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Di Bonito P, Petrone L, Casini G, Francolini I, Ammendolia MG, Accardi L, Piozzi A, D'Ilario L, Martinelli A. Amino-functionalized poly(L-lactide) lamellar single crystals as a valuable substrate for delivery of HPV16-E7 tumor antigen in vaccine development. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:3447-58. [PMID: 26056443 PMCID: PMC4431504 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s76023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) is a biodegradable polymer currently used in many biomedical applications, including the production of resorbable surgical devices, porous scaffolds for tissue engineering, nanoparticles and microparticles for the controlled release of drugs or antigens. The surfaces of lamellar PLLA single crystals (PLLAsc) were provided with amino groups by reaction with a multifunctional amine and used to adsorb an Escherichia coli-produced human papillomavirus (HPV)16-E7 protein to evaluate its possible use in antigen delivery for vaccine development. Methods PLLA single crystals were made to react with tetraethylenepentamine to obtain amino-functionalized PLLA single crystals (APLLAsc). Pristine and amino-functionalized PLLAsc showed a two-dimensional microsized and one-dimensional nanosized lamellar morphology, with a lateral dimension of about 15–20 μm, a thickness of about 12 nm, and a surface specific area of about 130 m2/g. Both particles were characterized and loaded with HPV16-E7 before being administered to C57BL/6 mice for immunogenicity studies. The E7-specific humoral-mediated and cell-mediated immune response as well as tumor protective immunity were analyzed in mice challenged with TC-1 cancer cells. Results Pristine and amino-functionalized PLLAsc adsorbed similar amounts of E7 protein, but in protein-release experiments E7-PLLAsc released a higher amount of protein than E7-APLLAsc. When the complexes were dried for observation by scanning electron microscopy, both samples showed a compact layer, but E7-APLLAsc showed greater roughness than E7-PLLAsc. Immunization experiments in mice showed that E7-APLLAsc induced a stronger E7-specific immune response when compared with E7-PLLAsc. Immunoglobulin G isotyping and interferon gamma analysis suggested a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response in both E7-PLLAsc-immunized and E7-APLLAsc-immunized mice. However, only the mice receiving E7-APLLAsc were fully protected from TC-1 tumor growth after three doses of vaccine. Conclusion Our results show that APLLA single crystals improve the immunogenicity of HPV16-E7 and indicate that E7-APLLAsc could be used for development of an HPV16 therapeutic vaccine against HPV16-related tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Bonito
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Petrone
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Casini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Luisa Accardi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Piozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucio D'Ilario
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Anugraha G, Madhumathi J, Jeya Prita PJ, Kaliraj P. Biodegradable poly-l-lactide based microparticles as controlled release delivery system for filarial vaccine candidate antigens. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 747:174-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Saini V, Verma SK, Murthy PK, Kohli D. Poly(d,l)-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microspheres as immunoadjuvant for Brugia malayi antigens. Vaccine 2013; 31:4183-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Calcium phosphate coupled Newcastle disease vaccine elicits humoral and cell mediated immune responses in chickens. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:384-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Saini V, Verma SK, Sahoo MK, Kohli DV, Murthy PK. Sufficiency of a single administration of filarial antigens adsorbed on polymeric lamellar substrate particles of poly (L-lactide) for immunization. Int J Pharm 2011; 420:101-10. [PMID: 21855618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A majority of antigens require repeated administration to ensure development of adequate humoral and cell mediated immune response. To minimize the number of administrations required, we investigated the utility of biodegradable polymeric lamellar substrate particles of poly (l-lactide) (PLSP) as adjuvant for filarial antigen preparations. PLSP was prepared and characterized and Brugia malayi adult worm extract (BmA) and its SDS-PAGE resolved 54-68 kDa fraction F6 were adsorbed on to PLSP. Swiss mice received a single injection of PLSP-F6, PLSP-BmA, FCA-F6, FCA-BmA and two doses of the plain antigens. Specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgE levels in serum, IFN-γ, TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO) release from cells of the immunized animals in response to antigen challenge were studied. The average size of PLSP particles was <10 μm and its % antigen adsorption efficacy was 60.4, 55.2 and 61.6 for BSA, BmA and F6, respectively. Single injection of PLSP-F6 or PLSP-BmA produced better immune responses compared to one injection of FCA-F6/BmA or two injections of plain F6 or BmA. Moreover, PLSP-F6 produced much better response than PLSP-BmA. These data demonstrate for the first time that PLSP is a superior immunoadjuvant for enhancing the immune response to filarial BmA and F6 molecules and obviates the need for multiple immunization injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Saini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Engineering and Technology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP 470003, India
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Demento SL, Siefert AL, Bandyopadhyay A, Sharp FA, Fahmy TM. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns on biomaterials: a paradigm for engineering new vaccines. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:294-306. [PMID: 21459467 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development has progressed significantly and has moved from whole microorganisms to subunit vaccines that contain only their antigenic proteins. Subunit vaccines are often less immunogenic than whole pathogens; therefore, adjuvants must amplify the immune response, ideally establishing both innate and adaptive immunity. Incorporation of antigens into biomaterials, such as liposomes and polymers, can achieve a desired vaccine response. The physical properties of these platforms can be easily manipulated, thus allowing for controlled delivery of immunostimulatory factors and presentation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are targeted to specific immune cells. Targeting antigen to immune cells via PAMP-modified biomaterials is a new strategy to control the subsequent development of immunity and, in turn, effective vaccination. Here, we review the recent advances in both immunology and biomaterial engineering that have brought particulate-based vaccines to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Demento
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, Malone Engineering Center, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Saini V, Jain V, Sudheesh M, Jaganathan K, Murthy P, Kohli D. Comparison of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to cationic PLGA microspheres containing recombinant hepatitis B antigen. Int J Pharm 2011; 408:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McNeela EA, Lavelle EC. Recent Advances in Microparticle and Nanoparticle Delivery Vehicles for Mucosal Vaccination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 354:75-99. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Progress towards a needle-free hepatitis B vaccine. Pharm Res 2010; 28:986-1012. [PMID: 21088986 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide public health problem. Vaccination is the most efficient way to prevent hepatitis B. Despite the success of the currently available vaccine, there is a clear need for the development of new generation of HBV vaccines. Needle-free immunization is an attractive approach for mass immunization campaigns, since avoiding the use of needles reduces the risk of needle-borne diseases and prevents needle-stick injuries and pain, thus augmenting patient compliance and eliminating the need for trained medical personnel. Moreover, this kind of immunization was shown to induce good systemic as well as mucosal immunological responses, which is important for the creation of both a prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine. In order to produce a better, safer, more efficient and more suitable vaccine, adjuvants have been used. In this article, several adjuvants tested over the years for their potential to help create a needle-free vaccine against HBV are reviewed.
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Saini V, Jain V, Sudheesh MS, Dixit S, Gaur RL, Sahoo MK, Joseph SK, Verma SK, Jaganathan KS, Murthy PK, Kohli D. Humoral and cell-mediated immune-responses after administration of a single-shot recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen vaccine formulated with cationic poly(l-lactide) microspheres. J Drug Target 2009; 18:212-22. [DOI: 10.3109/10611860903386920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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Saini V, Sahoo M, Murthy P, Kohli D. Polymeric lamellar substrate particles as carrier adjuvant for recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen vaccine. Vaccine 2009; 27:2372-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pandit S, Cevher E, Zariwala MG, Somavarapu S, Alpar HO. Enhancement of immune response of HBsAg loaded poly (L-lactic acid) microspheres against Hepatitis B through incorporation of alum and chitosan. J Microencapsul 2008; 24:539-52. [PMID: 17654174 DOI: 10.1080/02652040701443700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Poly (L-lactic acid) (PLA) microparticles encapsulating Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with alum and chitosan were investigated for their potential as a vaccine delivery system. METHODS The microparticles, prepared using a water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsion solvent evaporation method with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or chitosan as the external phase stabilising agent showed a significant increase in the encapsulation efficiency of the antigen. RESULTS PLA-Alum and PLA-chitosan microparticles induced HBsAg serum specific IgG antibody responses significantly higher than PLA only microparticles and free antigen following subcutaneous administration. Chitosan not only imparted a positive charge to the surface of the microparticles but was also able to increase the serum specific IgG antibody responses significantly. CONCLUSIONS The cytokine assays showed that the serum IgG antibody response induced is different according to the formulation, indicated by the differential levels of interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). The microparticles eliciting the highest IgG antibody response did not necessarily elicit the highest levels of the cytokines IL-4, IL-6 and IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivas Pandit
- Centre for Drug Delivery Research, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK
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Rajkannan R, Dhanaraju MD, Gopinath D, Selvaraj D, Jayakumar R. Development of hepatitis B oral vaccine using B-cell epitope loaded PLG microparticles. Vaccine 2006; 24:5149-57. [PMID: 16713035 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oral hepatitis B vaccine formulation was prepared by successful encapsulation of immunogenic peptide representing residues 127-145 of the immunodominant B-cell epitope of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in poly(D,L-lactide co-glycolide) (PLG) microparticles. The smooth, spherical PLG microparticles with a diameter of around 10 microm was prepared by using W/O/W double emulsion solvent evaporation method. The entrapment efficiency of B-cell epitope peptide (BCEP) into PLG microparticles was 64%. In vitro studies showed B-cell epitope loaded PLG microparticles (BCEM) released the peptide in sustained profile and reached 64.9% efficiency by Day 25. Single oral immunization of mice with BCEM led to the significant induction of specific serum IgG and IgM anti-HB antibodies. After the termination of antibody induction, the orally immunized mice were infected with HBsAg, which resulted in the rapid production of antibodies against HBsAg as a result of secondary immune response. PLG microparticles formulation approach may have potential in increasing the efficacy of microparticulate systems for the oral administration of hepatitis B vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rajkannan
- Bioorganic and Neurochemistry Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai 600020, Tamilnadu, India
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Stivaktakis N, Nikou K, Panagi Z, Beletsi A, Leondiadis L, Avgoustakis K. Immune responses in mice of beta-galactosidase adsorbed or encapsulated in poly(lactic acid) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 73:332-8. [PMID: 15793820 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The immune response induced in mice by beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) adsorbed or encapsulated on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres was investigated. The encapsulated protein elicited higher antibody response than the protein adsorbed on the microspheres in the case of the PLA microspheres. However, the encapsulated protein elicited weaker antibody response than the adsorbed protein in the case of the PLGA (50:50) microspheres, probably because, in this case, the encapsulation process adversely affected protein immunogenicity. In the case of adsorbed beta-gal, higher antibody response was obtained with the PLA microspheres than with the PLGA (50:50) microspheres. This may be related to the lower rate of beta-gal desorption from the PLA microspheres. Based on the immunoglobulin G1/immunoglobulin G2a ratios and the stimulation indices for interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, beta-gal encapsulated or adsorbed on PLA microspheres induced a Th(1)-biased immune response whereas beta-gal encapsulated or adsorbed on PLGA (50:50) microspheres induced a Th(2)-biased immune response. The results obtained indicate that more potent immune responses are obtained when the protein is encapsulated than adsorbed on the microspheres, providing that the encapsulation process does not adversely affect protein immunogenicity. Also, the type of polymer used to prepare the microspheres, but not the method of protein association with the microspheres, may affect the type of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Stivaktakis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rion, Greece
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Matzelle MM, Babensee JE. Humoral immune responses to model antigen co-delivered with biomaterials used in tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2004; 25:295-304. [PMID: 14585717 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A model shed antigen, ovalbumin (OVA), was co-delivered with polymeric biomaterial carrier vehicles in C57BL6 mice to test whether the presence of the biomaterial acted as an adjuvant in the immune response towards the associated antigen. The biomaterials tested were non-biodegradable polystyrene microparticles and biodegradable 50:50 or 75:25 poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles or scaffolds. For each biomaterial carrier vehicle, to assess the resulting time-dependent systemic humoral immune response towards the co-delivered OVA, the OVA-specific IgG concentration and isotypes (IgG2a or IgG1, indicating a predominant Th1 or Th2 response, respectively) were determined using ELISA. OVA co-delivered with biomaterial carrier vehicles supported a moderate humoral immune response that was maintained for the 18-week duration of the experiment. This humoral immune response was primarily Th2 helper T cell-dependent as indicated by the predominant IgG1 isotype. Furthermore, this humoral immune response was not material chemistry-dependent within the material set tested here. With the presence of the biomaterial resulting in an enhancement of the humoral immune response to co-delivered antigen, it appears that the biomaterial acts as an adjuvant in the development of an adaptive immune response to co-delivered antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Matzelle
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech/Emory Center for the Engineering of Living Tissues, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Moynihan JS, Blair J, Coombes A, D'Mello F, Howard CR. Enhanced immunogenicity of a hepatitis B virus peptide vaccine using oligosaccharide ester derivative microparticles. Vaccine 2002; 20:1870-6. [PMID: 11906777 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00494-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Controlled release microspheres can overcome many of the disadvantages of multiple vaccine delivery such as rate of uptake and cost of administration. Proteins and peptides are difficult to administer using conventional polymers owing to protein degradation, premature release and stability. Here we report the successful development of room temperature stable, controlled release formulations using oligosaccharide ester derivatives (OEDs) of trehalose and a synthetic peptide analogue of hepatitis B surface antigen. Employing a range of different OED preparations, we have optimised the immunogenicity of the peptide formulation such that mice injected with a single preparation of microspheres consisting of trehalose octaacetate (TR101; Group G) produce high titre anti-hepatitis B (anti-HBs) surface antigen antibodies. The kinetics of the immune response could be manipulated with different peptide/OED formulations and correlated with the OED composition of the microspheres. Our data demonstrate the considerable potential of OED microspheres as novel delivery systems for vaccines. The ability to induce strong immune responses, without the requirement for multiple doses or cold-chain storage, could radically improve vaccination programmes in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Moynihan
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
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Jabbal-Gill I, Lin W, Kistner O, Davis SS, Illum L. Polymeric lamellar substrate particles for intranasal vaccination. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 51:97-111. [PMID: 11516782 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several strategies have been under investigation to achieve safe and effective immunisation, in terms of new antigens, adjuvants and routes of vaccination. The latter include mucosal sites such as oral, rectal, vaginal and nasal. Biodegradable microparticles produced from polymers such as poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) containing encapsulated vaccine antigens have been extensively studied for immunisation. These microparticles allow controlled release of vaccines with the aim to develop as single dose vaccines. However there are concerns regarding the integrity and immunogenicity of the antigen during the encapsulation process when the antigen is exposed to organic solvents, high shear stresses and the exposure of antigen to low pH which is caused by polymer degradation. Polymeric lamellar substrate particles (PLSP) produced by simple precipitation of PLA, form a novel polymeric system for the adsorption of antigens. This procedure avoids pH changes, exposure to organic solvents and hence allows the integrity of the antigen to be retained. The aim of this article is to discuss the factors affecting the characteristics of PLSP and adsorption of antigens onto PLSP and consider their potential as adjuvants for the nasal delivery of protein, peptide or viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jabbal-Gill
- West Pharmaceutical Services Drug Delivery and Clinical Research Centre Ltd., Albert Einstein Centre, Nottingham Science & Technology Park, University Boulevard, NG7 2TN, Nottingham, UK
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Becker PD, Corral RS, Guzmán CA, Grinstein S. Adamantylamide dipeptide as effective immunoadjuvant in rabbits and mice. Vaccine 2001; 19:4603-9. [PMID: 11535307 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the search for more potent and less toxic immunomodulators, adamantylamide dipeptide (AdDP) was synthesized by the covalent union of amantadine with the L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine residue of muramyldipeptide (MDP). The present experiments demonstrate the ability of AdDP, co-administered with a protein immunogen, to raise or enhance a humoral response in immunized animals. BALB/c mice were immunized either by the intraperitoneal (ip) or oral route with ovalbumin (Ova) alone or combined with either AdDP or CpG oligonucleotide (ODN-CpG), a proved adjuvant. A clear adjuvant dose-response relationship was observed on the increment of Ova-specific serum antibody titers when AdDP was used as adjuvant, irrespectively of the administration route. The IgG isotype analysis showed that AdDP promotes a consistent increment in IgG1 antibodies associated with a dominant Th2 response pattern. When administered by the oral route, AdDP was at least as efficient as ODN-CpG as adjuvant. Similar results were obtained in rabbits immunized by the oral route, suggesting that the adjuvanticity of AdDP is not restricted to the murine system. In conclusion, AdDP was shown to be a powerful and non-toxic adjuvant at both systemic and mucosal levels, which makes it a promising tool for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Becker
- Laboratorio de Virología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez, Gallo 1330, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Liao CW, Cheng IC, Yeh KS, Lin FY, Weng CN. Release characteristics of microspheres prepared by co-spray drying Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae antigens and aqueous ethyl-cellulose dispersion. J Microencapsul 2001; 18:285-97. [PMID: 11308220 DOI: 10.1080/02652040010019442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Using formalin inactivated Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae antigens and aqueous ethylcellulose dispersions, microspheres of oral vaccines were developed by a co-spray drying process. The present study attempted to determine whether the dosage formulations of microspheres could form enteric matrices. To assess the enteric characteristics, an in vitro dissolution test was performed with the AQ6-AP microspheres; 95% of the A. pleuropneumoniae protein was released within 3 h at pH 7, but there was no release at pH 1.5. The scanning microscopy revealed that the surface structure of AQ6-AP microspheres became porous at neutral pH. The SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the release rate of proteins from the microspheres was pH dependent not only for the AQ6-AP formulation but also when antigens of A. pleuropneumoniae were replaced with porcine serum. The results suggest that the A. pleuropneumoniae antigens were entrapped in the AQ6 microspheres under the acidic conditions. In a mouse model, oral immunization with AQ6-AP microspheres containing A. pleuropneumoniae evoked systemic IgG and mucosal IgA responses against A. pleuropneumoniae antigens. Thus, the present method may further provide an opportunity to develop oral vaccines and mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Liao
- Department of Pathobiology, Pig Research Institute Taiwan, Chu-Nan, Miaoli, Republic of China.
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