPS, the Abcd1-deficient astrocyte clone expressed higher levels of pro-inflammatory genes, such as Il6, Nos2, Ccl2 and Cxcl10, compared to wild-type (WT) astrocytes. Furthermore, the Abcd1-deficient astrocytes produced higher amounts of chondroitin sulfate, a marker of reactive astrocytes. These results suggest that dysfunction of Abcd1 renders astrocytes highly responsive to innate immune stimuli. Conditionally immortalized cell clones which preserve astrocyte properties are a useful tool for analyzing the cellular and molecular pathology of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Morita
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ai Toida
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuki Horiuchi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shiro Watanabe
- Division of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sasahara
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kawaguchi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takanori So
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Imanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0112, Japan
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2
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Chornyi S, IJlst L, van Roermund CWT, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Peroxisomal Metabolite and Cofactor Transport in Humans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:613892. [PMID: 33505966 PMCID: PMC7829553 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.613892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles involved in many metabolic pathways and essential for human health. They harbor a large number of enzymes involved in the different pathways, thus requiring transport of substrates, products and cofactors involved across the peroxisomal membrane. Although much progress has been made in understanding the permeability properties of peroxisomes, there are still important gaps in our knowledge about the peroxisomal transport of metabolites and cofactors. In this review, we discuss the different modes of transport of metabolites and essential cofactors, including CoA, NAD+, NADP+, FAD, FMN, ATP, heme, pyridoxal phosphate, and thiamine pyrophosphate across the peroxisomal membrane. This transport can be mediated by non-selective pore-forming proteins, selective transport proteins, membrane contact sites between organelles, and co-import of cofactors with proteins. We also discuss modes of transport mediated by shuttle systems described for NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH. We mainly focus on current knowledge on human peroxisomal metabolite and cofactor transport, but also include knowledge from studies in plants, yeast, fruit fly, zebrafish, and mice, which has been exemplary in understanding peroxisomal transport mechanisms in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhii Chornyi
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk IJlst
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carlo W T van Roermund
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Rose J, Brian C, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI, Franco R. Mitochondrial Metabolism in Astrocytes Regulates Brain Bioenergetics, Neurotransmission and Redox Balance. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:536682. [PMID: 33224019 PMCID: PMC7674659 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.536682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the brain, mitochondrial metabolism has been largely associated with energy production, and its dysfunction is linked to neuronal cell loss. However, the functional role of mitochondria in glial cells has been poorly studied. Recent reports have demonstrated unequivocally that astrocytes do not require mitochondria to meet their bioenergetics demands. Then, the question remaining is, what is the functional role of mitochondria in astrocytes? In this work, we review current evidence demonstrating that mitochondrial central carbon metabolism in astrocytes regulates overall brain bioenergetics, neurotransmitter homeostasis and redox balance. Emphasis is placed in detailing carbon source utilization (glucose and fatty acids), anaplerotic inputs and cataplerotic outputs, as well as carbon shuttles to neurons, which highlight the metabolic specialization of astrocytic mitochondria and its relevance to brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Rose
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Christian Brian
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Mihalis I Panayiotidis
- Department of Electron Microscopy & Molecular Pathology, Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Rodrigo Franco
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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4
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Mederer T, Schmitteckert S, Volz J, Martínez C, Röth R, Thumberger T, Eckstein V, Scheuerer J, Thöni C, Lasitschka F, Carstensen L, Günther P, Holland-Cunz S, Hofstra R, Brosens E, Rosenfeld JA, Schaaf CP, Schriemer D, Ceccherini I, Rusmini M, Tilghman J, Luzón-Toro B, Torroglosa A, Borrego S, Sze-man Tang C, Garcia-Barceló M, Tam P, Paramasivam N, Bewerunge-Hudler M, De La Torre C, Gretz N, Rappold GA, Romero P, Niesler B. A complementary study approach unravels novel players in the pathoetiology of Hirschsprung disease. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009106. [PMID: 33151932 PMCID: PMC7643938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, OMIM 142623) involves congenital intestinal obstruction caused by dysfunction of neural crest cells and their progeny during enteric nervous system (ENS) development. HSCR is a multifactorial disorder; pathogenetic variants accounting for disease phenotype are identified only in a minority of cases, and the identification of novel disease-relevant genes remains challenging. In order to identify and to validate a potential disease-causing relevance of novel HSCR candidate genes, we established a complementary study approach, combining whole exome sequencing (WES) with transcriptome analysis of murine embryonic ENS-related tissues, literature and database searches, in silico network analyses, and functional readouts using candidate gene-specific genome-edited cell clones. WES datasets of two patients with HSCR and their non-affected parents were analysed, and four novel HSCR candidate genes could be identified: ATP7A, SREBF1, ABCD1 and PIAS2. Further rare variants in these genes were identified in additional HSCR patients, suggesting disease relevance. Transcriptomics revealed that these genes are expressed in embryonic and fetal gastrointestinal tissues. Knockout of these genes in neuronal cells demonstrated impaired cell differentiation, proliferation and/or survival. Our approach identified and validated candidate HSCR genes and provided further insight into the underlying pathomechanisms of HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Mederer
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schmitteckert
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Volz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Ralph Röth
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- nCounter Core Facility, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Thumberger
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jutta Scheuerer
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Thöni
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leonie Carstensen
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Günther
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Robert Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Brosens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jill A. Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christian P. Schaaf
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Duco Schriemer
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabella Ceccherini
- UOSD Genetica e Genomica delle Malattie Rare, IRCCS, Instituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Marta Rusmini
- UOSD Genetica e Genomica delle Malattie Rare, IRCCS, Instituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Joseph Tilghman
- Center for Human Genetics and Genomics, New York University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Berta Luzón-Toro
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Torroglosa
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Seville, Spain
| | - Salud Borrego
- Department of Maternofetal Medicine, Genetics and Reproduction, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Seville, Spain
| | - Clara Sze-man Tang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mercè Garcia-Barceló
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Tam
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nagarajan Paramasivam
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Norbert Gretz
- Center of Medical Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gudrun A. Rappold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Romero
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Niesler
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- nCounter Core Facility, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Fourcade S, Goicoechea L, Parameswaran J, Schlüter A, Launay N, Ruiz M, Seyer A, Colsch B, Calingasan NY, Ferrer I, Beal MF, Sedel F, Pujol A. High-dose biotin restores redox balance, energy and lipid homeostasis, and axonal health in a model of adrenoleukodystrophy. Brain Pathol 2020; 30:945-963. [PMID: 32511826 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotin is an essential cofactor for carboxylases that regulates the energy metabolism. Recently, high-dose pharmaceutical-grade biotin (MD1003) was shown to improve clinical parameters in a subset of patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. To gain insight into the mechanisms of action, we investigated the efficacy of high-dose biotin in a genetic model of chronic axonopathy caused by oxidative damage and bioenergetic failure, the Abcd1- mouse model of adrenomyeloneuropathy. High-dose biotin restored redox homeostasis driven by NRF-2, mitochondria biogenesis and ATP levels, and reversed axonal demise and locomotor impairment. Moreover, we uncovered a concerted dysregulation of the transcriptional program for lipid synthesis and degradation in the spinal cord likely driven by aberrant SREBP-1c/mTORC1signaling. This resulted in increased triglyceride levels and lipid droplets in motor neurons. High-dose biotin normalized the hyperactivation of mTORC1, thus restoring lipid homeostasis. These results shed light into the mechanism of action of high-dose biotin of relevance for neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Fourcade
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leire Goicoechea
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janani Parameswaran
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agatha Schlüter
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nathalie Launay
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Ruiz
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Benoit Colsch
- Service de Pharmacologie et Immuno-Analyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France
| | - Noel Ylagan Calingasan
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, IDIBELL, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Flint Beal
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Coppa A, Guha S, Fourcade S, Parameswaran J, Ruiz M, Moser AB, Schlüter A, Murphy MP, Lizcano JM, Miranda-Vizuete A, Dalfó E, Pujol A. The peroxisomal fatty acid transporter ABCD1/PMP-4 is required in the C. elegans hypodermis for axonal maintenance: A worm model for adrenoleukodystrophy. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:797-809. [PMID: 32017990 PMCID: PMC7611262 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adrenoleukodystrophy is a neurometabolic disorder caused by a defective peroxisomal ABCD1 transporter of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Its pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Here we characterize a nematode model of X-ALD with loss of the pmp-4 gene, the worm orthologue of ABCD1. These mutants recapitulate the hallmarks of X-ALD: i) VLCFAs accumulation and impaired mitochondrial redox homeostasis and ii) axonal damage coupled to locomotor dysfunction. Furthermore, we identify a novel role for PMP-4 in modulating lipid droplet dynamics. Importantly, we show that the mitochondria targeted antioxidant MitoQ normalizes lipid droplets size, and prevents axonal degeneration and locomotor disability, highlighting its therapeutic potential. Moreover, PMP-4 acting solely in the hypodermis rescues axonal and locomotion abnormalities, suggesting a myelin-like role for the hypodermis in providing essential peroxisomal functions for the nematode nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Coppa
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Sanjib Guha
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Stéphane Fourcade
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Spain
| | - Janani Parameswaran
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Spain
| | - Montserrat Ruiz
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Spain
| | - Ann B Moser
- Peroxisomal Diseases Laboratory, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Agatha Schlüter
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Spain
| | | | - Jose Miguel Lizcano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Antonio Miranda-Vizuete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío /CSIC/ Universidad de Sevilla, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Esther Dalfó
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500, Vic, Spain.
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Duran i Reynals, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; CIBERER U759, Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, Spain; ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Turk BR, Theda C, Fatemi A, Moser AB. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: Pathology, pathophysiology, diagnostic testing, newborn screening and therapies. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:52-72. [PMID: 31909500 PMCID: PMC7041623 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare X‐linked disease caused by a mutation of the peroxisomal ABCD1 gene. This review summarizes our current understanding of the pathogenic cell‐ and tissue‐specific roles of lipid species in the context of experimental therapeutic strategies and provides an overview of critical historical developments, therapeutic trials and the advent of newborn screening in the USA. In ALD, very long‐chain fatty acid (VLCFA) chain length‐dependent dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial radical generating systems inducing cell death pathways has been shown, providing the rationale for therapeutic moiety‐specific VLCFA reduction and antioxidant strategies. The continuing increase in newborn screening programs and promising results from ongoing and recent therapeutic investigations provide hope for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela R Turk
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christiane Theda
- Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ann B Moser
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Turk BR, Theda C, Fatemi A, Moser AB. X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy: Pathology, Pathophysiology, Diagnostic Testing, Newborn Screening, and Therapies. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019:S0736-5748(19)30133-9. [PMID: 31778737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare X-linked disease caused by a mutation of the peroxisomal ABCD1 gene. This review summarizes our current understanding of the pathogenic cell- and tissue-specific role of lipid species in the context of experimental therapeutic strategies and provides an overview of critical historical developments, therapeutic trials, and the advent of newborn screening in the United States. In ALD, very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) chain-length-dependent dysregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial radical generating systems inducing cell death pathways has been shown, providing the rationale for therapeutic moiety-specific VLCFA reduction and antioxidant strategies. The continuing increase in newborn screening programs and promising results from ongoing and recent therapeutic investigations provide hope for ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bela R Turk
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Christiane Theda
- Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute and University of Melbourne, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Ali Fatemi
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Ann B Moser
- Hugo W Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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9
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Das Y, Roose N, De Groef L, Fransen M, Moons L, Van Veldhoven PP, Baes M. Differential distribution of peroxisomal proteins points to specific roles of peroxisomes in the murine retina. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 456:53-62. [PMID: 30604065 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pathology in peroxisomal disorders suggests that peroxisomes are important to maintain retinal homeostasis and function. These ubiquitous cell organelles are mainly involved in lipid metabolism, which comprises α- and β-oxidation and ether lipid synthesis. Although peroxisomes were extensively studied in liver, their role in the retina still remains to be elucidated. As a first step in gaining more insight into the role of peroxisomes in retinal physiology, we performed immunohistochemical stainings, immunoblotting and enzyme activity measurements to reveal the distribution of peroxisomes and peroxisomal lipid metabolizing enzymes in the murine retina. Whereas peroxisomes were detected in every retinal layer, we found a clear differential distribution of the peroxisomal lipid metabolizing enzymes in the neural retina compared to the retinal pigment epithelium. In particular, the ABC transporters that transfer lipid substrates into the organelle as well as several enzymes of the β-oxidation pathway were enriched either in the neural retina or in the retinal pigment epithelium. In conclusion, our results strongly indicate that peroxisome function varies between different regions in the murine retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven -University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Roose
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven -University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies De Groef
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven -University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Fransen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions (LIPIT), KU Leuven -University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, KU Leuven -University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions (LIPIT), KU Leuven -University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven -University of Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Pereira CD, Martins F, Wiltfang J, da Cruz e Silva OA, Rebelo S. ABC Transporters Are Key Players in Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 61:463-485. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia D. Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory, Institute for Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Filipa Martins
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory, Institute for Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory, Institute for Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Odete A.B. da Cruz e Silva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory, Institute for Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra Rebelo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Signalling Laboratory, Institute for Biomedicine – iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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11
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Morvay PL, Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP. Differential activities of peroxisomes along the mouse intestinal epithelium. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:144-155. [PMID: 28370438 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The presence of peroxisomes in mammalian intestine has been revealed formerly by catalase staining combined with electron microscopy. Despite the central role of intestine in lipid uptake and the established importance of peroxisomes in different lipid-related pathways, few data are available on the physiological role of peroxisomes in intestinal metabolism, more specifically, α-, β-oxidation, and etherlipid synthesis. Hence, the peroxisomal compartment was analyzed in more detail in mouse intestine. On the basis of immunohistochemistry, the organelles are mainly confined to the epithelial cells. The expression of the classical peroxisome marker catalase was highest in the proximal part of jejunum and decreased along the tract. PEX14 showed a similar profile, but was still substantial expressed in large intestinal epithelium. Immunoblotting of epithelial cells, isolated from the different segments, showed also such gradient for some enzymes, ie, catalase, ACOX1, and D-specific multifunctional protein 2, and for the ABCD1 transporter, being high in small and low or absent in large intestine. Other peroxisomal enzymes (PHYH, HACL1, and ACAA1), the ABCD2 and ABCD3 transporters, and peroxins PEX13 and PEX14, however, did not follow this pattern, displaying rather constant signals throughout the intestinal epithelium. The small intestine displayed the highest peroxisomal β-oxidation activity and is particularly active on dicarboxylic acids. Etherlipid synthesis was high in the large intestine, and colonic cells had the highest content of plasmalogens. Overall, these data suggest that peroxisomes exert different functions according to the intestinal segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petruta L Morvay
- Lipid Biochemistry and Protein Interactions (LIPIT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Geillon F, Gondcaille C, Raas Q, Dias AMM, Pecqueur D, Truntzer C, Lucchi G, Ducoroy P, Falson P, Savary S, Trompier D. Peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporters form mainly tetramers. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6965-6977. [PMID: 28258215 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.772806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCD1 and its homolog ABCD2 are peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette (ABC) half-transporters of fatty acyl-CoAs with both distinct and overlapping substrate specificities. Although it is established that ABC half-transporters have at least to dimerize to generate a functional unit, functional equivalents of tetramers (i.e. dimers of full-length transporters) have also been reported. However, oligomerization of peroxisomal ABCD transporters is incompletely understood but is of potential significance because more complex oligomerization might lead to differences in substrate specificity. In this work, we have characterized the quaternary structure of the ABCD1 and ABCD2 proteins in the peroxisomal membrane. Using various biochemical approaches, we clearly demonstrate that both transporters exist as both homo- and heterotetramers, with a predominance of homotetramers. In addition to tetramers, some larger molecular ABCD assemblies were also found but represented only a minor fraction. By using quantitative co-immunoprecipitation assays coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, we identified potential binding partners of ABCD2 involved in polyunsaturated fatty-acid metabolism. Interestingly, we identified calcium ATPases as ABCD2-binding partners, suggesting a role of ABCD2 in calcium signaling. In conclusion, we have shown here that ABCD1 and its homolog ABCD2 exist mainly as homotetramers in the peroxisomal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Delphine Pecqueur
- CLIPP-ICMUB, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France and
| | - Caroline Truntzer
- CLIPP-ICMUB, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France and
| | - Géraldine Lucchi
- CLIPP-ICMUB, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France and
| | - Patrick Ducoroy
- CLIPP-ICMUB, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France and
| | - Pierre Falson
- the Drug Resistance and Membrane Proteins Team, Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines (IBCP), UMR5086 CNRS/Université Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
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13
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Berger J, Dorninger F, Forss-Petter S, Kunze M. Peroxisomes in brain development and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:934-55. [PMID: 26686055 PMCID: PMC4880039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes contain numerous enzymatic activities that are important for mammalian physiology. Patients lacking either all peroxisomal functions or a single enzyme or transporter function typically develop severe neurological deficits, which originate from aberrant development of the brain, demyelination and loss of axonal integrity, neuroinflammation or other neurodegenerative processes. Whilst correlating peroxisomal properties with a compilation of pathologies observed in human patients and mouse models lacking all or individual peroxisomal functions, we discuss the importance of peroxisomal metabolites and tissue- and cell type-specific contributions to the observed brain pathologies. This enables us to deconstruct the local and systemic contribution of individual metabolic pathways to specific brain functions. We also review the recently discovered variability of pathological symptoms in cases with unexpectedly mild presentation of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Finally, we explore the emerging evidence linking peroxisomes to more common neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, autism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Peroxisomes edited by Ralf Erdmann.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Markus Kunze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Wiesinger C, Eichler FS, Berger J. The genetic landscape of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: inheritance, mutations, modifier genes, and diagnosis. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2015; 8:109-21. [PMID: 25999754 PMCID: PMC4427263 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s49590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding a peroxisomal ABC transporter. In this review, we compare estimates of incidence derived from different populations in order to provide an overview of the worldwide incidence of X-ALD. X-ALD presents with heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) to inflammatory demyelinating cerebral ALD (CALD). A large number of different mutations has been described, providing a unique opportunity for analysis of functional domains within ABC transporters. Yet the molecular basis for the heterogeneity of clinical symptoms is still largely unresolved, as no correlation between genotype and phenotype exists in X-ALD. Beyond ABCD1, environmental triggers and other genetic factors have been suggested as modifiers of the disease course. Here, we summarize the findings of numerous reports that aimed at identifying modifier genes in X-ALD and discuss potential problems and future approaches to address this issue. Different options for prenatal diagnosis are summarized, and potential pitfalls when applying next-generation sequencing approaches are discussed. Recently, the measurement of very long-chain fatty acids in lysophosphatidylcholine for the identification of peroxisomal disorders was included in newborn screening programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wiesinger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian S Eichler
- Department for Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Chu BB, Liao YC, Qi W, Xie C, Du X, Wang J, Yang H, Miao HH, Li BL, Song BL. Cholesterol Transport through Lysosome-Peroxisome Membrane Contacts. Cell 2015; 161:291-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Abcd2 is a strong modifier of the metabolic impairments in peritoneal macrophages of ABCD1-deficient mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108655. [PMID: 25255441 PMCID: PMC4177892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The inherited peroxisomal disorder X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), associated with neurodegeneration and inflammatory cerebral demyelination, is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding the peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCD1 (ALDP). ABCD1 transports CoA-esters of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) into peroxisomes for degradation by β-oxidation; thus, ABCD1 deficiency results in VLCFA accumulation. The closest homologue, ABCD2 (ALDRP), when overexpressed, compensates for ABCD1 deficiency in X-ALD fibroblasts and in Abcd1-deficient mice. Microglia/macrophages have emerged as important players in the progression of neuroinflammation. Human monocytes, lacking significant expression of ABCD2, display severely impaired VLCFA metabolism in X-ALD. Here, we used thioglycollate-elicited primary mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMΦ) from Abcd1 and Abcd2 single- and double-deficient mice to establish how these mutations affect VLCFA metabolism. By quantitative RT-PCR, Abcd2 mRNA was about half as abundant as Abcd1 mRNA in wild-type and similarly abundant in Abcd1-deficient MPMΦ. VLCFA (C26∶0) accumulated about twofold in Abcd1-deficient MPMΦ compared with wild-type controls, as measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In Abcd2-deficient macrophages VLCFA levels were normal. However, upon Abcd1/Abcd2 double-deficiency, VLCFA accumulation was markedly increased (sixfold) compared with Abcd1-deficient MPMΦ. Elovl1 mRNA, encoding the rate-limiting enzyme for elongation of VLCFA, was equally abundant across all genotypes. Peroxisomal β-oxidation of C26∶0 amounted to 62% of wild-type activity in Abcd1-deficient MPMΦ and was significantly more impaired (29% residual activity) upon Abcd1/Abcd2 double-deficiency. Single Abcd2 deficiency did not significantly compromise β-oxidation of C26∶0. Thus, the striking accumulation of VLCFA in double-deficient MPMΦ compared with single Abcd1 deficiency was due to the loss of ABCD2-mediated, compensatory transport of VLCFA into peroxisomes. We propose that moderate endogenous expression of Abcd2 in Abcd1-deficient murine macrophages prevents the severe metabolic phenotype observed in human X-ALD monocytes, which lack appreciable expression of ABCD2. This supports upregulation of ABCD2 as a therapeutic concept in X-ALD.
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17
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Weber FD, Weinhofer I, Einwich A, Forss-Petter S, Muneer Z, Maier H, Weber WHA, Berger J. Evaluation of retinoids for induction of the redundant gene ABCD2 as an alternative treatment option in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103742. [PMID: 25079382 PMCID: PMC4117577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), the most common peroxisomal disorder, is a clinically heterogeneous disease that can manifest as devastating inflammatory cerebral demyelination (CALD) leading to death of affected males. Currently, the only curative treatment is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, HSCT is only effective when performed at an early stage because the inflammation may progress for eighteen months after HSCT. Thus, alternative treatment options able to immediately halt the progression are urgently needed. X-ALD is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene, encoding the peroxisomal membrane protein ABCD1, resulting in impaired very long-chain fatty acid metabolism. The related ABCD2 protein is able to functionally compensate for ABCD1-deficiency both in vitro and in vivo. Recently, we demonstrated that of the cell types derived from CD34+ stem cells, predominantly monocytes but not lymphocytes are metabolically impaired in X-ALD. As ABCD2 is virtually not expressed in these cells, we hypothesize that a pharmacological up-regulation of ABCD2 should compensate metabolically and halt the inflammation in CALD. Retinoids are anti-inflammatory compounds known to act on ABCD2. Here, we investigated the capacity of selected retinoids for ABCD2 induction in human monocytes/macrophages. In THP-1 cells, 13-cis-retinoic acid reached the highest, fivefold, increase in ABCD2 expression. To test the efficacy of retinoids in vivo, we analyzed ABCD2 mRNA levels in blood cells isolated from acne patients receiving 13-cis-retinoic acid therapy. In treated acne patients, ABCD2 mRNA levels were comparable to pre-treatment levels in monocytes and lymphocytes. Nevertheless, when primary monocytes were in vitro differentiated into macrophages and treated with 13-cis-retinoic acid, we observed a fourfold induction of ABCD2. However, the level of ABCD2 induction obtained by retinoids alone is probably not of therapeutic relevance for X-ALD. In conclusion, our results suggest a change in promoter accessibility during macrophage differentiation allowing induction of ABCD2 by retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska D. Weber
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabelle Weinhofer
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Einwich
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sonja Forss-Petter
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zahid Muneer
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Maier
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Willi H. A. Weber
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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18
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Geillon F, Gondcaille C, Charbonnier S, Van Roermund CW, Lopez TE, Dias AMM, Pais de Barros JP, Arnould C, Wanders RJ, Trompier D, Savary S. Structure-function analysis of peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporters using chimeric dimers. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24511-20. [PMID: 25043761 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.575506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCD1 and ABCD2 are two closely related ATP-binding cassette half-transporters predicted to homodimerize and form peroxisomal importers for fatty acyl-CoAs. Available evidence has shown that ABCD1 and ABCD2 display a distinct but overlapping substrate specificity, although much remains to be learned in this respect as well as in their capability to form functional heterodimers. Using a cell model expressing an ABCD2-EGFP fusion protein, we first demonstrated by proximity ligation assay and co-immunoprecipitation assay that ABCD1 interacts with ABCD2. Next, we tested in the pxa1/pxa2Δ yeast mutant the functionality of ABCD1/ABCD2 dimers by expressing chimeric proteins mimicking homo- or heterodimers. For further structure-function analysis of ABCD1/ABCD2 dimers, we expressed chimeric dimers fused to enhanced GFP in human skin fibroblasts of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patients. These cells are devoid of ABCD1 and accumulate very long-chain fatty acids (C26:0 and C26:1). We checked that the chimeric proteins were correctly expressed and targeted to the peroxisomes. Very long-chain fatty acid levels were partially restored in transfected X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy fibroblasts regardless of the chimeric construct used, thus demonstrating functionality of both homo- and heterodimers. Interestingly, the level of C24:6 n-3, the immediate precursor of docosahexaenoic acid, was decreased in cells expressing chimeric proteins containing at least one ABCD2 moiety. Our data demonstrate for the first time that both homo- and heterodimers of ABCD1 and ABCD2 are functionally active. Interestingly, the role of ABCD2 (in homo- and heterodimeric forms) in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids is clearly evidenced, and the chimeric dimers provide a novel tool to study substrate specificity of peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Geillon
- From the Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270 University of Bourgogne, 6 Bd. Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Gondcaille
- From the Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270 University of Bourgogne, 6 Bd. Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Soëli Charbonnier
- From the Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270 University of Bourgogne, 6 Bd. Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Carlo W Van Roermund
- the Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Room F0-226, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tatiana E Lopez
- From the Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270 University of Bourgogne, 6 Bd. Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Alexandre M M Dias
- From the Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270 University of Bourgogne, 6 Bd. Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | | | - Christine Arnould
- INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, ERL CNRS6300, Plateforme DImaCell, Centre de Microscopie INRA/Université de Bourgogne, BP86510, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Ronald J Wanders
- the Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Room F0-226, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Doriane Trompier
- From the Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270 University of Bourgogne, 6 Bd. Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Savary
- From the Laboratoire Bio-PeroxIL, EA7270 University of Bourgogne, 6 Bd. Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France,
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19
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Prasad R, Kowalczyk JC, Meimaridou E, Storr HL, Metherell LA. Oxidative stress and adrenocortical insufficiency. J Endocrinol 2014; 221:R63-73. [PMID: 24623797 PMCID: PMC4045218 DOI: 10.1530/joe-13-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of redox balance is essential for normal cellular functions. Any perturbation in this balance due to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to oxidative stress and may lead to cell dysfunction/damage/death. Mitochondria are responsible for the majority of cellular ROS production secondary to electron leakage as a consequence of respiration. Furthermore, electron leakage by the cytochrome P450 enzymes may render steroidogenic tissues acutely vulnerable to redox imbalance. The adrenal cortex, in particular, is well supplied with both enzymatic (glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins) and non-enzymatic (vitamins A, C and E) antioxidants to cope with this increased production of ROS due to steroidogenesis. Nonetheless oxidative stress is implicated in several potentially lethal adrenal disorders including X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, triple A syndrome and most recently familial glucocorticoid deficiency. The finding of mutations in antioxidant defence genes in the latter two conditions highlights how disturbances in redox homeostasis may have an effect on adrenal steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Prasad
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryWilliam Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - J C Kowalczyk
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryWilliam Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - E Meimaridou
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryWilliam Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - H L Storr
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryWilliam Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - L A Metherell
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryWilliam Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Endocrinology, Queen Mary University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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20
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Trompier D, Vejux A, Zarrouk A, Gondcaille C, Geillon F, Nury T, Savary S, Lizard G. Brain peroxisomes. Biochimie 2014; 98:102-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Berger J, Forss-Petter S, Eichler FS. Pathophysiology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Biochimie 2013; 98:135-42. [PMID: 24316281 PMCID: PMC3988840 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Currently the molecular basis for the clinical heterogeneity of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is poorly understood. The genetic bases for all different phenotypic variants of X-ALD are mutations in the gene encoding the peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, ABCD1 (formerly adrenoleukodystrophy protein, ALDP). ABCD1 transports CoA-activated very long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol into the peroxisome for degradation. The phenotypic variability is remarkable ranging from cerebral inflammatory demyelination of childhood onset, leading to death within a few years, to adults remaining pre-symptomatic through more than five decades. There is no general genotype–phenotype correlation in X-ALD. The default manifestation of mutations in ABCD1 is adrenomyeloneuropathy, a slowly progressive dying-back axonopathy affecting both ascending and descending spinal cord tracts as well as in some cases, a peripheral neuropathy. In about 60% of male X-ALD patients, either in childhood (35–40%) or in adulthood (20%), an initial, clinically silent, myelin destabilization results in conversion to a devastating, rapidly progressive form of cerebral inflammatory demyelination. Here, ABCD1 remains a susceptibility gene, necessary but not sufficient for inflammatory demyelination to occur. Although the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids appears to be essential for the pathomechanism of all phenotypes, the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypes are fundamentally different. Cell autonomous processes such as oxidative stress and energy shortage in axons as well as non-cell autonomous processes involving axon–glial interactions seem pertinent to the dying-back axonopathy. Various dynamic mechanisms may underlie the initiation of inflammation, the altered immune reactivity, the propagation of inflammation, as well as the mechanisms leading to the arrest of inflammation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in these events is required for the development of urgently needed therapeutics. Adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) is proposed to be the core syndrome of X-ALD. The cerebral inflammatory demyelinating form of X-ALD is independent of AMN. The same genetic basis but fundamentally different pathomechanisms lead to AMN and cerebral ALD. Genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors modulate onset and severity of AMN and cerebral ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Berger
- Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - S Forss-Petter
- Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - F S Eichler
- Department for Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street ACC 708, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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22
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Wiesinger C, Kunze M, Regelsberger G, Forss-Petter S, Berger J. Impaired very long-chain acyl-CoA β-oxidation in human X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy fibroblasts is a direct consequence of ABCD1 transporter dysfunction. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19269-79. [PMID: 23671276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), an inherited peroxisomal disorder, is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding the peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCD1 (adrenoleukodystrophy protein, ALDP). Biochemically, X-ALD is characterized by an accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids and partially impaired peroxisomal β-oxidation. In this study, we used primary human fibroblasts from X-ALD and Zellweger syndrome patients to investigate the peroxisomal β-oxidation defect. Our results show that the degradation of C26:0-CoA esters is as severely impaired as degradation of unesterified very long-chain fatty acids in X-ALD and is abolished in Zellweger syndrome. Interestingly, the β-oxidation rates for both C26:0-CoA and C22:0-CoA were similarly affected, although C22:0 does not accumulate in patient fibroblasts. Furthermore, we show that the β-oxidation defect in X-ALD is directly caused by ABCD1 dysfunction as blocking ABCD1 function with a specific antibody reduced β-oxidation to levels observed in X-ALD fibroblasts. By quantification of mRNA and protein levels of the peroxisomal ABC transporters and by blocking with specific antibodies, we found that residual β-oxidation activity toward C26:0-CoA in X-ALD fibroblasts is mediated by ABCD3, although the efficacy of ABCD3 appeared to be much lower than that of ABCD1. Finally, using isolated peroxisomes, we show that β-oxidation of C26:0-CoA is independent of additional CoA but requires a cytosolic factor of >10-kDa molecular mass that is resistant to N-ethylmaleimide and heat inactivation. In conclusion, our findings in human cells suggest that, in contrast to yeast cells, very long-chain acyl-CoA esters are transported into peroxisomes by ABCD1 independently of additional synthetase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wiesinger
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Morita M, Shinbo S, Asahi A, Imanaka T. Very long chain fatty acid β-oxidation in astrocytes: contribution of the ABCD1-dependent and -independent pathways. Biol Pharm Bull 2013; 35:1972-9. [PMID: 23123468 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) metabolism in astrocytes is important for the maintenance of myelin structure in central nervous system. To analyze the contribution of the ABCD1-dependent and -independent pathways to VLCFA metabolism in astrocytes, we prepared human glioblastoma U87 cells with a silencing of ABCD1 and primary astrocytes from abcd1-deficient mice, and measured fatty acid β-oxidation in the presence or absence of a potent inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, 2-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)pentyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate (POCA). In U87 cells, C24:0 β-oxidation was decreased to ca. 70% of the control in the presence of POCA, and the activity was further decreased to ca. 20% by the silencing of ABCD1. In mouse primary astrocytes, C24:0 β-oxidation was also decreased to ca. 70% of the control in the presence of POCA. The C24:0 β-oxidation in Abcd1-deficient primary astrocytes was ca. 60% of the wild-type cells and the activity was further decreased to ca. 25% in the presence of POCA. Compared to human skin fibroblasts, in which VLCFA β-oxidation is not significantly inhibited by POCA, approximately one-third of the overall VLCFA β-oxidation was inhibited in both types of astrocytic cells. These results suggest that VLCFA is indeed β-oxidized in ABCD1-dependent pathway, but the ABCD1-independent peroxisomal and mitochondrial β-oxidation pathways significantly contribute to VLCFA β-oxidation in astrocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Morita
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930–0194, Japan.
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Kemp S, Theodoulou FL, Wanders RJA. Mammalian peroxisomal ABC transporters: from endogenous substrates to pathology and clinical significance. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1753-66. [PMID: 21488864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are indispensable organelles in higher eukaryotes. They are essential for a number of important metabolic pathways, including fatty acid α- and β-oxidation, and biosynthesis of etherphospholipids and bile acids. However, the peroxisomal membrane forms an impermeable barrier to these metabolites. Therefore, peroxisomes need specific transporter proteins to transfer these metabolites across their membranes. The mammalian peroxisomal membrane harbours three ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. In recent years, significant progress has been made in unravelling the functions of these ABC transporters. There is ample evidence that they are involved in the transport of very long-chain fatty acids, pristanic acid, di- and trihydroxycholestanoic acid, dicarboxylic acids and tetracosahexaenoic acid (C24:6ω3). Surprisingly, only one disease is associated with a deficiency of a peroxisomal ABC transporter. Mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding the peroxisomal ABC transporter adrenoleukodystrophy protein are the cause for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, an inherited metabolic storage disorder. This review describes the current state of knowledge on the mammalian peroxisomal ABC transporters with a particular focus on their function in metabolite transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kemp
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Morita M, Imanaka T. Peroxisomal ABC transporters: structure, function and role in disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1387-96. [PMID: 22366764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters belong to one of the largest families of membrane proteins, and are present in almost all living organisms from eubacteria to mammals. They exist on plasma membranes and intracellular compartments such as the mitochondria, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes, and mediate the active transport of a wide variety of substrates in a variety of different cellular processes. These include the transport of amino acids, polysaccharides, peptides, lipids and xenobiotics, including drugs and toxins. Three ABC transporters belonging to subfamily D have been identified in mammalian peroxisomes. The ABC transporters are half-size and assemble mostly as a homodimer after posttranslational transport to peroxisomal membranes. ABCD1/ALDP and ABCD2/ALDRP are suggested to be involved in the transport of very long chain acyl-CoA with differences in substrate specificity, and ABCD3/PMP70 is involved in the transport of long and branched chain acyl-CoA. ABCD1 is known to be responsible for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), an inborn error of peroxisomal β-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids. Here, we summarize recent advances and important points in our advancing understanding of how these ABC transporters target and assemble to peroxisomal membranes and perform their functions in physiological and pathological processes, including the neurodegenerative disease, X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Morita
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Genin EC, Geillon F, Gondcaille C, Athias A, Gambert P, Trompier D, Savary S. Substrate specificity overlap and interaction between adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP/ABCD1) and adrenoleukodystrophy-related protein (ALDRP/ABCD2). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:8075-8084. [PMID: 21209459 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.211912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene, which encodes a peroxisomal member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter subfamily D called ALDP. ALDP is supposed to function as a homodimer allowing the entry of CoA-esters of very-long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) into the peroxisome, the unique site of their β-oxidation. ALDP deficiency can be corrected by overexpression of ALDRP, its closest homolog. However, the exact nature of the substrates transported by ALDRP and its relationships with ALDP still remain unclear. To gain insight into the function of ALDRP, we used cell models allowing the induction in a dose-dependent manner of a wild type or a mutated non-functional ALDRP-EGFP fusion protein. We explored the consequences of the changes of ALDRP expression levels on the fatty acid content (saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids) in phospholipids as well as on the levels of β-oxidation of 3 suspected substrates: C26:0, C24:0, and C22:6n-3 (DHA). We found an inverse correlation between the fatty acid content of saturated (C26:0, C24:0) and monounsaturated (C26:1, C24:1) VLCFA and the expression level of ALDRP. Interestingly, we obtained a transdominant-negative effect of the inactive ALDRP-EGFP on ALDP function. This effect is due to a physical interaction between ALDRP and ALDP that we evidenced by proximity ligation assays and coimmunoprecipitation. Finally, the β-oxidation assays demonstrate a role of ALDRP in the metabolism of saturated VLCFA (redundant with that of ALDP) but also a specific involvement of ALDRP in the metabolism of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle C Genin
- From the INSERM, UMR866, Centre de Recherche Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer, Dijon F-21000,; the Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), GDRCNRS 2583, 6 Bd Gabriel, Dijon F-21000, and
| | - Flore Geillon
- From the INSERM, UMR866, Centre de Recherche Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer, Dijon F-21000,; the Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), GDRCNRS 2583, 6 Bd Gabriel, Dijon F-21000, and
| | - Catherine Gondcaille
- From the INSERM, UMR866, Centre de Recherche Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer, Dijon F-21000,; the Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), GDRCNRS 2583, 6 Bd Gabriel, Dijon F-21000, and
| | - Anne Athias
- Plateforme de Lipidomique-IFR100, Hôpital du Bocage, Dijon F-21000, France
| | - Philippe Gambert
- Plateforme de Lipidomique-IFR100, Hôpital du Bocage, Dijon F-21000, France
| | - Doriane Trompier
- From the INSERM, UMR866, Centre de Recherche Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer, Dijon F-21000,; the Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), GDRCNRS 2583, 6 Bd Gabriel, Dijon F-21000, and
| | - Stéphane Savary
- From the INSERM, UMR866, Centre de Recherche Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer, Dijon F-21000,; the Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle (LBMN), GDRCNRS 2583, 6 Bd Gabriel, Dijon F-21000, and.
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Ferrer I, Aubourg P, Pujol A. General aspects and neuropathology of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Brain Pathol 2010; 20:817-30. [PMID: 20626743 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
X-adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a metabolic, peroxisomal disease affecting the nervous system, adrenal cortex and testis resulting from inactivating mutations in ABCD1 gene which encodes a peroxisomal membrane half-adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter, ABCD1 (or ALDP), whose defect is associated with impaired peroxisomal beta-oxidation and accumulation of saturated very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) in tissues and body fluids. Several phenotypes are recognized in male patients including cerebral ALD in childhood, adolescence or adulthood, adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), Addison's disease and, eventually, gonadal insufficiency. Female carriers might present with mild to severe myeloneuropathy that resembles AMN. There is a lack of phenotype-genotype correlations, as the same ABCD1 gene mutation may be associated with different phenotypes in the same family, suggesting that genetic, epigenetic, environmental and stochastic factors are probably contributory to the development and course of the disease. Degenerative changes, like those seen in pure AMN without cerebral demyelination, are characterized by loss of axons and secondary myelin in the long tracts of the spinal cord, possibly related to the impaired lipid metabolism of VLCFAs and the associated alterations (ie, oxidative damage). Similar lesions are encountered following inactivation of ABCD1 in mice (ABCD1(-)). A different and more aggressive phenotype is secondary to cerebral demyelination, very often accompanied by inflammatory changes in the white matter of the brain and associated with activation of T lymphocytes, CD1 presentation and increased levels of cytokines, gamma-interferon, interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-2 and IL-6, Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, chemokines and chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro Ferrer
- Institut Neuropatologia, Servei Anatomia Patològica, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, CIBERNED, Spain.
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Berger J, Pujol A, Aubourg P, Forss-Petter S. Current and future pharmacological treatment strategies in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Brain Pathol 2010; 20:845-56. [PMID: 20626746 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the ABCD1 gene cause the clinical spectrum of the neurometabolic disorder X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy/adrenomyeloneuropathy (X-ALD/AMN). Currently, the most efficient therapeutic opportunity for patients with the cerebral form of X-ALD is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and possibly gene therapy of autologous hematopoietic stem cells. Both treatments, however, are only accessible to a subset of X-ALD patients, mainly because of the lack of markers that can predict the onset of cerebral demyelination. Moreover, for female or male X-ALD patients with AMN, currently only unsatisfying therapeutic opportunities are available. Thus, this review focuses on current and urgently needed future pharmacological therapies. The treatment of adrenal and gonadal insufficiency is well established, whereas applications of immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive drugs have failed to prevent progression of cerebral neuroinflammation. The use of Lorenzo's oil and the inefficacy of lovastatin to normalize very-long-chain fatty acids in clinical trials as well as currently experimental and therefore possible future therapeutic strategies are reviewed. The latter include pharmacological gene therapy mediated by targeted upregulation of ABCD2, the closest homolog of ABCD1, antioxidative drug treatment, small molecule histone deacetylase inhibitors such as butyrates and valproic acid, and other neuroprotective attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Berger
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Singh I, Singh AK, Contreras MA. Peroxisomal dysfunction in inflammatory childhood white matter disorders: an unexpected contributor to neuropathology. J Child Neurol 2009; 24:1147-57. [PMID: 19605772 PMCID: PMC3077730 DOI: 10.1177/0883073809338327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome, an ubiquitous subcellular organelle, plays an important function in cellular metabolism, and its importance for human health is underscored by the identification of fatal disorders caused by genetic abnormalities. Recent findings indicate that peroxisomal dysfunction is not only restricted to inherited peroxisomal diseases but also to disease processes associated with generation of inflammatory mediators that downregulate cellular peroxisomal homeostasis. Evidence indicates that leukodystrophies (i.e. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, globoid cell leukodystrophy, and periventricular leukomalacia) may share common denominators in the development and progression of the inflammatory process and thus in the dysfunctions of peroxisomes. Dysfunctions of peroxisomes may therefore contribute in part to white matter disease and to the mental and physical disabilities that develop in patients affected by these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Developmental Neurogenetics, Charles Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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Fourcade S, Ruiz M, Camps C, Schlüter A, Houten SM, Mooyer PAW, Pàmpols T, Dacremont G, Wanders RJA, Giròs M, Pujol A. A key role for the peroxisomal ABCD2 transporter in fatty acid homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E211-21. [PMID: 18854420 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90736.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are essential organelles exerting key functions in fatty acid metabolism such as the degradation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). VLCFAs accumulate in X-adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a disease caused by deficiency of the Abcd1 peroxisomal transporter. Its closest homologue, Abcd2, exhibits a high degree of functional redundancy on the catabolism of VLCFA, being able to prevent X-ALD-related neurodegeneration in the mouse. In the search for specific roles of Abcd2, we screened fatty acid profiles in organs and primary neurons of mutant knockout mice lacking Abcd2 in basal conditions and under dietary challenges. Our results indicate that ABCD2 plays a role in the degradation of long-chain saturated and omega9-monounsaturated fatty acids and in the synthesis of docosahexanoic acid (DHA). Also, we demonstrated a defective VLCFA beta-oxidation ex vivo in brain slices of Abcd1 and Abcd2 knockouts, using radiolabeled hexacosanoic acid and the precursor of DHA as substrates. As DHA levels are inversely correlated with the incidence of Alzheimer's and several degenerative conditions, we suggest that ABCD2 may act as modulator/modifier gene and therapeutic target in rare and common human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Fourcade
- Centre de Genètica Mèdica i Molecular, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Maier EM, Mayerhofer PU, Asheuer M, Köhler W, Rothe M, Muntau AC, Roscher AA, Holzinger A, Aubourg P, Berger J. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy phenotype is independent of ABCD2 genotype. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:176-80. [PMID: 18834860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Strikingly variable clinical phenotypes can be found in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) even with the same ABCD1 mutation. ABCD2 is the closest homolog to ABCD1. Since ABCD2 overexpression complements the loss of ABCD1 in vivo and in vitro, we have investigated the possible role of the ABCD2 gene locus as determinant of X-ALD phenotypes. Sequence and segregation analysis of the ABCD2 gene, in a large X-ALD family with different phenotypes disclosed that the identical ABCD2 alleles were inherited in brothers affected by mild (noncerebral) versus severe (childhood cerebral) X-ALD phenotypes. Moreover, two independent association studies of ABCD2 polymorphisms and clinical phenotypes showed an even allele distribution in different X-ALD phenotypes and controls. Based on these findings ABCD2 can be excluded as a major modifier locus for clinical diversity in X-ALD. These findings are of particular importance for the attempt of pharmacological induction of ABCD2 as a possible therapeutic approach in X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Maier
- Department of Biochemical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Research Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Kim WS, Weickert CS, Garner B. Role of ATP-binding cassette transporters in brain lipid transport and neurological disease. J Neurochem 2008; 104:1145-66. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Höftberger R, Kunze M, Weinhofer I, Aboul-Enein F, Voigtländer T, Oezen I, Amann G, Bernheimer H, Budka H, Berger J. Distribution and cellular localization of adrenoleukodystrophy protein in human tissues: implications for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Neurobiol Dis 2007; 28:165-74. [PMID: 17761426 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects of adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP) lead to X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a disorder mainly affecting the nervous system white matter and the adrenal cortex. In the present study, we examine the expression of ALDP in various human tissues and cell lines by multiple-tissue RNA expression array analysis, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. ALDP-encoding mRNA is most abundant in tissues with high energy requirements such as heart, muscle, liver, and the renal and endocrine systems. ALDP selectively occurs in specific cell types of brain (hypothalamus and basal nucleus of Meynert), kidney (distal tubules), skin (eccrine gland, hair follicles, and fibroblasts), colon (ganglion cells and epithelium), adrenal gland (zona reticularis and fasciculata), and testis (Sertoli and Leydig cells). In pituitary gland, ALDP is confined to adrenocorticotropin-producing cells and is significantly reduced in individuals receiving long term cortisol treatment. This might indicate a functional link between ALDP and proopiomelanocortin-derived peptide hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, AKH 4J, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, POB 48, A-1097 Vienna, Austria.
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34
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Morita M. [Adrenoleukodystrophy: molecular pathogenesis and development of therapeutic agents]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2007; 127:1059-64. [PMID: 17603264 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.127.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is an inherited disorder characterized by progressive demyelination of the central nervous system and adrenal dysfunction. The biochemical characterization is made based on the accumulation of pathognomonic amounts of saturated very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA, >22) in all tissues, including brain white matter and adrenal glands. The accumulation of VLCFA is linked to a mutation in the ABCD1 gene that encodes ABCD1/ALDP, a peroxisomal ABC protein. ABCD1/ALDP is thought to be involved in the active ATP-driven transport of VLCFA-CoA from the cytoplasm into the peroxisomes. However, the precise function of ABCD1/ALDP is still unclear. The accumulation of VLCFA is caused by reducing peroxisomal VLCFA beta-oxidation and/or increasing fatty acid elongation. Since the reduction of accumulated VLCFA in the brain is thought to be crucial for preventing the progression of neurologic symptoms in X-ALD, compounds that can cross the blood-brain barrier and decrease the VLCFA levels in the brain would be a highly attractive candidate for effective treatment of ALD patients. We found that baicalein 5,6,7-trimethyl ether, a flavonoid derivative, decreased the VLCFA level in X-ALD fibroblasts, possibly by activating peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation. Continued pharmacologic studies of flavonoids and chemically modified derivatives may lead to major advances in the pharmacologic therapy for X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Morita
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan.
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35
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Moser HW, Mahmood A, Raymond GV. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:140-51. [PMID: 17342190 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneuro0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is caused by a defect in the gene ABCD1, which maps to Xq28 and codes for a peroxisomal membrane protein that is a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily. X-ALD is panethnic and affects approximately 1:20,000 males. Phenotypes include the rapidly progressive childhood, adolescent, and adult cerebral forms; adrenomyeloneuropathy, which presents as slowly progressive paraparesis in adults; and Addison disease without neurologic manifestations. These phenotypes are frequently misdiagnosed, respectively, as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), multiple sclerosis, or idiopathic Addison disease. Approximately 50% of female carriers develop a spastic paraparesis secondary to myelopathic changes similar to adrenomyeloneuropathy. Assays of very long chain fatty acids in plasma, cultured chorion villus cells and amniocytes, and mutation analysis permit presymptomatic and prenatal diagnosis, as well as carrier identification. The timely use of these assays is essential for genetic counseling and therapy. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent overt Addison disease, and significantly reduce the frequency of the severe childhood cerebral phenotype. A promising new method for mass newborn screening has been developed, the implementation of which will have a profound effect on the diagnosis and therapy of X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo W Moser
- Neurogenetics Research Center, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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36
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Kemp S, Wanders RJ. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: Very long-chain fatty acid metabolism, ABC half-transporters and the complicated route to treatment. Mol Genet Metab 2007; 90:268-76. [PMID: 17092750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lu JF, Barron-Casella E, Deering R, Heinzer AK, Moser AB, deMesy Bentley KL, Wand GS, C McGuinness M, Pei Z, Watkins PA, Pujol A, Smith KD, Powers JM. The role of peroxisomal ABC transporters in the mouse adrenal gland: the loss of Abcd2 (ALDR), Not Abcd1 (ALD), causes oxidative damage. J Transl Med 2007; 87:261-72. [PMID: 17260006 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adreno-leukodystrophy is a progressive, systemic peroxisomal disorder that primarily affects the adrenal cortex, as well as myelin and axons of the central nervous system. Marked phenotypic heterogeneity does not correlate with disease-causing mutations in ABCD1, which encodes a peroxisomal membrane protein that is a member of the ABC transmembrane transporter proteins. The precise physiological functions of ABCD1 and ABCD2, a closely related peroxisomal membrane half-transporter, are unknown. The abcd1 knockout mouse does not develop the inflammatory demyelination so typical and devastating in adreno-leukodystrophy, but it does display the same lamellae and lipid profiles in adrenocortical cells under the electron microscope as the human patients. The adrenocortical cells in the mouse also exhibit immunohistochemical evidence of oxidative stress at 12 weeks but no evidence of oxidative damage. To better understand the pathogenesis of this complex disease, we evaluate the adrenal lesion of the abcd1 knockout mouse as a function of normal aging, dietary or therapeutic manipulations, and abcd genotype. The loss of abcd2 causes oxidative stress in the adrenal at 12 weeks, as judged by increased immunoreactivity for the mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase, in both the inner cortex and medulla. The loss of abcd2 (n=20), but not abcd1 (n=27), results in the spontaneous and premature deposition of ceroid, a known end-product of oxidative damage, predominantly in adrenal medullary cells. These data indicate that the loss of abcd2 results in greater oxidative stress in murine adrenal cells than the loss of abcd1, providing a clue to its cellular function. We also find that the adrenocortical lesion of the abcd1 knockout mouse does not produce functional impairment at ten to nineteen months or overt hypocortisolism at any age, nor does it progress histologically; these and other data align this mouse model closer to human female heterozygotes than to male ALD or AMN hemizygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Feng Lu
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Rottensteiner H, Theodoulou FL. The ins and outs of peroxisomes: Co-ordination of membrane transport and peroxisomal metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1527-40. [PMID: 17010456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes perform a range of metabolic functions which require the movement of substrates, co-substrates, cofactors and metabolites across the peroxisomal membrane. In this review, we discuss the evidence for and against specific transport systems involved in peroxisomal metabolism and how these operate to co-ordinate biochemical reactions within the peroxisome with those in other compartments of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanspeter Rottensteiner
- Medical Faculty of the Ruhr-University of Bochum, Department of Physiological Chemistry, Section of Systems Biochemistry, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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Wanders RJA, Visser WF, van Roermund CWT, Kemp S, Waterham HR. The peroxisomal ABC transporter family. Pflugers Arch 2006; 453:719-34. [PMID: 17039367 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-006-0142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the current state of knowledge about the ABCD family of peroxisomal half adenosine-triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABCDs are predicted to be present in a variety of eukaryotic organisms, although at present, only ABCDs in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and different mammalian species have been identified and characterized to any significant extent. The functional role of none of these ABCDs has been established definitively and awaits successful reconstitution of ABCDs, either as homo- or heterodimers into liposomes, followed by transport studies. Data obtained in S. cerevisiae suggest that the two ABCDs, which have been identified in this organism, form a heterodimer, which actually transports acyl coenzyme A esters across the peroxisomal membrane. In mammals, four ABCDs have been identified, of which one [adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP)] has been implicated in the transport of the coenzyme A esters of very-long-chain fatty acids. Mutations in the gene (ABCD1) encoding ALDP are the cause of a severe X-linked disease, called X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. The availability of mutant mice in which Abcd1, Abcd2, or Abcd3 have been disrupted will help to resolve the true role of the peroxisomal half-ABC transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Morita M, Kurisu M, Kashiwayama Y, Yokota S, Imanaka T. ATP-binding and -hydrolysis activities of ALDP (ABCD1) and ALDRP (ABCD2), human peroxisomal ABC proteins, overexpressed in Sf21 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:1836-42. [PMID: 16946495 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins, adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP, ABCD1) and ALD-related protein (ALDRP, ABCD2), were expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda 21 (Sf21) insect cells using a baculovirus-mediated expression system. Immunoelectron microscopy and subcellular fractionation revealed that the overexpressed ALDP was distributed in various subcellular organelles including mitochondria, nucleus and peroxisomes. The ALDP was not extractable with Na(2)CO(3) treatment, suggesting that it integrated into membranes. ATPase activity was detected in the membrane fraction expressing ALDP. The nucleotide-binding capacities of the expressed ALDP were estimated by the binding to ATP- or ADP-agarose. ALDP exhibited an affinity to both ADP and ATP. In contrast, ALDRP exhibited an affinity to ADP but scarcely to ATP. The ALDP in the Sf21 membrane fraction was extracted with n-dodecyl-beta-maltoside and successively purified with a chelate column. The nucleotide-binding and ATPase activities of the purified ALDP were, however, not detected. It may be that certain membranous components are required for the activity. We demonstrate for the first time that the peroxisomal ABC proteins can be expressed in Sf21 membranes maintaining their nucleotide-binding abilities and ATPase activities, and the expressed proteins will be of use for further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Morita
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyoma, Japan.
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41
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Berger J, Gärtner J. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: clinical, biochemical and pathogenetic aspects. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1721-32. [PMID: 16949688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a clinically heterogeneous disorder ranging from the severe childhood cerebral form to asymptomatic persons. The overall incidence is 1:16,800 including hemizygotes as well as heterozygotes. The principal molecular defect is due to inborn mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ALDP), a transporter in the peroxisome membrane. ALDP is involved in the transport of substrates from the cytoplasm into the peroxisomal lumen. ALDP defects lead to characteristic accumulation of saturated very long-chain fatty acids, the diagnostic disease marker. The pathogenesis is unclear. Different molecular mechanisms seem to induce inflammatory demyelination, neurodegeneration and adrenocortical insufficiency involving the primary ABCD1 defect, environmental factors and modifier genes. Important information has been derived from the X-ALD mouse models; species differences however complicate the interpretation of results. So far, bone marrow transplantation is the only effective long-term treatment for childhood cerebral X-ALD, however, only when performed at an early-stage of disease. Urgently needed novel therapeutic strategies are under consideration ranging from dietary approaches to gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Berger
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Islinger M, Lüers GH, Zischka H, Ueffing M, Völkl A. Insights into the membrane proteome of rat liver peroxisomes: microsomal glutathione-S-transferase is shared by both subcellular compartments. Proteomics 2006; 6:804-16. [PMID: 16385473 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous "multipurpose" organelles of eukaryotic cells. Their matrix enzymes catalyze mainly catabolic and anabolic reactions of lipid metabolism, thus contributing to the regulation of lipid homeostasis. Since most metabolites must be actively transported across the peroxisomal membrane and since individual proteins and protein complexes play functional roles in such transport processes, we analyzed the peroxisomal membrane proteome. Benzyldimethyl-n-hexadecylammoniumchloride (16-BAC)/SDS-2-D-PAGE and mass spectrometry were used to characterize the proteomes of highly purified "light" and "heavy" peroxisomes of rat liver obtained by density gradient centrifugation. In both populations, the major integral membrane proteins could be detected in high concentrations, verifying 16-BAC/SDS-2-D-PAGE as a suitable tool for the preparation of membrane proteomes destined for mass spectrometric analysis. Both reliable and reproducible detection of a distinct set of microsomal (ER) membrane proteins, including microsomal glutathione-S-transferase (mGST), in light and heavy peroxisomal fractions was also possible. Compared with the abundance of most microsomal membrane proteins, we found mGST to be specifically enriched in peroxisomal membrane fractions. Furthermore, C terminus epitope-tagged mGST versions were localized at least in part to peroxisomes in different mammalian cell lines. Taken together, these data suggest that the peroxisomal GST is not a mere ER-contaminant, but a bona fide protein comprising the membrane proteome of both intracellular compartments. In addition, we could detect several mitochondrial proteins in light peroxisome fractions. This finding may likely indicate a physical association of light peroxisomes with mitochondria, since the organelles could be partly separated by mechanical stress. Whether this association is of functional importance awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Islinger
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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43
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Theodoulou FL, Holdsworth M, Baker A. Peroxisomal ABC transporters. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:1139-55. [PMID: 16413537 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes perform a range of different functions, dependent upon organism, tissue type, developmental stage or environmental conditions, many of which are connected with lipid metabolism. This review summarises recent research on ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters of the peroxisomal membrane (ABC subfamily D) and their roles in plants, fungi and animals. Analysis of mutants has revealed that peroxisomal ABC transporters play key roles in specific metabolic and developmental functions in different organisms. A common function is import of substrates for beta-oxidation but much remains to be determined concerning transport substrates and mechanisms which appear to differ significantly between phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederica L Theodoulou
- Crop Performance and Improvement Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.
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Gueugnon F, Volodina N, Taouil JE, Lopez TE, Gondcaille C, Grand ASL, Mooijer PAW, Kemp S, Wanders RJA, Savary S. A novel cell model to study the function of the adrenoleukodystrophy-related protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:150-7. [PMID: 16412981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a neurodegenerative disorder due to mutations in the ABCD1 (ALD) gene. ALDRP, the closest homolog of ALDP, has been shown to have partial functional redundancy with ALDP and, when overexpressed, can compensate for the loss-of-function of ALDP. In order to characterize the function of ALDRP and to understand the phenomenon of gene redundancy, we have developed a novel system that allows the controlled expression of the ALDRP-EGFP fusion protein (normal or non-functional mutated ALDRP) using the Tet-On system in H4IIEC3 rat hepatoma cells. The generated stable cell lines express negligible levels of endogenous ALDRP and doxycycline dosage-dependent levels of normal or mutated ALDRP. Importantly, the ALDRP-EGFP protein is targeted correctly to peroxisome and is functional. The obtained cell lines will be an indispensable tool in our further studies aimed at the resolution of the function of ALDRP to characterize its potential substrates in a natural context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Gueugnon
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Dijon, France
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Ferrer I, Kapfhammer JP, Hindelang C, Kemp S, Troffer-Charlier N, Broccoli V, Callyzot N, Mooyer P, Selhorst J, Vreken P, Wanders RJA, Mandel JL, Pujol A. Inactivation of the peroxisomal ABCD2 transporter in the mouse leads to late-onset ataxia involving mitochondria, Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum damage. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:3565-77. [PMID: 16223892 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters facilitate unidirectional translocation of chemically diverse substances, ranging from peptides to lipids, across cell or organelle membranes. In peroxisomes, a subfamily of four ABC transporters (ABCD1 to ABCD4) has been related to fatty acid transport, because patients with mutations in ABCD1 (ALD gene) suffer from X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a disease characterized by an accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Inactivation in the mouse of the abcd1 gene leads to a late-onset neurodegenerative condition, comparable to the late-onset form of X-ALD [Pujol, A., Hindelang, C., Callizot, N., Bartsch, U., Schachner, M. and Mandel, J.L. (2002) Late onset neurological phenotype of the X-ALD gene inactivation in mice: a mouse model for adrenomyeloneuropathy. Hum. Mol. Genet., 11, 499-505.]. In the present work, we have generated and characterized a mouse deficient for abcd2, the closest paralog to abcd1. The main pathological feature in abcd2-/- mice is a late-onset cerebellar and sensory ataxia, with loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells and dorsal root ganglia cell degeneration, correlating with accumulation of VLCFAs in the latter cellular population. Axonal degeneration was present in dorsal and ventral columns in spinal cord. We have identified mitochondrial, Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum damage as the underlying pathological mechanism, thus providing evidence of a disturbed organelle cross-talk, which may be at the origin of the pathological cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidre Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Department de Biologia Cel.lular i Anatomia Patologica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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46
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Pujol A, Ferrer I, Camps C, Metzger E, Hindelang C, Callizot N, Ruiz M, Pàmpols T, Giròs M, Mandel JL. Functional overlap between ABCD1 (ALD) and ABCD2 (ALDR) transporters: a therapeutic target for X-adrenoleukodystrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13:2997-3006. [PMID: 15489218 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a severe neurodegenerative disease caused by loss of function of the peroxisomal transporter ABCD1 (ALD), which results in accumulation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in organs and serum, central demyelination and peripheral axonopathy and Addison's disease. Knockout of the ALD gene in the mouse (ALD(-)) results in an adrenomyeloneuropathy-like disease (a late onset form of X-ALD). In the present study, we demonstrate that axonal damage occurs as first pathological event in this model, followed by myelin degeneration. We show that this phenotype can be modulated through expression levels of an ALD-related gene (ALDR/ABCD2), its closest paralogue and a target of PPARalpha and SREBP transcription factors. Overexpression of ALDR in ALD(-) mice prevents both VLCFAs accumulation and the neurodegenerative features, whereas double mutants for ALD and ALDR exhibit an earlier onset and more severe disease (including signs of inflammatory reaction) when compared with ALD single mutants. Thus, our results provide direct evidence for functional redundancy/overlap between both transporters in vivo and highlight ALDR as therapeutic target for treatment of X-ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Pujol
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM.ULP and Collè de France. Illkirch, CU de Strasbourg, France.
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47
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Guimarães CP, Domingues P, Aubourg P, Fouquet F, Pujol A, Jimenez-Sanchez G, Sá-Miranda C, Azevedo JE. Mouse liver PMP70 and ALDP: homomeric interactions prevail in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2004; 1689:235-43. [PMID: 15276650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Revised: 03/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ALDP, ALDPR, PMP70 and PMP70R are half ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters of the mammalian peroxisomal membrane. By analogy with other members of this family, it is assumed that peroxisomal ABC transporters must dimerize to become functional units. However, not much is known regarding the type of dimers (i.e., homodimers and/or heterodimers) that are formed in vivo under normal expression conditions. In this work, we have characterized the quaternary structure of mouse liver PMP70 and ALDP. The PMP70 protein complex was purified to apparent homogeneity using a two-step purification protocol. The ALDP-containing protein complex was characterized by preparative immunoprecipitation experiments. In both cases, no evidence for the existence of heteromeric interactions or for the presence of accessory proteins in these ABC transporter protein complexes could be obtained. Our data indicate that the majority (if not all) of mouse liver PMP70 and ALDP are homomeric proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla P Guimarães
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
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Roels F, Depreter M, Espeel M, D'Herde K, Kerckaert I, Vamecq J, Van den Branden C. Peroxisomes during development and in distinct cell types. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 544:39-54. [PMID: 14713210 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9072-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Roels
- Dept. of Pathology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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49
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Bugaut M, Fourcade S, Gondcaille C, Gueugnon F, Depreter M, Roels F, Netik A, Berger J, Martin P, Pineau T, Cadepond F, El Etr M, Savary S. Pharmacological induction of redundant genes for a therapy of X-ALD: phenylbutyrate and other compounds. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 544:281-91. [PMID: 14713242 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9072-3_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Bugaut
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, University of Burgundy 21000 Dijon, France.
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Rampler H, Weinhofer I, Netik A, Forss-Petter S, Brown PJ, Oplinger JA, Bugaut M, Berger J. Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of PPARalpha agonists for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Mol Genet Metab 2003; 80:398-407. [PMID: 14654352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ABCD1), a peroxisomal membrane protein, is mutated in patients affected by X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD). Adrenoleukodystrophy-related protein (ABCD2) is the closest relative of ABCD1. Pharmacological induction of ABCD2 gene expression has been proposed as a novel therapy strategy for X-ALD. Fibrates induce peroxisome proliferation and Abcd2 expression in rodent liver. Here we evaluate the possibility of using peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonists for pharmacological induction of ABCD2 expression. In the liver of PPARalpha-deficient mice, both the constitutive and the fenofibrate-inducible Abcd2 gene expression was found to be PPARalpha-dependent. In the brain, PPARalpha-deficiency has no effect on Abcd2 expression. In mice orally treated with the novel, highly selective, and potent PPARalpha agonists GW 7647, GW 6867, and tetradecylthioacetic acid, Abcd2 expression was induced in liver and adrenal glands, but not in brain and testis. None of four putative PPREs identified in the 5(')-flanking DNA and in intron 1 of the Abcd2 gene conferred fibrate response in luciferase reporter assays. Thus, although fibrate-mediated Abcd2 induction is PPARalpha-dependent, it appears to be an indirect mechanism. Within the mouse Abcd2 promoter, a putative sterol regulatory element (SRE) similar in sequence and position to the characterized SRE sequence of the human ABCD2 promoter, was identified. A PPARalpha dependent induction of the sterol regulatory-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and a down-regulation of SREBP1c mRNA levels could be demonstrated after fenofibrate treatment of mice. Our results suggest that the PPARalpha agonist-mediated induction of Abcd2 expression seems to be indirect and possibly mediated by SREBP2.
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