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Majumder S, Li P, Das S, Nafiz TN, Kumar S, Bai G, Dellario H, Sui H, Guan Z, Curtiss R, Furuya Y, Sun W. A bacterial vesicle-based pneumococcal vaccine against influenza-mediated secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae pulmonary infection. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:169-181. [PMID: 38215909 PMCID: PMC11033695 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is a common pathogen causing a secondary bacterial infection following influenza, which leads to severe morbidity and mortality during seasonal and pandemic influenza. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop bacterial vaccines that prevent severe post-influenza bacterial pneumonia. Here, an improved Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strain (designated as YptbS46) possessing an Asd+ plasmid pSMV92 could synthesize high amounts of the Spn pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) antigen and monophosphoryl lipid A as an adjuvant. The recombinant strain produced outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) enclosing a high amount of PspA protein (designated as OMV-PspA). A prime-boost intramuscular immunization with OMV-PspA induced both memory adaptive and innate immune responses in vaccinated mice, reduced the viral and bacterial burden, and provided complete protection against influenza-mediated secondary Spn infection. Also, the OMV-PspA immunization afforded significant cross-protection against the secondary Spn A66.1 infection and long-term protection against the secondary Spn D39 challenge. Our study implies that an OMV vaccine delivering Spn antigens can be a new promising pneumococcal vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saugata Majumder
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Shreya Das
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Tanvir Noor Nafiz
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Sudeep Kumar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Guangchun Bai
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Hazel Dellario
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Haixin Sui
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yoichi Furuya
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA.
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA.
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Liu X, Van Maele L, Matarazzo L, Soulard D, Alves Duarte da Silva V, de Bakker V, Dénéréaz J, Bock FP, Taschner M, Ou J, Gruber S, Nizet V, Sirard JC, Veening JW. A conserved antigen induces respiratory Th17-mediated broad serotype protection against pneumococcal superinfection. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:304-314.e8. [PMID: 38417443 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Several vaccines targeting bacterial pathogens show reduced efficacy upon concurrent viral infection, indicating that a new vaccinology approach is required. To identify antigens for the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae that are effective following influenza infection, we performed CRISPRi-seq in a murine model of superinfection and identified the conserved lafB gene as crucial for virulence. We show that LafB is a membrane-associated, intracellular protein that catalyzes the formation of galactosyl-glucosyl-diacylglycerol, a glycolipid important for cell wall homeostasis. Respiratory vaccination with recombinant LafB, in contrast to subcutaneous vaccination, was highly protective against S. pneumoniae serotypes 2, 15A, and 24F in a murine model. In contrast to standard capsule-based vaccines, protection did not require LafB-specific antibodies but was dependent on airway CD4+ T helper 17 cells. Healthy human individuals can elicit LafB-specific immune responses, indicating LafB antigenicity in humans. Collectively, these findings present a universal pneumococcal vaccine antigen that remains effective following influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation, Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurye Van Maele
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Laura Matarazzo
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Daphnée Soulard
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Vinicius Alves Duarte da Silva
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Vincent de Bakker
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Dénéréaz
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Bock
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Taschner
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jinzhao Ou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation, Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Stephan Gruber
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jan-Willem Veening
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Afshari E, Ahangari Cohan R, Shams Nosrati MS, Mousavi SF. Development of a bivalent protein-based vaccine candidate against invasive pneumococcal diseases based on novel pneumococcal surface protein A in combination with pneumococcal histidine triad protein D. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1187773. [PMID: 37680628 PMCID: PMC10480505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1187773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive efforts have been made toward improving effective strategies for pneumococcal vaccination, focusing on evaluating the potential of multivalent protein-based vaccines and overcoming the limitations of pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccines. In this study, we investigated the protective potential of mice co-immunization with the pneumococcal PhtD and novel rPspA proteins against pneumococcal sepsis infection. The formulations of each antigen alone or in combination were administered intraperitoneally with alum adjuvant into BALB/c mice three times at 14-day intervals. The production of antigen-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a subclasses, and IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines, were analyzed. Two in vitro complement- and opsonophagocytic-mediated killing activities of raised antibodies on day 42 were also assessed. Finally, the protection against an intraperitoneal challenge with 106 CFU/mouse of multi-drug resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC49619 was investigated. Our findings showed a significant increase in the anti-PhtD and anti-rPspA sera IgG levels in the immunized group with the PhtD+rPspA formulation compared to each alone. Moreover, the results demonstrated a synergistic effect with a 6.7- and 1.3- fold increase in anti-PhtD and anti-rPspA IgG1, as well as a 5.59- and 1.08- fold increase in anti-PhtD and anti-rPspA IgG2a, respectively. Co-administration of rPspA+PhtD elicited a mixture of Th-2 and Th-1 immune responses, more towards Th-2. In addition, the highest complement-mediated killing activity was observed in the sera of the immunized group with PhtD+rPspA at 1/16 dilution, and the opsonophagocytic activity was increased from 74% to 86.3%. Finally, the survival rates showed that mice receiving the rPspA+PhtD formulation survived significantly longer (100%) than those receiving protein alone or PBS and exhibited the strongest clearance with a 2 log10 decrease in bacterial load in the blood 24h after challenge compared to the control group. In conclusion, the rPspA+PhtD formulation can be considered a promising bivalent serotype-independent vaccine candidate for protection against invasive pneumococcal infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Afshari
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Carneiro GB, Castro JT, Davi M, Miyaji EN, Ladant D, Oliveira MLS. Immune responses and protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae elicited by recombinant Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase (CyaA) carrying fragments of pneumococcal surface protein A, PspA. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00570-4. [PMID: 37236818 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common agent of important human diseases such as otitis media, pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis. Current available vaccines that target capsular polysaccharides induce protection against invasive disease and nasopharyngeal colonization in children, yet their efficacy is limited to the serotypes included in the formulations. The virulence factor Pneumococcal Surface Protein A (PspA) interacts with host immune system and helps the bacteria to evade phagocytosis. Due to its essential role in virulence, PspA is an important vaccine candidate. Here we have tested a delivery system based on the adenylate cyclase toxin of Bordetella pertussis (CyaA) to induce immune responses against PspA in mice. CyaA was engineered to express fragments of the N-terminal region of PspAs from clades 2 and 4 (A2 and A4) and the resulting proteins were used in immunization experiments in mice. The recombinant CyaA-A2 and CyaA-A4 proteins were able to induce high levels of anti-PspA antibodies that reacted with pneumococcal strains expressing either PspA2 or PspA4. Moreover, reactivity of the antibodies against pneumococcal strains that express PspAs from clades 3 and 5 (PspA3 and PspA5) was also observed. A formulation containing CyaA-A2 and CyaA-A4 was able to protect mice against invasive pneumococcal challenges with isolates that express PspA2, PspA4 or PspA5. Moreover, a CyaA-A2-A4 fusion protein induced antibodies at similar levels and with similar reactivity as the formulation containing both proteins, and protected mice against the invasive challenge. Our results indicate that CyaA-PspA proteins are good candidates to induce broad protection against pneumococcal isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marilyne Davi
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Paris, France
| | | | - Daniel Ladant
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3528, Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires, Paris, France.
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5
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Shafaghi M, Bahadori Z, Madanchi H, Ranjbar MM, Shabani AA, Mousavi SF. Immunoinformatics-aided design of a new multi-epitope vaccine adjuvanted with domain 4 of pneumolysin against Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. BMC Bioinformatics 2023; 24:67. [PMID: 36829109 PMCID: PMC9951839 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-023-05175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) has remained a leading cause of fatal infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. Moreover, this pathogen plays a major role in bacterial co-infection in patients with life-threatening respiratory virus diseases such as influenza and COVID-19. High morbidity and mortality in over one million cases, especially in very young children and the elderly, are the main motivations for pneumococcal vaccine development. Due to the limitations of the currently marketed polysaccharide-based vaccines, non-serotype-specific protein-based vaccines have received wide research interest in recent years. One step further is to identify high antigenic regions within multiple highly-conserved proteins in order to develop peptide vaccines that can affect various stages of pneumococcal infection, providing broader serotype coverage and more effective protection. In this study, immunoinformatics tools were used to design an effective multi-epitope vaccine in order to elicit neutralizing antibodies against multiple strains of pneumococcus. RESULTS The B- and T-cell epitopes from highly protective antigens PspA (clades 1-5) and PhtD were predicted and immunodominant peptides were linked to each other with proper linkers. The domain 4 of Ply, as a potential TLR4 agonist adjuvant candidate, was attached to the end of the construct to enhance the immunogenicity of the epitope vaccine. The evaluation of the physicochemical and immunological properties showed that the final construct was stable, soluble, antigenic, and non-allergenic. Furthermore, the protein was found to be acidic and hydrophilic in nature. The protein 3D-structure was built and refined, and the Ramachandran plot, ProSA-web, ERRAT, and Verify3D validated the quality of the final model. Molecular docking analysis showed that the designed construct via Ply domain 4 had a strong interaction with TLR4. The structural stability of the docked complex was confirmed by molecular dynamics. Finally, codon optimization was performed for gene expression in E. coli, followed by in silico cloning in the pET28a(+) vector. CONCLUSION The computational analysis of the construct showed acceptable results, however, the suggested vaccine needs to be experimentally verified in laboratory to ensure its safety and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Shafaghi
- grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran ,grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Research Center of Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran ,grid.420169.80000 0000 9562 2611Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Bahadori
- grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran ,grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Research Center of Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran ,grid.420169.80000 0000 9562 2611Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Madanchi
- grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran ,grid.486769.20000 0004 0384 8779Research Center of Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran ,grid.420169.80000 0000 9562 2611Drug Design and Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ranjbar
- grid.418970.3Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Shabani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. .,Research Center of Biotechnology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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Zane L, Kraschowetz S, Trentini MM, Alves VDS, Araujo SC, Goulart C, Leite LCDC, Gonçalves VM. Peptide linker increased the stability of pneumococcal fusion protein vaccine candidate. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1108300. [PMID: 36777254 PMCID: PMC9909212 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1108300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterial pathogen exclusive to humans, responsible for respiratory and systemic diseases. Pneumococcal protein vaccines have been proposed as serotype-independent alternatives to currently used conjugated polysaccharide vaccines, which have presented limitations regarding their coverage. Previously in our group, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and detoxified pneumolysin (PdT) were genetically fused and the hybrid protein protected mice against pneumococcal challenge, offered higher cross-protection against different strains and showed greater opsonophagocytosis rate than co-administered proteins. As juxtaposed fusion was unstable to upscale production of the protein, flexible (PspA-FL-PdT) and rigid (PspA-RL-PdT) molecular linkers were inserted between the antigens to increase stability. This work aimed to produce recombinant fusion proteins, evaluate their stability after linker insertion, both in silico and experimentally, and enable the production of two antigens in a single process. The two constructs with linkers were cloned into Escherichia coli and hybrid proteins were purified using chromatography; purity was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and stability by Western blot and high performance size exclusion chromatography. PspA-FL-PdT showed higher stability at -20°C and 4°C, without additional preservatives. In silico analyses also showed differences regarding stability of the fusion proteins, with molecule without linker presenting disallowed amino acid positions in Ramachandran plot and PspA-FL-PdT showing the best scores, in agreement with experimental results. Mice were immunized with three doses and different amounts of each protein. Both fusion proteins protected all groups of mice against intranasal lethal challenge. The results show the importance of hybrid protein structure on the stability of the products, which is essential for a successful bioprocess development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Zane
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Kraschowetz
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vitor dos Santos Alves
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Carneiro Araujo
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cibelly Goulart
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,Interunits Graduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Viviane Maimoni Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Viviane Maimoni Gonçalves,
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Lane JR, Tata M, Briles DE, Orihuela CJ. A Jack of All Trades: The Role of Pneumococcal Surface Protein A in the Pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:826264. [PMID: 35186799 PMCID: PMC8847780 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.826264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn), or the pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive bacterium that colonizes the upper airway. Spn is an opportunistic pathogen capable of life-threatening disease should it become established in the lungs, gain access to the bloodstream, or disseminate to vital organs including the central nervous system. Spn is encapsulated, allowing it to avoid phagocytosis, and current preventative measures against infection include polyvalent vaccines composed of capsular polysaccharide corresponding to its most prevalent serotypes. The pneumococcus also has a plethora of surface components that allow the bacteria to adhere to host cells, facilitate the evasion of the immune system, and obtain vital nutrients; one family of these are the choline-binding proteins (CBPs). Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is one of the most abundant CBPs and confers protection against the host by inhibiting recognition by C-reactive protein and neutralizing the antimicrobial peptide lactoferricin. Recently our group has identified two new roles for PspA: binding to dying host cells via host-cell bound glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and co-opting of host lactate dehydrogenase to enhance lactate availability. These properties have been shown to influence Spn localization and enhance virulence in the lower airway, respectively. Herein, we review the impact of CBPs, and in particular PspA, on pneumococcal pathogenesis. We discuss the potential and limitations of using PspA as a conserved vaccine antigen in a conjugate vaccine formulation. PspA is a vital component of the pneumococcal virulence arsenal - therefore, understanding the molecular aspects of this protein is essential in understanding pneumococcal pathogenesis and utilizing PspA as a target for treating or preventing pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos J. Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Gingerich AD, Mousa JJ. Diverse Mechanisms of Protective Anti-Pneumococcal Antibodies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:824788. [PMID: 35155281 PMCID: PMC8834882 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.824788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of pneumonia, otitis media, septicemia, and meningitis in children and adults. Current prevention and treatment efforts are primarily pneumococcal conjugate vaccines that target the bacterial capsule polysaccharide, as well as antibiotics for pathogen clearance. While these methods have been enormously effective at disease prevention and treatment, there has been an emergence of non-vaccine serotypes, termed serotype replacement, and increasing antibiotic resistance among these serotypes. To combat S. pneumoniae, the immune system must deploy an arsenal of antimicrobial functions. However, S. pneumoniae has evolved a repertoire of evasion techniques and is able to modulate the host immune system. Antibodies are a key component of pneumococcal immunity, targeting both the capsule polysaccharide and protein antigens on the surface of the bacterium. These antibodies have been shown to play a variety of roles including increasing opsonophagocytic activity, enzymatic and toxin neutralization, reducing bacterial adherence, and altering bacterial gene expression. In this review, we describe targets of anti-pneumococcal antibodies and describe antibody functions and effectiveness against S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D. Gingerich
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jarrod J. Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jarrod J. Mousa,
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Pneumococcal Vaccines: Past Findings, Present Work, and Future Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111338. [PMID: 34835269 PMCID: PMC8620834 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of Streptococcus pneumoniae has been well established. These bacteria can colonize infants and adults without symptoms, but in some cases can spread, invade other tissues and cause disease with high morbidity and mortality. The development of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) caused an enormous impact in invasive pneumococcal disease and protected unvaccinated people by herd effect. However, serotype replacement is a well-known phenomenon that has occurred after the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) and has also been reported for other PCVs. Therefore, it is possible that serotype replacement will continue to occur even with higher valence formulations, but the development of serotype-independent vaccines might overcome this problem. Alternative vaccines are under development in order to improve cost effectiveness, either using proteins or the pneumococcal whole cell. These approaches can be used as a stand-alone strategy or together with polysaccharide vaccines. Looking ahead, the next generation of pneumococcal vaccines can be impacted by the new technologies recently approved for human use, such as mRNA vaccines and viral vectors. In this paper, we will review the advantages and disadvantages of the addition of new polysaccharides in the current PCVs, mainly for low- and middle-income countries, and we will also address future perspectives.
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10
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Fusion of parvovirus B19 receptor-binding domain and pneumococcal surface protein A induces protective immunity against parvovirus B19 and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccine 2021; 39:5146-5152. [PMID: 34340860 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parvovirus B19 (B19) is a well-known cause of fifth disease in children, but infection during pregnancy may cause hydrops fetalis and stillbirth. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the VP1 unique capsid plays a pivotal role in infection. Here, we aimed to improve the immunogenicity of an RBD-based vaccine by genetically fusing it with Streptococcus pneumoniae surface protein A (PspA). METHODS Mice were intramuscularly injected with RBD-based vaccines. Antigen-specific antibodies and neutralizing activity against B19 were measured. Protective immunity against S. pneumoniae was evaluated by monitoring the survival of mice nasally challenged with bacteria and determining antigen-specific T cell activation in splenic cells. RESULTS RBD alone failed to generate neutralizing antibodies against B19, but fusion with PspA induced higher levels of neutralizing IgG compared to B19 virus-like particles. Furthermore, a comparable level of PspA-specific IgG was induced by RBD-PspA and PspA alone, which was sufficient to protect mice against pneumococcal infection. Stimulation with PspA, but not RBD, induced cytokine production in splenic cells from mice immunized with RBD-PspA, suggesting that PspA-specific T cells supported immunoglobulin class switching of both RBD- and PspA-specific B cells. CONCLUSIONS RBD-PspA should be an effective bivalent vaccine against B19 and S. pneumoniae infections.
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Kurono Y. The mucosal immune system of the upper respiratory tract and recent progress in mucosal vaccines. Auris Nasus Larynx 2021; 49:1-10. [PMID: 34304944 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system prevents microorganism invasion through mucosal surfaces and consists of inductive and effector sites. Nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) functions as an inductive site, inducing mucosal immune responses in the upper respiratory tract. It follows that intranasal vaccines may prevent upper respiratory infections. To induce and enhance the immune response by administering inactivated antigens intranasally, mucosal adjuvants have been developed, including mutant cholera toxin and cationic cholesteryl pullulan nanogel, which do not accumulate in the central nervous system. Moreover, multivalent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines are used to prevent invasive pneumococcal infections and otitis media, although they only provide moderate protection against acute otitis media because non-vaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae also cause this infection. To address this problem, pneumococcal surface protein A of S. pneumoniae and P6 of H. influenzae are used as broad-spectrum vaccine antigens. Alternatively, phosphorylcholine (PC) is present in the cell walls of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and induces immune responses through antigenic activity. The significant effects of PC as a mucosal vaccine have been demonstrated through intranasal and sublingual immunization in mice. Furthermore, intranasal administration of PC reverses increases in IgE levels and prevents allergic rhinitis. After immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine, intranasal immunization with PC boosts immune responses to vaccine strains and to PC itself. Thus, PC may be useful as a mucosal vaccine to prevent upper respiratory infections and allergic rhinitis, and it could be used as a booster to the currently used pneumococcal vaccine as it protects against non-vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kurono
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
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12
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Nakahashi-Ouchida R, Uchida Y, Yuki Y, Katakai Y, Yamanoue T, Ogawa H, Munesue Y, Nakano N, Hanari K, Miyazaki T, Saito Y, Umemoto S, Sawada SI, Mukerji R, Briles DE, Yasutomi Y, Akiyoshi K, Kiyono H. A nanogel-based trivalent PspA nasal vaccine protects macaques from intratracheal challenge with pneumococci. Vaccine 2021; 39:3353-3364. [PMID: 34016473 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current polysaccharide-based pneumococcal vaccines are effective but not compatible with all serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We previously developed an adjuvant-free cationic nanogel nasal vaccine containing pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), which is expressed on the surfaces of all pneumococcal serotypes. Here, to address the sequence diversity of PspA proteins, we formulated a cationic nanogel-based trivalent pneumococcal nasal vaccine and demonstrated the vaccine's immunogenicity and protective efficacy in macaques by using a newly developed nasal spray device applicable to humans. Nasal vaccination of macaques with cationic cholesteryl pullulan nanogel (cCHP)-trivalent PspA vaccine effectively induced PspA-specific IgGs that bound to pneumococcal surfaces and triggered complement C3 deposition. The immunized macaques were protected from pneumococcal intratracheal challenge through both inhibition of lung inflammation and a dramatic reduction in the numbers of bacteria in the lungs. These results demonstrated that the cCHP-trivalent PspA vaccine is an effective candidate vaccine against pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Nakahashi-Ouchida
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yohei Uchida
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Yuki
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; HanaVax Inc., Tokyo 103-0012, Japan
| | - Yuko Katakai
- Department of Medical Science Project Planning and Support, The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamanoue
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ogawa
- Department of Medical Science Project Planning and Support, The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Munesue
- Department of Medical Science Project Planning and Support, The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Nozomi Nakano
- Department of Medical Science Project Planning and Support, The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Kouji Hanari
- Department of Medical Science Project Planning and Support, The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Saito
- Toko Yakuhin Kogyo Co., Ltd., 930-0211, Japan
| | - Shingo Umemoto
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Oita University, Oita 879-5593, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sawada
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Reshmi Mukerji
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, United States
| | - David E Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2170, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; HanaVax Inc., Tokyo 103-0012, Japan; Mucosal Immunology and Allergy Therapeutics, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccine (cMAV), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0063, United States.
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13
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Tada R, Suzuki H, Ogasawara M, Yamanaka D, Adachi Y, Kunisawa J, Negishi Y. Polymeric Caffeic Acid Acts as a Nasal Vaccine Formulation against Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040585. [PMID: 33923897 PMCID: PMC8073337 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the second leading cause of death worldwide, highlighting the importance of the development of a novel and improved strategy for fighting pathogenic microbes. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a highly pathogenic bacteria that causes pneumonia with high mortality rates, especially in children and elderly individuals. To solve these issues, a mucosal vaccine system would be the best solution for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. We have recently reported that enzymatically polymerized caffeic acid (pCA) acts as a mucosal adjuvant when co-administered with antigenic proteins via the nasal route. Moreover, the sources of caffeic acid and horseradish peroxidase are ingredients found commonly in coffee beans and horseradish, respectively. In this study, we aimed to develop a pneumococcal nasal vaccine comprising pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and pCA as the mucosal adjuvant. Intranasal immunization with PspA and pCA induced the production of PspA-specific antibody responses in the mucosal and systemic compartments. Furthermore, the protective effects were tested in a murine model of S. pneumoniae infection. Intranasal vaccination conferred antigen-dependent protective immunity against a lethal infection of S. pneumoniae. In conclusion, pCA is useful as a serotype-independent universal nasal pneumococcal vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tada
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (M.O.); (Y.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-676-3219
| | - Hidehiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; (H.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Miki Ogasawara
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (M.O.); (Y.N.)
| | - Daisuke Yamanaka
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (D.Y.); (Y.A.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Adachi
- Laboratory for Immunopharmacology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (D.Y.); (Y.A.)
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; (H.S.); (J.K.)
- Division of Mucosal Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoichi Negishi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan; (M.O.); (Y.N.)
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14
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Broadly Reactive Human Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting the Pneumococcal Histidine Triad Protein Protect against Fatal Pneumococcal Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00747-20. [PMID: 33649050 PMCID: PMC8091081 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00747-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia despite the widespread use of vaccines. While vaccines are effective at reducing the incidence of most serotypes included in vaccines, a rise in infection due to nonvaccine serotypes and moderate efficacy against some vaccine serotypes have contributed to high disease incidence. Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia despite the widespread use of vaccines. While vaccines are effective at reducing the incidence of most serotypes included in vaccines, a rise in infection due to nonvaccine serotypes and moderate efficacy against some vaccine serotypes have contributed to high disease incidence. Additionally, numerous isolates of S. pneumoniae are antibiotic or multidrug resistant. Several conserved pneumococcal proteins prevalent in the majority of serotypes have been examined for their potential as vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials. An additional, yet-unexplored tool for disease prevention and treatment is the use of human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) targeting conserved pneumococcal proteins. Here, we isolated the first human MAbs (PhtD3, PhtD6, PhtD7, PhtD8, and PspA16) against the pneumococcal histidine triad protein (PhtD) and the pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), two conserved and protective antigens. MAbs to PhtD target diverse epitopes on PhtD, and MAb PspA16 targets the N-terminal segment of PspA. The PhtD-specific MAbs bind to multiple serotypes, while MAb PspA16 serotype breadth is limited. MAbs PhtD3 and PhtD8 prolong the survival of mice infected with pneumococcal serotype 3. Furthermore, MAb PhtD3 prolongs the survival of mice in intranasal and intravenous infection models with pneumococcal serotype 4 and in mice infected with pneumococcal serotype 3 when administered 24 h after pneumococcal infection. All PhtD and PspA MAbs demonstrate opsonophagocytic activity, suggesting a potential mechanism of protection. Our results identify new human MAbs for pneumococcal disease prevention and treatment and identify epitopes on PhtD and PspA recognized by human B cells.
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15
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Scott NR, Mann B, Tuomanen EI, Orihuela CJ. Multi-Valent Protein Hybrid Pneumococcal Vaccines: A Strategy for the Next Generation of Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:209. [PMID: 33801372 PMCID: PMC8002124 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is a bacterial pathogen known to colonize the upper respiratory tract and cause serious opportunistic diseases such as pneumonia, bacteremia, sepsis and meningitis. As a consequence, millions of attributable deaths occur annually, especially among infants, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Although current vaccines, composed of purified pneumococcal polysaccharide in free form or conjugated to a protein carrier, are widely used and have been demonstrated to be effective in target groups, Spn has continued to colonize and cause life-threatening disease in susceptible populations. This lack of broad protection highlights the necessity of improving upon the current "gold standard" pneumococcal vaccines to increase protection both by decreasing colonization and reducing the incidence of sterile-site infections. Over the past century, most of the pneumococcal proteins that play an essential role in colonization and pathogenesis have been identified and characterized. Some of these proteins have the potential to serve as antigens in a multi-valent protein vaccine that confers capsule independent protection. This review seeks to summarize the benefits and limitations of the currently employed vaccine strategies, describes how leading candidate proteins contribute to pneumococcal disease development, and discusses the potential of these proteins as protective antigens-including as a hybrid construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninecia R. Scott
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Beth Mann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.M.); (E.I.T.)
| | - Elaine I. Tuomanen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; (B.M.); (E.I.T.)
| | - Carlos J. Orihuela
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
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16
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Yuki Y, Uchida Y, Sawada SI, Nakahashi-Ouchida R, Sugiura K, Mori H, Yamanoue T, Machita T, Honma A, Kurokawa S, Mukerji R, Briles DE, Akiyoshi K, Kiyono H. Characterization and Specification of a Trivalent Protein-Based Pneumococcal Vaccine Formulation Using an Adjuvant-Free Nanogel Nasal Delivery System. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1582-1592. [PMID: 33621107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We previously developed a safe and effective nasal vaccine delivery system using a self-assembled nanosized hydrogel (nanogel) made from a cationic cholesteryl pullulan. Here, we generated three pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) fusion antigens as a universal pneumococcal nasal vaccine and then encapsulated each PspA into a nanogel and mixed the three resulting monovalent formulations into a trivalent nanogel-PspA formulation. First, to characterize the nanogel-PspA formulations, we used native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to determine the average number of PspA molecules encapsulated per nanogel molecule. Second, we adopted two methods-a densitometric method based on lithium dodecyl sulfate (LDS)-PAGE and a biologic method involving sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-to determine the PspA content in the nanogel formulations. Third, treatment of nanogel-PspA formulations by adding methyl-β-cyclodextrin released each PspA in its native form, as confirmed through circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. However, when nanogel-PspA formulations were heat-treated at 80 °C for 16 h, CD spectroscopy showed that each PspA was released in a denatured form. Fourth, we confirmed that the nanogel-PspA formulations were internalized into nasal mucosa effectively and that each PspA was gradually released from the nanogel in epithelial cells in mice. Fifth, LDS-PAGE densitometry and ELISA both indicated that the amount of trivalent PspA was dramatically decreased in the heat-treated nanogel compared with that before heating. When mice were immunized nasally using the heat-treated formulation, the immunologic activity of each PspA was dramatically reduced compared with that of the untreated formulation; in both cases, the immunologic activity correlated well with the content of each PspA as determined by LDS-PAGE densitometry and ELISA. Finally, we confirmed that the trivalent nanogel-PspA formulation induced equivalent titers of PspA-specific serum IgG and mucosal IgA Abs in immunized mice. These results show that the specification methods we developed effectively characterized our nanogel-based trivalent PspA nasal vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Yuki
- Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,HanaVax Inc., Tokyo 103-0012, Japan
| | - Yohei Uchida
- Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sawada
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Factory of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Rika Nakahashi-Ouchida
- Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kotomi Sugiura
- Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiromi Mori
- Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamanoue
- Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomonori Machita
- Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ayaka Honma
- Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shiho Kurokawa
- Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Reshmi Mukerji
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham 35294, Alabama, United States
| | - David E Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham 35294, Alabama, United States
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Factory of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, 92093, United States
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17
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Pneumococcal Choline-Binding Proteins Involved in Virulence as Vaccine Candidates. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020181. [PMID: 33672701 PMCID: PMC7924319 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a pathogen responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. Currently, the available vaccines for the prevention of S. pneumoniae infections are the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccine (PPV-23) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10 and PCV13). These vaccines only cover some pneumococcal serotypes (up to 100 different serotypes have been identified) and are unable to protect against non-vaccine serotypes and non-encapsulated pneumococci. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant non-vaccine serotypes after these vaccines is an increasing threat. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new pneumococcal vaccines which could cover a wide range of serotypes. One of the vaccines most characterized as a prophylactic alternative to current PPV-23 or PCVs is a vaccine based on pneumococcal protein antigens. The choline-binding proteins (CBP) are found in all pneumococcal strains, giving them the characteristic to be potential vaccine candidates as they may protect against different serotypes. In this review, we have focused the attention on different CBPs as vaccine candidates because they are involved in the pathogenesis process, confirming their immunogenicity and protection against pneumococcal infection. The review summarizes the major contribution of these proteins to virulence and reinforces the fact that antibodies elicited against many of them may block or interfere with their role in the infection process.
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18
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Jiang H, Meng Q, Liu X, Chen H, Zhu C, Chen Y. PspA Diversity, Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance of Invasive Pneumococcal Isolates from Paediatric Patients in Shenzhen, China. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:49-58. [PMID: 33469319 PMCID: PMC7810716 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s286187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To determine the phenotypes and genotypes of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae), 108 strains were isolated from paediatric patients with invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) in Shenzhen from 2014 to 2018. Methods Serotype profiles were defined by multiplex PCR of the capsule gene. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) classification was performed through pspA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial resistance was examined by broth microdilution. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was determined based on next-generation sequencing data. Results Eighty-one S. pneumoniae of 17 serotypes were finally collected. The coverage of the 13-conjugated polysaccharide vaccine (PCV13) was 88.9%. After the introduction of PCV13, the nonvaccine serotypes were added by serotypes 15b, 16F and 20. Vaccine serotype 3 increased by four serious cases. The pspA family 1 and pspA family 2 are predominant. The multiple drug resistance rate is 91.3%. None of the nonmeningitis isolates were resistant to penicillin, while 98.8% of all the isolates were resistant to erythromycin. Discussion This work characterizes the molecular epidemiology of invasive S. pneumoniae in Shenzhen. Continued surveillance of serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility is necessary to alert antibiotic-resistant nonvaccine serotypes and highly virulent serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfang Jiang
- Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Meng
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunqing Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunsheng Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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19
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Morino S, Kitagami E, Nakayama H, Koizumi Y, Tanaka-Taya K, Kinjo Y, Oishi K. Seroepidemiological analysis of anti-pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) immunoglobulin G by clades in Japanese population. Vaccine 2020; 38:7479-7484. [PMID: 33039208 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is one of the candidates of the novel pneumococcal protein vaccines. The seroepidemiology of naturally acquired anti-PspA immunoglobulin G (IgG) by clades, across a wide range of ages has not been investigated. METHODS We examined the concentrations of anti-PspA IgG by clades (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) in 397 sera from persons aged 0-≥70 years by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and determined the geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) by age group. The relationships between concentrations of anti-PspA IgG antibody for each clade for each person were also assessed. RESULTS GMC of anti-PspA IgG was lowest, highest, and plateaued in those aged 6-11 months, 5-9-years, and 20-49 years, respectively. It gradually declined in those aged > 70 years. GMCs patterns in different age groups were similar for all clades. Correlations were found especially within the same PspA family (between clades 1 and 2 or clades 4 and 5). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that most people acquired anti-PspA IgG across clades 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 during childhood. These results would be a fundamental data of clade-specific anti-PspA IgG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Morino
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Kitagami
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakayama
- API Research Section, CMC & Production Technology Research Department, BIKEN Co., Ltd., Kagawa, Japan
| | - Yuka Koizumi
- Analytical Research Section, CMC & Production Technology Research Department, BIKEN Co., Ltd., Kagawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Tanaka-Taya
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kinjo
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Jikei Center for Biofilm Science and Technology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Oishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan; Toyama Institute of Health, Toyama, Japan.
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20
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Chemically Synthesized Alcaligenes Lipid A Shows a Potent and Safe Nasal Vaccine Adjuvant Activity for the Induction of Streptococcus pneumoniae-Specific IgA and Th17 Mediated Protective Immunity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081102. [PMID: 32718009 PMCID: PMC7464877 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective and safe vaccine adjuvants are needed to appropriately augment mucosal vaccine effects. Our previous study demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Peyer’s patch resident Alcaligenes stimulated dendritic cells to promote the production of mucosal immunity-enhancing cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and BAFF), thus enhancing antigen-specific immune responses (including IgA production and Th17 responses) without excessive inflammation. Here, we chemically synthesized Alcaligenes lipid A, the biologically active part of LPS, and examined its efficacy as a nasal vaccine adjuvant for the induction of protectively immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Mice were nasally immunized with pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) as a vaccine antigen for S. pneumoniae, together with Alcaligenes lipid A. Alcaligenes lipid A supported the generation of high levels of PspA-specific IgA and IgG responses through the augmentation of germinal center formation in the nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue and cervical lymph nodes (CLNs). Moreover, Alcaligenes lipid A promoted PspA-specific CD4+ Th17 responses in the CLNs and spleen. Furthermore, neutrophils were recruited to infection sites upon nasal infection and synchronized with the antigen-specific T and B cell responses, resulting in the protection against S. pneumoniae infection. Taken together, Alcaligenes lipid A could be applied to the prospective adjuvant to enhance nasal vaccine efficacy by means of augmenting both the innate and acquired arms of mucosal immunity against respiratory bacterial infection.
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Kumar S, Sunagar R, Gosselin EJ. Preclinical Efficacy of a Trivalent Human FcγRI-Targeted Adjuvant-Free Subunit Mucosal Vaccine against Pulmonary Pneumococcal Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020193. [PMID: 32340134 PMCID: PMC7349865 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lack of safe and effective mucosal adjuvants has severely hampered the development of mucosal subunit vaccines. In this regard, we have previously shown that immunogenicity of vaccine antigens can be improved by targeting the antigens to the antigen-presenting cells. Specifically, groups of mice immunized intranasally with a fusion protein (Bivalent-FP) containing a fragment of pneumococcal-surface-protein-A (PspA) as antigen and a single-chain bivalent antibody raised against the anti-human Fc-gamma-receptor-I (hFcγRI) elicited protective immunity to pulmonary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. In order to further enhance the immunogenicity, an additional hFcγRI-binding moiety of the single chain antibody was incorporated. The modified vaccine (Trivalent-FP) induced significantly improved protection against lethal pulmonary S. pneumoniae challenge compared to Bivalent-FP. In addition, the modified vaccine exhibited over 85% protection with only two immunizations. Trivalent-FP also induced S. pneumoniae-specific systemic and mucosal antibodies. Moreover, Trivalent-FP also induced IL-17- and IL-22-producing CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, it was found that the hFcγRI facilitated uptake and presentation of Trivalent-FP. In addition, Trivalent-FP also induced IL-1α, MIP-1α, and TNF-α; modulated recruitment of dendritic cells and macrophages; and induced CD80/86 and MHC-II expression on antigen presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep Kumar
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
| | - Raju Sunagar
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Hyderabad 500078, India;
| | - Edmund J. Gosselin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Efficacy of a Protein Vaccine and a Conjugate Vaccine Against Co-colonization with Vaccine-type and Non-vaccine Type Pneumococci in Mice. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040278. [PMID: 32290340 PMCID: PMC7238145 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) has led to substitution of vaccine-type (VT) strains by non-vaccine type (NVT) strains in nasopharyngeal carriage. We compared the efficacy of PCV13 and a nasal protein formulation containing pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) adjuvanted with the whole-cell pertussis vaccine (wP) in the protection against co-colonization challenge models in mice with VT and NVT strains expressing different PspAs. Immunized mice were challenged with two different mixtures: i. VT4 (PspA3) + NVT33 (PspA1) and ii. VT23F (PspA2) + NVT15B/C (PspA4). Results from the first mixture showed a reduction in loads of VT4 strain in the nasopharynx of mice immunized with PCV13. A statistical difference between the loads of the VT and NVT strains was observed, indicating a competitive advantage for the NVT strain in PCV13-immunized animals. In the second mixture, no reduction was observed for the VT23F strain, probably due to low levels of anti-23F polysaccharide IgG induced by PCV13. Interestingly, a combination of the PspA formulation containing wP with PCV13 led to a reduction in colonization with both strains of the two mixtures tested, similar to the groups immunized nasally with wP or PspA plus wP. These results indicate that a combination of vaccines may be a useful strategy to overcome pneumococcal serotype replacement.
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Converso TR, Assoni L, André GO, Darrieux M, Leite LCC. The long search for a serotype independent pneumococcal vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:57-70. [PMID: 31903805 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1711055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Serotype replacement - a consequence of polysaccharide vaccine use - will continue to drive the inclusion of new serotypes on conjugate vaccines, increasing production complexity and costs, and making an already expensive vaccine less accessible to developing countries, where prevalence is higher and resources available for health systems, scarcer. Serotype-independent formulations are a promising option, but so far they have not been successful in reducing colonization/transmission.Areas covered: Protein-based and whole-cell vaccine candidates studied in the past 30 years. Challenges for serotype-independent vaccine development and alternative approaches.Expert opinion: Clinical trials performed so far demonstrated the importance to establish more reliable animal models and better correlates of protection. Defining appropriate endpoints for clinical trials of serotype-independent vaccine candidates has been a challenge. Inhibition of colonization has been evaluated, but concern on the extent of bacterial elimination is still a matter of debate. Challenges on establishing representative sites for clinical trials, sample sizes and appropriate age groups are discussed. On a whole, although many challenges will have to be overcome, establishing protein-based antigens as serotype-independent vaccines is still the best alternative against the huge burden of pneumococcal diseases in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Converso
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - L Assoni
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - G O André
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - M Darrieux
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Microrganismos, Universidade São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
| | - L C C Leite
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento de Vacinas, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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The Modified Surface Killing Assay Distinguishes between Protective and Nonprotective Antibodies to PspA. mSphere 2019; 4:4/6/e00589-19. [PMID: 31826968 PMCID: PMC6908419 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00589-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important finding of this study is that the MSKA can be used as an in vitro functional assay. Such an assay will be critical for the development of PspA-containing vaccines. The other important findings relate to the locations and nature of the protection-eliciting epitopes of PspA. There are limited prior data on the locations of protection-eliciting PspA epitopes, but those data along with the data presented here make it clear that there is not a single epitope or domain of PspA that can elicit protective antibody and there exists at least one region of the αHD which seldom elicits protective antibody. Moreover, these data, in concert with prior data, strongly make the case that protective epitopes in the αHD are highly conformational (≥100-amino-acid fragments of the αHD are required), whereas at least some protection-eliciting epitopes in the proline-rich domain are encoded by ≤15-amino-acid sequences. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) elicits antibody protective against lethal challenge by Streptococcus pneumoniae and is a candidate noncapsular antigen for inclusion in vaccines. Evaluation of immunity to PspA in human trials would be greatly facilitated by an in vitro functional assay able to distinguish protective from nonprotective antibodies to PspA. Mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to PspA can mediate killing by human granulocytes in the modified surface killing assay (MSKA). To determine if the MSKA can distinguish between protective and nonprotective MAbs, we examined seven MAbs to PspA. All bound recombinant PspA, as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting; four gave strong passive protection against fatal challenge, two were nonprotective, and the seventh one only delayed death. The four that were able to provide strong passive protection were also most able to enhance killing in the MSKA, the two that were not protective in mice were not effective in the MSKA, and the MAb that was only weakly protective in mice was weakly effective in the MSKA (P < 0.001). One of the four most protective MAbs tested reacted to the proline-rich domain of PspA. Two of the other most protective MAbs and the weakly protective MAb reacted with a fragment from PspA’s α-helical domain (αHD), containing amino acids (aa) 148 to 247 from the N terminus of PspA. The fourth highly protective MAb recognized none of the overlapping 81- or 100-aa fragments of PspA. The two nonprotective MAbs recognized a more N-terminal αHD fragment (aa 48 to 147). IMPORTANCE The most important finding of this study is that the MSKA can be used as an in vitro functional assay. Such an assay will be critical for the development of PspA-containing vaccines. The other important findings relate to the locations and nature of the protection-eliciting epitopes of PspA. There are limited prior data on the locations of protection-eliciting PspA epitopes, but those data along with the data presented here make it clear that there is not a single epitope or domain of PspA that can elicit protective antibody and there exists at least one region of the αHD which seldom elicits protective antibody. Moreover, these data, in concert with prior data, strongly make the case that protective epitopes in the αHD are highly conformational (≥100-amino-acid fragments of the αHD are required), whereas at least some protection-eliciting epitopes in the proline-rich domain are encoded by ≤15-amino-acid sequences.
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Briles DE, Paton JC, Mukerji R, Swiatlo E, Crain MJ. Pneumococcal Vaccines. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0028-2018. [PMID: 31858954 PMCID: PMC10921951 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0028-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-Positive pathogen that is a major causative agent of pneumonia, otitis media, sepsis and meningitis across the world. The World Health Organization estimates that globally over 500,000 children are killed each year by this pathogen. Vaccines offer the best protection against S. pneumoniae infections. The current polysaccharide conjugate vaccines have been very effective in reducing rates of invasive pneumococcal disease caused by vaccine type strains. However, the effectiveness of these vaccines have been somewhat diminished by the increasing numbers of cases of invasive disease caused by non-vaccine type strains, a phenomenon known as serotype replacement. Since, there are currently at least 98 known serotypes of S. pneumoniae, it may become cumbersome and expensive to add many additional serotypes to the current 13-valent vaccine, to circumvent the effect of serotype replacement. Hence, alternative serotype independent strategies, such as vaccination with highly cross-reactive pneumococcal protein antigens, should continue to be investigated to address this problem. This chapter provides a comprehensive discussion of pneumococcal vaccines past and present, protein antigens that are currently under investigation as vaccine candidates, and other alternatives, such as the pneumococcal whole cell vaccine, that may be successful in reducing current rates of disease caused by S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - J C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - R Mukerji
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - E Swiatlo
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA
| | - M J Crain
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Akbari E, Negahdari B, Faraji F, Behdani M, Kazemi-Lomedasht F, Habibi-Anbouhi M. Protective responses of an engineered PspA recombinant antigen against Streptococcus pneumoniae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 24:e00385. [PMID: 31763198 PMCID: PMC6864353 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, two immunogenic antigens based on recombinant PspA proteins were immunized mice. The protective effects of developed anti-PspA antibodies in mice in intranasal and intraperitoneal challenges were proved. Based on the obtained results, immunization with the B-regions of PspA antigens are crucial in protection of challenged mice with S. pneumoniae strains.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pathogen in human respiratory tract which causes significant morbidity and mortality across from the world. Currently available vaccines are not completely effective and cannot cover all pathogenic strains so there is an important need to develop an alternative cost-effective vaccine, based on conserved protein antigens. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is one of interesting candidates for development of a serotype-independent vaccine against pneumococcal infections. PspA is grouped into two major families with five clades, and broad-reacting PspA-based vaccines should contain at least one functional fragment from each of the two families. In this study, we developed two immunogenic antigens based on recombinant PspA proteins that including the different antigenic regions of PspA from both two families. The cross-reactivity of antibodies elicited against two PspA proteins PspAB1-5 and PspA4ABC and their role in complement deposition with three strains of pneumococci were tested. The protective effects of developed anti-PspA antibodies in mice in intranasal and intraperitoneal challenges were evaluated using a strain from clade 2. Sera from immunized mice with PspAB1-5 in comparison with PspA4ABC was able to deposit more C3 complement component on surface of pneumococci bearing diverse PspA from both families 1 and 2, and immunized mice with the PspAB1-5 showed a higher protection than PspA4ABC in pneumococcal challenges. The obtained results from this study indicate that a PspA-based antigen composed of B region from all clades in addition to conserved domains, can provide a significant protection against multiple strains of S. pneumoniae and may overcome the limitation of polysaccharide vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Akbari
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Negahdari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Faraji
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Evaluation of Pneumococcal Surface Protein A as a Vaccine Antigen against Secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae Challenge during Influenza A Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040146. [PMID: 31614565 PMCID: PMC6963301 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary bacterial pneumonia is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality during seasonal and pandemic influenza. Due to the unpredictability of influenza A virus evolution and the time-consuming process of manufacturing strain-specific influenza vaccines, recent efforts have been focused on developing anti-Streptococcus pneumoniae immunity to prevent influenza-related illness and death. Bacterial vaccination to prevent viral-bacterial synergistic interaction during co-infection is a promising concept that needs further investigation. Here, we show that immunization with pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) fully protects mice against low-dose, but not high-dose, secondary bacterial challenge using a murine model of influenza A virus-S. pneumoniae co-infection. We further show that immunization with PspA is more broadly protective than the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (Prevnar). These results demonstrate that PspA is a promising vaccine target that can provide protection against a physiologically relevant dose of S. pneumoniae following influenza infection.
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Prevalence of Various Vaccine Candidate Proteins in Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Characterization of the Novel Pht Fusion Proteins PhtA/B and PhtA/D. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040162. [PMID: 31554325 PMCID: PMC6963846 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal proteins unrelated to serotypes are considered to be candidates of antigens in next-generation vaccines. In the present study, the prevalence of vaccine candidate protein genes, along with serotypes and antimicrobial resistance determinants, was investigated in a total of 57 isolates obtained from a tertiary care hospital in Japan. All of the pediatric isolates and 76.6% of the adult isolates did not belong to PCV13 (a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine) serotypes, and 70.2% of all isolates showed multidrug resistance. All of the isolates had ply, pavA, nanA, and nanB, and high prevalence was noted for the pspA and pspC genes (96.5% and 78.9%, respectively). Detection rates for the pneumococcal histidine triad protein (Pht) genes phtA, phtB, phtD, and phtE were 49.1%, 26.3%, 61.4%, and 100%, respectively. Two fusion-type genes, phtA/B and phtA/D, were identified, with a prevalence of 36.9% and 14.0%, respectively. These fusion types showed 78.1–90.0% nucleotide sequence identity with phtA, phtB, and phtD. The most prevalent pht profile was phtA + phtD + phtE (26.3%), followed by phtA/B + phtE (19.3%) and phtA/B + phtD + phtE (17.5%), while pht profiles including phtD and/or phtA/phtD were found in 71.9% of isolates. The present study revealed the presence of two fusion types of Pht and their unexpectedly high prevalence. These fusion types, as well as PhtA and PhtB, contained sequences similar to the B cell epitopes that have been previously reported for PhtD.
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Kye YC, Park SM, Shim BS, Firdous J, Kim G, Kim HW, Ju YJ, Kim CG, Cho CS, Kim DW, Cho JH, Song MK, Han SH, Yun CH. Intranasal immunization with pneumococcal surface protein A in the presence of nanoparticle forming polysorbitol transporter adjuvant induces protective immunity against the Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Acta Biomater 2019; 90:362-372. [PMID: 30922953 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Developing effective mucosal subunit vaccine for the Streptococcus pneumoniae has been unsuccessful mainly because of their poor immunogenicity with insufficient memory T and B cell responses. We thus address whether such limitation can be overcome by introducing effective adjuvants that can enhance immunity and show here that polysorbitol transporter (PST) serves as a mucosal adjuvant for a subunit vaccine against the Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) with PST adjuvant induced protective immunity against S. pneumoniae challenge, especially long-term T and B cell immune responses. Moreover, we found that the PST preferentially induced T helper (Th) responses toward Th2 or T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and, importantly, that the responses were mediated through antigen-presenting cells via activating a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) pathway. Thus, these data indicate that PST can be used as an effective and safe mucosal vaccine adjuvant against S. pneumoniae infection. STATE OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, we suggested the nanoparticle forming adjuvant, PST works as an effective adjuvant for the pneumococcal vaccine, PspA. The PspA subunit vaccine together with PST adjuvant efficiently induced protective immunity, even in the long-term memory responses, against Streptococcus pneumoniae lethal challenge. We found that PspA with PST adjuvant induced dendritic cell activation followed by follicular helper T cell responses through PPAR-γ pathway resulting long-term memory antibody-producing cells. Consequently, in this paper, we suggest the mechanism for safe nanoparticle forming subunit vaccine adjuvant against pneumococcal infection.
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Comparison of four adjuvants revealed the strongest protection against lethal pneumococcal challenge following immunization with PsaA-PspA fusion protein and AS02 as adjuvant. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:215-226. [PMID: 30707297 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcuspneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a major respiratory-tract pathogen that causes high levels of mortality and morbidity in infants and elderly individuals. Despite the development of various capsular polysaccharide vaccines to prevent pneumococcal disease, it remains epidemic. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is a highly immunogenic surface protein existing in all strains of S. pneumoniae, and it can elicit immunizing protection against pneumococcal infection. In our previous studies, a fusion protein (PsaA-PspA23), consisting of PspA and pneumococcal surface antigen A (PsaA), displayed greater immunogenicity and provided better protection in mice against S. pneumoniae strains than either PsaA or PspA. In this study, the fusion protein PsaA-PspA23, together with PspA4, was formulated with four adjuvants Al(OH)3, MF59, AS03, and AS02, and subsequently subjected to dose optimization and immunological evaluation for determination of the antibody titers, bacterial burden, survival rates, and levels of cytokines in mice. All vaccines with high adjuvant doses displayed higher antigen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers. Bacterial burdens were notably decreased to different extents in the lungs and blood of mice immunized with the antigen and various adjuvants. Among these adjuvants, AS02 provided outstanding protection against challenge with pathogenic bacteria from different families and clades; it also induced high titers of IgG1 and IgG2a. Moreover, only AS02 elicited high levels of cytokines, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4. These results suggest that PsaA-PspA23 and PspA4 formulated with AS02 may potentially be used as a subunit vaccine against deadly pneumococcal infection.
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Lagousi T, Basdeki P, Routsias J, Spoulou V. Novel Protein-Based Pneumococcal Vaccines: Assessing the Use of Distinct Protein Fragments Instead of Full-Length Proteins as Vaccine Antigens. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010009. [PMID: 30669439 PMCID: PMC6466302 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-serotype-specific protein-based pneumococcal vaccines have received extensive research focus due to the limitations of polysaccharide-based vaccines. Pneumococcal proteins (PnPs), universally expressed among serotypes, may induce broader immune responses, stimulating humoral and cellular immunity, while being easier to manufacture and less expensive. Such an approach has raised issues mainly associated with sequence/level of expression variability, chemical instability, as well as possible undesirable reactogenicity and autoimmune properties. A step forward employs the identification of highly-conserved antigenic regions within PnPs with the potential to retain the benefits of protein antigens. Besides, their low-cost and stable construction facilitates the combination of several antigenic regions or peptides that may impair different stages of pneumococcal disease offering even wider serotype coverage and more efficient protection. This review discusses the up-to-date progress on PnPs that are currently under clinical evaluation and the challenges for their licensure. Focus is given on the progress on the identification of antigenic regions/peptides within PnPs and their evaluation as vaccine candidates, accessing their potential to overcome the issues associated with full-length protein antigens. Particular mention is given of the use of newer delivery system technologies including conjugation to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and reformulation into nanoparticles to enhance the poor immunogenicity of such antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theano Lagousi
- First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Immunobiology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA," Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Paraskevi Basdeki
- First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Immunobiology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA," Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - John Routsias
- Department of Microbiology, Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Vana Spoulou
- First Department of Paediatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Immunobiology Research Laboratory and Infectious Diseases Department "MAKKA," Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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Campo JJ, Le TQ, Pablo JV, Hung C, Teng AA, Tettelin H, Tate A, Hanage WP, Alderson MR, Liang X, Malley R, Lipsitch M, Croucher NJ. Panproteome-wide analysis of antibody responses to whole cell pneumococcal vaccination. eLife 2018; 7:37015. [PMID: 30592459 PMCID: PMC6344088 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal whole cell vaccines (WCVs) could cost-effectively protect against a greater strain diversity than current capsule-based vaccines. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to a WCV were characterised by applying longitudinally-sampled sera, available from 35 adult placebo-controlled phase I trial participants, to a panproteome microarray. Despite individuals maintaining distinctive antibody ‘fingerprints’, responses were consistent across vaccinated cohorts. Seventy-two functionally distinct proteins were associated with WCV-induced increases in IgG binding. These shared characteristics with naturally immunogenic proteins, being enriched for transporters and cell wall metabolism enzymes, likely unusually exposed on the unencapsulated WCV’s surface. Vaccine-induced responses were specific to variants of the diverse PclA, PspC and ZmpB proteins, whereas PspA- and ZmpA-induced antibodies recognised a broader set of alleles. Temporal variation in IgG levels suggested a mixture of anamnestic and novel responses. These reproducible increases in IgG binding to a limited, but functionally diverse, set of conserved proteins indicate WCV could provide species-wide immunity. Clinical trial registration: The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov with Identifier NCT01537185; the results are available from https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT01537185. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bug that causes pneumonia and meningitis, killing around a million people each year. Vaccines now exist to protect young children against these diseases, but they are expensive and do not work against all the strains of the bacteria. This is because these shots train the body’s immune system to recognize and attack the bacterium’s capsule, a layer of sugars that surrounds the microbe and is often different between strains. One possible solution could be a cheap, whole cell vaccine. These injections expose the body to genetically modified S. pneumoniae that do not carry the capsule. Such treatment has now been tested in a small number of people during a clinical trial. Here, Campo et al. use a technique known as panproteome array to scan samples collected during this trial, and identify which elements the body learns to recognize when it is exposed to the genetically manipulated strain of S. pneumoniae. The results show that when volunteers receive this vaccine, their body targets proteins that the capsule normally shields from the immune system. Many of these proteins are very similar across all strains of S. pneumoniae, which means that the whole cell vaccine could potentially better protect against a broad spectrum of bacteria. However, further studies are needed to assess whether this is the case, especially in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy Q Le
- Antigen Discovery Inc, California, United States
| | | | | | - Andy A Teng
- Antigen Discovery Inc, California, United States
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, United States
| | | | - William P Hanage
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | | | - Xiaowu Liang
- Antigen Discovery Inc, California, United States
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Nicholas J Croucher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Mukerji R, Hendrickson C, Genschmer KR, Park SS, Bouchet V, Goldstein R, Lefkowitz EJ, Briles DE. The diversity of the proline-rich domain of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA): Potential relevance to a broad-spectrum vaccine. Vaccine 2018; 36:6834-6843. [PMID: 30293761 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is a surface exposed, highly immunogenic protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Its N-terminal α-helical domain (αHD) elicits protective antibody in humans and animals that can protect mice from fatal infections with pneumococci and can be detected in vitro with opsonophagocytosis assays. The proline-rich domain (PRD) in the center of the PspA sequence can also elicit protection. This study revealed that although the sequence of PRD was diverse, PRD from different pneumococcal isolates contained many shared elements. The inferred amino acid sequences of 123 such PRDs, which were analyzed by assembly and alignment-free (AAF) approaches, formed three PRD groups. Of these sequences, 45 were classified as Group 1, 19 were classified as Group 2, and 59 were classified as Group 3. All Group 3 sequences contained a highly conserved 22-amino acid non-proline block (NPB). A significant polymorphism was observed, however, at a single amino acid position within NPB. Each of the three PRD groups had characteristic patterns of short amino acid repeats, with most of the repeats being found in more than one PRD group. One of these repeats, PKPEQP as well as the NPB were previously shown to elicit protective antibodies in mice. In this study, we found that sera from 12 healthy human adult volunteers contained antibodies to all three PRD groups. This suggested that a PspA-containing vaccine containing carefully selected PRDs and αHDs could redundantly cover the known diversity of PspA. Such an approach might reduce the chances of PspA variants escaping a PspA vaccine's immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Mukerji
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Curtis Hendrickson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Kristopher R Genschmer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, United States
| | - Sang-Sang Park
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Valérie Bouchet
- Section of Molecular Genetics, Maxwell Finland Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Richard Goldstein
- Section of Molecular Genetics, Maxwell Finland Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Elliot J Lefkowitz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States; Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - David E Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States.
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Lu J, Guo J, Wang D, Yu J, Gu T, Jiang C, Kong W, Wu Y. Broad protective immune responses elicited by bacterium-like particle-based intranasal pneumococcal particle vaccine displaying PspA2 and PspA4 fragments. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:371-380. [PMID: 30235046 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1526556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an infectious pathogen mainly infecting host bodies through the respiratory system. An effective pneumococcal vaccine would be targeted to the mucosa and provide not only protection against invasive infection but also against colonization in the respiratory system. In the present work, we applied bacterium-like particles (BLPs) as an adjuvant for the development of a PspA mucosal vaccine, in which the PspA protein was displayed on the surface of BLPs. Intranasal immunization with the PspA-BLP pneumococcal vaccine, comprised of PspA2 from pneumococcal family 1 and PspA4 from pneumococcal family 2, not only induced a high level of serum IgG antibodies but also a high level of mucosal SIgA antibodies. Analysis of binding of serum antibodies to intact bacteria showed a broad coverage of binding to pneumococcal strains expressing PspA from clade 1 to 5. Immunization with the PspA-BLP vaccine conferred protection against fatal intranasal challenge with both PspA family 1 and family 2 pneumococcal strains regardless of serotype. Therefore, the PspA-BLP pneumococcal vaccine was demonstrated to be a promising strategy for mucosal immunization to enhance both systemic and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcai Lu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China.,b R&D center , Changchun BCHT Biotechnology co , Changchun , China
| | - Jieshi Guo
- c Department of Neonatology , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Dandan Wang
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Jinfei Yu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Tiejun Gu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Wei Kong
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Yongge Wu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
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González-Miró M, Radecker AM, Rodríguez-Noda LM, Fariñas-Medina M, Zayas-Vignier C, Hernández-Cedeño M, Serrano Y, Cardoso F, Santana-Mederos D, García-Rivera D, Valdés-Balbín Y, Vérez-Bencomo V, Rehm BHA. Design and Biological Assembly of Polyester Beads Displaying Pneumococcal Antigens as Particulate Vaccine. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:3413-3424. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majela González-Miró
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 27th Avenue, No. 19805 between 198 and 202, La Lisa, Havana 11600, Cuba
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Colombo Road, Palmerston North 4422, New Zealand
| | - Anna-Maria Radecker
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Colombo Road, Palmerston North 4422, New Zealand
| | - Laura M. Rodríguez-Noda
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 27th Avenue, No. 19805 between 198 and 202, La Lisa, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Mildrey Fariñas-Medina
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 27th Avenue, No. 19805 between 198 and 202, La Lisa, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Caridad Zayas-Vignier
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 27th Avenue, No. 19805 between 198 and 202, La Lisa, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Mabel Hernández-Cedeño
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 27th Avenue, No. 19805 between 198 and 202, La Lisa, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Yohana Serrano
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 27th Avenue, No. 19805 between 198 and 202, La Lisa, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Félix Cardoso
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 27th Avenue, No. 19805 between 198 and 202, La Lisa, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Darielys Santana-Mederos
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 27th Avenue, No. 19805 between 198 and 202, La Lisa, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Dagmar García-Rivera
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 27th Avenue, No. 19805 between 198 and 202, La Lisa, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Yury Valdés-Balbín
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 27th Avenue, No. 19805 between 198 and 202, La Lisa, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Vicente Vérez-Bencomo
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 27th Avenue, No. 19805 between 198 and 202, La Lisa, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Bernd H. A. Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan Campus, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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Tada R, Suzuki H, Takahashi S, Negishi Y, Kiyono H, Kunisawa J, Aramaki Y. Nasal vaccination with pneumococcal surface protein A in combination with cationic liposomes consisting of DOTAP and DC-chol confers antigen-mediated protective immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:385-393. [PMID: 29945026 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the second leading cause of death worldwide, suggesting that there is still a need for the development of new and improved strategies for combating pathogens effectively. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most virulent bacteria causing pneumonia with high mortality, especially in children and the elderly. Because of the emergence of antibiotic resistance in S. pneumoniae, employing a serotype-independent mucosal vaccine would be the best approach to prevent and treat the diseases caused by S. pneumoniae. In this study, we have developed a pneumococcal nasal vaccine, consisting of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) and cationic liposomes composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) and cholesteryl 3β-N-(dimethylaminoethyl)-carbamate (DC-chol) (DOTAP/DC-chol liposome). The efficiency of this cationic liposome-based PspA nasal vaccine was examined in a murine model of S. pneumoniae infection. Intranasal vaccination with PspA and DOTAP/DC-chol liposomes conferred protective immunity against lethal inhalation of S. pneumoniae, improving the survival rate of infected mice. Moreover, intranasal immunization with PspA and DOTAP/DC-chol liposomes not only induced the production of PspA-specific IgA and IgG by both mucosal and systemic compartments but also elicited PspA-specific Th17 responses, which play a pivotal role in controlling S. pneumoniae infection by host innate immune response. We further demonstrated that DOTAP/DC-chol liposomes enhanced PspA uptake by nasal dendritic cells (DCs), which might be a mechanism for the induction of protective immune responses to S. pneumoniae infection. These results show that DOTAP/DC-chol liposome would be an efficient mucosal vaccine system for a serotype-independent universal nasal vaccine against pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tada
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hidehiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saeko Takahashi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Negishi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan; Division of Mucosal Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Aramaki
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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Kawaguchiya M, Urushibara N, Aung MS, Morimoto S, Ito M, Kudo K, Kobayashi N. Genetic diversity of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) in paediatric isolates of non-conjugate vaccine serotypes in Japan. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1130-1138. [PMID: 29927374 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Among the pneumococcal proteins, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is considered the most promising candidate for a serotype-independent vaccine. This study aimed to investigate the serotype, genetic diversity of PspA, lineage (genotype) and drug resistance traits of pneumococcal isolates from paediatric patients. METHODOLOGY A total of 678 non-invasive pneumococcal isolates obtained from June to November 2016 were analysed. All isolates were characterized for PspA families, serotypes and macrolide resistance genes. Seventy-one representative isolates of non-vaccine serotypes (NVTs) were genetically analysed for the clade-defining region (CDR) of PspA, as well as multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). RESULTS The detection rate of NVTs was 87.9 % (n=596), including dominant NVTs 15A (14.5 %, n=98), 35B (11.8 %, n=80), 15C (9.3 %, n=63) and 23A (9.0 %, n=61). Most isolates (96.6 %) possessed macrolide resistance genes erm(B) and/or mef(A/E). PspA families 1, 2 and 3 were detected in 42.3, 56.6 and 0.6 % of isolates, respectively. Nucleotide sequences of CDR showed high identity (90-100 %) within the same PspA clade, although the CDR identity among different PspA families ranged from 53 to 69 %. All isolates of NVTs 23A, 10A, 34, 24, 22F/22A, 33F, 23B and 38 were from PspA family 1, while NVTs 35B, 15C, 15B and 11A/11D isolates were from family 2. In contrast, genetically distinct PspAs were found in NVTs 6C and 15A. PspA family 3/clade 6 was detected in only NVT serotype 37 isolates assigned to ST447 and ST7970, showing the mucoid phenotype. CONCLUSION The present study revealed the predominance of PspA families 1 and 2 in NVTs, and the presence of family 3 in serotype 37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noriko Urushibara
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Meiji Soe Aung
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shigeo Morimoto
- 2Sapporo Clinical Laboratory Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masahiko Ito
- 2Sapporo Clinical Laboratory Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenji Kudo
- 2Sapporo Clinical Laboratory Inc., Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- 1Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Almudevar A, Pichichero ME. Modeling specific antibody responses to natural immunization to predict a correlate of protection against infection before commencing a clinical vaccine trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 13:2316-2321. [PMID: 28892455 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1329064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials of vaccines for children to prevent acute otitis media (AOM) infections caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia (Spn) are in Phase I. The objective of this study was to use serum antibody measurements to pneumococcal purified protein candidate antigens that occurred after natural "immunization" to predict a correlate of protection response needed following an injectable vaccine against AOM in children. METHODS 590 nasal and serum samples were collected from 129 healthy children at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 24 and 30-36 months of age and when the child developed AOM. Middle ear fluid to detect Spn was collected at every episode of AOM. Quantitative ELISA was used to determine serum IgG against 7 Spn vaccine antigens: PspA clade 3, PspA clade 5, PhtD, PhtE, LytB, PcpA and Ply. A correlate of protection (COP) was estimated by regressing AOM events against age adjusted antibody levels induced by nasopharyngeal colonization and AOM infections, using logistic regression and generalized estimating equation methods. RESULTS A significant COP was found for Spn PhtD (p = 0.0015), PhtE (p = 0.00034), LytB (p = 0.004), PcpA (p = 0.002), and Ply (p = 0.007) between higher antibody levels and reduced frequency of AOM. We estimated that a 2-fold higher antibody level in a child than the mean antibody level induced by NP colonization (after adjusting for subject age) to PhtD, LytB, PcpA, PhtE or Ply reduced the risk of AOM by 14-21%, a 4-fold higher level reduced it by 25-38% and a 10-fold higher level reduced it by 39-54%. CONCLUSION We developed a model to predict the necessary level of serum antibody and fold higher above a threshold to PhtD, PhtE, LytB, PcpA and Ply that would correlate with a reduced likelihood of AOM in children age 6-24 months old if enrolled in a Phase III clinical efficacy trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Almudevar
- a Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Michael E Pichichero
- b Center for Infectious Disease and Immunology , Rochester General Hospital Research Institute , Rochester , NY , USA
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Comparison of Immunogenicity and Protection of Two Pneumococcal Protein Vaccines Based on PsaA and PspA. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00916-17. [PMID: 29610257 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00916-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of invasive pneumococcal disease, septicemia, and meningitis that can result in high morbidity rates in children under 5 years old. The current polysaccharide-based vaccines can provide type-specific immunity, but a broad-spectrum vaccine would provide greater coverage. Therefore, developing pneumococcal-protein-based vaccines that can extend to more serum types is highly important. In this study, we vaccinated mice via the subcutaneous (s.c.) route with a systemic vaccine that is a mixture of fusion protein PsaA-PspA23 and a single protein, PspA4, with aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant. As a comparison, mice were immunized intranasally with a mucosal vaccine that is a mixture of PspA2-PA-BLP (where PA is protein anchor and BLP is bacterium-like particle) and PspA4-PA-BLP, via the intranasal (i.n.) route. The two immunization processes were followed by challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria from two different PspA families. Specific IgG titers in the serum and specific IgA titers in the mucosa were determined following immunizations. Bacterial loads and survival rates after challenge were compared. Both the systemic vaccine and the mucosal vaccine induced a significant increase of IgG against PspAs. Only the mucosal vaccine also induced specific IgA in the mucosa. The two vaccines provided protection, but each vaccine showed an advantage. The systemic vaccine induced higher levels of serum antibodies, whereas the mucosal vaccine limited the bacterial load in the lung and blood. Therefore, coimmunizations with the two types of vaccines may be implemented in the future.
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Wang D, Lu J, Yu J, Hou H, Leenhouts K, Van Roosmalen ML, Gu T, Jiang C, Kong W, Wu Y. A Novel PspA Protein Vaccine Intranasal Delivered by Bacterium-Like Particles Provides Broad Protection Against Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Mice. Immunol Invest 2018; 47:403-415. [PMID: 29498560 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1439505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pathogen accounting for a large number of pneumococcal disease in worldwide. Due to the mucosal immune pathway induces both systemic and mucosal immune responses, the potential strategy to prevent pneumococcal disease may be to develop a mucosal vaccine. METHOD In this study, we developed an intranasal pneumococcal protein vaccine based on a bacterium-like particle (BLP) delivery system. PspA is expressed and exposed on the surface of all pneumococcal strains, which confers the potential to induce immune responses to protect against pneumococcal infection. We fused one of the pneumococcal surface proteins (PspA, family2 clade4) with the protein anchor (PA) protein in order to display PspA on the surface of BLPs. RESULT The current results showed that intranasal immunization with BLPs/PspA-PA efficiently induced both PspA-specific IgG in the serum and PspA-specific IgA in mucosal washes. And intranasal immunization of BLPs/PspA-PA could provide complete protection in a mouse challenge model with pneumococci of different two clades of both homologous and heterologous PspA families. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Thus, targeted delivery of multiple bacterial antigens via BLPs may prevent pneumococcal disease by inducing both systemic and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Jingcai Lu
- b Changchun BCHT Biotechnology Company , Changchun , China
| | - Jinfei Yu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Hongjia Hou
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | | | | | - Tiejun Gu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Wei Kong
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Yongge Wu
- a National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science , Jilin University , Changchun , China
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Yun KW, Choi EH, Lee HJ. Genetic diversity of pneumococcal surface protein A in invasive pneumococcal isolates from Korean children, 1991-2016. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183968. [PMID: 29131872 PMCID: PMC5683564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is an important virulence factor of pneumococci and has been investigated as a primary component of a capsular serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccine. Thus, we sought to determine the genetic diversity of PspA to explore its potential as a vaccine candidate. Among the 190 invasive pneumococcal isolates collected from Korean children between 1991 and 2016, two (1.1%) isolates were found to have no pspA by multiple polymerase chain reactions. The full length pspA genes from 185 pneumococcal isolates were sequenced. The length of pspA varied, ranging from 1,719 to 2,301 base pairs with 55.7–100% nucleotide identity. Based on the sequences of the clade-defining regions, 68.7% and 49.7% were in PspA family 2 and clade 3/family 2, respectively. PspA clade types were correlated with genotypes using multilocus sequence typing and divided into several subclades based on diversity analysis of the N-terminal α-helical regions, which showed nucleotide sequence identities of 45.7–100% and amino acid sequence identities of 23.1–100%. Putative antigenicity plots were also diverse among individual clades and subclades. The differences in antigenicity patterns were concentrated within the N-terminal 120 amino acids. In conclusion, the N-terminal α-helical domain, which is known to be the major immunogenic portion of PspA, is genetically variable and should be further evaluated for antigenic differences and cross-reactivity between various PspA types from pneumococcal isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Wook Yun
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hwa Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoan Jong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Kinetics of antibodies against pneumococcal proteins and their relationship to nasopharyngeal carriage in the first two months of life. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185824. [PMID: 28982123 PMCID: PMC5628860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The currently used Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines have had a significant impact on the pneumococcal diseases caused by the serotypes they cover. Their limitations have stimulated a search for alternate vaccines that will cover all serotypes, be affordable and effective in young children. Pneumococcal protein antigens are potential vaccine candidates that may meet some of the shortfalls of the current vaccines. Thus, this study aimed to determine the relationship between antibodies against pneumococcal protein antigens and nasopharyngeal carriage in infants. Methods One hundred and twenty mother-infant pairs were enrolled into the study. They had nasopharyngeal swabs(NPS) taken at birth and every two weeks for the first eight weeks after delivery, and blood samples were obtained at birth and every four weeks for the first eight weeks after delivery. Nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae was determined from the NPS and antibodies against the pneumococcal proteins CbpA, PspA and rPly were measured in the blood samples. Results The S. pneumoniae carriage rate in infants increased to that of mothers by eight weeks of age. The odds of carriage in infants was 6.2 times (95% CI: 2.0–18.9) higher when their mothers were also carriers. Bacterial density in infants was lower at birth compared to their mothers (p = 0.004), but increased with age and became higher than that of their mothers at weeks 4 (p = 0.009), 6 (p = 0.002) and 8 (p<0.0001). At birth, the infants’ antibodies against CbpA, and rPly pneumococcal protein antigens were similar, but that of PspA was lower (p<0.0001), compared to their mothers. Higher antibody concentrations to CbpA [OR (95% CI): 0.49 (0.26–0.92, p = 0.03)], but not PspA and rPly, were associated with protection against carriage in the infants. Conclusion Naturally induced antibodies against the three pneumococcal protein antigens were transferred from mother to child. The proportion of infants with nasopharyngeal carriage and the bacterial density of S. pneumoniae increased with age within the first eight weeks of life. Higher concentrations of antibodies against CbpA, but not PspA and rPly, were associated with reduced risk of nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae in infants.
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A Combination of Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG Strains Expressing Pneumococcal Proteins Induces Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses and Protects against Pneumococcal Colonization and Sepsis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00133-17. [PMID: 28768668 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00133-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pneumococcal diseases remain a substantial cause of mortality in young children in developing countries. The development of potentially serotype-transcending vaccines has been extensively studied; ideally, such a vaccine should include antigens that are able to induce protection against colonization (likely mediated by interleukin-17A [IL-17A]) and invasive disease (likely mediated by antibody). The use of strong adjuvants or alternative delivery systems that are able to improve the immunological response of recombinant proteins has been proposed but poses potential safety and practical concerns in children. We have previously constructed a recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG strain expressing a pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA)-PdT fusion protein (rBCG PspA-PdT) that was able to induce an effective immune response and protection against sepsis in a prime-boost strategy. Here, we constructed two new rBCG strains expressing the pneumococcal proteins SP 0148 and SP 2108, which confer IL-17A-dependent protection against pneumococcal colonization in mouse models. Immunization of mice with rBCG 0148 or rBCG 2108 in a prime-boost strategy induced IL-17A and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production. The combination of these rBCG strains with rBCG PspA-PdT (rBCG Mix), followed by a booster dose of the combined recombinant proteins (rMix) induced an IL-17A response against SP 0148 and SP 2108 and a humoral response characterized by increased levels of IgG2c against PspA and functional antibodies against pneumolysin. Furthermore, immunization with the rBCG Mix prime/rMix booster (rBCG Mix/rMix) provides protection against pneumococcal colonization and sepsis. These results suggest the use of combined rBCG strains as a potentially serotype-transcending pneumococcal vaccine in a prime-boost strategy, which could provide protection against pneumococcal colonization and sepsis.
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Th17-Mediated Cross Protection against Pneumococcal Carriage by Vaccination with a Variable Antigen. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00281-17. [PMID: 28717032 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00281-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotype-specific protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important limitation of the current polysaccharide-based vaccines. To prevent serotype replacement, reduce transmission, and limit the emergence of new variants, it is essential to induce broad protection and restrict pneumococcal colonization. In this study, we used a prototype vaccine formulation consisting of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-detoxified outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium displaying the variable N terminus of PspA (α1α2) for intranasal vaccination, which induced strong Th17 immunity associated with a substantial reduction of pneumococcal colonization. Despite the variable nature of this protein, a common major histocompatibility complex class (MHC-II) epitope was identified, based on in silico prediction combined with ex vivo screening, and was essential for interleukin-17 A (IL-17A)-mediated cross-reactivity and associated with cross protection. Based on 1,352 PspA sequences derived from a pneumococcal carriage cohort, this OMV-based vaccine formulation containing a single α1α2 type was estimated to cover 19.1% of strains, illustrating the potential of Th17-mediated cross protection.
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Conjugation of PspA4Pro with Capsular Streptococcus pneumoniae Polysaccharide Serotype 14 Does Not Reduce the Induction of Cross-Reactive Antibodies. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017. [PMID: 28637805 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00118-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Current pneumococcal vaccines are composed of bacterial polysaccharides as antigens, plain or conjugated to carrier proteins. While efficacious against vaccine serotypes, epidemiologic data show an increasing incidence of infections caused by nonvaccine serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae The use of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) as a carrier protein in a conjugate vaccine could help prevent serotype replacement by increasing vaccine coverage and reducing selective pressure of S. pneumoniae serotypes. PspA is present in all pneumococcal strains, is highly immunogenic, and is known to induce protective antibodies. Based on its sequence, PspA has been classified into three families and six clades. A PspA fragment derived from family 2, clade 4 (PspA4Pro), was shown to generate antibodies with a broad range of cross-reactivity, across clades and families. Here, PspA4Pro was modified and conjugated to capsular polysaccharide serotype 14 (PS14). We investigated the impact of conjugation on the immune response induced to PspA4Pro and PS14. Mice immunized with the PS14-mPspA4Pro conjugate produced higher titers of anti-PS14 antibodies than the animals that received coadministered antigens. The conjugate induced antibodies with opsonophagocytic activity against PS14-carrying strains, as well as against a panel of strains bearing PspAs from five clades (encompassing families 1 and 2) bearing a non-PS14 serotype. Furthermore, mice immunized with PS14-mPspA4Pro were protected against nasal colonization with a nonrelated S. pneumoniae strain bearing PspA from clade 1, serotype 6B. These results demonstrate that the cross-reactivity mediated by PspA4Pro is retained following conjugation, supporting the use of PspA4 as a carrier protein in order to enhance pneumococcal vaccine coverage and encourage its further investigation as a candidate in future vaccine designs.
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Converso T, Goulart C, Rodriguez D, Darrieux M, Leite L. Rational selection of broadly cross-reactive family 2 PspA molecules for inclusion in chimeric pneumococcal vaccines. Microb Pathog 2017; 109:233-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Khan N, Jan AT. Towards Identifying Protective B-Cell Epitopes: The PspA Story. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:742. [PMID: 28512452 PMCID: PMC5411445 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is one of the most abundant cell surface protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae). PspA variants are structurally and serologically diverse and help evade complement-mediated phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae, which is essential for its survival in the host. PspA is currently been screened for employment in the generation of more effective (serotype independent) vaccine to overcome the limitations of polysaccharide based vaccines, providing serotype specific immune responses. The cross-protection eliciting regions of PspA localize to the α-helical and proline rich regions. Recent data indicate significant variation in the ability of antibodies induced against the recombinant PspA variants to recognize distinct S. pneumoniae strains. Hence, screening for the identification of the topographical repertoire of B-cell epitopes that elicit cross-protective immune response seems essential in the engineering of a superior PspA-based vaccine. Herein, we revisit epitope identification in PspA and the utility of hybridoma technology in directing the identification of protective epitope regions of PspA that can be used in vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Khan
- Glycobiology Group, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (MPG)Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arif T Jan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
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González-Miro M, Rodríguez-Noda L, Fariñas-Medina M, García-Rivera D, Vérez-Bencomo V, Rehm BH. Self-assembled particulate PsaA as vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00291. [PMID: 28435909 PMCID: PMC5390691 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a human pathogen responsible for the majority of childhood pneumonia and media otitis cases worldwide. The diversity of its capsular polysaccharides (CPS) results in more than 91 serotypes of which at least 23 are virulent. Various CPS conjugated to immunogenic carrier proteins are currently licensed and provide protection against the infection caused by the respective serotypes but not against new and emerging virulent serotypes. In this study, we considered the conserved protein antigen PsaA, the pneumococcal surface adhesin A, in order to overcome the limitations of CPS antigens. The PsaA was translationally fused to a polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthase which mediated production of PsaA displayed on PHB inclusions in recombinant Escherichia coli. This suggested that the PsaA fusion to the PHB synthase did not interfere with PHB synthase activity and its ability to mediate formation of nano-sized inclusions composed of a PHB core surrounded by the PHB synthase fused to PsaA. Isolated PHB beads showed a negative surface charge. Transmission electron microscopy analysis suggested that the PsaA fusion to the PHB synthase reduced the size of PHB beads from about 500 nm to 100 nm. The integrity and antigenicity of the fusion protein attached to isolated PHB beads was confirmed by SDS-PAGE, tryptic peptide fingerprinting analysis using MALDI-TOF-MS/MS and immunoblotting using a monoclonal anti-PsaA antibody. Mice immunized with PsaA displaying PHB beads produced high and specific IgG levels dominated by IgG1 isotype. While IgG1 titer were similar between soluble and insoluble PsaA, the IgG2 titers were strongly increased upon vaccination with insoluble PsaA i.e. PsaA displayed on PHB beads. Particulate PsaA-PHB beads elicited IgG antibodies recognizing PsaA in whole cell lysates of seven different serotypes of S. pneumoniae. This study suggested that PHB beads are suitable carriers for PsaA in order to induce a significant and specific Th-2-type immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majela González-Miro
- Finlay Institute, La Havana, Cuba
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences and MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernd H.A. Rehm
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences and MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Australia
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Recombinant BCG expressing a PspA-PdT fusion protein protects mice against pneumococcal lethal challenge in a prime-boost strategy. Vaccine 2017; 35:1683-1691. [PMID: 28242071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pneumococcal proteins have been evaluated as genetically-conserved potential vaccine candidates. We have previously demonstrated that a fragment of PspA in fusion with PdT (rPspA-PdT) induced protective immune responses in mice. However, purified proteins have shown poor immunogenicity and often require the combination with strong adjuvants and booster doses. Here, we investigated the use of a Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) strain, a well-established prophylactic vaccine for tuberculosis with known adjuvant properties, for delivery of the PspA-PdT fusion protein. Immunization of mice in a prime-boost strategy, using rPspA-PdT as a boost, demonstrated that rBCG PspA-PdT/rPspA-PdT was able to induce an antibody response against both proteins, promoting an IgG1 to IgG2 antibody isotype shift. Sera from rBCG PspA-PdT/rPspA-PdT immunized mice showed antibodies able to bind to the pneumococcal surface and promoted higher complement deposition when compared with WT-BCG/rPspA-PdT or a single dose of rPspA-PdT. In addition, these antisera inhibited the cytolytic activity of Ply. Production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was increased in splenocytes culture. Furthermore, a higher expression of CD69 early activation molecule was observed on splenic CD4+ T cells from mice immunized with rBCG PspA-PdT before and after the protein booster dose. Finally, immunization with rBCG PspA-PdT/rPspA-PdT protected mice against pneumococcal lethal challenge. These results support the further investigation of recombinant BCG strains to express pneumococcal proteins, which could be administered in early stages of life and lead to protective pneumococcal immunity in infants and children.
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Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae remains one of the most frequent bacterial causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. National immunization programs implementing pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have successfully reduced rates of vaccine-type invasive disease and colonization both via direct effects in immunized children and, in some settings, indirect effects in unimmunized individuals. Limitations of the current PCV approach include the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes contributing to carriage and invasive disease in high-PCV coverage settings and the high cost of goods of PCVs which limits their accessibility in developing countries where the burden of disease remains highest. Furthermore, the distribution of serotypes causing disease varies geographically and includes more serotypes than are currently covered in a single PCV formulation. Researchers have long been exploring the potential of genetically conserved non-capsular pneumococcal antigens as vaccine candidates that might overcome such limitations. To better evaluate the rationale of such approaches, an understanding of the mechanisms of immunity to the various phases of pneumococcal infection is of paramount importance. Herein we will review the evolving understanding of both vaccine-induced and naturally acquired immunity to pneumococcal colonization and infection and discuss how this informs current approaches using serotype-independent pneumococcal vaccine candidates. We will then review the alternative vaccine candidates that have been or are currently under evaluation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Moffitt
- a Division of Infectious Diseases ; Department of Medicine; Boston Children's Hospital ; Boston , MA USA
| | - Richard Malley
- a Division of Infectious Diseases ; Department of Medicine; Boston Children's Hospital ; Boston , MA USA
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