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Alaklabi S, Maguire O, Pattnaik H, Zhang Y, Chow J, Wang J, Minderman H, Iyer R. Immune Cell Molecular Pharmacodynamics of Lanreotide in Relation to Treatment Response in Patients with Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3104. [PMID: 39272962 PMCID: PMC11394651 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16173104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The CLARINET trial led to the approval of lanreotide for the treatment of patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). It is hypothesized that lanreotide regulates proliferation, hormone synthesis, and other cellular functions via binding to somatostatin receptors (SSTR1-5) present in NETs. However, our knowledge of how lanreotide affects the immune system is limited. In vitro studies have investigated functional immune response parameters with lanreotide treatment in healthy donor T cell subsets, encompassing the breadth of SSTR expression, apoptosis induction, cytokine production, and activity of transcription factor signaling pathways. In our study, we characterized in vitro immune mechanisms in healthy donor T cells in response to lanreotide. We also studied the in vivo effects by looking at differential gene expression pre- and post-lanreotide therapy in patients with NET. Immune-focused gene and protein expression profiling was performed on peripheral blood samples from 17 NET patients and correlated with clinical response. In vivo, lanreotide therapy showed reduced effects on wnt, T cell receptor (TCR), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) signaling in CD8+ T cells in responders compared to non-responders. Compared to non-responders, responders showed reduced effects on cytokine and chemokine signaling but greater effects on ubiquitination and proteasome degradation genes. Our results suggest significant lanreotide pharmacodynamic effects on immune function in vivo, which correlate with responses in NET patients. This is not evident from experimental in vitro settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Alaklabi
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Orla Maguire
- Flow & Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Harsha Pattnaik
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Jacky Chow
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Hans Minderman
- Flow & Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Renuka Iyer
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Zhang B, Feng H, Lin H, Li R. Somatostatin-SSTR3-GSK3 modulates human T-cell responses by inhibiting OXPHOS. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1322670. [PMID: 38426092 PMCID: PMC10902055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1322670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Somatostatin (SST) is a peptide hormone primarily synthesized in the digestive and nervous systems. While its impact on the endocrine system is well-established, accumulating evidence suggests a crucial role for SST and its analogues in modulating immune responses. Despite this, the precise mechanism through which SST regulates T cells has remained largely unknown. Methods To elucidate the impact of SST on human T cells, we conducted a series of experiments involving cell culture assays, molecular analyses, and metabolic profiling. Human T cells were treated with SST, and various parameters including proliferation, cytokine production, and metabolic activities were assessed. Additionally, we employed pharmacological inhibitors and genetic manipulations to dissect the signaling pathways mediating SST's effects on T cells. Results We showed that SST diminishes T-cell proliferation by influencing IL-2 production and T-cell mitochondrial respiration, while having no discernible impact on TCR-induced glycolysis. Our findings also identified that the regulatory influence of SST on T-cell responses and metabolism is contingent on its receptor, SSTR3. Moreover, we demonstrated that SST governs T-cell responses and metabolism by acting through the T-cell metabolic checkpoint GSK3. Discussion Our study provides novel insights into the immunoregulatory function of SST in human T cells, highlighting the complex interplay between hormonal signaling and immune regulation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying SST's effects on T cells may offer therapeutic opportunities for manipulating immune responses in various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Immunotherapy and Department of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huiru Feng
- Institute of Immunotherapy and Department of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Institute of Immunotherapy and Department of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rui Li
- Institute of Immunotherapy and Department of Neurology of First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Ren JX, Chen L, Guo W, Feng KY, Cai YD, Huang T. Patterns of Gene Expression Profiles Associated with Colorectal Cancer in Colorectal Mucosa by Using Machine Learning Methods. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:2921-2934. [PMID: 37957897 DOI: 10.2174/0113862073266300231026103844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a very high incidence and lethality rate and is one of the most dangerous cancer types. Timely diagnosis can effectively reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer. Changes in para-cancerous tissues may serve as an early signal for tumorigenesis. Comparison of the differences in gene expression between para-cancerous and normal mucosa can help in the diagnosis of CRC and understanding the mechanisms of development. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify specific genes at the level of gene expression, which are expressed in normal mucosa and may be predictive of CRC risk. METHODS A machine learning approach was used to analyze transcriptomic data in 459 samples of normal colonic mucosal tissue from 322 CRC cases and 137 non-CRC, in which each sample contained 28,706 gene expression levels. The genes were ranked using four ranking methods based on importance estimation (LASSO, LightGBM, MCFS, and mRMR) and four classification algorithms (decision tree [DT], K-nearest neighbor [KNN], random forest [RF], and support vector machine [SVM]) were combined with incremental feature selection [IFS] methods to construct a prediction model with excellent performance. RESULT The top-ranked genes, namely, HOXD12, CDH1, and S100A12, were associated with tumorigenesis based on previous studies. CONCLUSION This study summarized four sets of quantitative classification rules based on the DT algorithm, providing clues for understanding the microenvironmental changes caused by CRC. According to the rules, the effect of CRC on normal mucosa can be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xin Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM) & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Kai Yan Feng
- Department of Computer Science, Guangdong AIB Polytechnic College, Guangzhou, 510507, China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
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Somatostatin and Its Receptor System in Colorectal Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111743. [PMID: 34829972 PMCID: PMC8615525 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST)/somatotropin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF) is a well-known neuropeptide, widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission via interaction with five SST receptors (SST1-5). In the gastrointestinal tract, the main SST-producing cells include intestinal enteroendocrine cells (EECs) restricted to the mucosa, and neurons of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses. The action of the SRIF system is based on the inhibition of endocrine and exocrine secretion, as well as the proliferative responses of target cells. The SST1–5 share common signaling pathways, and are not only widely expressed on normal tissues, but also frequently overexpressed by several tumors, particularly neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). Furthermore, the SRIF system represents the only peptide/G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) system with multiple approved clinical applications for the diagnosis and treatment of several NENs. The role of the SRIF system in the histogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) subtypes (e.g., adenocarcinoma and signet ring-cell carcinoma), as well as diagnosis and prognosis of mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) and pure adenocarcinoma, is poorly understood. Moreover, the impact of the SRIF system signaling on CRC cell proliferation and its potential role in the progression of this cancer remains unknown. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent collective knowledge and understanding of the clinical significance of the SRIF system signaling in CRC, aiming to evaluate the potential role of its components in CRC histogenesis, diagnosis, and potential therapy.
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Ma J, Chen J, Louro B, Martins RS, Canario AV. Somatostatin 3 loss of function impairs the innate immune response to intestinal inflammation. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bertolini M, McElwee K, Gilhar A, Bulfone‐Paus S, Paus R. Hair follicle immune privilege and its collapse in alopecia areata. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:703-725. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin McElwee
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Skin Sciences University of Bradford Bradford UK
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Amos Gilhar
- Laboratory for Skin Research Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Silvia Bulfone‐Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Dermatology Research University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre Manchester UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory Münster Germany
- Centre for Dermatology Research University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre Manchester UK
- Dr. Philip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
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Anti-inflammatory Effect of Somatostatin Analogue Octreotide on Rheumatoid Arthritis Synoviocytes. Inflammation 2018; 41:1648-1660. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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El-Salhy M, Umezawa K. Effects of AP‑1 and NF‑κB inhibitors on colonic endocrine cells in rats with TNBS‑induced colitis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1515-22. [PMID: 27357734 PMCID: PMC4940105 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between intestinal neuroendocrine peptides/amines and the immune system appear to have an important role in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The present study investigated the effects of activator protein (AP)‑1 and nuclear factor (NF)‑κB inhibitors on inflammation‑induced alterations in enteroendocrine cells. A total of 48 male Wistar rats were divided into the following four groups (n=12 rats/group): Control, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)‑induced colitis only (TNBS group), TNBS‑induced colitis with 3‑[(dodecylthiocarbonyl)-methyl]-glutarimide (DTCM‑G) treatment (DTCM‑G group), and TNBS‑induced colitis with dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ) treatment (DHMEQ group). A total of 3 days following administration of TNBS, the rats were treated as follows: The control and TNBS groups received 0.5 ml vehicle (0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose; CMC), respectively; the DTCM‑G group received DTCM‑G (20 mg/kg body weight) in 0.5% CMC; and the DHMEQ group received DHMEQ (15 mg/kg body weight) in 0.5% CMC. All injections were performed intraperitoneally twice daily for 5 days. The rats were sacrificed, and tissue samples obtained from the colon were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Inflammation was evaluated using a scoring system. In addition, the sections were immunostained for chromogranin A (CgA), serotonin, peptide YY (PYY), oxyntomodulin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and somatostatin, and immunostaining was quantified using image‑analysis software. The density of cells expressing CgA, PYY and PP was significantly lower in the TNBS group compared with in the control group, whereas the density of cells expressing serotonin, oxyntomodulin and somatostatin was significantly higher in the TNBS group compared with in the control group. None of the endocrine cell types differed significantly between the control group and either the DTCM‑G or DHMEQ groups. All of the colonic endocrine cell types were affected in rats with TNBS‑induced colitis. The expression density of these endocrine cell types was restored to control levels following treatment with AP‑1 or NF‑κB inhibitors. These results indicated that the immune system and enteroendocrine cells interact in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy El-Salhy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stord Helse‑Fonna Hospital, 5416 Stord, Norway
| | - Kazuo Umezawa
- Department of Molecular Target Medicine, School of Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480‑1195, Japan
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El-Salhy M, Hausken T. The role of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Neuropeptides 2016; 55:137-44. [PMID: 26431932 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes three main disorders: ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and microscopic colitis. The etiology of IBD is unknown and the current treatments are not completely satisfactory. Interactions between the gut neurohormones and the immune system are thought to play a pivot role in inflammation, especially in IBD. These neurohormones are believed to include members of the neuropeptide YY (NPY) family, which comprises NPY, peptide YY (PYY), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP). Understanding the role of these peptides may shed light on the pathophysiology of IBD and potentially yield an effective treatment tool. Intestinal NPY, PYY, and PP are abnormal in both patients with IBD and animal models of human IBD. The abnormality in NPY appears to be primarily caused by an interaction between immune cells and the NPY neurons in the enteric nervous system; the abnormalities in PYY and PP appear to be secondary to the changes caused by the abnormalities in other gut neurohormonal peptides/amines that occur during inflammation. NPY is the member of the NPY family that can be targeted in order to decrease the inflammation present in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy El-Salhy
- Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stord Hospital, Stord, Norway; Section for Neuroendocrine Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Trygve Hausken
- Section for Neuroendocrine Gastroenterology, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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10
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Somatostatin Expression in Human Hair Follicles and Its Potential Role in Immune Privilege. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1722-30. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Huang Y, Hu Z, Liu G, Zhou W, Zhang Y. Cytokines induced by long-term potentiation (LTP) recording: a potential explanation for the lack of correspondence between learning/memory performance and LTP. Neuroscience 2012. [PMID: 23201254 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between learning/memory performance and long-term potentiation (LTP) induction is ambiguous. Although a large body of data supports a strong correspondence between learning/memory performance and LTP, many studies have also provided evidence to the contrary. In this study, we found that 2-month-old senescence-accelerated mice/prone 8 (SAMP8 mice) displayed both impaired performance in a Morris Water Maze (MWM) and enhanced LTP compared to senescence-accelerated mice/resistance 1 (SAMR1). BALB/c mice challenged with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) performed better in the shuttle-box test but displayed impaired LTP compared to intact animals. It is interesting that BALB/c mice challenged with Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA) performed better than intact animals, with no LTP impairment. Cytokine analysis showed no significant differences between the interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10) or TNF-α content in the intact hippocampal tissues of either the SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice or the immune-challenged BALB/c and intact animals. Further analysis demonstrated that the increase in cytokine content was higher in the hippocampal tissues used for LTP recording in the SAMR1 and CFA-challenged animals compared to the SAMP8 and intact BALB/c mice. A correlation analysis demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) displayed a negative correlation with LTP, while an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) displayed a positive correlation with LTP. These results suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by LTP manipulation in experiments (e.g., via tissue injury caused by electrode insertion) may be one of the factors contributing to the observed lack of correspondence between memory/learning ability and LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Huang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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Zhang Y, Huang W, Li F, Feng S, Kang K, Xu J. Octreotide for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical effects and an in vitro study on its therapeutic mechanism. Lupus 2012; 20:1172-81. [PMID: 21979989 DOI: 10.1177/0961203311409268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increased serum growth hormone (GH), together with high expression of growth hormone receptor on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), correlates with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) activity, suggesting that modulation of GH signaling may affect SLE activity. We explored the effects of octreotide (OCT), an analog of somatostatin that suppresses the release of GH, in SLE. The objectives of the study were to investigate effects of OCT on the proliferative capacity and cytokine expression of PBMCs from patients with SLE and to investigate therapeutic effects of OCT in patients with SLE. PBMCs from 13 active/inactive SLE patients and 11 controls were pretreated with or without GH and cultured with OCT. The proliferation of PBMCs was assessed by MTT assay and cytokines were quantified by ELISA. We compared the clinical response of 12 patients with SLE treated with OCT (100 µg twice daily) with 12 patients treated with prednisone over three months. OCT inhibited PBMC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner and decreased the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Patients treated with OCT demonstrated improvements in SLEDAI, dsDNA titer, complement levels, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). OCT inhibited PBMC proliferation and PBMC secretion of IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ stimulated by GH. Treatment of patients with OCT resulted in clinical improvement in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Bai J, Khaldi S, Gargala G, Baishanbo A, François A, Ballet JJ, Ducrotté P, Fioramonti J, Favennec L, Le Goff L. Effects of octreotide on jejunal hypersensitivity triggered by Cryptosporidium parvum intestinal infection in an immunocompetent suckling rat model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 23:1043-50, e499. [PMID: 21320238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2011.01680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Similar to other bacterial or protozoan infections, human cryptosporidiosis may trigger postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-like symptoms, a condition in which enhanced visceral perception of pain during intestinal distension plays a pivotal role. In an immunocompetent suckling rat model which mimicks features of postinfectious IBS, Cryptosporidium parvum infection induces long-lasting jejunal hypersensitivity to distension in association with intestinal activated mast cell accumulation. The aim of the present study was to explore in this model whether octreotide, a somatostatin agonist analog, could prevent the development of jejunal hypersensitivity and intestinal mast cell/nerve fiber accumulation. METHODS Five-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were infected with C. parvum and treated 10 days later with octreotide (50 g kg(-1) day(-1), i.p.) for 7 days. KEY RESULTS Compared with untreated infected rats, octreotide treatment of infected rats resulted in increased weight gain [day 23 postinfection (PI)], decreased food intake (day 16 PI), and a reduction in jejunal villus alterations (day 14 PI), CD3(+) IEL (day 37 PI) and mast cell (days 37 and 50 PI) accumulations, nerve fiber densities (day 50 PI), and hypersensitivity to distension (day 120 PI). In uninfected rats, the effects of octreotide treatment were limited to higher weight gain (days 16 and 23 PI) and decreased food intake (day 23 PI) compared with uninfected-untreated rats. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Data confirms the relevance of the present rat model to postinfectious IBS studies and prompt further investigation of somatostatin-dependent regulatory interactions in cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bai
- Parasitology Department, Rouen University Hospital and Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
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Dalm VASH, Hofland LJ, Lamberts SWJ. Future clinical prospects in somatostatin/cortistatin/somatostatin receptor field. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 286:262-77. [PMID: 17942217 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin receptors (sst), somatostatin (SS) and cortistatin (CST) are widely expressed in the various systems in the human and rodent organisms and are "responsible" for maintaining homeostasis, which is essential for survival. Because of their broad expression pattern sst, SS and CST interactions may play regulatory roles in both physiology and pathophysiology in mammalian organisms. SS analogue treatment strategies as well as the use of SS analogues for diagnostic purposes have been established in diseases of different origins. This review focuses on the currently determined role for SS analogues in today's clinical practice and the potential clinical prospects for SS, CST and sst interactions in the future, with a focus on neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine tumours and immune-mediated diseases. Moreover, the role of new SS analogues and new insights in sst physiology will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A S H Dalm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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van Hagen PM, Dalm VA, Staal F, Hofland LJ. The role of cortistatin in the human immune system. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 286:141-7. [PMID: 18450367 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cortistatin (CST) is a recently described neuropeptide that shares high homology with somatostatin (somatotropin release-inhibiting factor, SRIF) and binds with high affinity to all somatostatin (sst) receptor subtypes. CST is currently known to have a widespread distribution in many human organs including the immune system. The activities specific to CST may be partially attributable to its binding to the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS)-receptor (GHS-R) and the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor MrgX2. Human immune cells produce CST, whereas macrophage lineage and activated endothelium express sst2, and human lymphocytes express sst3. The human thymus expresses sst1, 2, 3, MrgX2 and almost all immune cells express GHS-R. Moreover, at this very moment promising research with CST in experimental animal models is being performed. On the basis of these promising results, studies aiming to further evaluate the possibilities of CST as a therapeutic agent in human immune-mediated inflammatory diseases are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Martin van Hagen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical School, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Reinke E, Fabry Z. Breaking or making immunological privilege in the central nervous system: the regulation of immunity by neuropeptides. Immunol Lett 2005; 104:102-9. [PMID: 16375975 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune privilege in the central nervous system (CNS) is not maintained by immune ignorance of the CNS, but by CNS control over inflammatory processes. In this review we examine the role neuropeptides play in maintenance of immune privilege in the CNS. Vasoactive intestinal peptide, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating-hormone, neuropeptide Y, and somatostatin are members of an anti-inflammatory repertoire of immune modulators, while substance P acts to break immune privilege and promote inflammation in the CNS. Here we focus both on cellular responses to these neuropeptides and the role these peptides play in immune privilege as it relates to CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Reinke
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Ferone D, van Hagen PM, Semino C, Dalm VA, Barreca A, Colao A, Lamberts SWJ, Minuto F, Hofland LJ. Somatostatin receptor distribution and function in immune system. Dig Liver Dis 2004; 36 Suppl 1:S68-77. [PMID: 15077914 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2003.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin and cortistatin, a recently discovered endogenous neuropeptide relative of somatostatin, have multiple modulatory effects on the immune system. The specific somatostatin receptor distribution might in part explain the heterogeneity of effects of somatostatin or its analogs on immunocytes. In fact, somatostatin receptor subtypes are differentially expressed on specific cell subsets within the organs of the immune system and the expression is dynamically regulated and seems to depend on the traffic of these cells through and within lymphoid structure and homing in tissues. Somatostatin effects on immune cells are mainly based on autocrine and paracrine modes of action. In fact, activated cells producing somatostatin (or cortistatin) may interact with other cells expressing the receptors. Here, we review the postulated modes of action of somatostatin and somatostatin-like peptides, including the currently available synthetic somatostatin analogs, in cells of the immune system. We also discuss the wide distribution of somatostatin and its specific five receptor subtypes in immune cell lines, as well as throughout animal and human lymphoid organs, in both normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ferone
- Department of Endocrinological and Metabolic Sciences (Di.S.E.M.), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 6, Genoa 16132, Italy.
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18
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Mundschenk J, Unger N, Schulz S, Höllt V, Schulz S, Steinke R, Lehnert H. Somatostatin receptor subtypes in human pheochromocytoma: subcellular expression pattern and functional relevance for octreotide scintigraphy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:5150-7. [PMID: 14602742 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The stable somatostatin analog octreotide has been successfully used for imaging and treatment of a variety of human tumors. In pheochromocytoma, data on somatostatin receptor subtyping have thus far been sparse. Pheochromocytomas often express more than one somatostatin receptor, and it is uncertain by which receptor subtype the functional responses of octreotide are mediated. Here, we have examined somatostatin receptor protein expression in a panel of 52 pheochromocytomas from 35 randomly selected patients by immunostaining with specific polyclonal anti-sst(1-5) and monoclonal mouse anti-SS-14 antibodies. Staining pattern, distribution and subcellular localization of somatostatin receptor subtypes were investigated. Seventeen patients received (111)In-octreotide scintigraphy. Although the vast majority of tumors (90%) showed positive immunohistochemical staining for sst(3), immunoreactive sst(2A) receptors were only seen in 13 tumors (25%). All other somatostatin receptor subtypes were less frequently detected. Interestingly, among sst(3)-positive tumors strikingly different subcellular distributions of immunoreactive sst(3) receptors were observed. In most cases, immunoreactive sst(3) receptors were distributed throughout the cytosol. Scintigraphic localization of tumors larger than 1 cm in diameter was always successful in the presence of immunoreactive sst(2A) receptors. In the absence of sst(2A), true-positive octreotide scintigraphy was only seen in the presence of membrane-associated sst(3) immunoreactivity. Our findings suggest that selective expression of functional membrane-associated sst(3) receptors is sufficient for high tracer uptake during octreotide scintigraphy in a subgroup of human pheochromocytomas. These tumors may represent a potential target treatment with somatostatin receptor agonists with improved sst(3) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Mundschenk
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Otto-von-Guericke-University, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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19
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Genton L, Kudsk KA. Interactions between the enteric nervous system and the immune system: role of neuropeptides and nutrition. Am J Surg 2003; 186:253-8. [PMID: 12946828 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(03)00210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptidergic synthesis occurs in enteric nerves and immune cells of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and intestinal epithelial cells are capable of responding to these neuropeptides. Neuropeptides generate proliferative or antiproliferative responses of mucosal lymphocytes and intestinal epithelial cells, affect cytokine production and immunoglobulin synthesis by immune cells, and control secretion of water and electrolytes. Some neuropeptides, particularly cholecystokinin, gastrin-releasing peptide, and neurotensin, appear promising to maintain mucosal immunity in patients who cannot receive enteral feeding during critical illness or after GI tract loss. Exogenous administration of neuropeptides to preserve normal immune defenses represents a potential new field of pharmacotherapeutics against bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Genton
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Medical School, H4/730 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53792-7375, USA
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20
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Lattuada D, Casnici C, Venuto A, Marelli O. The apoptotic effect of somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on human lymphocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 133:211-6. [PMID: 12446025 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The antiproliferative effect of a synthetic octapeptide, somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 (SMS), and its capacity to bind were evaluated on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) activated by phytohemoagglutinin (PHA). We then addressed our work to investigate if SMS inhibits PHA activation of PBL by a cytostatic rather than a cytotoxic mechanism. Consequently, we studied the cell cycle distribution and the activation of caspase-3, measuring the presence of the cleavage product of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP), and we evaluated the presence of apoptotic DNA by using a monoclonal antibody specific for the single-stranded regions of DNA. All our results indicate that SMS induces apoptosis in activated lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lattuada
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy
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21
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Medina S, Del Río M, Hernanz A, De la Fuente M. Age-related changes in the neuropeptide Y effects on murine lymphoproliferation and interleukin-2 production. Peptides 2000; 21:1403-9. [PMID: 11072128 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(00)00284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) modulates several aspects of the immune response but it is not known whether NPY responsiveness is altered with aging. In this work, the in vitro effect of NPY at concentrations ranging from 10(-)(14) M to 10(-)(7) M on lymphoproliferation has been studied in spleen, axillary node and thymus leukocytes from young, adult, mature and old BALB/c mice. The spontaneous proliferation of spleen lymphocytes from young mice was significantly stimulated by NPY. In response to the mitogen Con A, lymphoproliferation and IL-2 release by lymphocytes were inhibited significantly by NPY, these effects disappearing with aging. The results show that NPY is a modulator of lymphoproliferation and that this effect disappears progressively with age. Moreover, this regulatory role of NPY may be carried out through a decrease in IL-2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Medina
- Departamento de Biología Animal II (Fisiología Animal), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Baccaglini L, Pillemer SR, Baum BJ. Sjögren's syndrome: a possible pathogenetic mechanism involving somatostatin. Oral Dis 2000; 6:264-6. [PMID: 11002406 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic systemic disease that primarily affects the salivary and lacrimal glands. The pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome is unknown. We hypothesize that reduced somatostatin activity is an important factor in promoting immune dysregulation in patients affected by Sjögren's syndrome. Somatostatin is a multifunctional peptide with potent immunomodulatory properties. Its effects include reduced lymphocytic activity, reduced gastric and intestinal secretions, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, and anti-inflammatory action, all opposite to the general presentation in Sjögren's syndrome. We suggest that the activity of somatostatin is low in patients affected by this disease, and this contributes significantly to the pathology observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baccaglini
- Sjögren's Syndrome Clinic, Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 10, 1N113, MSC-1190, Bethesda, MD 20892-1190, USA
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