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Rosu ME, Lexmond P, Bestebroer TM, Hauser BM, Smith DJ, Herfst S, Fouchier RAM. Substitutions near the HA receptor binding site explain the origin and major antigenic change of the B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2211616119. [PMID: 36215486 PMCID: PMC9586307 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211616119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus primarily infects humans, causing seasonal epidemics globally. Two antigenic variants-Victoria-like and Yamagata-like-were detected in the 1980s, of which the molecular basis of emergence is still incompletely understood. Here, the antigenic properties of a unique collection of historical virus isolates, sampled from 1962 to 2000 and passaged exclusively in mammalian cells to preserve antigenic properties, were determined with the hemagglutination inhibition assay and an antigenic map was built to quantify and visualize the divergence of the lineages. The antigenic map revealed only three distinct antigenic clusters-Early, Victoria, and Yamagata-with relatively little antigenic diversity in each cluster until 2000. Viruses with Victoria-like antigenic properties emerged around 1972 and diversified subsequently into two genetic lineages. Viruses with Yamagata-like antigenic properties evolved from one lineage and became clearly antigenically distinct from the Victoria-like viruses around 1988. Recombinant mutant viruses were tested to show that insertions and deletions (indels), as observed frequently in influenza B virus hemagglutinin, had little effect on antigenic properties. In contrast, amino-acid substitutions at positions 148, 149, 150, and 203, adjacent to the hemagglutinin receptor binding site, determined the main antigenic differences between the Early, Victoria-like, and Yamagata-like viruses. Surprisingly, substitutions at two of the four positions reverted in recent viruses of the Victoria lineage, resulting in antigenic properties similar to viruses circulating ∼50 y earlier. These data shed light on the antigenic diversification of influenza viruses and suggest there may be limits to the antigenic evolution of influenza B virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miruna E. Rosu
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CE, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam 3015 CE, The Netherlands
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2
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Poen MJ, Verhagen JH, Manvell RJ, Brown I, Bestebroer TM, van der Vliet S, Vuong O, Scheuer RD, van der Jeugd HP, Nolet BA, Kleyheeg E, Müskens GJDM, Majoor FA, Grund C, Fouchier RAM. Lack of virological and serological evidence for continued circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus in wild birds in the Netherlands, 14 November 2014 to 31 January 2016. Euro Surveill 2016; 21:30349. [PMID: 27684783 PMCID: PMC5073202 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.38.30349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2014, H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage emerged in poultry and wild birds in Asia, Europe and North America. Here, wild birds were extensively investigated in the Netherlands for HPAI H5N8 virus (real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting the matrix and H5 gene) and antibody detection (haemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralisation assays) before, during and after the first virus detection in Europe in late 2014. Between 21 February 2015 and 31 January 2016, 7,337 bird samples were tested for the virus. One HPAI H5N8 virus-infected Eurasian wigeon (Anas penelope) sampled on 25 February 2015 was detected. Serological assays were performed on 1,443 samples, including 149 collected between 2007 and 2013, 945 between 14 November 2014 and 13 May 2015, and 349 between 1 September and 31 December 2015. Antibodies specific for HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 were absent in wild bird sera obtained before 2014 and present in sera collected during and after the HPAI H5N8 emergence in Europe, with antibody incidence declining after the 2014/15 winter. Our results indicate that the HPAI H5N8 virus has not continued to circulate extensively in wild bird populations since the 2014/15 winter and that independent maintenance of the virus in these populations appears unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein J Poen
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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The use of nonhuman primates in research on seasonal, pandemic and avian influenza, 1893-2014. Antiviral Res 2015; 117:75-98. [PMID: 25746173 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to reproduce the features of human influenza in laboratory animals date from the early 1890s, when Richard Pfeiffer inoculated apes with bacteria recovered from influenza patients and produced a mild respiratory illness. Numerous studies employing nonhuman primates (NHPs) were performed during the 1918 pandemic and the following decade. Most used bacterial preparations to infect animals, but some sought a filterable agent for the disease. Since the viral etiology of influenza was established in the early 1930s, studies in NHPs have been supplemented by a much larger number of experiments in mice, ferrets and human volunteers. However, the emergence of a novel swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus in 1976 and the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in 1997 stimulated an increase in NHP research, because these agents are difficult to study in naturally infected patients and cannot be administered to human volunteers. In this paper, we review the published literature on the use of NHPs in influenza research from 1893 through the end of 2014. The first section summarizes observational studies of naturally occurring influenza-like syndromes in wild and captive primates, including serologic investigations. The second provides a chronological account of experimental infections of NHPs, beginning with Pfeiffer's study and covering all published research on seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses, including vaccine and antiviral drug testing. The third section reviews experimental infections of NHPs with avian influenza viruses that have caused disease in humans since 1997. The paper concludes with suggestions for further studies to more clearly define and optimize the role of NHPs as experimental animals for influenza research.
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4
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Animal models for influenza viruses: implications for universal vaccine development. Pathogens 2014; 3:845-74. [PMID: 25436508 PMCID: PMC4282889 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3040845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the human population. Depending on the virulence of the influenza virus strain, as well as the immunological status of the infected individual, the severity of the respiratory disease may range from sub-clinical or mild symptoms to severe pneumonia that can sometimes lead to death. Vaccines remain the primary public health measure in reducing the influenza burden. Though the first influenza vaccine preparation was licensed more than 60 years ago, current research efforts seek to develop novel vaccination strategies with improved immunogenicity, effectiveness, and breadth of protection. Animal models of influenza have been essential in facilitating studies aimed at understanding viral factors that affect pathogenesis and contribute to disease or transmission. Among others, mice, ferrets, pigs, and nonhuman primates have been used to study influenza virus infection in vivo, as well as to do pre-clinical testing of novel vaccine approaches. Here we discuss and compare the unique advantages and limitations of each model.
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5
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Buijs PRA, van Amerongen G, van Nieuwkoop S, Bestebroer TM, van Run PRWA, Kuiken T, Fouchier RAM, van Eijck CHJ, van den Hoogen BG. Intravenously injected Newcastle disease virus in non-human primates is safe to use for oncolytic virotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2014; 21:463-71. [PMID: 25257305 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus with oncolytic potential. Detailed preclinical information regarding the safety of oncolytic NDV is scarce. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity, biodistribution and shedding of intravenously injected oncolytic NDVs in non-human primates (Macaca fascicularis). Two animals were injected with escalating doses of a non-recombinant vaccine strain, a recombinant lentogenic strain or a recombinant mesogenic strain. To study transmission, naive animals were co-housed with the injected animals. Injection with NDV did not lead to severe illness in the animals or abnormalities in hematologic or biochemistry measurements. Injected animals shed low amounts of virus, but this did not lead to seroconversion of the contact animals. Postmortem evaluation demonstrated no pathological changes or evidence of virus replication. This study demonstrates that NDV generated in embryonated chicken eggs is safe for intravenous administration to non-human primates. In addition, our study confirmed results from a previous report that naïve primate and human sera are able to neutralize egg-generated NDV. We discuss the implications of these results for our study and the use of NDV for virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R A Buijs
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - S van Nieuwkoop
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P R W A van Run
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C H J van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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van de Sandt CE, Kreijtz JHCM, Geelhoed-Mieras MM, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, Nieuwkoop NJ, van de Vijver DAMC, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Morein B, Rimmelzwaan GF. Novel G3/DT adjuvant promotes the induction of protective T cells responses after vaccination with a seasonal trivalent inactivated split-virion influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 32:5614-23. [PMID: 25140929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines used against seasonal influenza are poorly effective against influenza A viruses of novel subtypes that may have pandemic potential. Furthermore, pre(pandemic) influenza vaccines are poorly immunogenic, which can be overcome by the use of adjuvants. A limited number of adjuvants has been approved for use in humans, however there is a need for alternative safe and effective adjuvants that can enhance the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines and that promote the induction of broad-protective T cell responses. Here we evaluated a novel nanoparticle, G3, as an adjuvant for a seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in a mouse model. The G3 adjuvant was formulated with or without steviol glycosides (DT, for diterpenoid). The use of both formulations enhanced the virus-specific antibody response to all three vaccine strains considerably. The adjuvants were well tolerated without any signs of discomfort. To assess the protective potential of the vaccine-induced immune responses, an antigenically distinct influenza virus strain, A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (A/PR/8/34), was used for challenge infection. The vaccine-induced antibodies did not cross-react with strain A/PR/8/34 in HI and VN assays. However, mice immunized with the G3/DT-adjuvanted vaccine were partially protected against A/PR/8/34 infection, which correlated with the induction of anamnestic virus-specific CD8(+) T cell responses that were not observed with the use of G3 without DT. Both formulations induced maturation of human dendritic cells and promoted antigen presentation to a similar extent. In conclusion, G3/DT is a promising adjuvant formulation that not only potentiates the antibody response induced by influenza vaccines, but also induces T cell immunity which could afford broader protection against antigenically distinct influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joost H C M Kreijtz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nella J Nieuwkoop
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bror Morein
- Infectious Diseases Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, MoreinX, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 34 A, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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7
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Koel BF, Burke DF, Bestebroer TM, van der Vliet S, Zondag GCM, Vervaet G, Skepner E, Lewis NS, Spronken MIJ, Russell CA, Eropkin MY, Hurt AC, Barr IG, de Jong JC, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM, Smith DJ. Substitutions Near the Receptor Binding Site Determine Major Antigenic Change During Influenza Virus Evolution. Science 2013; 342:976-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1244730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Infection of the upper respiratory tract with seasonal influenza A(H3N2) virus induces protective immunity in ferrets against infection with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus after intranasal, but not intratracheal, inoculation. J Virol 2013; 87:4293-301. [PMID: 23365444 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02536-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical symptoms caused by infection with influenza A virus vary widely and depend on the strain causing the infection, the dose and route of inoculation, and the presence of preexisting immunity. In most cases, seasonal influenza A viruses cause relatively mild upper respiratory tract disease, while sometimes patients develop an acute severe pneumonia. Heterosubtypic immunity induced by previous infections with influenza A viruses may dampen the development of clinical symptoms caused by infection with influenza A viruses of another subtype, as is the case during influenza pandemics. Here we show that ferrets acquire protective immunity after infection of the upper respiratory tract with a seasonal influenza A(H3N2) virus against subsequent infection with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus inoculated by the intranasal route. However, protective heterosubtypic immunity was afforded locally, since the prior infection with the A(H3N2) virus did not provide protection against the development of pneumonia induced after intratracheal inoculation with the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. Interestingly, some of these animals developed more severe disease than that observed in naïve control animals. These findings are of interest in light of the development of so-called universal influenza vaccines that aim at the induction of cross-reactive T cell responses.
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Abstract
Influenza is responsible for the infection of approximately 20% of the population every season and for an annual death toll of approximately half a million people. The most effective means for controlling infection and thereby reducing morbidity and mortality is vaccination by injection with an inactivated vaccine, or by intranasal administration of a live-attenuated vaccine. Protection is not always optimal and there is a need for the development of new vaccines with improved efficacy and for the expansion of enrollment into vaccination programs. An overview of old and new vaccines is presented. Methods of monitoring immune responses such as hemagglutination-inhibition, ELISA and neutralization tests are evaluated for their accuracy in the assessment of current and new-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichria Zakay-Rones
- Chanock Center of Virology, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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10
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Vaccination against seasonal influenza A/H3N2 virus reduces the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against influenza A/H5N1 virus infection in ferrets. J Virol 2011; 85:2695-702. [PMID: 21228239 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02371-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with seasonal influenza viruses induces a certain extent of protective immunity against potentially pandemic viruses of novel subtypes, also known as heterosubtypic immunity. Here we demonstrate that infection with a recent influenza A/H3N2 virus strain induces robust protection in ferrets against infection with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the H5N1 subtype. Prior H3N2 virus infection reduced H5N1 virus replication in the upper respiratory tract, as well as clinical signs, mortality, and histopathological changes associated with virus replication in the brain. This protective immunity correlated with the induction of T cells that cross-reacted with H5N1 viral antigen. We also demonstrated that prior vaccination against influenza A/H3N2 virus reduced the induction of heterosubtypic immunity otherwise induced by infection with the influenza A/H3N2 virus. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of vaccination strategies and vaccine development aiming at the induction of immunity to pandemic influenza.
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11
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Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an elastase-dependent live attenuated swine influenza virus vaccine administered intranasally in pigs. Vaccine 2010; 28:7098-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Bodewes R, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME. Animal models for the preclinical evaluation of candidate influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:59-72. [PMID: 20021306 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
At present, new influenza A (H1N1)2009 viruses of swine origin are responsible for the first influenza pandemic of the 21st Century. In addition, highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses continue to cause outbreaks in poultry and, after zoonotic transmission, cause an ever-increasing number of human cases, of which 59% have a fatal clinical outcome. It is also feared that these viruses adapt to replication in humans and become transmissible from human to human. The development of effective vaccines against epidemic and (potentially) pandemic viruses is therefore considered a priority. In this review, we discuss animal models that are used for the preclinical evaluation of novel candidate influenza vaccines. In most cases, a tier of multiple animal models is used before the evaluation of vaccine candidates in clinical trials is considered. Commonly, vaccines are tested for safety and efficacy in mice, ferrets and/or macaques. The use of each of these species has its advantages and limitations, which are addressed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Kitikoon P, Vincent AL, Janke BH, Erickson B, Strait EL, Yu S, Gramer MR, Thacker EL. Swine influenza matrix 2 (M2) protein contributes to protection against infection with different H1 swine influenza virus (SIV) isolates. Vaccine 2009; 28:523-31. [PMID: 19837089 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A swine influenza virus (SIV) vaccine-challenge pig model was used to study the potential of a conserved matrix 2 (M2) protein vaccine alone or in combination with an inactivated H1N1-vaccine to protect against H1N1 and H1N2 viruses. The H1N1-vaccine and heterologous H1N2-challenge virus model has previously been shown to prolong fever and increase SIV-associated pneumonic lesions. The M2 vaccine in combination with the H1N1-vaccine reduced the H1N2 induced fever but not virus shedding. The M2 vaccine alone reduced respiratory signs and pneumonic lesions to levels similar to the negative control pigs following H1N2 infection. This study found that the M2 protein has potential as a vaccine for SIV-associated disease prevention. However, development of an immune response towards the major envelope HA protein was required to reduce SIV shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravina Kitikoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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14
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Leuwerke B, Kitikoon P, Evans R, Thacker E. Comparison of three serological assays to determine the cross-reactivity of antibodies from eight genetically diverse U.S. swine influenza viruses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:426-32. [PMID: 18599846 DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza virus is an economically important pathogen to the U.S. swine industry. New influenza subtypes and isolates within subtypes with different genetic and antigenic makeup have recently emerged in U.S. swineherds. As a result of the emergence of these new viruses, diagnosticians' ability to accurately diagnose influenza infection in pigs and develop appropriate vaccine strategies has become increasingly difficult. The current study compares the ability of subtype-specific commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and serum neutralization (SN) assays to detect antibodies elicited by multiple isolates within different subtypes of influenza virus. Pigs were infected with genetically and antigenically different isolates of the 3 major circulating subtypes within populations of swine (H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2). Serum was collected when all pigs within a group collectively reached HI reciprocal titers >or=160 against that group's homologous challenge virus. The antibody cross-reactivity of the sera between isolates was determined using ELISA, HI, and SN assays. In addition, the correlation between the 3 assays was determined. The assays differed in their ability to detect antibodies produced by the viruses used in the study. The results provide important information to diagnostic laboratories, veterinarians, and swine producers on the ability of 3 common serological assays used in identifying infection with influenza in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Leuwerke
- Department of Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterniary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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15
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Hu WG, Wei J, Xia HC, Yang XX, Li F, Li GD, Wang Y, Zhang ZC. Identification of the immunogenic domains in HBsAg preS1 region using overlapping preS1 fragment fusion proteins. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:2088-94. [PMID: 15810073 PMCID: PMC4305776 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i14.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: The incorporation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS1 region into epitope-based vaccines against HBV has been accepted widely, but the incorporate site and size of preS1 sequence is controversial. Therefore our purpose was to further investigate its immunogenic domains for the epitope-based hepatitis B vaccine design.
METHODS: Eight GST fusion proteins containing overlapping preS1 fragments in preS1 (21-119) region were expressed in E.coli. Using these purified fusion proteins, the immunogenic domains in preS1 region were identified in detail in mice and humans by Western blot analysis and ELISA.
RESULTS: The results in mice showed that the immu-nogenic domains mainly existed in preS1 (21-59) and preS1 (95-109). Similarly, these fragments had strong immunogenicity in humans; whereas the other parts except for preS1 (60-70) also had some immunogenicity. More importantly, a major immunogenic domain, preS1 (34-59), which has much stronger immunogenicity, was identified. Additionally, the antibodies against some preS1 fragments, especially preS1 (34-59), were speculated to be virus-neutralizing.
CONCLUSION: Eight GST fusion proteins containing overlapping preS1 fragments were prepared successfully. They were used for the study on the immunogenic dom-ains in preS1 (21-119) region. The preS1 (34-59) fragm-ents were the major immunogenic domains in the preS1 region, and the antibodies against these fragments were speculated to be virus-neutralizing. Therefore, the incorporation of preS1 (34-59) fragments into epitope-based HBV vaccines may be efficient for enhancement of immune response. Additionally, the results also imply that there are more complex immune responses to preS1 region and more abundant immunogenic domains in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Guo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
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16
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Olszewska W, Helson R, Openshaw PJM. Vaccines for the prevention of respiratory viral infections: problems and current status. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2004; 13:681-9. [PMID: 15174954 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.13.6.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory virus infections cause the majority of lower respiratory tract illnesses and hospitalisations of infants and the elderly. The emergence of new respiratory viruses and a high probability that influenza will cause further pandemics highlights the necessity for developing better preventative strategies. Although there is a clear and pressing need for vaccines to prevent respiratory syncytial virus, rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, parainfluenza and human metapneumovirus, progress has been extremely slow. This review presents the current status of vaccine development for respiratory viral diseases and outlines novel approaches for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslawa Olszewska
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute for Infection and Immunity, National Heart and Lung Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, St. Mary's Campus, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK.
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17
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Nguyen TV, Iosef C, Jeong K, Kim Y, Chang KO, Lovgren-Bengtsson K, Morein B, Azevedo MSP, Lewis P, Nielsen P, Yuan L, Saif LJ. Protection and antibody responses to oral priming by attenuated human rotavirus followed by oral boosting with 2/6-rotavirus-like particles with immunostimulating complexes in gnotobiotic pigs. Vaccine 2003; 21:4059-70. [PMID: 12922143 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated antibody responses and protection induced by attenuated Wa human rotavirus (AttHRV) and VP2/6-rotavirus-like particles (VLP), 100 or 250 microg/dose, with immunostimulating complexes (ISCOM) (VLP/ISCOM) each given orally, alone or sequentially to gnotobiotic pigs. The AttHRV-VLP 250 microg/ISCOM and three-dose-AttHRV (AttHRV3x) groups had significantly higher serum IgA, IgG and intestinal IgA antibody titers to HRV pre-challenge than the three-dose-VLP 100 microg/ISCOM group (VLP/ISCOM3x) and controls (diluent/ISCOMmatrix). Protection rates against viral shedding and diarrhea were highest in the AttHRV-VLP250 microg/ISCOM and AttHRV3x groups, lower in the AttHRV-VLP 100 microg/ISCOM group, with no protection in the VLP/ISCOM3x group and controls. Thus, VLP/ISCOM boosted antibody titers and protection after priming with AttHRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Nguyen
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA
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18
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Guan XJ, Guan XJ, Wu YZ, Jia ZC, Shi TD, Tang Y. Construction and characterization of an experimental ISCOMS-based hepatitis B polypeptide vaccine. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:294-7. [PMID: 11925610 PMCID: PMC4658369 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i2.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To characterize the biochemical and immunological properties of an experimental ISCOMS vaccine prepared from a novel therapeutic polypeptide based on T cell epitopes of HBsAg, and a heptatis B-ISCOMS was prepared and investigated.
METHODS: An immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMS)-based vaccine containing a novel therapeutic hepatits B polypeptide was prepared by dialysis method, and its formation was visualized by electron microscopy and biochemically verified by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Amount of the peptide within ISCOMS was determined by Bradford assay, and specific CTL response was detected by ELISPOT assay.
RESULTS: Typical cage-like structures of submicroparticle with a diameter of about 40 nm were observed by electron microscopy. Results from Bradford assay showed that the level of peptide incorporation was about 0.33 g•L⁻¹. At the paralleled position close to the sixth band of the molecular weight marker (3480 kDa) a clear band was shown in SDS-PAGE analysis, indicating successful incorporation of polypeptide into ISCOMS. It is suggested that ISCOMS delivery system could efficiently improve the immunogenicity of polypeptide and elicit specific immune responses in vivo by the results of ELISPOT assay, which showed that IFN-γ producing cells (specific CTL responses) were increased (spots of ISCOMS-treated group: 47 ± 5, n = 3; control group: 5 ± 2, n = 3).
CONCLUSION: ISCOMS-based hepatitis B polypeptide vaccine is successfully constructed and it induces a higher CTL response compared with short polypeptides vaccine in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ju Guan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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19
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Greenbaum E, Furst A, Kiderman A, Stewart B, Levy R, Schlesinger M, Morag A, Zakay-Rones Z. Mucosal [SIgA] and serum [IgG] immunologic responses in the community after a single intra-nasal immunization with a new inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2002; 20:1232-9. [PMID: 11803086 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Influenza morbidity affects entire populations, imposing an enormous burden in economic terms from working days lost. Protection afforded by current vaccines is often unsatisfactory and many individuals remain averse to injections. To counter these drawbacks, we tested an inactive intra-nasal trivalent influenza vaccine on 182 vaccinated and 92 placebo subjects in the community. On study completion 73 and 66% of the subjects were immune to the vaccine's two A strains, 40% (> or=1:40) and 65% (> or=1:20) to its B strain; 30-40% demonstrated a 4x hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titer increase; GMT titers increased 2.2-2.5x. About 50% of those initially non-immune became immune. A local antibody response to the three vaccine strains was recorded in 31-44% of vaccinees in which 57, 68 and 54% exhibited a mucosal and/or serum antibody response to the A/Johannesburg, A/Nanchang and B/Harbin strains, respectively. A higher dose (40mg) of A/Johannesburg in the vaccine did not influence response. The new vaccine was safe, without side-effects, and offered reasonable protection after one dose. It could thus play an important role in increasing enrollment into immunization programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Greenbaum
- Department of Virology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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20
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Rimmelzwaan GF, Baars M, van Amerongen G, van Beek R, Osterhaus AD. A single dose of an ISCOM influenza vaccine induces long-lasting protective immunity against homologous challenge infection but fails to protect Cynomolgus macaques against distant drift variants of influenza A (H3N2) viruses. Vaccine 2001; 20:158-63. [PMID: 11567760 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the production of influenza vaccines is complicated by the continuous variation of these viruses, it would be desirable to develop vaccines that induce cross-protective immunity against influenza virus strains that circulate in subsequent winter epidemics. We have recently demonstrated that antibodies induced after vaccination with an immune stimulating complex (ISCOM)-based vaccine exhibited a certain degree of cross-reactivity with other influenza virus strains. In the present study, ISCOM-based vaccines were evaluated retrospectively by testing the protective immunity induced by ISCOM prepared with the membrane glycoproteins of A/Philippines/2/82 against the more recent strain A/Netherlands/18/94 in monkeys with or without a history of prior infection with an A/Philippines/2/82-like virus. It was found that the monkeys immunized with the A/Philippines/2/82 ISCOM were not protected from challenge infection with A/Netherlands/18/94. On the other hand, vaccination of monkeys which experienced a prior infection with an influenza A/Philippines/2/82-like virus, with a single dose of ISCOM vaccine induced long-lasting protective immunity against challenge infection with the homologous virus A/Netherlands/18/94.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Rimmelzwaan
- National Influenza Centre, Institute of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Heinen PP, van Nieuwstadt AP, de Boer-Luijtze EA, Bianchi AT. Analysis of the quality of protection induced by a porcine influenza A vaccine to challenge with an H3N2 virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 82:39-56. [PMID: 11557293 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic drift of swine influenza A (H3N2) viruses away from the human A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) strain, used in current commercial swine influenza vaccines, has been demonstrated in The Netherlands and Belgium. Therefore, replacement of this human strain by a more recent swine H3N2 isolate has to be considered. In this study, the efficacy of a current commercial swine influenza vaccine to protect pigs against a recent Dutch field strain (A/Sw/Oedenrode/96) was assessed. To evaluate the level of protection induced by the vaccine it was compared with the optimal protection induced by a previous homologous infection. Development of fever, virus excretion, and viral transmission to unchallenged group mates were determined to evaluate protection. The vaccine appeared efficacious in the experiment because it was able to prevent fever and virus transmission to the unchallenged group mates. Nevertheless, the protection conferred by the vaccine was sub-optimal because vaccinated pigs excreted influenza virus for a short period of time after challenge, whereas naturally immune pigs appeared completely protected. The immune response was monitored, to investigate why the vaccine conferred a sub-optimal protection. The haemagglutination inhibiting and virus neutralising antibody responses in sera, the nucleoprotein-specific IgM, IgG, and IgA antibody responses in sera and nasal secretions and the influenza-specific lymphoproliferation responses in the blood were studied. Vaccinated pigs developed the same or higher serum haemagglutination inhibiting, virus neutralising, and nucleoprotein-specific IgG antibody titres as infected pigs but lower nasal IgA titres and lymphoproliferation responses. The lower mucosal and cell-mediated immune responses may explain why protection after vaccination was sub-optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Heinen
- Department of Mammalian Virology, Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-Lelystad BV), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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22
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Chen D, Periwal SB, Larrivee K, Zuleger C, Erickson CA, Endres RL, Payne LG. Serum and mucosal immune responses to an inactivated influenza virus vaccine induced by epidermal powder immunization. J Virol 2001; 75:7956-65. [PMID: 11483740 PMCID: PMC115039 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.17.7956-7965.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both circulating and mucosal antibodies are considered important for protection against infection by influenza virus in humans and animals. However, current inactivated vaccines administered by intramuscular injection using a syringe and needle elicit primarily circulating antibodies. In this study, we report that epidermal powder immunization (EPI) via a unique powder delivery system elicits both serum and mucosal antibodies to an inactivated influenza virus vaccine. Serum antibody responses to influenza vaccine following EPI were enhanced by codelivery of cholera toxin (CT), a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide containing immunostimulatory CpG motifs (CpG DNA), or the combination of these two adjuvants. In addition, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) antibodies were detected in the saliva and mucosal lavages of the small intestine, trachea, and vaginal tract, although the titers were much lower than the IgG titers. The local origin of the sIgA antibodies was further shown by measuring antibodies released from cultured tracheal and small intestinal fragments and by detecting antigen-specific IgA-secreting cells in the lamina propria using ELISPOT assays. EPI with a single dose of influenza vaccine containing CT or CT and CpG DNA conferred complete protection against lethal challenges with an influenza virus isolated 30 years ago, whereas a prime and boost immunizations were required for protection in the absence of an adjuvant. The ability to elicit augmented circulating antibody and mucosal antibody responses makes EPI a promising alternative to needle injection for administering vaccines against influenza and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- PowderJect Vaccines, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA.
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23
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Chen D, Endres RL, Erickson CA, Weis KF, McGregor MW, Kawaoka Y, Payne LG. Epidermal immunization by a needle-free powder delivery technology: immunogenicity of influenza vaccine and protection in mice. Nat Med 2000; 6:1187-90. [PMID: 11017153 DOI: 10.1038/80538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Chen
- PowderJect Vaccines, 585 Science Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Novel influenza viruses continuously emerge in the human population. Three times during the present century, an avian influenza virus subtype crossed the species barrier, starting a pandemic, and establishing itself for one to several decades in man. As the 1997 H5N1 event in Hong Kong indicated, the occurrence of another pandemic in the near future cannot be excluded. Sufficient vaccine may not be available to ameliorate the consequences of such an event, because of a shortage of time. During interpandemic periods, important antigenic drift variants sometimes arise at a point of time when, with the current state of the technique, production of a correspondingly adapted vaccine is also impossible. We may be able to solve these problems by increasing influenza surveillance and by adopting new ways of vaccine composition, production, formulation, presentation, and delivery. The recently developed anti-neuraminidase antivirals should only be considered as (valuable) adjuncts to vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C De Jong
- National Influenza Centre of the WHO, Department of Virology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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