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Antiviral Activities of Green Tea Components against Grouper Iridovirus Infection In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061227. [PMID: 35746698 PMCID: PMC9227864 DOI: 10.3390/v14061227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) can cause extensive fish deaths. Therefore, developing treatments to combat virulent SGIV is of great economic importance to address this challenge to the grouper aquaculture industry. Green tea is an important medicinal and edible plant throughout the world. In this study, we evaluated the use of green tea components against SGIV infection. (2) Methods: The safe working concentrations of green tea components were identified by cell viability detection and light microscopy. Additionally, the antiviral activity of each green tea component against SGIV infection was determined with light microscopy, an aptamer (Q5c)-based fluorescent molecular probe, and reverse transcription quantitative PCR. (3) Results: The safe working concentrations of green tea components were green tea aqueous extract (GTAE) ≤ 100 μg/mL, green tea polyphenols (TP) ≤ 10 μg/mL, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) ≤ 12 μg/mL, (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) ≤ 10 μg/mL, (-)-epicatechin gallate (EGC) ≤ 5 μg/mL, and (-)-epicatechin (EC) ≤ 50 μg/mL. The relative antiviral activities of the green tea components determined in terms of MCP gene expression were TP > EGCG > GTAE > ECG > EGC > EC, with inhibition rates of 99.34%, 98.31%, 98.23%, 88.62%, 73.80%, and 44.31%, respectively. The antiviral effect of aptamer-Q5c was consistent with the results of qPCR. Also, TP had an excellent antiviral effect in vitro, wherein the mortality of fish in only the SGIV-injection group and TP + SGIV-injection group were 100% and 11.67%, respectively. (4) Conclusions: In conclusion, our results suggest that green tea components have effective antiviral properties against SGIV and may be candidate agents for the effective treatment and control of SGIV infections in grouper aquaculture.
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Obrenovich ME, Jaskiw GE, Mana TSC, Bennett CP, Cadnum J, Donskey CJ. Urinary Metabolites of Green Tea as Potential Markers of Colonization Resistance to Pathogenic Gut Bacteria in Mice. Pathog Immun 2019; 4:271-293. [PMID: 31773068 PMCID: PMC6863553 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v4i2.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiome (GMB) generates numerous chemicals that are absorbed systemically and excreted in urine. Antibiotics can disrupt the GMB ecosystem and weaken its resistance to colonization by enteric pathogens such as Clostridium difficile. If the changes in GMB composition and metabolism are sufficiently large, they can be reflected in the urinary metabo-lome. Characterizing these changes could provide a potentially valuable biomarker of the status of the GMB. While preliminary studies suggest such a possibility, the high level of data variance presents a challenge to translational applications. Since many GMB-generated chemicals are derived from the biotransformation of plant-derived dietary polyphenols, administering an oral precursor challenge should amplify GMB-dependent changes in urinary metabolites. Methods A course of antibiotics (clindamycin, piperacillin/tazobactam, or aztreonam) was administered SC daily (days 1 and 2) to mice receiving polyphenol-rich green tea in drinking water. Urine was collected at baseline as well as days 3, 7, and 11. Levels of pyrogallol and pyrocatechol, two phenolic molecules unequivocally GMB-dependent in humans but that had not been similarly examined in mice, were quantified. Results In confirmation of our hypothesis, differential changes in murine urinary pyrogallol levels identified the treatments (clindamycin, piperacillin/tazobactam) previously associated with a weakening of colonization resistance to Clostridium difficile. The changes in pyrocatechol levels did not withstand corrections for multiple comparisons. Conclusions In the mouse, urinary pyrogallol and, in all likelihood, pyrocatechol levels, are GMB-dependent and, in combination with precursor challenge, deserve further consideration as potential metabolomic biomarkers for the health and dysbiotic vulnerability of the GMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Obrenovich
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service; Veterans Affairs Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (VANEOHS); Cleveland, Ohio.,Research Service; VANEOHS; Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Chemistry; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry; University of Toledo; Toledo, Ohio
| | - George E Jaskiw
- Psychiatry Service; VANEOHS; Cleveland, Ohio.,School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | | | - Curtis J Donskey
- School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, Ohio.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center; VANEOHS; Cleveland, Ohio
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Zhang J, Wu K, Xu T, Wu J, Li P, Wang H, Wu H, Wu G. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate enhances the osteoblastogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:1311-1321. [PMID: 31114166 PMCID: PMC6485322 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s192683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol extracted from green tea, on the osteoblastogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs). Patients and methods hASCs were acquired from human adipose tissue. With informed consent, subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were harvested from periorbital fat pad resections from ten healthy female adults who underwent double eyelid surgery. hASCs were cultured in osteogenic medium with or without EGCG (1 μM, 5 μM, or 10 μM) for 14 days. We evaluated the effects of EGCG by quantifying cell growth, ALP activity (an early osteoblastogenic differentiation marker), BSP, OCN (a late osteoblastogenic differentiation marker), and extracellular matrix mineralization. We also performed Western blots to measure osteoblastogenesis-related proteins such as Runx2 and adipoblastogenesis-related transcription factors, such as STAT3, C/EBP-α, and PPAR-γ. Results EGCG at 5 μM resulted in significantly higher cell proliferation and ALP activity than did the control on days 3, 7, and 14. On day 7, 5 μM EGCG significantly enhanced BSP expression. On day 14, EGCG at all concentrations promoted OCN expression. In addition, EGCG at 5 μM resulted in the highest level of extracellular matrix mineralization. On day 3, the expression levels of Runx2 were significantly higher in the 5 μM EGCG group than in the other groups, whereas later, on days 7 and 14, Runx2 expression levels in the EGCG group were significantly lower than those of the control group. EGCG at all three concentrations was associated with significantly lower levels of phosphorylated STAT3, C/EBP-α, and PPAR-γ. Conclusion EGCG at 5 μM significantly enhanced the osteoblastogenic differentiation of hASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,
| | - Kai Wu
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, North Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Huiling Wu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, North Holland, the Netherlands,
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MANOCHAI B, INGKASUPART P, LEE SH, HONG JH. Evaluation of antioxidant activities, total phenolic content (TPC), and total catechin content (TCC) of 10 sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) cultivar peels grown in Thailand. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.22117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Green Tea Quality Evaluation Based on Its Catechins and Metals Composition in Combination with Chemometric Analysis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071689. [PMID: 29997337 PMCID: PMC6100455 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Green tea infusions are one of the most popular beverages consumed across the world, especially is Asian countries. Green tea quality is primarily based on catechin content, however, the concentration of elements could also significantly influence its biological properties and thus quality and safety. The main purpose of the present study was the evaluation of catechin, antioxidant activity and metal content (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni) in different green tea types cultivated in Japan, Sri Lanka, South Korea, India, China and Japan. The chemical analysis of samples was performed using LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS for organic constituents and atomic absorption spectrometry (flame and electrothermal) method for inorganic ones. The obtained results were subjected to chemometric elaboration. EGC (213 mg/100 mL of the tea infusion in South Korean Jeoncha) and EGCG (124 mg/100 mL in Japanese Sencha) were the dominant catechins in all green tea samples. Chinese and Indian green tea samples contained the highest concentration of toxic heavy metals, however these values were far below appropriate limitations for green teas. PCA revealed significant similarities between Japanese samples and Korean Jeoncha. In general the latter one was evaluated to have the best quality based on the investigated parameters.
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Younes M, Aggett P, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Dusemund B, Filipič M, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Lambré C, Leblanc JC, Lillegaard IT, Moldeus P, Mortensen A, Oskarsson A, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Andrade RJ, Fortes C, Mosesso P, Restani P, Arcella D, Pizzo F, Smeraldi C, Wright M. Scientific opinion on the safety of green tea catechins. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05239. [PMID: 32625874 PMCID: PMC7009618 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The EFSA ANS Panel was asked to provide a scientific opinion on the safety of green tea catechins from dietary sources including preparations such as food supplements and infusions. Green tea is produced from the leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, without fermentation, which prevents the oxidation of polyphenolic components. Most of the polyphenols in green tea are catechins. The Panel considered the possible association between the consumption of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most relevant catechin in green tea, and hepatotoxicity. This scientific opinion is based on published scientific literature, including interventional studies, monographs and reports by national and international authorities and data received following a public 'Call for data'. The mean daily intake of EGCG resulting from the consumption of green tea infusions ranges from 90 to 300 mg/day while exposure by high-level consumers is estimated to be up to 866 mg EGCG/day, in the adult population in the EU. Food supplements containing green tea catechins provide a daily dose of EGCG in the range of 5-1,000 mg/day, for adult population. The Panel concluded that catechins from green tea infusion, prepared in a traditional way, and reconstituted drinks with an equivalent composition to traditional green tea infusions, are in general considered to be safe according to the presumption of safety approach provided the intake corresponds to reported intakes in European Member States. However, rare cases of liver injury have been reported after consumption of green tea infusions, most probably due to an idiosyncratic reaction. Based on the available data on the potential adverse effects of green tea catechins on the liver, the Panel concluded that there is evidence from interventional clinical trials that intake of doses equal or above 800 mg EGCG/day taken as a food supplement has been shown to induce a statistically significant increase of serum transaminases in treated subjects compared to control.
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Black Tea Samples Origin Discrimination Using Analytical Investigations of Secondary Metabolites, Antiradical Scavenging Activity and Chemometric Approach. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030513. [PMID: 29495365 PMCID: PMC6017602 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive study on the composition and antioxidant properties of black tea samples with a chemometric approach was performed via LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS, DPPH radical scavenging assay, and Folin-Ciocalteu assay (TPC). Marked differences between the teas from seven different countries (China, India, Iran, Japan, Kenya, Nepal, Sri Lanka) were shown. The Indian samples demonstrated the highest total catechin content (184.8 mg/100 mL), the largest TPC and DPPH scavenging potential (58.2 mg/100 mL and 84.5%, respectively). The applied principal component analysis (PCA) and ANOVA revealed several correlations between the level of catechins in tea infusions. EC (epicatechin), ECG (epicatechin gallate), EGC (epigallocatechin), and EGCG (epigallocatechin-3-gallate) content was not correlated with DPPH, gallic acid, and TPC; however, a strong correlation of EC and ECG between themselves and a negative correlation of these two catechins with EGCG and EGC was noted. Interestingly, simple catechins were not found to be responsible for antioxidant properties of the black teas. The samples collected in the higher altitudes were similar.
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Safety assessment of green tea based beverages and dried green tea extracts as nutritional supplements. Toxicol Lett 2017; 277:104-108. [PMID: 28655517 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The safety of green tea infusions and green tea extract (GTE)-based products is reviewed regarding catechins. Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), the major catechin present in green tea, is suspected of being responsible for liver toxicity reported in humans consuming food supplements. Intake of EGCG with green tea infusions and GTE-based beverages is up to about 450mg EGCG/person/day in Europe and higher in Asia. Consumption of green tea is not associated with liver damage in humans, and green tea infusion and GTE-based beverages are considered safe in the range of historical uses. In animal studies, EGCG's potency for liver effects is highly dependent on conditions of administration. Use of NOAELs from bolus administration to derive a tolerable upper intake level applying the margin of safety concept results in acceptable EGCG-doses lower than those from one cup of green tea. NOAELs from toxicity studies applying EGCG with diet/split of the daily dose are a better point of departure for risk characterization. In clinical intervention studies, liver effects were not observed after intakes below 600mg EGCG/person/day. Thus, a tolerable upper intake level of 300mg EGCG/person/day is proposed for food supplements; this gives a twofold safety margin to clinical studies that did not report liver effects and a margin of safety of 100 to the NOAELs in animal studies with dietary administration of green tea catechins.
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Abeysekera I, Thomas J, Georgiadis TM, Berman AG, Hammond MA, Dria KJ, Wallace JM, Roper RJ. Differential effects of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate containing supplements on correcting skeletal defects in a Down syndrome mouse model. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:717-726. [PMID: 26748562 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Down syndrome (DS), caused by trisomy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21), is characterized by a spectrum of phenotypes including skeletal abnormalities. The Ts65Dn DS mouse model exhibits similar skeletal phenotypes as humans with DS. DYRK1A, a kinase encoded on Hsa21, has been linked to deficiencies in bone homeostasis in DS mice and individuals with DS. Treatment with Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a known inhibitor of Dyrk1a, improves some skeletal abnormalities associated with DS in mice. EGCG supplements are widely available but the effectiveness of different EGCG-containing supplements has not been well studied. METHODS AND RESULTS Six commercially available supplements containing EGCG were analyzed, and two of these supplements were compared with pure EGCG for their impact on skeletal deficits in a DS mouse model. The results demonstrate differential effects of commercial supplements on correcting skeletal abnormalities in Ts65Dn mice. Different EGCG-containing supplements display differences in degradation, polyphenol content, and effects on trisomic bone. CONCLUSION This work suggests that the dose of EGCG and composition of EGCG-containing supplements may be important in correcting skeletal deficits associated with DS. Careful analyses of these parameters may lead to a better understanding of how to improve skeletal and other deficits that impair individuals with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irushi Abeysekera
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jared Thomas
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Taxiarchis M Georgiadis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Alycia G Berman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Max A Hammond
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Karl J Dria
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joseph M Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Randall J Roper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Kimutai S, Wanyoko J, Kinyanjui T, Karori S, Muthiani A, Wachira F. Determination of Residual Catechins, Polyphenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Developed Theaflavin-3,3’-Digallate Rich Black Teas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2016.73020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Busch C, Burkard M, Leischner C, Lauer UM, Frank J, Venturelli S. Epigenetic activities of flavonoids in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:64. [PMID: 26161152 PMCID: PMC4497414 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant epigenetic modifications are described in an increasing number of pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, obesity and cancer. The general reversibility of epigenetic changes makes them an attractive and promising target e.g. in the treatment of cancer. Thus, a growing number of epigenetically active compounds are currently tested in clinical trials for their therapeutic potential. Interestingly, many phytochemicals present in plant foods, particularly flavonoids, are suggested to be able to alter epigenetic cellular mechanisms. Flavonoids are natural phenol compounds that form a large group of secondary plant metabolites with interesting biological activities. They can be categorized into six major subclasses, which display diverse properties affecting the two best characterized epigenetic mechanisms: modulation of the DNA methylation status and histone acetylation. High dietary flavonoid intake has strongly been suggested to reduce the risk of numerous cancer entities in a large body of epidemiological studies. Established health-promoting effects of diets rich in fruit and vegetables are faced by efforts to use purified flavonoids as supplements or pharmaceuticals, whereupon data on the latter applications remain controversial. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of current research on flavonoids to further elucidate their potential in cancer prevention and therapy, thereby focusing on their distinct epigenetic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Busch
- Division of Dermatologic Oncology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus Burkard
- Division of Dermatologic Oncology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany ; Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Leischner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Lauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jan Frank
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Renaud J, Nabavi SF, Daglia M, Nabavi SM, Martinoli MG. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate, a Promising Molecule for Parkinson's Disease? Rejuvenation Res 2015; 18:257-69. [PMID: 25625827 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2014.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and it is characterized by the loss of the neurotransmitter dopamine and neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Thus far, current therapeutic strategies have failed to address neuronal degeneration. It has been reported that overproduction of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases through the induction of macromolecular oxidative damage and modulation of intracellular signaling pathways concurring to neuronal cell death. Indeed, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory drugs have been the subject of recommendation as a complementary therapy alongside an effective symptomatic treatment to hamper the progression of PD. Today, much attention is paid to polyphenols in light of their potent capacity to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, while having much fewer side effects than most other drugs. Camellia sinensis L. is the most common ancient herbal tea prepared as a beverage worldwide and it possesses numerous beneficial effects on human health. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate is the best-known bioactive component of C. sinensis and is recognized to exert potent neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, protein aggregation, autophagy, and neuronal cell death in vitro as well as in vivo. The present review appraises the available literature on the beneficial role of epigallocatechin-3-gallate pertaining to dopaminergic degeneration characteristic of PD with particular emphasis on its possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Renaud
- 1 Department of Medical Biology and Research Group in Neuroscience, Université du Québec , Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- 2 Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Daglia
- 3 Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia , Italy
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- 2 Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria-Grazia Martinoli
- 1 Department of Medical Biology and Research Group in Neuroscience, Université du Québec , Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
- 4 Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval and CHU Research Center , Québec, Canada
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Sourabh A, Kanwar S, Sud R, Ghabru A, Sharma O. Influence of phenolic compounds of Kangra tea [Camellia sinensis (L) O Kuntze] on bacterial pathogens and indigenous bacterial probiotics of Western Himalayas. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 44:709-15. [PMID: 24516437 PMCID: PMC3910178 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822013000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds of nutraceutical importance viz., catechins (C), (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG) were estimated in fresh green tea shoots of Camellia sinensis (L) O Kuntze cultivar. The total polyphenols and total catechins were in the range of 219.90 to 317.81 and 140.83 to 271.39 g/kg, respectively in monthly samples of tea. The values of C, EC, EGC, EGCG and ECG in tea powders as analyzed through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were in the range of 1.560 to 3.661, 13.338 to 27.766, 26.515 to 39.597, 62.903 to 102.168 and 18.969 to 39.469 mg/g, respectively. Effect of tea extracts and standard flavanols against five pathogenic bacteria viz., Listeria monocytogenes (MTCC-839), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC-741), Bacillus cereus (MTCC-1272), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-96) and Escherichia coli (MTCC-443), and eleven indigenous potential bacterial probiotics belonging to genera Enterococcus, Bacillus and Lactobacillus spp. obtained from fermented foods of Western Himalayas, was investigated. EGCG, ECG and EGC exhibited antibacterial activity but, C and EC did not show this activity. Tea extracts having high concentrations of EGCG and ECG were more potent in antibacterial action against bacterial pathogens. Tea extracts and standard flavan-3-ols augmented viability of potential probiotics in an order of EGCG > EGC > ECG > EC > C. Tea extracts and standard flavanols had no antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (MTCC-443) but, in combination with probiotic culture supernatants, this activity was seen. The Kangra tea thus, exerts antibacterial effect on bacterial pathogens through EGCG, ECG and EGC constituents while stimulatory effect on growth of indigenous potential probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sourabh
- Department of Microbiology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - S.S. Kanwar
- Department of Microbiology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - R.G. Sud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Arti Ghabru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - O.P. Sharma
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Regional Station Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Kanda H, Li P, Makino H. Production of decaffeinated green tea leaves using liquefied dimethyl ether. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Krahl M, Back W, Zarnkow M, Kreisz S. Determination of Optimised Malting Conditions for the Enrichment of Rutin, Vitexin and Orientin in Common Buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentumMoench). JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2008.tb00772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Srichairatanakool S, Kulprachakarn K, Pangjit K, Pattanapanyasat K, Fuchaeron S. Green tea extract and epigallocatechin 3-gallate reduced labile iron pool and protected oxidative stress in iron-loaded cultured hepatocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2012.38140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Ko CH, Siu WS, Wong HL, Shum WT, Fung KP, San Lau CB, Leung PC. Pro-bone and antifat effects of green tea and its polyphenol, epigallocatechin, in rat mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:9870-9876. [PMID: 21877759 DOI: 10.1021/jf202015t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Green tea has been demonstrated recently as a potent bone supportive agent. Our previous studies showed that green tea and its polyphenolic constituents can promote bone-forming osteoblast activities and inhibit the bone-resorpting osteoclast formation. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether green tea and its components can regulate the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation in pluripotent rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The rat MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow of tibiae and femora. The cells were treated with decaffeinated green tea extract (GTE) and six tea polyphenols under osteogenic induction. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and matrix calcium (Ca) deposition were assessed after 7 and 14 days of treatment. Our results demonstrated that GTE could significantly increase ALP dose dependently in the concentrations without cytotoxicity (0-100 μg/mL). Among six tested tea polyphenols, epigallocatechin (EGC) was shown to be the most effective in promoting osteogenic differentiation. At 20 μM, EGC increased ALP levels and Ca deposition significantly by 2.3- and 1.7-fold, respectively, when compared with the control group. EGC also increased the mRNA expression of bone formation markers runt-related transcription factor 2, ALP, osteonectin, and osteopontin. Furthermore, EGC demonstrated its antiadipogenicity by decreasing the adipocyte formation and inhibiting the mRNA expression levels of the adipogenic markers peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, ccaat/enhancer-binding protein β, and fatty acid binding protein 4. In conclusion, this is the first report of the dual action of green tea polyphenol EGC in promoting osteogenesis and inhibiting adipocyte formation in MSCs. Our results provide scientific evidence to support the potential use of green tea in supporting the bone against degenerative diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hay Ko
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Jockey Club Centre for Osteoporosis Care and Control and School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Optimal extraction conditions for simultaneous determination of catechins and caffeine in green tea leaves. Food Sci Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Qin P, Yang J, Karim MN. Characterization and selectivity studies of molecular imprinted membranes of Puerarin using scanning electron microscopy. SCANNING 2011; 33:7-12. [PMID: 21246571 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Molecular-imprinted membranes of Puerarin were prepared by phase inversion technique with acrylonitrile-acrylic acid copolymer (P (AN-co-AA)). To characterize P (AN-co-AA), ubbelohde viscometer was used to measure its viscosity-molecular weight. P (AN-co-AA) with different molecular weight was used to prepare membranes. The copolymer-dimethyl sulfoxide solution with Puerarin (PU) template was coagulated in water at various temperatures. The increase in P (AN-co-AA) molecular weight and the decrease in coagulation temperature caused an increase in PU recognition property of the resultant membrane. The PU imprinted membrane prepared with P (AN-co-AA) showed good selective ability to PU. The purity of PU increased from 56.51 to 98.41 wt%. Surface and cross-section morphology of the membranes were analyzed by using scanning electron micrograph. High-performance liquid chromatography was used for the quantification of Puerarin in isolated fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyong Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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WU JIHGUAN, WANG PEIJIN, CHEN SHAUNC. ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF CATECHIN-IMPREGNATED PVA-STARCH FILM ON RED MEAT. J FOOD QUALITY 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2010.00350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Grandhi S, Donnelly LE, Rogers DF. Phytoceuticals: the new 'physic garden' for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2010; 1:227-46. [PMID: 20477187 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.1.2.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytoceuticals (non-nutritional but beneficial plant chemicals) merit investigation as pharmacotherapy for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although asthma is mostly treated adequately, COPD is not. Thus, there is a need for new drugs with improved therapeutic benefit, especially in COPD. Recent interest in herbal remedies has redirected attention towards plants as sources of improved treatments for lung disease. Phytoceuticals from a variety of plants and plant products, including butterbur, English ivy, apples, chocolate, green tea and red wine, demonstrate broad-spectrum pharmacotherapeutic activities that could be exploited in the clinic. Well-designed clinical trials are required to determine whether these beneficial activities are reproduced in patients, with the prospect that phytoceuticals are the new physic garden for asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumalatha Grandhi
- Airway Disease, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
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Wang YH, Samoylenko V, Tekwani BL, Khan IA, Miller LS, Chaurasiya ND, Rahman MM, Tripathi LM, Khan SI, Joshi VC, Wigger FT, Muhammad I. Composition, standardization and chemical profiling of Banisteriopsis caapi, a plant for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders relevant to Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 128:662-671. [PMID: 20219660 PMCID: PMC2878139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Banisteriopsis caapi, a woody vine from the Amazonian basin, is popularly known as an ingredient of a sacred drink ayahuasca, widely used throughout the Amazon as a medicinal tea for healing and spiritual exploration. The usefulness of Banisteriopsis caapi has been established for alleviating symptoms of neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease. AIM OF THE STUDY Primary objective of this study was to develop the process for preparing standardized extracts of Banisteriopsis caapi to achieve high potency for inhibition of human monoamine oxidases (MAO) and antioxidant properties. The aqueous extracts prepared from different parts of the plant collected from different geographical locations and seasons were analyzed by HPLC for principal bioactive markers. The extracts were simultaneously tested in vitro for inhibition of human MAOs and antioxidant activity for analysis of correlation between phytochemical composition of the extracts and bioactivities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reversed-phase HPLC with photodiode array detection was employed to profile the alkaloidal and non-alkaloidal components of the aqueous extract of Banisteriopsis caapi. The Banisteriopsis caapi extracts and standardized compositions were tested in vitro for inhibition of recombinant preparations of human MAO-A and MAO-B. In vitro cell-based assays were employed for evaluation of antioxidant property and mammalian cell cytotoxicity of these preparations. RESULTS Among the different aerial parts, leaves, stems/large branches and stem bark of Banisteriopsis caapi, HPLC analysis revealed that most of the dominant chemical and bioactive markers (1, 2, 5, 7-9) were present in high concentrations in dried bark of large branch. A library of HPLC chromatograms has also been generated as a tool for fingerprinting and authentication of the studied Banisteriopsis caapi species. The correlation between potency of MAO inhibition and antioxidant activity with the content of the main active constituents of the aqueous Banisteriopsis caapi extracts and standardized compositions was established. Phytochemical analysis of regular/commercial Banisteriopsis caapi dried stems, obtained from different sources, showed a similar qualitative HPLC profile, but relatively low content of dominant markers 1, 2, 7, and 9, which led to decreased MAO inhibitory and antioxidant potency compared to Banisteriopsis caapi Da Vine. CONCLUSION The ethnopharmacological use of bark of matured stem/large branch of Banisteriopsis caapi as well as whole matured stem is supported by the results obtained in this investigation. Among various constituents of Banisteriopsis caapi, harmine (7), harmaline (6) and tetrahydroharmine (5) are responsible for MAO-A inhibition, while two major proanthocyanidines, epicatechin (8) and procyanidine B2 (9) produce antioxidant effects. The compounds 1-9 can serve as reliable markers for identification and standardization of Banisteriopsis caapi aerial parts, collected in different seasons and/or from different geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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He Q, Lv Y, Zhou L, Shi B. SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF CAFFEINE AND CATECHINS IN TEA EXTRACTS BY HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903574469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang He
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture , Sichuan University , Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yuanping Lv
- b The Department of Food Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhou
- b The Department of Food Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Bi Shi
- a National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture , Sichuan University , Chengdu, P. R. China
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Samoylenko V, Rahman MM, Tekwani BL, Tripathi LM, Wang YH, Khan SI, Khan IA, Miller LS, Joshi VC, Muhammad I. Banisteriopsis caapi, a unique combination of MAO inhibitory and antioxidative constituents for the activities relevant to neurodegenerative disorders and Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 127:357-67. [PMID: 19879939 PMCID: PMC2828149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Parkinson's disease is a neurological disorder mostly effecting the elder population of the world. Currently there is no definitive treatment or cure for this disease. Therefore, in this study the composition and constituents of the aqueous extract of Banisteriopsis caapi for monoamine oxidases (MAO) inhibitory and antioxidant activities were assessed, which are relevant to the prevention of neurological disorders, including Parkinsonism. MATERIALS AND METHODS The aqueous extract of Banisteriopsis caapi stems was standardized and then fractionated using reversed-phase (RP) chromatography. Pure compounds were isolated either by reversed-phase (RP) chromatography or centrifugal preparative TLC, using a Chromatotron. Structure elucidation was carried out by 1D and 2D NMR, Mass, IR and Circular Dichroism spectroscopy and chemical derivatization. Chemical profiling of the extract was carried out with RP-HPLC. The inhibitory activity of MAO-A, MAO-B, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and catechol-O-methyl transferase enzymes, as well as antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of both Banisteriopsis caapi extract and isolated compounds was evaluated. RESULTS An examination of the aqueous extracts of Banisteriopsis caapi cultivar Da Vine yielded two new alkaloidal glycosides, named banistenoside A (1) and banistenoside B (2), containing "azepino[1,2-a]tetrahydro-beta-carboline" unique carbon framework. One additional new natural tetrahydronorharmine (4), four known beta-carbolines harmol (3), tetrahydroharmine (5), harmaline (6) and harmine (7), two known proanthocyanidines (-)-epicatechin (8) and (-)-procyanidin B2 (9), and a new disaccharide beta-d-fructofuranosyl-(2-->5)-fructopyranose (14) together with known sacharose (15) and beta-d-glucose (16) were also isolated. In addition, the acetates of 1, 2, 8, 9, 14 and 15 (compounds 10-13, 17, 18) were also prepared. Harmaline (6) and harmine (7) showed potent in vitro inhibitory activity against recombinant human brain monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and -B enzymes (IC(50) 2.5 and 2.0 nM, and 25 and 20 microM, respectively), and (-)-epicatechin (8) and (-)-procyanidin B2 (9) showed potent antioxidant and moderate MAO-B inhibitory activities (IC(50)<0.13 and 0.57 microg/mL, and 65 and 35 microM). HPLC analysis revealed that most of the dominant chemical and bioactive markers (1, 2, 5, 7-9) were present in high concentrations in dried bark of large branch. Analysis of regular/commercial Banisteriopsis caapi dried stems showed a similar qualitative HPLC pattern, but relatively low content of dominant markers 1, 2, 7, and 9, which led to decreased MAO inhibitory and antioxidant potency. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results give additional basis to the existing claim of Banisteriopsis caapi stem extract for the treatment of Parkinsonism, including other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Samoylenko
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Md. Mostafizur Rahman
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Lalit M. Tripathi
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Loren S. Miller
- Biopharm Biotech Corporation, PO Box 1071, Palo Alto, California 94301, USA
| | - Vaishali C. Joshi
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Ilias Muhammad
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
- Corresponding author: Tel.: (662) 915-1051; fax: (662) 915-1006.
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Peng Q, Huang Y, Hou B, Hua D, Yao F, Qian Y. Green tea extract weakens the antibacterial effect of amoxicillin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infected mice. Phytother Res 2010; 24:141-5. [PMID: 19653316 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) has been known for its modulation of resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to beta-lactam antibiotics in vitro. This study aimed to confirm the in vitro effect of green tea extracts with beta-lactams and to determine whether green tea extracts can reduce the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amoxicillin in MRSA-infected mice. The catechins in the test tea that account for the reduced resistance to beta-lactams were quantitatively determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The MICs of the ampicillin, cefazolin, amoxicillin, oxacillin, tea extract alone and tea extract in combination with beta-lactams were determined. Proportions of tea extracts and amoxicillin-tea extract combinations were administered to groups of mice enterally. The in vitro experiment showed that the MICs of four beta-lactams were greatly decreased in the presence of 0.25% tea extract. However, in an in vivo experiment, amoxicillin in combination with 5% tea extract conferred a higher ED(50) than that of antibiotic alone. Green tea extract, alone or in combination with amoxicillin, does not have protective benefits in MRSA-infected mice. This study concluded that tea extract weakened the antibacterial effect of amoxicillin in MRSA infected mice. Tea drinking is not recommended in combination with amoxicillin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Peng
- Pharmacology Department, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
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Identification, quantitation, and method validation for flavan-3-ols in fermented ready-to-drink teas from the Italian market using HPLC-UV/DAD and LC-MS/MS. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:3643-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Ko CH, Lau KM, Choy WY, Leung PC. Effects of tea catechins, epigallocatechin, gallocatechin, and gallocatechin gallate, on bone metabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:7293-7. [PMID: 19653629 DOI: 10.1021/jf901545u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, three tea catechins, epigallocatechin (EGC), gallocatechin (GC), and gallocatechin gallate (GCG), were investigated for their effects on bone metabolism. The effects of the tea catechins on bone formation were evaluated using cultured rat osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cell line UMR-106. EGC stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity significantly at concentrations of 10 and 20 microM. The amount of mineralization also increased significantly with EGC. On another cell culture platform, EGC significantly inhibited osteoclast formations from RAW 264.7 cells upon receptor activation of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand induction on the fourth day of treatment, at a concentration of 10 microM. EGC also dose-dependently inhibited the mRNA expression of tatrate-resistant acid phosphatase. GC and GCG could decrease osteoclastogenesis at 20 microM. The present study illustrated that the tea catechins, EGC in particular, had positive effects on bone metabolism through a double process of promoting osteoblastic activity and inhibiting osteoclast differentiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hay Ko
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
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Yoo KM, Hwang IK, Moon B. Comparative Flavonoids Contents of Selected Herbs and Associations of Their Radical Scavenging Activity with Antiproliferative Actions in V79-4 Cells. J Food Sci 2009; 74:C419-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Hussin M, Hamid AA, Mohamad S, Saari N, Bakar F, Dek SP. Modulation of lipid metabolism by Centella asiatica in oxidative stress rats. J Food Sci 2009; 74:H72-8. [PMID: 19323754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A study was carried out to investigate the effects of Centella asiatica leaf on lipid metabolism of oxidative stress rats. The rats were fed 0.1% hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) with either 0.3% (w/w) C. asiatica extract, 5%C. asiatica powder (w/w), or 0.3% (w/w) alpha-tocopherol for 25 wk. Results of the study showed that C. asiatica powder significantly (P < 0.05) lowered serum low-density lipoprotein compared to that of control rats (rats fed H(2)O(2) only). At the end of the study C. asiatica-fed rats were also found to have significantly (P < 0.05) higher high-density lipoprotein and lower triglyceride level compared to rats fed only normal diet. However, cholesterol level of rats fed both C. asiatica extract and powder was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to that of control rats. It was interesting to note that consumption of C. asiatica significantly decreased body and liver weights of the rats. Histological examinations revealed no obvious changes in all rats studied. Quantitative analysis of C. asiatica leaf revealed high concentration of total phenolic compounds, in particular, catechin, quercetin, and rutin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hussin
- Dept of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, Univ Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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31
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Zhong K, Zhao SY, Jönsson LJ, Hong F. Enzymatic conversion of epigallocatechin gallate to epigallocatechin with an inducible hydrolase fromAspergillus niger. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420802090487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Horžić D, Komes D, Belščak A, Ganić KK, Iveković D, Karlović D. The composition of polyphenols and methylxanthines in teas and herbal infusions. Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wada K, Matsumoto K. Mutagenic Activity of Tea Flavonoid (−)-Epigallocatechin in Bacterial and Mammalian Cells. Genes Environ 2009. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.31.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ghosh KS, Sahoo BK, Jana D, Dasgupta S. Studies on the interaction of copper complexes of (−)-epicatechin gallate and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate with calf thymus DNA. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:1711-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ghosh KS, Maiti TK, Debnath J, Dasgupta S. Inhibition of Ribonuclease A by polyphenols present in green tea. Proteins 2007; 69:566-80. [PMID: 17623866 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report the effect of the natural polyphenolic compounds from green tea on the catalytic activity of Ribonuclease A (RNase A). The compounds behave as noncompetitive inhibitors of the protein with inhibition constants ranging from 80-1300 microM. The dissociation constants range from 50-150 microM for the RNase A-polyphenol complexes as determined by ultraviolet (UV) and circular dichroism (CD) studies. We have also investigated the changes in the secondary structure of RNase A on complex formation by CD and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The presence of the gallate moiety has been shown to be important for the inhibition of enzymatic activity. Docking studies for these compounds indicate that the preferred site of binding is the region encompassing residues 34-39 with possible hydrogen bonding with Lys 7 and Arg 10. Finally we have also looked at changes in the accessible surface area of the interacting residues on complex formation for an insight into the residues involved in the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan S Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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Robb CS, Geldart SE, Seelenbinder JA, Brown PR. ANALYSIS OF GREEN TEA CONSTITUENTS BY HPLC-FTIR. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120003036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina. S. Robb
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Rhode Island , Kingston, RI, 02881, U.S.A
| | - Susan E. Geldart
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Rhode Island , Kingston, RI, 02881, U.S.A
| | | | - Phyllis R. Brown
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Rhode Island , Kingston, RI, 02881, U.S.A
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Long H, Zhu Y, Huang T, Coury LA, Kissinger PT. IDENTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF POLYPHENOLS IN TEA BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH MULTI-CHANNEL ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100103434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Long
- a Bioanalytical Systems, Inc. , 2701 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, U.S.A
| | - Yongxin Zhu
- a Bioanalytical Systems, Inc. , 2701 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, U.S.A
| | - Tiehua Huang
- a Bioanalytical Systems, Inc. , 2701 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, U.S.A
| | - L. A. Coury
- a Bioanalytical Systems, Inc. , 2701 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, U.S.A
| | - Peter T. Kissinger
- b Bioanalytical Systems, Inc. , 2701 Kent Avenue, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, U.S.A
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Ghosh KS, Maiti TK, Mandal A, Dasgupta S. Copper complexes of (−)-epicatechin gallate and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate act as inhibitors of Ribonuclease A. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:4703-8. [PMID: 16884715 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Green tea polyphenols, which have the ability to inhibit angiogenesis, form complexes with Cu(II), a known potent stimulator of blood vessel proliferation. Copper complexes of (-)-epicatechin gallate and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate were found to inhibit the enzymatic activity of Ribonuclease A (RNase A) as revealed by an agarose gel based assay and urea denatured gel electrophoresis. The copper complexes were found to be non-competitive inhibitors of RNase A with inhibition constants in the micromolar range. Changes in the secondary structure of the protein are found to occur due to the interaction as revealed from Fourier transform infrared and circular dichroism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Sundar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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Shen D, Wu Q, Wang M, Yang Y, Lavoie EJ, Simon JE. Determination of the predominant catechins in Acacia catechu by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:3219-24. [PMID: 16637676 DOI: 10.1021/jf0531499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) method under selected ion monitoring mode (SIM) was developed to quantitate the predominant catechins, catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin-3-O-gallate, and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, in the medicinal plant catechu (Acacia catechu). Other major secondary products including caffeine, flavanol dimers, and flavonol glycosides were also identified by their molecular ion peaks and fragmentation peaks using LC/MS and LC/MS/MS. For the investigated ion concentration ranges of catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin-3-O-gallate, and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, good linearities (r2 > 0.99) were obtained for each calibration curve. Validation for this method showed an accuracy ranging from 1.06 to 11.76%, and the precision (relative standard deviation) varied between 1.60 and 9.36% for these four analytes. This is the first quantitative determination of all predominant catechins in catechu heartwood and leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diandian Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Labbé D, Tremblay A, Bazinet L. Effect of brewing temperature and duration on green tea catechin solubilization: Basis for production of EGC and EGCG-enriched fractions. Sep Purif Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2005.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Gramza A, Khokhar S, Yoko S, Gliszczynska-Swiglo A, Hes M, Korczak J. Antioxidant activity of tea extracts in lipids and correlation with polyphenol content. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200500330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Kundu T, Dey S, Roy M, Siddiqi M, Bhattacharya RK. Induction of apoptosis in human leukemia cells by black tea and its polyphenol theaflavin. Cancer Lett 2005; 230:111-21. [PMID: 16253767 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 12/18/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of human leukemic cell lines HL-60 and K-562 with extracts of green and black tea and their polyphenols epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavins, respectively, showed a dose dependent inhibition of growth as a result of cytotoxicity and suppression of cell proliferation. Based on the IC50 values obtained from cytotoxicity data it was clearly evident that black tea was as efficient as green tea. Analysis of polyphenol contents of tea extracts revealed that not only epigallocatechin gallate, which is a predominant polyphenol of green tea, but also theaflavin that is abundantly present in black tea affords significant chemotherapeutic action by imparting cytotoxicity to human leukemic cells. Electrophoretic analysis of fragmented DNA from treated cells displayed characteristic ladder pattern. Flow cytometric analysis revealed the dose dependent increase in sub-G1 peak. These criteria confirmed that cytotoxic activity of green and black tea was due to induction of apoptosis. Such induction was found to be mediated through activation of caspases 3 and 8, particularly caspase 3 and by altering apoptosis related genes as evident by down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina Kundu
- Department of Environmental Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37 S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700 026, India
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Koh SH, Lee SM, Kim HY, Lee KY, Lee YJ, Kim HT, Kim J, Kim MH, Hwang MS, Song C, Yang KW, Lee KW, Kim SH, Kim OH. The effect of epigallocatechin gallate on suppressing disease progression of ALS model mice. Neurosci Lett 2005; 395:103-7. [PMID: 16356650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a constituent of green tea, and increasing evidence suggests that EGCG has neuroprotective effects on oxidative stress-injured neuronal cells, especially motoneurons. Although the neuroprotective effects of EGCG have been demonstrated in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases and ischemic stroke models, there has been no report on the effect of EGCG on an in vivo model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of EGCG on ALS model mice with the human G93A mutated Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene. We treated each group of 11 ALS model mice with EGCG (1.5, 2.9, and 5.8 microg/g body weight), dissolved in 0.5 ml of 0.9% sterile NaCl, and one group of 11 with 0.5 ml of 0.9% sterile NaCl (control group) intraorally every day after 60 days of age (presymptomatic treatment). The treatment of more than 2.9 microg EGCG/g body weight significantly prolonged the symptom onset and life span, preserved more survival signals, and attenuated death signals. These data suggest that EGCG could be a potential therapeutic candidate for ALS as a disease-modifying agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, #17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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Ostrowska J, Łuczaj W, Kasacka I, Rózański A, Skrzydlewska E. Green tea protects against ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation in rat organs. Alcohol 2004; 32:25-32. [PMID: 15066700 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2003.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2003] [Revised: 10/25/2003] [Accepted: 11/04/2003] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol metabolism is accompanied by generation of free radicals, which stimulates lipid peroxidation. Natural antioxidants are particularly useful in such a situation. The current study was designed to investigate the efficacy of green tea, as a source of water-soluble antioxidants (catechins), on lipid peroxidation in liver, brain, and blood induced by chronic (4 weeks) ethanol intoxication in rats. Feeding of ethanol led to a significant increase in lipid peroxidation, as measured by increased concentrations of lipid hydroperoxides, 4-hydroxynonenal, and malondialdehyde. Feeding of ethanol also changed the glutathione-dependent lipid hydroperoxide decomposition system, resulting in a decrease in both reduced glutathione concentration and activity of glutathione peroxidase. Observed changes were statistically significant in all examined tissues. Enhancement in lipid peroxidation was associated with disruption of hepatocyte cell membranes, as observed through electron microscopic evaluation. Green tea protects phospholipids from enhanced peroxidation and prevents changes in biochemical parameters and morphologic changes observed after ethanol consumption. These results support the suggestion that green tea protects membranes from peroxidation of lipids associated with ethanol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Ostrowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical Academy of Bialystok, PO Box 14, 15-230 Bialystok, Poland
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Nielsen SE, Sandström B. Simultaneous determination of hydroxycinnamates and catechins in human urine samples by column switching liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 787:369-79. [PMID: 12650759 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methodology with online sample clean up by column switching is described for the simultaneous determination of the hydroxycinnamates, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, and of the catechins, epicatechin and catechin in human urine samples. Enzymatically treated urine samples were directly injected onto the LC-MS system, where sample clean up was performed by a reversed-phase Zorbax 300SB C(3) column and selective elution of the target compounds onto a Zorbax SB C(18) column resulted in final separation prior to detection by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) MS using single ion monitoring (SIM) in negative mode. Linear calibration graphs were achieved in the dynamic range of 10-1000 ng/ml urine. The inter- and intraassay coefficients of variation (C.V.%) for the analysis of the four compounds in quality control urine samples were between 7.8 and 10.9, n=17 (reproducibility), and the repeatability of the assay was between 2.5 and 5.0% (n=12). Analyses of urine samples from a human dietary intervention study with intake of 600 g of fruits and vegetables were demonstrated. To our knowledge, this is the first method described that allows simultaneous determination of both hydroxycinnamates and catechins in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salka E Nielsen
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
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Kajiya K, Kumazawa S, Nakayama T. Effects of external factors on the interaction of tea catechins with lipid bilayers. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002; 66:2330-5. [PMID: 12506968 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.66.2330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Green tea contains a high concentration of such catechins as (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECg), and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg). Their biological activities have been evaluated by in vitro experiments using cultured cells or bacteria, but the order of activity of the various catechins differed with the study. We have been studying the interaction of tea catechins with lipid bilayers, and clarified that the number of hydroxyl groups on the B-ring, the presence of the galloyl moiety, and the stereochemical structure of each catechin govern their affinity for lipid bilayers. We investigated in this present study the effects of various external factors on the affinity of tea catechins for lipid bilayers by using liposomes as model membranes. The amount of tea catechins incorporated into the lipid bilayers increased with increasing salt concentration in an aqueous medium and decreased with increasing negative electric charge of the lipid bilayers. Furthermore, the amount of EGCg or ECg incorporated into the lipid bilayers increased with increasing EC concentration. These results reveal that the salt concentration in an aqueous medium, the electric charge of the membrane, and the presence of other catechins governed the affinity of tea catechins for the lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuko Kajiya
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Choi JY, Park CS, Kim DJ, Cho MH, Jin BK, Pie JE, Chung WG. Prevention of nitric oxide-mediated 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease in mice by tea phenolic epigallocatechin 3-gallate. Neurotoxicology 2002; 23:367-74. [PMID: 12387363 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-813x(02)00079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD), the toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is mediated by oxidative stress, especially by nitric oxide (NO). Inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) activity in the brain produces a neuroprotective effect against PD induced by MPTP Green tea containing high levels of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) was administered to test whether EGCG attenuates MPTP-induced PD in mice through the inhibition of NOS expression. Both tea and the oral administration of EGCG prevented the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in the substantia nigra (SN) and of TH activity in the striatum. These treatments also preserved striatal levels of dopamine and its metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid (HVA). Both tea and EGCG decreased expressions of nNOS in the substantia nigra. Also tea plus MPTP and EGCG plus MPTP treatments decreased expressions of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) at the similar levels of EGCG treatment group. Therefore, the preventive effects of tea and EGCG may be explained by the inhibition of nNOS in the substantia nigra.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/antagonists & inhibitors
- 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Catechin/analogs & derivatives
- Catechin/pharmacology
- Dopamine Agents/toxicity
- Homovanillic Acid/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nitric Oxide/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/chemically induced
- Parkinson Disease, Secondary/prevention & control
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Substantia Nigra/drug effects
- Substantia Nigra/enzymology
- Tea/chemistry
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medicinal Toxicology Research Center, Inha University, Inchon, South Korea
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