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Wu M, Fan Y, Li J, Lu D, Guo Y, Xie L, Wu Y. Vinyl Phosphate-Functionalized, Magnetic, Molecularly-Imprinted Polymeric Microspheres' Enrichment and Carbon Dots' Fluorescence-Detection of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111770. [PMID: 31717892 PMCID: PMC6918286 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid detection of organophosphorus pesticide residues in food is crucial to food safety. One type of novel, magnetic, molecularly-imprinted polymeric microsphere (MMIP) was prepared with vinyl phosphate and 1-octadecene as a collection of dual functional monomers, which were screened by Gaussian09W molecular simulation. MMIPs were used to enrich organic phosphorus, which then detected by fluorescence quenching in vinyl phosphate-modified carbon dots (CDs@VPA) originated from anhydrous citric acid. MMIPs and CDs@VPA were characterized by TEM, particle size analysis, FT-IR, VSM, XPS, adsorption experiments, and fluorescence spectrophotometry in turn. Through the fitting data from experiment and Gaussian quantum chemical calculations, the molecular recognition properties and the mechanism of fluorescence detection between organophosphorus pesticides and CDs@VPA were also investigated. The results indicated that the MMIPs could specifically recognize and enrich triazophos with the saturated adsorption capacity 0.226 mmol g-1, the imprinting factor 4.59, and the limit of recognition as low as 0.0006 mmol L-1. Under optimal conditions, the CDs@VPA sensor has shown an extensive fluorescence property with a LOD of 0.0015 mmol L-1 and the linear range from 0.0035 mmol L-1 to 0.20 mmol L-1 (R2 = 0.9988) at 390 nm. The mechanism of fluorescence detection of organic phosphorus with CDs@VPA sensor might be attributable to hydrogen bonds formed between heteroatom O, N, S, or P, and the O-H group, which led to fluorescent quenching. Meanwhile, HN-C=O and Si-O groups in CDs@VPA system might contribute to cause excellent blue photoluminescence. The fluorescence sensor was thorough successfully employed to the detection of triazophos in cucumber samples, illustrating its tremendous value towards food sample analysis in complex matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Wu
- College of Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (M.W.); (Y.F.); (D.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yajun Fan
- College of Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (M.W.); (Y.F.); (D.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Jiawei Li
- College of Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (M.W.); (Y.F.); (D.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Danqing Lu
- College of Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (M.W.); (Y.F.); (D.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yaping Guo
- College of Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (M.W.); (Y.F.); (D.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Lianwu Xie
- College of Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (M.W.); (Y.F.); (D.L.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-731-85623648 (L.X.)
| | - Yiqiang Wu
- College of Material Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-731-85623648 (L.X.)
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Özkara A, Akyıl D, Eren Y, Erdoğmuş SF. Potential cytotoxic effect of Anilofos by using Allium cepa assay. Cytotechnology 2015; 67:783-91. [PMID: 24838422 PMCID: PMC4545445 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic effects of Anilofos which was widely used in agriculture, was evaluated in Allium cepa root meristematic cells. In the Allium root growth inhibition test EC50 value was determined 50 ppm and 1/2× EC50 (25 ppm), EC50 (50 ppm) and 2 × EC50 (100 ppm) concentrations of Anilofos were applied to onion roots. A negative and positive control were used in the experiment in parallel. According to results mitotic index decreased with increasing the Anilofos concentrations in all application groups and each exposure time, while disturbed anaphase-telophase, choromosome laggard(s), stickiness and anaphase bridge(s) were observed. In anaphase-telophase cells, c-metaphase, disturbed nucleus and binuclear cells were observed in other anomalies. The results were also analyzed statistically by using Dunnett t test (2-tailed) and all concentrations of Anilofos were found significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Özkara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey,
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Cortés-Eslava J, Gómez-Arroyo S, Arenas-Huertero F, Flores-Maya S, Díaz-Hernández ME, Calderón-Segura ME, Valencia-Quintana R, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ, Villalobos-Pietrini R. The role of plant metabolism in the mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of four organophosphorus insecticides in Salmonella typhimurium and in human cell lines. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:1117-1125. [PMID: 23434078 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study used a cell/microbe co-incubation assay to evaluate the effect of four organophosphorus insecticides (parathion-methyl, azinphos-methyl, omethoate, and methamidophos) metabolized by coriander (Coriandrum sativum). The reverse mutation of Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 was used as an indicator of genetic damage. Treatments with these insecticides inhibited peroxidase activity in plant cells by between 17% (omethoate) and 98% (azinphos-methyl) and decreased plant protein content by between 36% (omethoate) and 99.6% (azinphos-methyl). Azinphos-methyl was the most toxic when applied directly. In the Ames test, treatments applied directly to strain TA100 killed the bacteria; however, the presence of plant metabolism detoxified the system and permitted the growth of bacteria. In strain TA98, plant metabolites of insecticides were mutagenic. This result suggests that the tested pesticides produce mutations through frameshifting. The same pesticides were applied to human skin (HaCaT) and lung (NL-20) cell lines to evaluate their effects on cell viability. Pesticides applied directly were more cytotoxic than the combination of pesticide plus coriander metabolic fraction. Omethoate and methamidophos did not affect the viability of HaCaT cells, but azinphos-methyl and parathion-methyl at 100 and 1000μgmL(-1) significantly decreased viability (p<0.05). The NL-20 cell line was remarkably sensitive to the direct application of insecticides. All of the treatment conditions caused decreases in NL-20 cell viability (e.g., viability decreased to 12.0% after parathion-methyl treatment, to 14.7% after azinphos-methyl treatment, and to 6.9% after omethoate treatment). Similar to the Ames test, all of the insecticides showed decreased toxicity in human cells when they were cultured in the presence of plant metabolism. In conclusion, when the studied organophosphorus insecticides were plant-metabolized, they induced mutations in the bacterial strain TA98. In human cell lines, plant metabolism reduced the cytotoxic properties of the insecticides, and human keratinocytes were more resistant to mortality than bronchial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Cortés-Eslava
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico
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Xiang H, Wei W, Tang B, Liu X. Novel Reduction Kinetics Model of Dimethoate (DMA) on the Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802424123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Xiang
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemical, Biological Sensing Technologies and Chemometrics, Hunan University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Wanzhi Wei
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemical, Biological Sensing Technologies and Chemometrics, Hunan University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Biyu Tang
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemical, Biological Sensing Technologies and Chemometrics, Hunan University , Changsha , P. R. China
| | - Xiaotao Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Chemical, Biological Sensing Technologies and Chemometrics, Hunan University , Changsha , P. R. China
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Mastrantonio G, Mack HG, Della Védova CO. Interpretation of the mechanism of acetylcholinesterase inhibition ability by organophosphorus compounds through a new conformational descriptor. an experimental and theoretical study. J Mol Model 2008; 14:813-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-008-0321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Walz I, Schwack W. Cutinase inhibition by means of insecticidal organophosphates and carbamates. 3. Oxidation of phosphorothionates by chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:8177-86. [PMID: 17824663 DOI: 10.1021/jf071598y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Chloroperoxidase (CPO) from Caldariomyces fumago combined with hydrogen peroxide and chloride proved to be most efficient for the transformation of organophosphorothionate pesticides, i.e., chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, parathion, and parathion-methyl, into their more potent serine esterase inhibiting oxon analogues. Following CPO pre-oxidation steps, the detection limit of a recently described spectrophotometric cutinase assay could be increased by about 2 orders of magnitude as a consequence of increased inhibition rates of the organophosphates. This type of enzymatic oxidation is easier to perform and more efficient, as compared to bromine or N-bromosuccinimide, used for acetylcholine esterase (AChE) assay in water analyses, but is insufficient for complex matrices such as plant sample extracts. The performance of a complete assay, including sample preparation, oxidation, and inhibition, takes about 3 h. Performing oxidations of organophosphorus compounds, two significant anomalies were observed. Upon CPO oxidation, chlorpyrifos-methyl showed a very strong cutinase inhibition as compared to the corresponding oxon standard, and oxidized malathion, contrarily to malaoxon, revealed cutinase inhibition, which however obeyed a reversible reaction mechanism in contrast to the usually irreversible reactions of organophosphates. Except for methomyl, no significant effects of CPO oxidation on the inhibition strength of insecticidal carbamates could be detected. The applicability of the assay was tested with fruit samples spiked with chlorpyrifos at 0.2-0.5 mg/kg, thereby regarding the role of the latter as the pesticide detected most often in fruits. Mean recoveries ranged between 30-50%. An enhanced recovery of 84% was obtained for an apple juice sample spiked with parathion-methyl (0.5 mg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Walz
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Lu GN, Dang Z, Tao XQ, Chen XP, Yi XY, Yang C. Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships for Enzymatic Activity of Chloroperoxidase on Metabolizing Organophosphorus Pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200530176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Murali Manoj K. Chlorinations catalyzed by chloroperoxidase occur via diffusible intermediate(s) and the reaction components play multiple roles in the overall process. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1764:1325-39. [PMID: 16870515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 05/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chlorination mechanism of the fungal enzyme chloroperoxidase (CPO) has been debated for (1) active site chlorination and (2) diffusible species mediated chlorination. Based upon the conversion of approximately 35 different substrates belonging to different reactive groups, it was found that substrate dimensions and topography had no pronounced effect on rates of CPO chlorination reaction. Epoxidation of indene was dependent on its concentration where as chlorination was not. Also, effective conversion was seen in the chlorination mixture for substrates that could not be epoxidized or sulfoxidized. Some insoluble substrates and certain molecules that exceeded the active site dimensions were chlorinated at rates comparable to the rates required for CPO's more natural substrate, monochlorodimedone. By terminating the enzymatic reaction with an active site ligand (azide), the amount of diffusible species was correlated to CPO in the reaction mixture. The preferential utilization of a substrate, earlier attributed to the active site, is found to be due to the specificity afforded by the reaction environment. It was found that the reaction medium components of peroxide, chloride and hydronium ions affected the reaction rates through varying roles in the enzymatic and non-enzymatic process. Besides these experimental evidences, key mechanistic and kinetic arguments are presented to infer that the final chlorine transfer occurs outside the active site via a diffusible species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelath Murali Manoj
- Department of Biochemistry, 600 South Mathews Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL-61801, USA.
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Bello-Ramírez AM, Nava-Ocampo AA. The local anesthetic activity of Aconitum alkaloids can be explained by their structural properties: a QSAR analysis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2004; 18:157-61. [PMID: 15066129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2004.00222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alkaloids isolated from Aconitum roots exhibit anesthetic effects at peripheral nerves. We performed the present quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis in order to understand the mechanism of action as local anesthetics of 11 Aconitum alkaloids. The alkaloids with the highest anesthetic activity had an aroyl/aroyloxy group at R14 position while the weaker anesthetic alkaloids had the aroyloxy group at R4. The stable compounds exhibited a higher local anesthetic activity than the unstable compounds. In relation to the reactivity indexes of atoms on the aromatic ring, C2' was more reactive while C3' and C5' were less reactive in the compounds with the highest anesthetic activity. Reactivity of N, C1', C4' and C6' was similar between the two groups of alkaloids. The pKa was approximately 7.3 in both groups. The local anesthetic ED50 of alkaloids was significantly inversely related to molecular weight, core-core repulsion energy, steric energy and RI-C2', and directly related to electronic energy, total energy, RI-C5' and to the heat of formation. In conclusion, we identified a set of structural parameters that are related to the local anesthetic activity of Aconitum alkaloids. Our findings are useful to understand the mechanism of action of these alkaloids and to provide a rational for chemical manipulation of the compounds in order to obtain potent derivates with minor toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M Bello-Ramírez
- Molecular Design and Information Technology Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ortiz-Hernández ML, Quintero-Ramírez R, Nava-Ocampo AA, Bello-Ramírez AM. Study of the mechanism ofFlavobacteriumsp. for hydrolyzing organophosphate pesticides. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2003; 17:717-23. [PMID: 15015717 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The biotransformation by Flavobacterium sp. of the following organophosphate pesticides was experimentally and theoretically studied: phorate, tetrachlorvinphos, methyl-parathion, terbufos, trichloronate, ethoprophos, phosphamidon, fenitrothion, dimethoate and DEF. The Flavobacterium sp. ATCC 27551 strain bearing the organophosphate-degradation gene was used. Bacteria were incubated in the presence of each pesticide for a duration of 7 days. Parent pesticides were identified and quantified by means of a gas-chromatography mass spectrum system. Activity was considered as the amount (micromol) of each pesticide degraded by Flavobacterium sp. Also, structural parameters obtained by means of the CAChe program package for biomolecules, the reactivity index of phosphorus, of oxygen at the P = O function and of sulfur at the P = S function, and lipophilicity (log Poct) (ALOGPS v. 2.0) were obtained for each pesticide. Pesticides were hydrolyzed at the bond between phosphorous and the heteroatom, producing phosphoric acid and three metabolites. Enzymatic activity was significantly explained by the following multiple linear relationship: Enzymatic activity = 162.2 - 9.5(dihedral angle energy) - 25.0(Total energy) - 0.51(Molecular weight). Finally, a mechanism of Flavobacterium sp. to hydrolyze pesticides was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Ortiz-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales, Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca Morelos, México
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Bello-Ramírez AM, Buendía-Orozco J, Nava-Ocampo AA. A QSAR analysis to explain the analgesic properties of Aconitum alkaloids. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2003; 17:575-80. [PMID: 14703718 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aconitum roots are traditionally prescribed for the management of different types of painful affections in Asiatic countries. A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis was performed to study the effect of chemical substitutes in the analgesic potency of alkaloids available in Chinese Aconitum roots. Using the CAChe program package for biomolecules, molecular modelling was performed in 12 alkaloids previously tested in a model of acetic acid-induced writhing in rats. The ED50 (micromol/kg) was used as the activity parameter. Structural parameters were compared between alkaloids with an aroyl/aroyloxy group at R14 and alkaloids with the aroyloxy group at R4. Single linear regression analyses were performed in order to find the parameters explaining activity. Alkaloids with an aroyl/aroyloxy group at R14 exhibited the highest potency (significantly less ED50). The stability parameters were different between groups, e.g. total energy was -8.0 +/- 0.4 in the potent analgesic alkaloids and -6.7 +/- 0.3 in the weak analgesic alkaloids (P = 0.001). The reactivity index of C2', C3' and C5' of the aromatic ring was also different between groups, e.g. the reactivity index of C5' was 40.8 +/- 0.6 in potent analgesic alkaloids and 48.1 +/- 0.6 in weaker analgesic alkaloids (P < 0.001). Several structural parameters explained analgesic activity of alkaloids, being the reactivity index of C5' on the aromatic group the most important factor (r = 0.89; P < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M Bello-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca Morelos, México
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