1
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Atia MM, Mahmoud HAA, Wilson M, Abd-Allah EA. A comprehensive survey of warfarin-induced hepatic toxicity using histopathological, biomarker, and molecular evaluation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26484. [PMID: 38440292 PMCID: PMC10909775 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Warfarin finds human application as anticoagulant therapy. Warfarin usage can cause liver damage and hemorrhage. Besides functioning as anticoagulant and causing continuous bleeding of pests, the mechanism of toxicity of warfarin is unknown. In this study, Wild female and male rats were administrated orally with warfarin for 18 days at 9, 18, 27.5, and 55 mg/kg, respectively. Hepatoxicity was determined by assessing, LD50, leukocyte counts, immunochemistry, histopathology, serum proteins, Western blotting, especially of markers of liver injury, such as AST, ALT & ALP, and markers of antioxidant and oxidative stress markers. Warfarin treatment decreased Nrf2 levels while it increased caspase 3, CYP2C9, COLL1A1. It caused cellular damage and fibrosis of liver. The plasma levels of markers of liver injury, AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin and transferrin were increased. The plasma levels of albumin, IgG and antitrypsin were decreased. Warfarin treatment decreased RBC and total lymphocyte count while increasing selectively neutrophils. Warfarin exposure caused increased oxidative stress; increased LPO and decreased GSH, SOD, CAT and NO production. Oral exposure of rats with Warfarin leads to increased oxidative stress resulting into liver damage via CYP2C9 mediated by Nrf2 depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M. Atia
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Heba Allah Ahmed Mahmoud
- Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Agriculture Research Center, Animal Pests Department, Egypt
| | - Magdy Wilson
- Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Agriculture Research Center, Animal Pests Department, Egypt
| | - Elham A. Abd-Allah
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, EL-kharga, Egypt
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2
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Wang X, Xu J, Ji R, Bian H, Feng X, Jiang Z, Guo X, Zhang Y, Abdalla AN. Detection of Dihydrocoumarin in Coconut Juice via Photoelectric Detection System Based on Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrometry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8267. [PMID: 36365963 PMCID: PMC9653897 DOI: 10.3390/s22218267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy technology combined with stoichiometry, a portable photoelectric detection system with wireless transmission was designed with the advantages of simple operation, low cost, and quick response to realize the non-destructive detection of dihydrocoumarin content in coconut juice. Through the detection of a sample solution, the light intensity through the solution is measured and converted into absorbance. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to optimize support vector regression (SVR) to establish a corresponding concentration prediction model. At the same time, in order to solve the shortcomings of the conventional portable photoelectric detection equipment in data storage, data transmission, and other aspects, based on the optimal PSO-SVR model, we used Python language to develop a friendly graphical user interface (GUI), integrating data collection, storage, analysis, and prediction modeling in one, greatly simplifying the operation process. The experimental results show that, compared with the traditional methods, the system achieves the purpose of rapid and non-destructive detection and has a small gap compared with the detection results of the ultraviolet spectrophotometer. It provides a good method for the determination of dihydrocoumarin in coconut juice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rendong Ji
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-159-5126-5467
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3
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Yang Q, Váňa J, Klán P. The complex photochemistry of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid in acetonitrile and methanol. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1481-1495. [PMID: 35578152 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid in acetonitrile and methanol solutions at 355 nm results in complex multistep photochemical transformations, strongly dependent on the solvent properties and oxygen content. A number of reaction intermediates, which themselves undergo further (photo)chemical reactions, were identified by steady-state and transient absorption spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and NMR and product analyses. The triplet excited compound in acetonitrile undergoes decarboxylation to give a 3-coumarinyl radical that traps molecular oxygen to form 3-hydroxycoumarin as the major but chemically reactive intermediate. This compound is oxygenated by singlet oxygen, produced by coumarin-3-carboxylic acid sensitization, followed by a pyrone ring-opening reaction to give an oxalic acid derivative. The subsequent steps lead to the production of salicylaldehyde, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide as the final products. When 3-coumarinyl radical is not trapped by oxygen in degassed acetonitrile, it abstracts hydrogen from the solvent and undergoes triplet-sensitized [2 + 2] cycloaddition. The reaction of 3-coumarinyl radical with oxygen is largely suppressed in aerated methanol as a better H-atom donor, and coumarin is obtained as the primary product in good yields. Because coumarin derivatives are used in many photophysical and photochemical applications, this work provides detailed and sometimes surprising insights into their complex phototransformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Váňa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic.
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic.
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4
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Vitale DL, Icardi A, Rosales P, Spinelli FM, Sevic I, Alaniz LD. Targeting the Tumor Extracellular Matrix by the Natural Molecule 4-Methylumbelliferone: A Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapeutic Strategy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:710061. [PMID: 34676159 PMCID: PMC8524446 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.710061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In antineoplastic therapy, one of the challenges is to adjust the treatment to the needs of each patient and reduce the toxicity caused by conventional antitumor strategies. It has been demonstrated that natural products with antitumoral properties are less toxic than chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Also, using already developed drugs allows developing substantially less costly methods for the discovery of new treatments than traditional drug development. Candidate molecules proposed for drug repositioning include 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), an orally available dietetic product, derivative of coumarin and mainly found in the plant family Umbelliferae or Apiaceae. 4-MU specifically inhibits the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA), which is its main mechanism of action. This agent reduces the availability of HA substrates and inhibits the activity of different HA synthases. However, an effect independent of HA synthesis has also been observed. 4-MU acts as an inhibitor of tumor growth in different types of cancer. Particularly, 4-MU acts on the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of tumor cells and inhibits the progression of cancer stem cells and the development of drug resistance. In addition, the effect of 4-MU impacts not only on tumor cells, but also on other components of the tumor microenvironment. Specifically, 4-MU can potentially act on immune, fibroblast and endothelial cells, and pro-tumor processes such as angiogenesis. Most of these effects are consistent with the altered functions of HA during tumor progression and can be interrupted by the action of 4-MU. While the potential advantage of 4-MU as an adjunct in cancer therapy could improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicities of other antitumoral agents, the greatest challenge is the lack of scientific evidence to support its approval. Therefore, crucial human clinical studies have yet to be done to respond to this need. Here, we discuss and review the possible applications of 4-MU as an adjunct in conventional antineoplastic therapies, to achieve greater therapeutic success. We also describe the main proposed mechanisms of action that promote an increase in the efficacy of conventional antineoplastic strategies in different types of cancer and prospects that promote 4-MU repositioning and application in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana L Vitale
- Laboratorio de Microambiente Tumoral, Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas (CIBA), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Junin, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNNOBA), Universidad Nacional de San Antonio de Areco (UNSAdA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Antonella Icardi
- Laboratorio de Microambiente Tumoral, Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas (CIBA), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Junin, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNNOBA), Universidad Nacional de San Antonio de Areco (UNSAdA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Paolo Rosales
- Laboratorio de Microambiente Tumoral, Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas (CIBA), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Junin, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNNOBA), Universidad Nacional de San Antonio de Areco (UNSAdA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Fiorella M Spinelli
- Laboratorio de Microambiente Tumoral, Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas (CIBA), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Junin, Argentina.,Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes Angers (CRCINA), Inserm, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Ina Sevic
- Laboratorio de Microambiente Tumoral, Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas (CIBA), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Junin, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNNOBA), Universidad Nacional de San Antonio de Areco (UNSAdA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Laura D Alaniz
- Laboratorio de Microambiente Tumoral, Centro de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas (CIBA), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Junin, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CITNOBA), Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNNOBA), Universidad Nacional de San Antonio de Areco (UNSAdA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pergamino, Argentina
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5
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Hsieh CJ, Sun M, Osborne G, Ricker K, Tsai FC, Li K, Tomar R, Phuong J, Schmitz R, Sandy MS. Cancer Hazard Identification Integrating Human Variability: The Case of Coumarin. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:501-552. [PMID: 31845612 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819884544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin is a naturally occurring sweet-smelling benzopyrone that may be extracted from plants or synthesized for commercial uses. Its uses include as a flavoring agent, fragrance enhancer, and odor-masking additive. We reviewed and evaluated the scientific evidence on the carcinogenicity of coumarin, integrating information from carcinogenicity studies in animals with mechanistic and other relevant data, including data from toxicogenomic, genotoxicity, and metabolism studies, and studies of human variability of a key enzyme, CYP2A6. Increases in tumors were observed in multiple studies in rats and mice in multiple tissues. Our functional pathway analysis identified several common cancer-related biological processes/pathways affected by coumarin in rat liver following in vivo exposure and in human primary hepatocytes exposed in vitro. When coumarin 7-hydroxylation by CYP2A6 is compromised, this can lead to a shift in metabolism to the 3,4-epoxidation pathway and increased generation of electrophilic metabolites. Mechanistic data align with 3 key characteristics of carcinogens, namely formation of electrophilic metabolites, genotoxicity, and induction of oxidative stress. Considerations of metabolism, human variability in CYP2A6 activity, and coumarin hepatotoxicity in susceptible individuals provide additional support for carcinogenicity concern. Our analysis illustrates the importance of integrating information on human variability in the cancer hazard identification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChingYi Jennifer Hsieh
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Meng Sun
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Osborne
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Karin Ricker
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Feng C Tsai
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Kate Li
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Rajpal Tomar
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA.,Retired
| | - Jimmy Phuong
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rose Schmitz
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Martha S Sandy
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
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6
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Chang CH, Fu JH, Su CH, Yin MC, Hsu YM. Four spices prevent mice from contracting Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:2956-2964. [PMID: 31572538 PMCID: PMC6755440 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligustrum lucidum Ait (LL), Lysimachia christinae Hance (LC), Mentha piperita Linn (MP), and Cinnamomum cassia Presl (CC) are common spices used in Asia. The present study investigated the anti-Salmonella effects of the four spices using aqueous extracts. The amount of phenolic acids and flavonoids in each spice aqueous extract was determined as indicators of purity. Mice were pretreated with LL, LC, MP or CC aqueous extract for 7 days. Following infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain ST21 (ST21), the aqueous extract of each spice was subsequently administered for 4 days. ST21 infected mice had lower body weight compared with the control group. The administration of spice aqueous extracts significantly increased body weight following infection. ST21 infection increased the fecal ST21 counts compared with the control group; however, following spice aqueous extract treatments, ST21 counts significantly decreased. The spice treatments also significantly reduced ST21 count in blood and the organs. Notably, ST21 infection increased interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in serum whilst spice treatments reduced these cytokines. In the spleen, spice treatment significantly lowered IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels, but increased IL-12 levels. ST21 infection stimulated the production of immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgM in serum whilst spice aqueous extract treatment significantly decreased these levels. In summary, LL and MP aqueous extract treatments had the most significant effect in protecting against ST21 infection. Results of the RAW 264.7 cell infection model suggested that the mechanisms involved in the anti-ST21 effect of each spice were individually different. All four aqueous extracts demonstrated different mechanisms in attenuating ST21 invasion with the protective effect of LC aqueous extract potentially involving TNF-α expression. The present findings suggested that the four spices may be considered as potent functional foods due to their anti-Salmonella effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hung Chang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan 70173, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jia-Hua Fu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiu-Hsian Su
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Chin Yin
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
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7
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, coumarin, CAS Registry Number 91-64-5. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130 Suppl 1:110522. [PMID: 31129255 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Changes in coumarin kinetics and subcellular localization of CYP2E1 contribute to bile duct damage and reduce hepatocellular damage after repeated administration of coumarin in rats. Toxicol Lett 2017; 280:99-105. [PMID: 28803882 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Coumarin exhibits different hepatotoxicity in rats depending on the administration frequency. To investigate the underlying mechanisms for the differences, we administered coumarin to rats as a single dose or repeatedly for 4 weeks. We found large increases in blood levels of liver enzymes and noticeable centrilobular hepatic necrosis after a single dose of coumarin. After repeated administration, enzyme levels mildly increased, while those of γ-GTP and total bilirubin significantly increased, suggesting bile duct damage. In the control group, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) showed a diffuse subcellular distribution but accumulated within the hepatocyte endoplasmic reticulum after repeated coumarin administration. The maximum blood concentrations of coumarin and its metabolites were significantly lower upon repeated administration. The results suggest that changes in coumarin pharmacokinetics and CYP2E1 subcellular distribution contribute to resistance to coumarin-induced hepatic necrosis, while cytotoxicity of metabolic conjugates shown in vitro may contribute to bile duct damage upon repeated coumarin administration.
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9
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Verstraelen S, Peers B, Maho W, Hollanders K, Remy S, Berckmans P, Covaci A, Witters H. Phenotypic and biomarker evaluation of zebrafish larvae as an alternative model to predict mammalian hepatotoxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1194-206. [PMID: 26946349 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish phenotypic assays have shown promise to assess human hepatotoxicity, though scoring of liver morphology remains subjective and difficult to standardize. Liver toxicity in zebrafish larvae at 5 days was assessed using gene expression as the biomarker approach, complementary to phenotypic analysis and analytical data on compound uptake. This approach aimed to contribute to improved hepatotoxicity prediction, with the goal of identifying biomarker(s) as a step towards the development of transgenic models for prioritization. Morphological effects of hepatotoxic compounds (acetaminophen, amiodarone, coumarin, methapyrilene and myclobutanil) and saccharin as the negative control were assessed after exposure in zebrafish larvae. The hepatotoxic compounds induced the expected zebrafish liver degeneration or changes in size, whereas saccharin did not have any phenotypic adverse effect. Analytical methods based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were optimized to measure stability of selected compounds in exposure medium and internal concentration in larvae. All compounds were stable, except amiodarone for which precipitation was observed. There was a wide variation between the levels of compound in the zebrafish larvae with a higher uptake of amiodarone, methapyrilene and myclobutanil. Detection of hepatocyte markers (CP, CYP3A65, GC and TF) was accomplished by in situ hybridization of larvae to coumarin and myclobutanil and confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Experiments showed decreased expression of all markers. Next, other liver-specific biomarkers (i.e. FABP10a and NR1H4) and apoptosis (i.e. CASP-3 A and TP53) or cytochrome P450-related (CYP2K19) and oxidoreductase activity-related (ZGC163022) genes, were screened. Links between basic mechanisms of liver injury and results of biomarker responses are described. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Verstraelen
- VITO NV, Applied Bio & Molecular Systems, Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Bernard Peers
- GIGA-R, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hopital 1, B34, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Walid Maho
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Karen Hollanders
- VITO NV, Applied Bio & Molecular Systems, Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Remy
- VITO NV, Applied Bio & Molecular Systems, Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium.,Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Pascale Berckmans
- VITO NV, Applied Bio & Molecular Systems, Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hilda Witters
- VITO NV, Applied Bio & Molecular Systems, Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium
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10
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Jacobi JL, Yang B, Li X, Menze AK, Laurentz SM, Janle EM, Ferruzzi MG, McCabe GP, Chapple C, Kirchmaier AL. Impacts on Sirtuin Function and Bioavailability of the Dietary Bioactive Compound Dihydrocoumarin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149207. [PMID: 26882112 PMCID: PMC4755582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant secondary metabolite and common food additive dihydrocoumarin (DHC) is an inhibitor of the Sirtuin family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases. Sirtuins are key regulators of epigenetic processes that maintain silent chromatin in yeast and have been linked to gene expression, metabolism, apoptosis, tumorogenesis and age-related processes in multiple organisms, including humans. Here we report that exposure to the polyphenol DHC led to defects in several Sirtuin-regulated processes in budding yeast including the establishment and maintenance of Sir2p-dependent silencing by causing disassembly of silent chromatin, Hst1p-dependent repression of meiotic-specific genes during the mitotic cell cycle. As both transient and prolonged exposure to environmental and dietary factors have the potential to lead to heritable alterations in epigenetic states and to modulate additional Sirtuin-dependent phenotypes, we examined the bioavailability and digestive stability of DHC using an in vivo rat model and in vitro digestive simulator. Our analyses revealed that DHC was unstable during digestion and could be converted to melilotic acid (MA), which also caused epigenetic defects, albeit less efficiently. Upon ingestion, DHC was observed primarily in intestinal tissues, but did not accumulate over time and was readily cleared from the animals. MA displayed a wider tissue distribution and, in contrast to DHC, was also detected in the blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and urine, implying that the conversion of DHC to the less bioactive compound, MA, occurred efficiently in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Jacobi
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Anna K. Menze
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sara M. Laurentz
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Elsa M. Janle
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mario G. Ferruzzi
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - George P. McCabe
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ann L. Kirchmaier
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Tanaka Y, Fujii W, Hori H, Kitagawa Y, Ozaki K. Relationship between coumarin-induced hepatocellular toxicity and mitochondrial function in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 90:1-9. [PMID: 26806632 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The manifestation of coumarin-induced hepatocellular toxicity may differ and depends on the frequency of administration to rats. A single coumarin dose induces hepatocellular necrosis while repeated doses induce only hepatocyte degeneration. However, the mechanism underlying these effects remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism of coumarin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Coumarin was administered to male rats as a single dose or for 4 consecutive days, and samples were obtained 4 or 24 h after a single dose or 24 h after the repeated doses. A single coumarin dose significantly induced hepatocellular necrosis in rats; however, toxicity was attenuated after repeated dosing. With a single dose, hepatocellular necrosis was preceded by increased mitochondrial number and size and decreased mitochondrial function. An increased expression of granular cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 protein was observed in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of coumarin-treated rats compared to the expression in the untreated controls. Nevertheless, repeated dosing showed mitochondrial function that was equivalent to that of the control while enlarged CYP2E1 protein droplets were distributed outside the mitochondria. These results suggest that mitochondrial function and CYP2E1 expression might be involved in coumarin-induced hepatocellular toxicity in rats. A reduction in mitochondrial CYP2E1 might be implicated in the acquisition of coumarin resistance after repeated doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tanaka
- Suntory Business Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0238, Japan; Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Suntory Business Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0238, Japan
| | - Hisako Hori
- Suntory Business Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0238, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kitagawa
- Suntory Business Expert Limited, 8-1-1 Seikadai Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0238, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Ozaki
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
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12
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Łuczaj W, Jarocka-Karpowicz I, Bielawska K, Skrzydlewska E. Sweet grass protection against oxidative stress formation in the rat brain. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:183-90. [PMID: 25108595 PMCID: PMC4544646 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the influences of sweet grass on chronic ethanol-induced oxidative stress in the rat brain. Chronic ethanol intoxication decreased activities and antioxidant levels resulting in enhanced lipid peroxidation. Administration of sweet grass solution to ethanol-intoxicated rats partially normalized the activity activities of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, as well as levels of reduced glutathione and vitamins C, E, and A. Sweet grass also protected unsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic and docosahexaenoic) from oxidations and decreased levels of lipid peroxidation products: 4-hydroxynonenal, isoprostanes, and neuroprostanes. The present in vivo study confirms previous in vitro data demonstrating the bioactivity of sweet grass and suggests a possible role for sweet grass in human health protection from deleterious consequences associated with oxidative stress formation.
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Sarkhail P. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of the genus Peucedanum: a review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 156:235-70. [PMID: 25193684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Peucedanum (Apiaceae) comprising more than 120 species is widely distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa. The ethnopharmacologial history of this genus indicated that some extracts of aerial and underground parts of several Peucedanum species have been used in folk medicine for treatment of various conditions, such as cough, cramps, pain, rheumatism, asthma and angina. This review focuses on ethnopharmacological uses of Peucedanum species, as well as the phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies on this genus. Through this review, I intend to highlight the known and potential effects of the Peucedanum species or their isolated compounds and show which traditional medicine uses have been supported by pharmacological investigations. METHODS Information on the Peucedanum species was collected from scientific journals, books, thesis and reports via a library and electronic search (using Google Scholar, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect). This review covers the available literature from 1970 to the end of September 2013. RESULTS Although, there are about 120 species in this genus, so far many species have received no or little attention and most of pharmacological studies were performed on just about 20 species. Many phytochemical investigations on this genus confirmed that Peucedanum species are rich in essential oils and coumarins. The present review article shows that Peucedanum species have a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities and the most reported activities of Peucedanum plants come back to the presence of coumarins, flavonoids, phenolics and essential oils. CONCLUSIONS The present review confirms that some Peucedanum species have emerged as a good source of the traditional medicine for treatment of inflammation, microbial infections, cardiopulmonary diseases and provides new insights for further investigations on isolated compounds, especially on praeruptorins, to find novel therapeutics and aid drug discovery. However, for using Peucedanum species to prevent and treat various diseases, additional pharmacological studies to find the mechanism of action, safety and efficacy of them before starting clinical trials are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Sarkhail
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 16th Azar Street, PO Box 14155-6451, Tehran 14176, Iran.
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Effect of sweet grass extract against oxidative stress in rat liver and serum. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:135-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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The hepatoprotective effect of coumarin and coumarin derivates on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury by antioxidative activities in rats. J Physiol Biochem 2011; 67:569-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-011-0103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chemopreventive effects of Peucedanum praeruptorum DUNN and its major constituents on SGC7901 gastric cancer cells. Molecules 2010; 15:8060-71. [PMID: 21063269 PMCID: PMC6259126 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15118060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of Peucedanum praeruptorum DUNN methanolic extract (PPME) and its major constituents on SGC7901 human gastric cancer cells were evaluated. Two pyranocoumarins, namely, (±) praeruptorin A (PA) and (±) praeruptorin B (PB), were isolated from PPME. A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed to determine the contents of PA and PB in PPME. The anti-proliferative and cytotoxic actions of PPME were observed using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. At 300 μg/mL, PPME inhibited cell growth by 51.2% (P < 0.01), probably linked to the high concentration of PA and PB. Both PA and PB exhibited antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities on the SGC7901 cells. Furthermore, the active principle compound, PA, also enhanced the actions of doxorubincin (DOX) on SGC7901 cells. Cell growth decreased higher with the combined treatment of PA and DOX than that with the chemotherapy agent applied alone, suggesting that PA could reduce the dose of DOX for the desired effects.
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Murat Bilgin H, Atmaca M, Deniz Obay B, Ozekinci S, Taşdemir E, Ketani A. Protective effects of coumarin and coumarin derivatives against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 63:325-30. [PMID: 20207117 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The comparison of the antioxidant activity of some coumarins with their molecular structure is well determined. However, the protective function of coumarins with various chemical structures against liver toxicity has not yet been well established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible cytoprotective properties of coumarin and some coumarin derivatives against CCl(4) (carbon tetrachloride)-induced hepatotoxicity. Coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) and coumarin derivatives esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin), scoparone (6,7-dimethoxycoumarin) and 4-methylumbelliferone (7-hyroxy-4-methyl) were examined for their protective effect against CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity in Male Sprague-Dawley rats. A single toxic dose of CCl(4) (1.25 ml kg(-1), orally) produced liver damage in rats, seen histologically as centrilobular necrosis. Administration of CCl(4) increased serum enzyme levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Pre-treatment of rats with esculetin (31.15 mg kg(-1), orally) and scoparone (35 mg kg(-1), orally) significantly prevented CCl(4)-induced increase in serum enzymes, whereas 4-methylumbelliferone (35 mg kg(-1)) and coumarin (30 mg kg(-1)) had no effect against CCl(4)-induced rise in serum enzymes. Morphological findings were consistent with the plasma transaminase observations. Among the coumarin analogs, esculetin, which possesses orthodihydroxy coumarins, showed the strongest protective effect against CCl(4)-induced liver damage, followed by scoparone, 4-methylumbelliferone and coumarin, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the chemical structures of coumarins play an important role in the prevention of liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakkı Murat Bilgin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır 21280, Turkey.
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A toxicogenomics-based parallelogram approach to evaluate the relevance of coumarin-induced responses in primary human hepatocytes in vitro for humans in vivo. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1163-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Synthesis of chiral acetoxy lactones via the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of cyclic aromatic acetoxy ketones. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Uehara T, Hirode M, Ono A, Kiyosawa N, Omura K, Shimizu T, Mizukawa Y, Miyagishima T, Nagao T, Urushidani T. A toxicogenomics approach for early assessment of potential non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenicity of chemicals in rats. Toxicology 2008; 250:15-26. [PMID: 18619722 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For assessing carcinogenicity in animals, it is difficult and costly, an alternative strategy has been desired. We explored the possibility of applying a toxicogenomics approach by using comprehensive gene expression data in rat liver treated with various compounds. As prototypic non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens, thioacetamide (TAA) and methapyrilene (MP) were selected and 349 commonly changed genes were extracted by statistical analysis. Taking both compounds as positive with six compounds, acetaminophen, aspirin, phenylbutazone, rifampicin, alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate, and amiodarone as negative, prediction analysis of microarray (PAM) was performed. By training and 10-fold cross validation, a classifier containing 112 probe sets that gave an overall success rate of 95% was obtained. The validity of the present discriminator was checked for 30 chemicals. The PAM score showed characteristic time-dependent increases by treatment with several non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens, including TAA, MP, coumarin, ethionine and WY-14643, while almost all of the non-carcinogenic samples were correctly predicted. Measurement of hepatic glutathione content suggested that MP and TAA cause glutathione depletion followed by a protective increase, but the protective response is exhausted during repeated administration. Therefore, the presently obtained PAM classifier could predict potential non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenesis within 24 h after single dose and the inevitable pseudo-positives could be eliminated by checking data of repeated administrations up to 28 days. Tests for carcinogenicity using rats takes at least 2 years, while the present work suggests the possibility of lowering the time to 28 days with high precision, at least for a category of non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens causing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeki Uehara
- Toxicogenomics Project, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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Xu LN, Na WL, Liu X, Hou SG, Lin S, Yang H, Ma TH. Identification of natural coumarin compounds that rescue defective DeltaF508-CFTR chloride channel gating. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:878-83. [PMID: 18430055 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.04943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. Deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 (DeltaF508) of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel is the most common mutation causing cystic fibrosis (CF). Effective pharmacological therapy of CF caused by the DeltaF508-CFTR mutation requires the rescue of both intracellular processing and channel gating defects. 2. We identified a class of natural coumarin compounds that can correct the defective DeltaF508-CFTR chloride channel gating by screening a collection of 386 single natural compounds from Chinese medicinal herbs. Screening was performed with an iodide influx assay in Fischer rat thyroid epithelial cells coexpressing DeltaF508-CFTR and an iodide-sensitive fluorescent indicator (YFP-H148Q/I152L). 3. Dose-dependent potentiation of defective DeltaF508-CFTR chloride channel gating by five coumarin compounds was demonstrated by the fluorescent iodide influx assay and confirmed by an Ussing chamber short-circuit current assay. Activation was fully abolished by the specific CFTR inhibitor CFTR(inh)-172. Two potent compounds, namely imperatorin and osthole, have activation K(d) values of approximately 10 micromol/L, as determined by the short-circuit current assay. The active coumarin compounds do not elevate intracellular cAMP levels. Activation of DeltaF508-CFTR by the coumarin compounds requires cAMP agonist, suggesting direct interaction with the mutant CFTR molecule. Kinetics analysis indicated rapid activation of DeltaF508-CFTR by the coumarin compounds, with half-maximal activation of < 5 min. The activating effect was fully reversed for all five active compounds 45 min after washout. 4. In conclusion, the natural coumarin DeltaF508-CFTR activators may represent a new class of natural lead compounds for the development of pharmacological therapies for CF caused by the DeltaF508 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Xu
- Membrane Channel Research Laboratory, North-east Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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Farinola N, Piller NB. CYP2A6 polymorphisms: is there a role for pharmacogenomics in preventing coumarin-induced hepatotoxicity in lymphedema patients? Pharmacogenomics 2007; 8:151-8. [PMID: 17286538 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema is a chronic progressive and significantly disabling disease that affects over 150 million people worldwide. Coumarin is an effective pharmacological treatment, but is banned in some countries due to incidences of hepatotoxicity in rats and mice, and the rare finding of similar hepatotoxicity in humans. Cytochrome P450 (CYP)2A6 is the major enzyme involved in metabolizing coumarin to 7-hydroxycoumarin. A reduction in CYP2A6 activity will lead to shunting of coumarin into other metabolic pathways. In particular, coumarin is metabolized by CYP3A4 to form 3-hydroxycoumarin, the major metabolite in mice and rats. It has been shown that an increase in the 3-hydroxycoumarin ratio is associated with an increased production of the significant cytotoxic product o-hydroxyphenylacetylacetaldehyde (o-HPA), suggesting that a shunting of coumarin metabolism away from 7-hydroxylation is the cause of the toxicity. Hence, poor CYP2A6 metabolizers are more likely to metabolize coumarin via the cytotoxic pathway. Identifying these patients, and not treating them with coumarin, may reduce the incidence of toxicity associated with this drug. The technology to do so exists, but more information is required regarding the mechanism of coumarin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Farinola
- Lymphedema Assessment Clinic, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
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Kienhuis AS, Wortelboer HM, Hoflack JC, Moonen EJ, Kleinjans JCS, van Ommen B, van Delft JHM, Stierum RH. Comparison of coumarin-induced toxicity between sandwich-cultured primary rat hepatocytes and rats in vivo: a toxicogenomics approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:2083-90. [PMID: 16963487 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.011262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sandwich-cultured primary rat hepatocytes are often used as an in vitro model in toxicology and pharmacology. However, loss of liver-specific functions, in particular, the decline of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme activity, limits the value of this model for prediction of in vivo toxicity. In this study, we investigated whether a hepatic in vitro system with improved metabolic competence enhances the predictability for coumarin-induced in vivo toxicity by using a toxicogenomics approach. Therefore, primary rat hepatocytes were cultured in sandwich configuration in medium containing a mixture of low concentrations of P450 inducers, phenobarbital, dexamethasone, and beta-naphthoflavone. The toxicogenomics approach used enabled comparison of similar mechanistic end-points at the molecular level between in vitro and in vivo conditions, namely, compound-induced changes in multiple genes and signaling pathways. Toxicant-induced cytotoxic effects and gene expression profiles observed in hepatocytes cultured in modified medium and hepatocytes cultured in standard medium (without inducers) were compared with results from a rat in vivo study. Coumarin was used as a model compound because its toxicity depends on bioactivation by P450 enzymes. Metabolism of coumarin toward active metabolites, coumarin-induced cytotoxicity, and gene expression modulation were more pronounced in hepatocytes cultured in modified medium compared with hepatocytes cultured in standard medium. In addition, more genes and biological pathways were similarly affected by coumarin in hepatocytes cultured in modified medium and in vivo. In conclusion, these experiments showed that for coumarin-induced toxicity, sandwich-cultured hepatocytes maintained in modified medium better represent the situation in vivo compared with hepatocytes cultured in standard medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Kienhuis
- Business Unit Biosciences, TNO Quality of Life (Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research), Physiological Genomics, Zeist, The Netherlands
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Schimanski CC, Burg J, Möhler M, Höhler T, Kanzler S, Otto G, Galle PR, Lohse AW. Phenprocoumon-induced liver disease ranges from mild acute hepatitis to (sub-) acute liver failure. J Hepatol 2004; 41:67-74. [PMID: 15246210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2003] [Revised: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Except for bleeding complications, other serious adverse reactions of coumarin anticoagulants such as hepatotoxicity or skin necrosis are comparatively rare. Nonetheless, a small number of coumarin-induced (sub-) acute liver failures has been published. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed of patients treated for liver disease between 1992 and 2002 at our department to evaluate the incidence, clinical findings and histopathology of coumarin-induced hepatotoxicity. RESULTS The retrospective analysis revealed eight cases of phenprocoumon-induced hepatotoxicity, including three cases of (sub-) acute liver failure which resulted in two orthotopic liver transplantations and one fatal outcome. Five patients with phenprocoumon-induced hepatitis recovered well after anticoagulation was switched to another coumarin derivate or subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin. In all patients liver injury was predominantly of an hepatitic type. In the cases of (sub-) acute liver failure massive confluent liver cell necroses were histologically present, whereas among patients without liver failure mild portal to moderate active lobular hepatitis were observed. A retrospective analysis by BfArM (German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices) revealed 4390 cases of possible phenprocoumon-related adverse reactions since 1990, 2% of which had presented with hepatitis and 0.2% with liver failure. CONCLUSIONS Phenprocoumon-induced liver disease is an uncommon complication, which can, however, cause (sub-) acute liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl C Schimanski
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany.
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