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Tang P, Geddes RF, Chang Y, Jepson RE, van den Broek DHN, Lötter N, Elliott J. Detection of nephrocalcinosis using ultrasonography, micro-computed tomography, and histopathology in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1553-1562. [PMID: 38348812 PMCID: PMC11099790 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of nephrocalcinosis in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is of clinical interest but the ability of ultrasonography to detect nephrocalcinosis is uncertain. OBJECTIVES To compare ultrasonography, micro-computed tomography (μCT) and histopathology for identification of nephrocalcinosis. ANIMALS Twelve kidneys from 7 euthyroid client-owned cats with CKD. METHODS Descriptive study. Renal ultrasonography was performed ante-mortem for nephrocalcinosis detection. Kidneys were grouped based on nephrocalcinosis: present, suspected, or absent. When cats died, necropsy was performed. Renal tissue was evaluated using μCT for macroscopic nephrocalcinosis, and nephrocalcinosis volume-to-kidney tissue ratio (macro-VN:KT) and sagittal nephrocalcinosis area-to-kidney tissue ratio (macro-AN:KT) were calculated. Each kidney subsequently was bisected longitudinally, formalin-fixed, and paraffin-embedded for microscopic nephrocalcinosis assessment using von Kossa and Alizarin red staining with AN:KT (VK-micro-AN:KT and AR-micro-AN:KT) quantified using ImageJ. Data are presented as median (range). Relationships between macroscopic and microscopic AN:KT were assessed using Spearman's correlation. RESULTS Nephrocalcinosis by ultrasonography was considered to be absent in 3, suspected in 3, and present in 5 kidneys; 1 kidney had nephrolithiasis with nephrocalcinosis. The macro-VN:KT was 0.001%, 0.001%, and 0.019%, and the macro-AN:KT was 0.08%, 0.30%, and 1.47%, respectively. Histologically, VK-micro-AN:KT was 0.21%, 2.85%, and 4.56%, and AR-micro-AN:KT was 1.73%, 5.82%, and 8.90% for kidneys where ultrasonographic macro-nephrocalcinosis was absent, suspected, or present, respectively. A strong correlation was identified between macroscopic (macro-AN:KT) and microscopic (VK-micro-AN:KT) nephrocalcinosis (rs = 0.76; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Ultrasonographically diagnosed nephrocalcinosis correlates well with macroscopic and microscopic nephrocalcinosis at necropsy despite their separation in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak‐Kan Tang
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Rebecca F. Geddes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Yu‐Mei Chang
- Research Support Office, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Rosanne E. Jepson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Nicola Lötter
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Gomes V, Ariza P, Silva M, Schulz Jr. F, Oliveira H, Queiroz L, Borges N, Bragato N, Fioravanti M. Mineral composition and clinical aspects of urolithiasis in cats in Brazil. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Between October 2016 and October 2017, 63 feline uroliths were analyzed at Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) by using both chemical analysis and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The most frequent mineral type found was struvite (53.9%), followed by urate (39.7%), calcium oxalate (30.1%) and calcium phosphate (25.3%). Calculus containing xanthine, cystine and silica were not observed. Uroliths classified as simple, comprised a total of 34/63. Amongst the 42 animals present in the study, 26 were male and 16 were female. Pure breed animals comprised 14.4% of the total, and the breeds observed within the study were the Persian, Himalayan, Siamese, and Angora. Cats between 25-72 months old were more frequently diagnosed with uroliths. The clinical signs varied between systemic and urinary signs and the most found were anorexia, vomiting, hematuria and dysuria. All patients were either spayed or neutered and 34 patients had no outdoor access. Familial information was unknown in almost 100% of the cases. The results observed in the present study serve as a basis for future comparisons related to the epidemiology of urinary lithiasis in Brazil, especially for the feline species.
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Paulin MV, Dunn M, Vachon C, Beauchamp G, Conversy B. Association between hyperlipidemia and calcium oxalate lower urinary tract uroliths in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 36:146-155. [PMID: 34854133 PMCID: PMC8783332 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome is associated with formation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths in humans. Objectives To investigate the association between obesity and hyperlipidemia with CaOx lower urinary tract uroliths in client‐owned dogs. Animals Dogs with (n = 55, U [uroliths]‐dogs) and without (n = 39, UF [uroliths‐free]‐dogs) CaOx lower urinary tract uroliths. Methods Case‐control study. U‐dogs were retrospectively enrolled and compared to UF‐dogs. Body condition score (BCS; 1‐9 scoring scale), serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (CH) concentrations and glycemia (after >12‐hour food withholding) were recorded in both groups. Results On univariate logistic regression, when excluding Miniature Schnauzers, odds of having uroliths increased by a factor of 3.32 (95% CI 1.38‐11.12) for each mmol/L of TG (P = .027), of 39 (95% CI 9.27‐293.22) for each mmol/L of glycemia (P < .0001), and of 2.43 (95% CI 1.45‐4.45) per unit of BCS (P = .002). In multivariable models, the effect of TG was retained when all breeds were included for analysis and odds of having uroliths increased by a factor of 4.34 per mmol/L of TG (95% CI 1.45‐19.99; P = .02). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Serum lipid screening in dogs diagnosed with CaOx uroliths might be recommended to improve their medical staging and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu V Paulin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine-University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Marilyn Dunn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital-University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Vachon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital-University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital-University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bérénice Conversy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital-University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Wong AD, Gardhouse S, Rooney T, Beaufrère H, Eshar D. Associations between biochemical parameters and referral centre in pet rabbits with urolithiasis. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:554-561. [PMID: 33724471 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the association between signalment, selected haematologic and biochemical parameters and referral centre in pet rabbits with imaging evidence of urolithiasis presented to two veterinary teaching hospitals in North America. MATERIALS AND METHODS The medical record database of two veterinary teaching hospitals was searched from 2009 to 2019 for records of pet rabbits that received both imaging studies and plasma biochemistry profiles. Information regarding signalment, bodyweight, packed cell volume, total solids, and plasma biochemistry profiles was obtained. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to identify statistically significant parameters associated with imaging evidence of urolithiasis. RESULTS Of the 324 examined rabbits, 33 (10.2%) had confirmed evidence of urolithiasis on imaging. Increasing plasma calcium and sodium concentrations and referral centre were significantly associated with the presence of urolithiasis on the univariable logistic regression model. However, only plasma calcium concentration and the referral centre demonstrated significant associations on the multivariable logistic regression model. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Results indicate that urolithiasis in pet rabbits that receive imaging is associated with mildly increasing plasma calcium concentration and referral centre. The association with referral centre may indicate there are geographic influences on urolithiasis or on imaging. However, the identified associations have low predictive value for the diagnosis of urolithiasis, indicating the need for additional diagnostic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Wong
- Health Sciences Centre, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - S Gardhouse
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - T Rooney
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - H Beaufrère
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - D Eshar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
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Hunprasit V, Schreiner PJ, Bender JB, Lulich JP. Epidemiologic evaluation of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs in the United States: 2010-2015. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2090-2095. [PMID: 31471926 PMCID: PMC6766490 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive health implications of early recognition of calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis include increased opportunity for nonsurgical removal, early dietary modification to minimize urolith growth, early removal to avoid urinary obstruction, and early recognition of genetic and metabolic diseases before they contribute to additional morbidity. OBJECTIVES To identify high- and low-risk dog breeds for CaOx uroliths and to determine the relationship of age and sex to the development of CaOx uroliths. ANIMALS Calcium oxalate urolith submissions between 2010 and 2015. METHODS A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to identify high- and low-risk breeds for CaOx uroliths by comparing cases to multiple comparison groups. At-risk breeds were identified if odds ratios were significant (P value <.05) across all comparison groups. RESULTS Of 258 898 urolith submissions, 124 285 were CaOx. Calcium oxalate was identified in 212 breeds. Twelve breeds were identified as high-risk breeds, and 14 breeds were identified as low-risk breeds. All high-risk breeds were small dog breeds, and all low-risk breeds were medium to large dog breeds. Overall, the mean age ± standard deviation of the first CaOx urolith was 8.4 ± 2.8 years. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE To achieve the health benefits of preclinical evaluation, breeds at high risk for CaOx urolithiasis should be screened at 5 to 6 years of age, which is 2 to 3 years before likely development of clinical urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vachira Hunprasit
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pamela J Schreiner
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jeffrey B Bender
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jody P Lulich
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Kennedy SM, Lulich JP, Ritt MG, Furrow E. Comparison of body condition score and urinalysis variables between dogs with and without calcium oxalate uroliths. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 249:1274-1280. [PMID: 27875079 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.11.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare body condition score (BCS) and urinalysis variables between dogs with and without calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths. DESIGN Case-control study. ANIMALS 46 Miniature Schnauzers, 16 Bichons Frises, and 6 Shih Tzus. PROCEDURES Medical records were reviewed for Miniature Schnauzers, Bichons Frises, and Shih Tzus that were examined between January 2001 and November 2014 for another urolithiasis study or for a urolith removal procedure. Dogs with CaOx uroliths were classified as cases. Dogs without a history of urinary tract disease and with no evidence of radiopaque uroliths on abdominal radiographs were classified as controls. Each case was matched with 1 control on the basis of age (± 2 years), sex, and breed. Body condition score and urinalysis results were compared between cases and controls, and the relationship between BCS and urine pH was analyzed. RESULTS Median BCS was significantly greater for cases than controls, although the proportion of overweight dogs did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Urine pH was negatively associated with age, but was not associated with BCS or the presence of CaOx uroliths. Cases infrequently had acidic urine or CaOx crystalluria but frequently had hematuria and proteinuria. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that dogs with CaOx uroliths had a greater median BCS than control dogs, but the clinical importance of that finding was unclear. Acidic urine and CaOx crystalluria were uncommon and not adequate predictors of CaOx urolith status. Hematuria and proteinuria were commonly observed in dogs with CaOx urolithiasis, but they are not pathognomonic for that condition.
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Mizukami K, Raj K, Osborne C, Giger U. Cystinuria Associated with Different SLC7A9 Gene Variants in the Cat. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159247. [PMID: 27404572 PMCID: PMC4942060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystinuria is a classical inborn error of metabolism characterized by a selective proximal renal tubular defect affecting cystine, ornithine, lysine, and arginine (COLA) reabsorption, which can lead to uroliths and urinary obstruction. In humans, dogs and mice, cystinuria is caused by variants in one of two genes, SLC3A1 and SLC7A9, which encode the rBAT and bo,+AT subunits of the bo,+ basic amino acid transporter system, respectively. In this study, exons and flanking regions of the SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 genes were sequenced from genomic DNA of cats (Felis catus) with COLAuria and cystine calculi. Relative to the Felis catus-6.2 reference genome sequence, DNA sequences from these affected cats revealed 3 unique homozygous SLC7A9 missense variants: one in exon 5 (p.Asp236Asn) from a non-purpose-bred medium-haired cat, one in exon 7 (p.Val294Glu) in a Maine Coon and a Sphinx cat, and one in exon 10 (p.Thr392Met) from a non-purpose-bred long-haired cat. A genotyping assay subsequently identified another cystinuric domestic medium-haired cat that was homozygous for the variant originally identified in the purebred cats. These missense variants result in deleterious amino acid substitutions of highly conserved residues in the bo,+AT protein. A limited population survey supported that the variants found were likely causative. The remaining 2 sequenced domestic short-haired cats had a heterozygous variant at a splice donor site in intron 10 and a homozygous single nucleotide variant at a branchpoint in intron 11 of SLC7A9, respectively. This study identifies the first SLC7A9 variants causing feline cystinuria and reveals that, as in humans and dogs, this disease is genetically heterogeneous in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keijiro Mizukami
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Karthik Raj
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Carl Osborne
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Urs Giger
- Section of Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nwaokorie EE, Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Fletcher TF, Ulrich LK, Koehler LA, Buettner MT. Risk factors for calcium carbonate urolithiasis in goats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 247:293-9. [PMID: 26176729 DOI: 10.2460/javma.247.3.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify demographic or signalment factors associated with calcium carbonate urolith formation in goats. DESIGN Retrospective case series and case-control study. ANIMALS 354 goats with calcium carbonate uroliths (case animals) and 16,366 goats without urinary tract disease (control animals). PROCEDURES Medical records of the Minnesota Urolith Center were reviewed to identify case goats for which samples were submitted between January 1, 1984, and December 31, 2012. Control goats evaluated at US veterinary teaching hospitals in the same time period were identified by searching Veterinary Medical Database records. Age, breed, sex, reproductive status, geographic location, season, and anatomic location of collected uroliths were analyzed to identify risk or protective factors associated with calcium carbonate urolithiasis. RESULTS Nigerian dwarf goats had higher odds of developing calcium carbonate uroliths than did Pygmy goats (reference group). Several breeds had lower odds of this finding, compared with Pygmy goats; odds were lowest for mixed, Anglo-Nubian, and Toggenburg breeds. Breeds of African origin (Pygmy, Nigerian Dwarf, and Boer) comprised 146 of 275 (53%) case goats with data available. Goats of African descent had a higher risk of developing calcium carbonate uroliths than did goats of non-African descent (reference group). Males and neutered goats had higher odds of calcium carbonate urolithiasis, compared with females and sexually intact goats, respectively. Age category, geographic location, and season were associated with detection of calcium carbonate uroliths. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Goats with calcium carbonate uroliths were typically neutered males, > 1 year of age, and of African descent. This study identified factors associated with calcium carbonate urolithiasis in goats; however, these associations do not allow conclusions regarding cause-and-effect relationships.
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Okafor CC, Pearl DL, Lefebvre SL, Wang M, Yang M, Blois SL, Lund EM, Dewey CE. Risk factors associated with struvite urolithiasis in dogs evaluated at general care veterinary hospitals in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 243:1737-45. [PMID: 24299545 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.12.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors associated with development of struvite urolithiasis in dogs evaluated at general care veterinary hospitals in the United States. DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. ANIMALS 508 dogs with a first-time diagnosis of struvite urolithiasis and 7,135 control dogs. PROCEDURES Electronic medical records of all dogs evaluated at 787 general care veterinary hospitals in the United States between October 2007 and December 2010 were reviewed to identify dogs that developed struvite urolithiasis and 2 groups of control dogs with no history of urolithiasis. Information extracted included diet, age, sex, neuter status, breed size category, hospital location, and date of diagnosis. Urinalysis results, urolith composition, and other disease conditions were recorded if applicable. Potential risk factors were assessed with univariable and multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS Toy- or small-sized breeds had significantly greater odds of struvite urolithiasis, compared with medium- or large-sized breeds. Neutering significantly increased the odds of this outcome in females only; sexually intact females were more likely to develop struvite urolithiasis than were sexually intact males, but only up to 5 years of age. Urinary factors significantly associated with the outcome were basic (vs acidic) pH, presence of RBCs or WBCs, protein concentration > 30 mg/dL, and ketone concentration ≥ 5 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Evaluation of demographic characteristics and urinalysis results may be useful in the early identification of struvite urolithiasis in dogs. Periodic urinalysis in dogs is recommended because of the potential health impact of a late diagnosis of urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika C Okafor
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Okafor CC, Lefebvre SL, Pearl DL, Yang M, Wang M, Blois SL, Lund EM, Dewey CE. Risk factors associated with calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs evaluated at general care veterinary hospitals in the United States. Prev Vet Med 2014; 115:217-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nwaokorie EE, Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Albasan H. Epidemiological evaluation of cystine urolithiasis in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo): 70 cases (1992-2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 242:1099-103. [PMID: 23547673 DOI: 10.2460/javma.242.8.1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of cystine uroliths in domestic ferrets with urolithiasis and determine whether age, breed, sex, reproductive status, anatomic location, and season are risk factors associated with cystine urolith formation. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional case-control study. SAMPLE Records of 435 ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) with uroliths submitted for analyses between 1992 and 2009, of which 70 were cystine uroliths. PROCEDURES Specific descriptive information was obtained about each ferret to determine whether specific risk factors were associated with the development of cystine uroliths. RESULTS Cystine uroliths comprised 70 of the 435 (16%) uroliths. Cystine uroliths were more common in male (n = 54) than in female (16) ferrets. All cystine uroliths were retrieved from the lower portion of the urinary tract (bladder and urethra [n = 67]) or were voided (3); none of the uroliths were retrieved from the upper portion of the urinary tract (kidney and ureters). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Awareness of the prevalence of cystine uroliths along with knowledge of etiologic, demographic, and environmental risk and protective factors for urolithiasis may facilitate development of surveillance strategies that result in earlier detection of cystinuria. Genetic factors associated with this disease have not yet been reported in ferrets, but a familial pattern of inheritance determined to be a major underlying factor in cystine urolithiasis in dogs and humans suggests that this may be a factor in ferrets and that the parent stock of ferrets in the present study may have been inbred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene E Nwaokorie
- Minnesota Urolith Center, Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Albasan H, Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Ulrich LK, Koehler LA. Effects of storage in formalin on composition of canine and feline uroliths. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241:1613-6. [PMID: 23216036 DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.12.1613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether storage in neutral-buffered 10% formalin in vitro has any effect on the composition of biogenic minerals of canine and feline uroliths. DESIGN Prospective in vitro study. SAMPLE POPULATION Canine and feline uroliths submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center from 34 dogs and 27 cats. PROCEDURES Submissions from each dog or cat consisted of multiple uroliths of a single mineral type. After retrieval from the urinary tract, none of the uroliths had been placed in a preservative before submission. Evaluated uroliths were exclusively composed of the following: only struvite (uroliths from 5 dogs and 5 cats), calcium oxalate (5 dogs and 5 cats), calcium phosphate apatite (5 dogs and 5 cats), cystine (5 dogs and 5 cats), ammonium urate (5 dogs and 5 cats), or silica (5 dogs). One urolith from each dog or cat was quantitatively analyzed by polarized light microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, or both. Another urolith from the same animal was immersed in 1 mL of neutral-buffered 10% formalin for 48 hours at room temperature (22.5°C). Uroliths exposed to formalin were then air-dried for 30 minutes, and the analysis was repeated. RESULTS After exposure to formalin, a portion of every struvite urolith was transformed into newberyite. This was not observed with any other urolith mineral type. Quantitative mineral analysis of nonstruvite uroliths revealed no detectable change in mineral composition. However, 3 of 10 ammonium urate uroliths dissolved when placed in formalin. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE To avoid misdiagnosis of mineral composition, uroliths should not be immersed in formalin prior to analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Albasan
- Minnesota Urolith Center, Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, 55108, USA.
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Albasan H, Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Lekcharoensuk C. Risk factors for urate uroliths in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:842-7. [PMID: 22443437 DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.7.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify demographic factors associated with urate urolithiasis in cats and determine whether the rate of urolith submission to a laboratory had changed over time. DESIGN Case series and case-control study. ANIMALS Cases consisted of 5,072 cats with urate uroliths submitted to the Minnesota Urolith Center between January 1, 1981, and December 31, 2008. Controls consisted of 437,228 cats without urinary tract diseases identified in records of the Veterinary Medical Database during the same period. PROCEDURES Information on cat breed, age, sex, reproductive status, and location of uroliths was used to identify risk factors. Changes in annual urolith submission rates were evaluated. RESULTS Purebred cats had significantly higher odds of developing urate uroliths than did cats of mixed breeding (reference group). On the other hand, cats of the Abyssinian, American Shorthair, Himalayan, Manx, and Persian breeds had significantly lower odds of developing urate uroliths than did mixed breeds. Neutered cats were 12 times as likely to develop urate uroliths as were sexually intact cats. Cats in all age groups had significantly increased odds of developing urate uroliths, compared with cats < 1 year of age (reference group). Cats ≥ 4 but < 7 years of age had the highest odds of all groups and were 51 times as likely to develop urate uroliths as were cats < 1 year of age. Urolith submission rates did not change significantly with time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings of this study suggested that the typical cat with urate uroliths was a purebred neutered cat, 4 to 7 years old, with uroliths in the bladder or urethra. This information may be helpful in predicting mineral composition of uroliths in vivo. However, no conclusions can be made regarding cause-and-effect relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Albasan
- Minnesota Urolith Center, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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14
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Nwaokorie EE, Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Albasan H, Lekcharoensuk C. Epidemiology of struvite uroliths in ferrets: 272 cases (1981-2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 239:1319-24. [PMID: 22044328 DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.10.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To confirm that the predominant mineral type in naturally occurring uroliths in ferrets is struvite; to determine whether age, breed, sex, reproductive status, geographic location, season, and anatomic location are risk factors associated with urolith formation in ferrets; to compare features of struvite uroliths in cats with those in ferrets; and to determine whether there is a logical evidence-based rationale for clinical trials of the safety and efficacy of diet-induced dissolution of struvite uroliths in ferrets. DESIGN Retrospective case-control study. ANIMALS 408 ferrets with uroliths (272 struvite uroliths) from the Minnesota Urolith Center, and 6,528 control ferrets from the Veterinary Medical Database. PROCEDURES Historical information was obtained about each ferret. The association between proposed risk factors and outcome (struvite urolith formation) was assessed. RESULTS Sterile struvite was the predominant mineral in uroliths in ferrets. Neutered male ferrets had a significantly increased risk of developing sterile struvite uroliths. A significant association was also found between increasing age and the detection of struvite uroliths. Struvite uroliths in ferrets were more likely to be retrieved from the lower urinary tract than from the upper urinary tract. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Knowledge of predominant mineral type in uroliths along with insight into etiologic, demographic, and environmental risk and protective factors for urolithiasis may facilitate development of surveillance strategies that result in earlier detection of uroliths in ferrets. Modification of risk factors, including dietary risk factors, may help to minimize urolith formation, dissolve existing uroliths, and minimize urolith recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene E Nwaokorie
- Minnesota Urolith Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Albasan H, Osborne CA, Lulich JP, Lekcharoensuk C, Koehler LA, Ulrich LK, Swanson LL. Rate and frequency of recurrence of uroliths after an initial ammonium urate, calcium oxalate, or struvite urolith in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 235:1450-5. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.235.12.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Lulich JP, Osborne CA, Albasan H, Monga M, Bevan JM. Efficacy and safety of laser lithotripsy in fragmentation of urocystoliths and urethroliths for removal in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234:1279-85. [PMID: 19442022 DOI: 10.2460/javma.234.10.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the efficacy and safety of laser lithotripsy in the fragmentation of urocystoliths and urethroliths for removal in dogs. DESIGN Prospective case series. ANIMALS 100 dogs with naturally occurring urocystoliths and urethroliths. PROCEDURES Via cystoscopy, laser lithotripsy was performed to fragment uroliths. Basket retrieval and voiding urohydropropulsion were used to remove fragments. Postprocedural contrast cystography was performed to assess efficacy and safety. In 40 dogs, midstream urine samples were collected just prior to laser lithotripsy (day 0) and on days 1, 3, and 11 after laser lithotripsy to assess inflammation. RESULTS Urolith removal was complete in 82% of dogs (52/66 with only urocystoliths, 17/17 with only urethroliths, and 13/17 with urocystoliths and urethroliths). Urolith removal was incomplete in 18 dogs; of these dogs, 9, 6, and 3 had urolith fragments >or= 3 mm, 1 to < 3 mm, and < 1 mm in diameter, respectively. Sex (female) was the most significant predictor for success. Median procedure time was 72 minutes. Two dogs developed urinary tract obstruction following laser lithotripsy. Hematuria was detected in 53% of dogs on day 0 and in 84%, 13%, and 3% of dogs on days 1, 3, and 11, respectively. Leukocyturia was detected in 13% of dogs on day 0 and in 47%, 0%, and 3% of dogs on days 1, 3, and 11, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that use of laser lithotripsy was a safe and effective alternative to surgical removal of urocystoliths and urethroliths in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody P Lulich
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Appel SL, Lefebvre SL, Houston DM, Holmberg DL, Stone JEA, Moore AEP, Weese JS. Evaluation of risk factors associated with suture-nidus cystoliths in dogs and cats: 176 cases (1999–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 233:1889-95. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.233.12.1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Albasan H, Lulich JP, Osborne CA, Lekcharoensuk C. Evaluation of the association between sex and risk of forming urate uroliths in Dalmatians. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:565-9. [PMID: 16117063 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.227.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that urate uroliths are uncommonly detected in female Dalmatians, compared with males. DESIGN Case-control study. SAMPLE POPULATION Medical records of dogs evaluated at veterinary teaching hospitals in North America from 1981 to 2002 and compiled by the Veterinary Medical Database, and records of dogs with uroliths submitted for quantitative analyses to the Minnesota Urolith Center from 1981 to 2002. PROCEDURES Crude odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to assess whether sex (male vs female) was a risk factor for urate urolithiasis. RESULTS In Dalmatians evaluated by veterinary teaching hospitals in North America, males were more likely (OR, 13.0) to form uroliths, compared with females. In Dalmatians that formed uroliths analyzed by the Minnesota Urolith Center, males were more likely (OR, 14.0) to form urate uroliths, compared with females. In all dogs (Dalmatian and non-Dalmatian) that formed uroliths analyzed by the Minnesota Urolith Center, males were also more likely (OR, 48.0) to form urate uroliths, compared with females. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE When conducting studies and formulating generalities about urate urolithiasis in Dalmatians, it is important to consider sex-related differences in urolith occurrence. Long-term dietary or drug protocols designed to minimize formation of urate uroliths in male Dalmatians may not be warranted in female Dalmatians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Albasan
- Minnesota Urolith Center, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Hossain RZ, Ogawa Y, Hokama S, Morozumi M, Hatano T. Urolithiasis in Okinawa, Japan: a relatively high prevalence of uric acid stones. Int J Urol 2003; 10:411-5. [PMID: 12887361 DOI: 10.1046/j.1442-2042.2003.00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the composition of urinary tract stones in patients from Okinawa, the most southern island group of Japan. METHODS The study was conducted by 12 hospitals in Okinawa. A total of 1816 urinary tract calculi were obtained from 1816 patients (1323 males; 493 females). The patients had a mean age of 53 +/- 15.3 years (mean +/- SD). The calculi were examined to determine their chemical composition. Stone samples were analyzed by computed infrared spectrophotometer. RESULTS Pure stones comprised 58.4% of the total, with calcium oxalate stones accounting for 40% (21% monohydrate [whewellite]; 6.6% dihydrate [weddellite]; and 12.4% combined monohydrate and dihydrate stones), uric acid/urate stones for 9.6%, calcium phosphate stones for 5.1%, and struvite stones for 3.7%. The other 41.6% of the stones consisted of calcium oxalate mixed with other components. The male-to-female ratio was 2.7:1. CONCLUSION In our series, calcium oxalate stones accounted for 81.6% of the urinary tract calculi, while uric acid/urate stones accounted for 15.8%. Uric acid stones, predominantly the anhydrous and/or dihydrate forms, showed a relatively high prevalence. Calcium oxalate stones, predominantly in the form of whewellite, showed a high prevalence among pure calculi; while the predominant combinations among mixed calculi were weddellite + calcium phosphate and whewellite + uric acid/urate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayhan Zubair Hossain
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.
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Escolar E, Bellanato J. Analysis of feline urinary calculi and urethral plugs by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Vet Rec 2003; 152:625-8. [PMID: 12790167 DOI: 10.1136/vr.152.20.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The chemical constituents of 34 feline urinary calculi and five urethral plugs were analysed by infrared spectroscopy. The analysis revealed that 18 (52.9 per cent) of the calculi contained magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (struvite) as the major component; 10 (29.4 per cent) contained complex ammonium urates (three of them also containing calcium phosphate, mainly on the surface); three were composed of calcium phosphates and three were composed mainly of calcium oxalate mono and dihydrates. The urethral plugs were composed primarily of struvite, but also contained large amounts of organic matter. The examination of 16 selected samples by scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive x-ray analysis revealed that their crystalline structures were similar to those of canine stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Escolar
- Departamento de Patología Animal II, Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Lekcharoensuk C, Lulich JP, Osborne CA, Pusoonthornthum R, Allen TA, Koehler LA, Urlich LK, Carpenter KA, Swanson LL. Patient and environmental factors associated with calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:515-9. [PMID: 10953715 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that breed, age, sex, body condition, and environment are risk factors for development of calcium oxalate uroliths in dogs. DESIGN Case-control study. ANIMALS 1,074 dogs that formed calcium oxalate uroliths and 1,724 control dogs that did not have uroliths. PROCEDURE A validated multiple-choice questionnaire was designed to collect information from veterinarians and owners within 1 year of the date of urolith detection concerning signalment and environment of the dogs. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to calculate odds ratios to assess whether breed, age, sex, body condition, and environment were risk factors for calcium oxalate urolith formation. RESULTS Middle-aged (8- to 12-year-old) castrated male dogs had increased risk for formation of calcium oxalate uroliths. Urolith formation was also associated with increasing age. Dogs of certain breeds, including Miniature and Standard Schnauzer, Lhasa Apso, Yorkshire Terrier, Bichon Frise, Shih Tzu, and Miniature and Toy Poodle, had increased risk for developing calcium oxalate uroliths. Overweight dogs also had increased risk. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Knowledge of patient and environmental risk factors for development of calcium oxalate uroliths may facilitate development of surveillance strategies that result in earlier detection of this disease. Modification of environmental factors and body weight may minimize calcium oxalate urolith formation and recurrence.
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