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Cheng Z, Xian L, Chen D, Lu J, Wei Y, Du L, Wang Q, Chen Y, Lu B, Bi D, Zhang Z, Huang R. Development of an Innovative Process for High-Temperature Fruit Juice Extraction Using a Novel Thermophilic Endo-Polygalacturonase From Penicillium oxalicum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1200. [PMID: 32595621 PMCID: PMC7303257 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and cost-effective production of thermophilic endo-polygalacturonase is desirable for industrial fruit juice production, because its application could shorten the processing time and lower the production cost, by eliminating the separate step of pectin degradation. However, no endo-polygalacturonase that both functions well at sufficiently high temperature and can be manufactured economically, has been reported previously. In this study, the cDNA encoding a thermophilic endo-polygalacturonase from Penicillium oxalicum CZ1028, was cloned and over-expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 and Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant proteins PoxaEnPG28B-Pp (from P. pastoris) and PoxaEnPG28B-Ec (from E. coli) were isolated and purified. PoxaEnPG28B-Pp was sufficiently thermostable for potential industrial use, but PoxaEnPG28B-Ec was not. The optimal pH and temperature of PoxaEnPG28B-Pp were pH 5.0 and 65°C, respectively. The enzyme had a low Km of 1.82 g/L and a high Vmax of 77882.2 U/mg, with polygalacturonic acid (PGA) as substrate. The performance of PoxaEnPG28B-Pp in depectinization of papaya, plantain and banana juices at 65°C for 15 min was superior to that of a reported mesophilic endo-polygalacturonase. PoxaEnPG28B-Pp is the first endo-polygalacturonase reported to show excellent performance at high temperature. An innovative process, including a step of simultaneous heat-treatment and depectinization of fruit pulps with PoxaEnPG28B-Pp, is reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Cheng
- College of Mechatronic and Quality Technology Engineering, Nanning University, Nanning, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Liang Xian
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Dong Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yutuo Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Liqin Du
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingyan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yunlai Chen
- School of Environment and Life Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
| | - Bo Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Dewu Bi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Zhikai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Ribo Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
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High-yield C11-oxidation of hydrocortisone by establishment of an efficient whole-cell system in Bacillus megaterium. Metab Eng 2019; 55:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Guo L, Katiyo W, Lu L, Zhang X, Wang M, Yan J, Ma X, Yang R, Zou L, Zhao W. Glycyrrhetic Acid 3-O-Mono-β-d
-glucuronide (GAMG): An Innovative High-Potency Sweetener with Improved Biological Activities. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:905-919. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Wendy Katiyo
- Dept. of Food Science; Univ. of Pretoria; Hatfield 0028 South Africa
| | - Liushen Lu
- School of Biotechnology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Mingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Jiai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Xiaoyun Ma
- School of Foreign Studies; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Ruijin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Long Zou
- Bunge Ingredient Innovation Center; 725 North Kinzie Avenue Bradley IL 60915 U.S.A
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ.; Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
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Satheeshkumar PK, Anu PV, Junaida MI, Madanan MG, Jebasingh T, Nair AJ, Nair GA, Nair GPM, Sudhakaran PR. Expression of Leptospira membrane proteins Signal Peptidase (SP) and Leptospira Endostatin like A (Len A) in BL-21(DE3) is toxic to the host cells. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018; 16:393-398. [PMID: 30733752 PMCID: PMC6353657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous expression of Integral Membrane Proteins (IMPs) is reported to be toxic to the host system in many studies. Even though there are reports on various concerns like transformation efficiency, growth properties, protein toxicity, inefficient expression and protein degradation in IMP overexpression, no studies so far addressed these issues in a comprehensive way. In the present study, two transmembrane proteins of the pathogen Leptospira interrogans, namely Signal peptidase (SP), and Leptospira Endostatin like A (Len-A) were taken along with a cytosolic protein Hydrolase (HYD) to assess the differences in transformation efficiency, protein toxicity, and protein stability when over expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Bioinformatics analysis to predict the transmembrane localization indicated that both SP and Len are targeted to the membrane. The three proteins were expressed in full length in the E. coli expression strain, BL 21 (DE3). Significant changes were observed for the strains transformed with IMP genes under the parameters analysed such as, the transformation efficiency, survival of colonies on IPTG-plate, culture growth kinetics and protein expression compared to the strain harbouring the cytosolic protein gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padikara K Satheeshkumar
- Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Prasannan V Anu
- Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Mohmed I Junaida
- Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Ananthakrishnan J Nair
- Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Gangaprasad A Nair
- Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Govinda Pillai M Nair
- Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Perumana R Sudhakaran
- Interuniversity Centre for Genomics and Gene Technology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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Zhang R, Wang L, Xu Y, Liang H, Zhou X, Jiang J, Li Y, Xiao R, Ni Y. In situ expression of (R)-carbonyl reductase rebalancing an asymmetric pathway improves stereoconversion efficiency of racemic mixture to (S)-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol in Candida parapsilosis CCTCC M203011. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:143. [PMID: 27534936 PMCID: PMC4989518 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0539-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida parapsilosis (R)-carbonyl reductase (RCR) and (S)-carbonyl reductase (SCR) are involved in the stereoconversion of racemic (R,S)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol (PED) to its (S)-isomer. RCR catalyzes (R)-PED to 2-hydroxyacetophenone (2-HAP), and SCR catalyzes 2-HAP to (S)-PED. However, the stereoconversion efficiency of racemic mixture to (S)-PED is not high because of an activity imbalance between RCR and SCR, with RCR performing at a lower rate than SCR. To realize the efficient preparation of racemic mixture to (S)-PED, an in situ expression of RCR and a two-stage control strategy were introduced to rebalance the RCR- and SCR-mediated pathways. Results An in situ expression plasmid pCP was designed and RCR was successfully expressed in C. parapsilosis. With respect to wild-type, recombinant C. parapsilosis/pCP-RCR exhibited over four-fold higher activity for catalyzing racemic (R,S)-PED to 2-HAP, while maintained the activity for catalyzing 2-HAP to (S)-PED. The ratio of kcat/KM for SCR catalyzing (R)-PED and RCR catalyzing 2-HAP was about 1.0, showing the good balance between the functions of SCR and RCR. Based on pH and temperature preferences of RCR and SCR, a two-stage control strategy was devised, where pH and temperature were initially set at 5.0 and 30 °C for RCR rapidly catalyzing racemic PED to 2-HAP, and then adjusted to 4.5 and 35 °C for SCR transforming 2-HAP to (S)-PED. Using these strategies, the recombinant C. parapsilosis/pCP-RCR catalyzed racemic PED to its (S)-isomer with an optical purity of 98.8 % and a yield of 48.4 %. Most notably, the biotransformation duration was reduced from 48 to 13 h. Conclusions We established an in situ expression system for RCR in C. parapsilosis to rebalance the functions between RCR and SCR. Then we designed a two-stage control strategy based on pH and temperature preferences of RCR and SCR, better rebalancing RCR and SCR-mediated chiral biosynthesis pathways. This work demonstrates a method to improve chiral biosyntheses via in situ expression of rate-limiting enzyme and a multi-stage control strategy to rebalance asymmetric pathways. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0539-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongbo Liang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ye Ni
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
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Hintzpeter J, Stapelfeld C, Loerz C, Martin HJ, Maser E. Green tea and one of its constituents, Epigallocatechine-3-gallate, are potent inhibitors of human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84468. [PMID: 24404164 PMCID: PMC3880318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The microsomal enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid deydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyzes the interconversion of glucocorticoid receptor-inert cortisone to receptor- active cortisol, thereby acting as an intracellular switch for regulating the access of glucocorticoid hormones to the glucocorticoid receptor. There is strong evidence for an important aetiological role of 11β-HSD1 in various metabolic disorders including insulin resistance, diabetes type 2, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity. Hence, modulation of 11β-HSD1 activity with selective inhibitors is being pursued as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Since tea has been associated with health benefits for thousands of years, we sought to elucidate the active principle in tea with regard to diabetes type 2 prevention. Several teas and tea specific polyphenolic compounds were tested for their possible inhibition of cortisone reduction with human liver microsomes and purified human 11β-HSD1. Indeed we found that tea extracts inhibited 11β-HSD1 mediated cortisone reduction, where green tea exhibited the highest inhibitory potency with an IC50 value of 3.749 mg dried tea leaves per ml. Consequently, major polyphenolic compounds from green tea, in particular catechins were tested with the same systems. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) revealed the highest inhibition of 11β-HSD1 activity (reduction: IC50 = 57.99 µM; oxidation: IC50 = 131.2 µM). Detailed kinetic studies indicate a direct competition mode of EGCG, with substrate and/or cofactor binding. Inhibition constants of EGCG on cortisone reduction were Ki = 22.68 µM for microsomes and Ki = 18.74 µM for purified 11β-HSD1. In silicio docking studies support the view that EGCG binds directly to the active site of 11β-HSD1 by forming a hydrogen bond with Lys187 of the catalytic triade. Our study is the first to provide evidence that the health benefits of green tea and its polyphenolic compounds may be attributed to an inhibition of the cortisol producing enzyme 11β-HSD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hintzpeter
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Stapelfeld
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Loerz
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Joerg Martin
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ye L, Guo J, Ge RS. Environmental pollutants and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2014; 94:349-90. [PMID: 24388197 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800095-3.00013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD) are a group of steroidogenic enzymes that are involved in the steroid biosynthesis and metabolism. Four classes of HSDs, namely, 3β-, 11β-, 17β-, and 20α-HSDs, are discussed. 3β-HSDs catalyze the conversion of pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, and dehydroepiandrosterone to progesterone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione, respectively. 11β-HSDs catalyze the interconversion between active cortisol and inactive cortisone. 17β-HSDs catalyze the interconversion between 17β-hydroxyl steroids and 17-ketoandrogens and estrogens. 20α-HSDs catalyze the conversion of progesterone into 20α-hydroxyprogesterone. Many environmental pollutants directly inhibit one or more enzymes of these HSDs, thus interfering with endogenous active steroid hormone levels. These chemicals include industrial materials (perfluoroalkyl compounds, phthalates, bisphenol A, and benzophenone), pesticides/biocides (methoxychlor, organotins, 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, and prochloraz), and plant constituents (genistein, gossypol, and licorice). This chapter reviews these inhibitors targeting on HSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leping Ye
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Research Academy of Reproductive Biomedicine of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Research Academy of Reproductive Biomedicine of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Research Academy of Reproductive Biomedicine of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.
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Zhang R, Xu Y, Xiao R, Wang L, Zhang B. Optimized expression of (S)-carbonyl reductase in Pichia pastoris for efficient production of (S)-1-phenyl-1, 2-ethanediol. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 54:873-9. [PMID: 23864343 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant (S)-carbonyl reductase (SCR) in Escherichia coli catalyzed the reduction of 2-hydroxyacetophenone to (S)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol (PED) with low efficiency. In this work, its 6× histidine fusion gene his6 -scr was cloned in Pichia pastoris under the control of the AOX1 methanol inducible promoter. The heterologous protein SCR was expressed through a Mut(s) phenotype. Under the optimal conditions: pH 7.0, initial OD600 2.5, methanol daily addition concentration 1.0% and induction duration 4-5 days, the recombinant protein SCR was produced at the highest level. The enzyme activity in the cell-free exacts of P. pastoris was 0.38, which was over twofold than that of the recombinant E. coli-SCR. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity with a specific activity of 3.41 U mg(-1) , and it catalyzed the biotransformation of (S)-PED with a high optical purity of 96.9% in a high yield of 89.7% at optimum pH of 7.0. The developed effective system of P. pastoris-SCR will facilitate the preparation of pure chiral alcohol in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China; National Key Laboratory for Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P. R. China
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Zhou HY, Hu GX, Lian QQ, Morris D, Ge RS. The metabolism of steroids, toxins and drugs by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1. Toxicology 2012; 292:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Blum A, Loerz C, Martin HJ, Staab-Weijnitz CA, Maser E. Momordica charantia extract, a herbal remedy for type 2 diabetes, contains a specific 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 128:51-5. [PMID: 22001161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyzes the intracellular regeneration of active cortisol from inert cortisone in key metabolic tissues, thus regulating ligand access to glucocorticoid receptors. There is strong evidence that increased adipose 11β-HSD1 activity may be an important aetiological factor in the current obesity and diabetes type 2 epidemics. Hence, inhibition of 11β-HSD1 has emerged as a promising anti-diabetic strategy, a concept that is largely supported by numerous studies in rodent models as well as limited clinical data with prototype inhibitors. Momordica charantia (also known as bitter melon, bitter gourd or karela) is traditionally used for treatment of diabetes in Asia, South America, the Caribbean, and East Africa. In the present study, we show that M. charantia extract capsules contain at least one ingredient with selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitory activity. The finding constitutes an interesting additional explanation for the well-documented anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects of M. charantia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Blum
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Škarydová L, Wsól V. Human microsomal carbonyl reducing enzymes in the metabolism of xenobiotics: well-known and promising members of the SDR superfamily. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 44:173-91. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.638304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Freigassner M, Pichler H, Glieder A. Tuning microbial hosts for membrane protein production. Microb Cell Fact 2009; 8:69. [PMID: 20040113 PMCID: PMC2807855 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-8-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The last four years have brought exciting progress in membrane protein research. Finally those many efforts that have been put into expression of eukaryotic membrane proteins are coming to fruition and enable to solve an ever-growing number of high resolution structures. In the past, many skilful optimization steps were required to achieve sufficient expression of functional membrane proteins. Optimization was performed individually for every membrane protein, but provided insight about commonly encountered bottlenecks and, more importantly, general guidelines how to alleviate cellular limitations during microbial membrane protein expression. Lately, system-wide analyses are emerging as powerful means to decipher cellular bottlenecks during heterologous protein production and their use in microbial membrane protein expression has grown in popularity during the past months. This review covers the most prominent solutions and pitfalls in expression of eukaryotic membrane proteins using microbial hosts (prokaryotes, yeasts), highlights skilful applications of our basic understanding to improve membrane protein production. Omics technologies provide new concepts to engineer microbial hosts for membrane protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Freigassner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Blum A, Favia AD, Maser E. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors with oleanan and ursan scaffolds. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 301:132-6. [PMID: 18822345 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) converts cortisone to the active glucocorticoid cortisol, thereby acting as a cellular switch to mediate glucocorticoid action in many tissues. Several studies have indicated that 11beta-HSD1 plays a crucial role in the onset of type 2 diabetes and central obesity. As a consequence, selective inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 in humans might become a new and promising approach for lowering blood glucose concentrations and for counteracting the accumulation of visceral fat and its related metabolic abnormalities in type 2 diabetes. In this study, we present the synthesis and the biological evaluation of ursan or oleanan type triterpenoids which may act as selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors in liver as well as in peripheral tissues, like adipocytes and muscle cells. In order to rationalise the outcomes of the inhibition data, docking simulations of the ligands were performed on the experimentally determined structure of 11beta-HSD1. Furthermore, we discuss the structural determinants that confer enzymatic specificity. From our investigation, valuable information has been obtained to design selective 11beta-HSD1 blockers based on the oleanan and ursan scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Blum
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is 7alpha-hydroxylated by the cytochrome P4507B1 in the liver, skin and brain, which are targets for glucocorticoids. 7alpha-Hydroxy-DHEA produced anti-glucocorticoid effects in vivo but the interference between the glucocorticoid hormone binding with its receptor could not be determined. In the organs mentioned above, circulating inactive cortisone is reduced to active cortisol by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1). 7alpha-Hydroxy-DHEA is also a substrate for this enzyme. Studies of 11beta-HSD1 action on 7alpha-hydroxy-DHEA show the reversible production of 7beta-hydroxy-DHEA through an intermediary 7-oxo-DHEA. Both the production of 7alpha-hydroxysteroids and their interference with the activation of cortisone into cortisol are basic to the concept of native anti-glucocorticoids. The cytochrome P4507B1 responsible for 7alpha-hydroxy-DHEA production and 11beta-HSD1 are key enzymes for the modulation of glucocorticoid action in humans. This is a promising new area for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Chalbot
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
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15
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Yu V, Tudor Y, Hale C, Plant M, Kim KW, Wang M, Nguyen Y, Miguel TS, Chen M, Nybo R, Baumgartner J, Kurzeja RJM, Powers D. High capacity homogeneous non-radioactive cortisol detection assays for human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2007; 5:105-15. [PMID: 17355203 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2006.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) catalyzes the interconversion of inert glucocorticoid (cortisone) to the active glucocorticoid (cortisol) and is enriched in liver and fat tissues. Increasing evidence suggests that selective inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 may reduce the excess glucocorticoid levels that underlie the etiology of many common disorders that constitute the metabolic syndrome. Measurement of 11beta-HSD1 activity has historically involved the detection of cortisol by methods unfavorable for large-scale screening, such as high performance liquid chromatography or thin layer chromatography. Here we describe the development and validation of novel homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) and electrochemiluminescence assays for the measurement of cortisol. These non-radioactive assays were easy to perform and produced robust results with reference compound values comparable to those obtained by conventional methods. The TR-FRET assay was easily automated and was successfully employed for the high-throughput screening of a large compound library for inhibitors of purified human recombinant 11beta-HSD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Yu
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA.
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16
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Muller C, Pompon D, Urban P, Morfin R. Inter-conversion of 7alpha- and 7beta-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone by the human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 99:215-22. [PMID: 16603347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 12/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 7alpha-hydroxylation in humans takes place in the liver, skin, and brain. These organs are targets for the glucocorticoid hormones where 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) activates cortisone through its reduction into cortisol. The putative interference of 7alpha-hydroxy-DHEA with the 11beta-HSD1-catalyzed reduction of cortisone into cortisol has been confirmed in preliminary works with human liver tissue preparations of the enzyme demonstrating the transformation of 7alpha-hydroxy-DHEA into 7-oxo-DHEA and 7beta-hydroxy-DHEA. However, the large production of 7beta-hydroxy-DHEA could not be explained satisfactorily. Therefore our objective was to study the role in the metabolism of oxygenated DHEA by recombinant human 11beta-HSD1 expressed in yeast. The 7alpha- and 7beta-hydroxy-DHEA were each oxidized into 7-oxo-DHEA with quite dissimilar K(M) (70 and 9.5 microM, respectively) but at equivalent V(max). In contrast, the 11beta-HSD1-mediated reduction of 7-oxo-DHEA led to the production of both 7alpha- and 7beta-hydroxy-DHEA with equivalent K(M) (1.1 microM) but with a 7beta-hydroxy-DHEA production characterized by a significantly greater V(max). The 7alpha-hydroxy-DHEA produced by the cytochrome CYP7B1 in tissues may exert anti-glucocorticoid effects through interference with the 11beta-HSD1-mediated cortisone reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Muller
- Laboratoire de Biologie, EA-3199, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
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17
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Tomlinson JW, Walker EA, Bujalska IJ, Draper N, Lavery GG, Cooper MS, Hewison M, Stewart PM. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: a tissue-specific regulator of glucocorticoid response. Endocr Rev 2004; 25:831-66. [PMID: 15466942 DOI: 10.1210/er.2003-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 732] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) interconverts inactive cortisone and active cortisol. Although bidirectional, in vivo it is believed to function as a reductase generating active glucocorticoid at a prereceptor level, enhancing glucocorticoid receptor activation. In this review, we discuss both the genetic and enzymatic characterization of 11beta-HSD1, as well as describing its role in physiology and pathology in a tissue-specific manner. The molecular basis of cortisone reductase deficiency, the putative "11beta-HSD1 knockout state" in humans, has been defined and is caused by intronic mutations in HSD11B1 that decrease gene transcription together with mutations in hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, an endoluminal enzyme that provides reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate as cofactor to 11beta-HSD1 to permit reductase activity. We speculate that hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and therefore reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate supply may be crucial in determining the directionality of 11beta-HSD1 activity. Therapeutic inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 reductase activity in patients with obesity and the metabolic syndrome, as well as in glaucoma and osteoporosis, remains an exciting prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Tomlinson
- Endocrinology, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
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18
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Elleby B, Svensson S, Wu X, Stefansson K, Nilsson J, Hallén D, Oppermann U, Abrahmsén L. High-level production and optimization of monodispersity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1700:199-207. [PMID: 15262229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2004] [Revised: 05/11/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) is an intraluminally oriented, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-bound enzyme catalyzing the interconversion between inactive cortisone and hormonally active cortisol. Heterologous production of 11beta-HSD1, devoid of its N-terminal transmembrane segment, is possible but yields only small amounts of soluble protein. Here we show that the soluble portion of recombinant 11beta-HSD1 produced in E. coli is found mainly as multimeric aggregates in the absence of detergent, and to a large extent associated with the endogenous chaperonin GroEL and other E. coli proteins. By co-overexpressing GroEL/ES and adding an 11beta-HSD1 inhibitor during protein synthesis, we have increased the accumulation of soluble 11beta-HSD1 by more than one order of magnitude. Using monodispersity as a screening criterion, we have also optimized the purification process by evaluating various solubilizing systems for the chromatographic steps, finally obtaining stable monodisperse preparations of both human and guinea pig 11beta-HSD1. By analytical ultracentrifugation, we could demonstrate that 11beta-HSD1 mainly exists as a dimer in the solubilized state. Moreover, active site titration of human 11beta-HSD1 revealed that at least 75% of the protein in a typical preparation represents active enzyme. Equilibrium unfolding experiments indicate that addition of inhibitor and the cofactor NADP(H) can stabilize the conformational stability of this enzyme in an additive manner. The outlined procedure may provide a general method for preparing similar proteins to oligomeric homogeneity and with retained biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Elleby
- Department of Assay Development and Screening, Biovitrum AB, Stockholm SE-112 76, Sweden.
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19
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Blum A, Maser E. The critical role of the N-terminus of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, as being encoded by exon 1, for enzyme stabilization and activity. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 143-144:469-80. [PMID: 12604233 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 catalyzes the conversion of cortisone to hormonally active cortisol and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of disorders, including insulin resistance and obesity. Because 11beta-HSD 1 is a membrane protein with a very hydrophobic character, it is difficult to purify it in an active state. Not much is known about the topological and structural determinants of 11beta-HSD 1, although the elucidation of the structure of 11beta-HSD 1 would be a great advantage in identifying specific 11beta-HSD 1 inhibitors. Bacterial expression of full-length or truncated 11beta-HSD 1 forms only led to insoluble proteins or to low amounts of enzyme, not sufficient for crystallization. Recently, we reported that the solubility of 11beta-HSD 1 could be increased by substitution of hydrophobic amino acid residues with arginine without affecting activity. Unfortunately, these truncated and soluble forms of 11beta-HSD 1 exhibited an unstable activity that declined very rapidly. So far, the proteins obtained were not suitable for crystallization. To obtain 11beta-HSD 1 in an active and soluble state, in the present investigation we focused on the amino acid sequence encoded by the first exon. Using bacterial and yeast expression systems, we found that this N-terminal peptide could be divided into two parts that have functions other than to anchor 11beta-HSD 1 into the ER membrane. The first hydrophobic part, consisting of amino acid residues 1-15, represents the membrane spanning domain and anchors 11beta-HSD 1 in the ER membrane. The second hydrophilic part of the peptide, consisting of amino acid residues 16-30, plays a crucial role in stabilizing the catalytic domain of 11beta-HSD 1 and in addition, acts as a spacer to keep the catalytic domain of 11beta-HSD 1 into the lumen of the ER. Evidently, we found that the hydrophilic amino acids 24-30 determine 11beta-HSD 1 enzyme activity. Combined, all information obtained should help to design an optimal 11beta-HSD 1 enzyme in the near future with all desired attributes: soluble, active and easy to obtain and purify in sufficient amounts. This soluble and active 11beta-HSD 1 form should be the basis for our ongoing project, which is the determination of the three dimensional structure of 11beta-HSD 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Blum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, D-35033, Marburg, Germany
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20
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Maser E, Friebertshäuser J, Völker B. Purification, characterization and NNK carbonyl reductase activities of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 from human liver: enzyme cooperativity and significance in the detoxification of a tobacco-derived carcinogen. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 143-144:435-48. [PMID: 12604230 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD 1) physiologically catalyzes the interconversion of receptor-active 11-hydroxy glucocorticoids (cortisol) to their receptor-inactive 11-oxo metabolites (cortisone), thereby acting as important pre-receptor control device in regulating access of glucocorticoid hormones to the glucocorticoid receptor. Evidence is emerging that 11beta-HSD 1 fulfills an additional role in the detoxification of non-steroidal carbonyl compounds, by catalyzing their reduction to the corresponding hydroxy derivatives that are easier to conjugate and eliminate. Whereas a number of methods were ineffective in purifying 11beta-HSD 1 from human liver, this membrane-bound enzyme was successfully obtained in an active state by a purification procedure that took advantage of a gentle solubilization method as well as providing a favourable detergent surrounding during the various chromatographic steps. We could demonstrate that 11beta-HSD 1 is active as a dimeric enzyme which exhibits cooperativity with cortisone and dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxoreducing activity) as substrates. Accordingly, this enzyme dynamically adapts to low (nanomolar) as well as to high (micromolar) substrate concentrations, thereby providing the fine tuning required as a consequence of great variations in circadian plasma glucocorticoid levels. Due to this kinetic peculiarity, 11beta-HSD 1 is also able to even metabolize nanomolar concentrations of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-methylnitrosamino-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), a fact which is important in view of the relatively low levels of this carcinogen observed in smokers. Finally, 11beta-HSD 1 is potently (in nM concentrations) inhibited by glycyrrhetinic acid, the main constituent of licorice. Licorice, however, in addition to being a confectionary, serves as a major cigarette additive, which is used in cigarette manufacturing as a taste and flavour intensifier. Hence, licorice exposure may affect NNK detoxification by inhibition of 11beta-HSD 1, a condition which may advance lung cancer incidence, especially in smokers expressing low levels of this enzyme. Collectively, our data expand insights into the multifunctional nature of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases/carbonyl reductases and emphasize the importance of 11beta-HSD 1 in the detoxification of a tobacco-derived carcinogen, in addition to its endocrinological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Maser
- Department of Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kiel, Brunswiker Strasse 10, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
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21
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Nobel CSI, Dunås F, Abrahmsén LB. Purification of full-length recombinant human and rat type 1 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases with retained oxidoreductase activities. Protein Expr Purif 2002; 26:349-56. [PMID: 12460758 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(02)00547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. This enzyme has a key role in regulating local tissue glucocorticoid concentration, acting in vivo predominantly as an oxidoreductase. Previous attempts to purify the native enzyme have yielded a protein without reductase activity. To facilitate detailed studies on its structure and regulation, we have developed a method to purify the full-length human and rat 11beta-HSD1 with retention of their natural oxidoreductase activities. This procedure involved recombinant expression of these histidine-tagged enzymes in the yeast Pichia pastoris; large-scale culturing in a fermentor; and single-step purification by metal affinity chromatography. Both enzymes were 90-95% pure and exhibited dehydrogenase and reductase activities with K(M) values in agreement with those reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stefan I Nobel
- Biovitrum AB, Division of Pharmaceuticals, Department of Assay Development and Screening, S-112 87 Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Walker EA, Clark AM, Hewison M, Ride JP, Stewart PM. Functional expression, characterization, and purification of the catalytic domain of human 11-beta -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:21343-50. [PMID: 11294832 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011142200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 catalyzes the conversion of cortisone to hormonally active cortisol and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of disorders including insulin resistance and obesity. The enzyme is a glycosylated membrane-bound protein that has proved difficult to purify in an active state. Extracted enzyme typically loses the reductase properties seen in intact cells and shows principally dehydrogenase activity. The C-terminal catalytic domain is known to contain a disulfide bond and is located within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, anchored to the membrane by a single N-terminal transmembrane domain. We report here the functional expression of the catalytic domain of the human enzyme, without the transmembrane domain and the extreme N terminus, in Escherichia coli. Moderate levels of soluble active protein were obtained using an N-terminal fusion with thioredoxin and a 6xHis tag. In contrast, the inclusion of a 6xHis tag at the C terminus adversely affected protein solubility and activity. However, the highest levels of active protein were obtained using a construct expressing the untagged catalytic domain. Nonreducing electrophoresis revealed the presence of both monomeric and dimeric disulfide bonded forms; however, mutation of a nonconserved cysteine residue resulted in a recombinant protein with no intermolecular disulfide bonds but full enzymatic activity. Using the optimal combination of plasmid construct and E. coli host strain, the recombinant protein was purified to apparent homogeneity by single step affinity chromatography. The purified protein possessed both dehydrogenase and reductase activities with a K(m) of 1.4 micrometer for cortisol and 9.5 micrometer for cortisone. This study indicates that glycosylation, the N-terminal region including the transmembrane helix, and intermolecular disulfide bonds are not essential for enzyme activity and that expression in bacteria can provide active recombinant protein for future structural and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Walker
- Division of Medical Sciences and the School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, P. O. Box 363, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT
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23
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Hult M, Nobel CS, Abrahmsen L, Nicoll-Griffith DA, Jörnvall H, Oppermann UC. Novel enzymological profiles of human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Chem Biol Interact 2001; 130-132:805-14. [PMID: 11306096 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(00)00236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The human enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) catalyzes the reversible oxidoreduction of 11beta-OH/11-oxo groups of glucocorticoid hormones. Besides this important endocrinological property, the type 1 isozyme (11beta-HSD1) mediates reductive phase I reactions of several carbonyl group bearing xenobiotics, including drugs, insecticides and carcinogens. The aim of this study was to explore novel substrate specificities of human 11beta-HSD1, using heterologously expressed protein in the yeast system Pichia pastoris. In addition to established phase I xenobiotic substrates, it is now demonstrated that transformed yeast strains catalyze the reduction of ketoprofen to its hydroxy metabolite, and the oxidation of the prodrug DFU-lactol to the pharmacologically active lactone compound. Purified recombinant 11beta-HSD1 mediated oxidative reactions, however, the labile reductive activity component could not be maintained. In conclusion, evidence is provided that human 11beta-HSD1 in vitro is involved in phase I reactions of anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drugs like ketoprofen and DFU-lactol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hult
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Blum A, Raum A, Martin H, Maser E. Human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1/carbonyl reductase: additional domains for membrane attachment? Chem Biol Interact 2001; 130-132:749-59. [PMID: 11306091 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(00)00305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD 1) is a membrane integrated glycoprotein, which physiologically performs the interconversion of active and inactive glucocorticoid hormones and which also participates in xenobiotic carbonyl compound detoxification. Since 11beta-HSD 1 is fixed to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with a N-terminal membrane spanning domain, the enzyme is very difficult to purify in an active state. Upon expression experiments in Escherichia coli, 11beta-HSD 1 turns out to be hardly soluble without detergents. This study describes attempts to increase the solubility of 11beta-HSD 1 via mutagenesis experiments by generating several truncated forms expressed in E. coli and the yeast Pichia pastoris. Furthermore, we investigated if the codon for methionine 31 in human 11beta-HSD 1 could serve as an alternative start codon, thereby leading to a soluble form of the enzyme, which lacks the membrane spanning segment. Our results show that deletion of the hydrophobic membrane spanning domain did not alter the solubility of the enzyme. In contrast, the enzyme remained bound to the ER membrane even without the N-terminal membrane anchor. However, activity could not be found, neither with the truncated protein expressed in E. coli nor with that expressed in P. pastoris. Hydrophobicity plots proved the hydrophobic nature of 11beta-HSD 1 and indicated the existence of additional membrane attachment sites within its primary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, D-35033, Marburg, Germany
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25
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Finckh C, Atalla A, Nagel G, Stinner B, Maser E. Expression and NNK reducing activities of carbonyl reductase and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in human lung. Chem Biol Interact 2001; 130-132:761-73. [PMID: 11306092 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(00)00306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco specific nitrosamine 4-methylnitrosamino-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which is found in high amounts in tobacco products, is believed to play an important role in lung cancer induction in smokers. NNK requires metabolic activation by cytochrome P450 mediated alpha-hydroxylation to exhibit its carcinogenic properties. On the other hand, NNK is inactivated by carbonyl reduction to its alcohol-equivalent 4-methylnitrosamino-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) followed by glucuronidation and final excretion into urine or bile. Carbonyl reduction and alpha-hydroxylation are the predominant pathways in man, and it has been postulated that the extent of these competing pathways determines the individual susceptibility to lung cancer. Moreover, only a minor part of all habitual smokers develop lung cancer, suggesting the existence of susceptibility genes. Microsomal 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD 1) (EC 1.1.1.146) and cytosolic carbonyl reductase (CR) (EC 1.1.1.184) have been shown to be mainly responsible for NNAL formation in liver and lung. In the present study, we performed comparative investigations of human lung tissue samples from several patients with respect to the expression and activity of 11beta-HSD 1 and carbonyl reductase. We observed varying levels in 11beta-HSD 1 and carbonyl reductase expression in these patients, as revealed by RT-PCR and ELISA. Also, the tissue samples showed a different activity and inhibitor profile for both enzymes. According to our results, variations in the expression and activity of NNK carbonyl reducing enzymes may constitute a major determinant in the overall NNK detoxification capacity and thus may be linked to the great differences observed in the individual susceptibility of tobacco-smoke related lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Finckh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, Philipps-University of Marburg, D-35033, Marburg, Germany
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26
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Blum A, Martin HJ, Maser E. Human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is enzymatically active in its nonglycosylated form. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 276:428-34. [PMID: 11027492 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD 1) is a microsomal enzyme responsible for the reversible interconversion of active 11beta-hydroxyglucocorticoids into inactive 11-ketosteroids and by this mechanism regulates access of glucocorticoids to the glucocorticoid receptor. The enzyme has also been proven to participate in xenobiotic carbonyl compound detoxification. 11beta-HSD 1 is anchored within the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by its N-terminus, whereby its active site protrudes into the lumen of the ER. In the primary structure of 11beta-HSD 1 three Asn-X-Ser glycosylation motifs have been identified. However, the importance of N-linked glycosylation of 11beta-HSD 1 for catalytic activity has been controversely discussed. To clarify if glycosylation is essential for enzyme activity, we performed deglycosylation experiments of native 11beta-HSD 1 from human liver as well as site-directed mutagenesis to remove potential glycosylation sites upon overexpression in Pichia pastoris. The altered proteins were examined regarding their catalytic activity towards their physiological glucocorticoid substrates. The molecular size of the various 11beta-HSD 1 forms was analyzed by immunoblotting with a polyclonal antibody raised against 11beta-HSD 1 protein from human liver. By stepwise enzymatic deglycosylation of native 11beta-HSD 1 we could demonstrate that all potential glycosylation sites carry N-linked oligosaccharide residues under physiological conditions. Interestingly, complete deglycosylation did not affect enzyme activity, neither in the reductive (cortisone) nor in the oxidative (cortisol) direction. Upon overexpression in the yeast P. pastoris, 11beta-HSD 1 did not undergo glycosylation, but, in spite of this, yielded a fully active enzyme. Our results conclusively demonstrate that 11beta-HSD 1 does not need to be glycosylated to perform its physiological role as glucocorticoid oxidoreductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 1, Marburg, D-35033, Germany
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