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Kaya M, Ceylan D, Kacira T, Yener MT, Eman A, Cakiroglu H, Cokluk E, Cengiz N. Effect of Intrathecal Eugenol on Cerebral Vasospasm in an Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Model. World Neurosurg 2024:S1878-8750(24)00742-3. [PMID: 38719078 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.04.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eugenol has various curative properties. It affects the dilatation of cerebral arteries through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel inhibition. This study is the first to explore the impact of eugenol on neuroprotection and vasospasm in an experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) model. METHODS Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were indiscriminately separated into 3 groups: the control group (n = 8), the SAH group (n = 8), and the eugenol group (n = 8). A double-bleeding method was used. The eugenol group received intracisternal eugenol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 30 μg/20 μl after induction of SAH. On the day 7, all groups were euthanized. Measurements were taken for basilar artery wall thickness, lumen diameter, serum endothelin-1 (ET-1), and caspase-3 levels. RESULTS The eugenol group exhibited significantly lower wall thickness, ET-1, oxidative stress index, and caspase-3 levels compared to the SAH group. In comparison to the control group, the eugenol group showed a higher oxidative stress index along with higher ET-1 and caspase-3 levels, but these differences were not statistically significant. Wall thickness was significantly higher in the eugenol group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first literature exploration of intrathecal eugenol's impact on vasospasm induced after experimental SAH. Administration of intrathecal eugenol demonstrates a positive effect on the treatment of experimental vasospasm as well as on the reduction of oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kaya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sakarya Universty Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Davut Ceylan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sakarya Universty Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Tibet Kacira
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sakarya Universty Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | | | - Ali Eman
- Sakarya University Training and Research Hospitaly Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Cakiroglu
- Experimental Animal Unit, Sakarya Universty Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Erdem Cokluk
- Department of Biochemistry, Sakarya Universty Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Nureddin Cengiz
- Department of Histology, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Universty Faculty of Medicine, Balıkesir, Turkey
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Lee J, Hong S, Ahn M, Kim J, Moon C, Matsuda H, Tanaka A, Nomura Y, Jung K, Shin T. Eugenol alleviates the symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice by suppressing inflammatory responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111479. [PMID: 38215654 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Eugenol is a principal compound in essential clove oil, known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. While recent studies have demonstrated its neuroprotective effects on central nervous system (CNS) injuries, such as brain ischemia/reperfusion injuries, but its potential impact on multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the CNS, has not yet been explored. We evaluated the therapeutic effects of eugenol on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an established animal model of MS. EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice using the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 peptide. Clinical symptoms, including paralysis, were monitored daily, and levels of pro-inflammatory mediators were evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analyses, and immunohistochemistry. Daily oral administration of eugenol to MOG-induced EAE mice led to a notable decline in the severity of clinical symptoms. Eugenol inhibited EAE-related immune cell infiltration and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Histological examinations confirmed its ability to mitigate inflammation and demyelination in the spinal cord post-EAE induction. Eugenol alleviates neuroinflammation in the spinal cords of EAE-induced mice, primarily through anti-inflammatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Lee
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmoo Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Akane Tanaka
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nomura
- Scleroprotein and Leather Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taekyun Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Hong S, Jung K, Ahn M, Kim J, Moon C, Shin T. Eugenol ameliorates uveitis in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through the suppression of key inflammatory genes. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2024; 28:37-44. [PMID: 38249123 PMCID: PMC10798281 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2024.2304557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Visual impairment associated with uveitis is among the potential complications in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Bioinformatics analyses have shown that some hub genes are closely associated with the molecular mechanisms underlying uveitis in EAE. This study evaluated whether 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol (eugenol) can mitigate the pathogenesis of uveitis in EAE through the interruption of key uveitogenic gene expression. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35-55 (MOG) peptide-immunized C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with eugenol. The eyeballs and spinal cords of EAE mice with or without eugenol treatment were collected simultaneously and immunohistochemical and molecular biological analyses were conducted. Eugenol treatment significantly ameliorated hindlimb paralysis. Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1) immunohistochemistry showed that the inflammatory response was significantly reduced in the uvea of eugenol-treated EAE mice compared with vehicle-treated controls. Eugenol also significantly reduced the expression of key uveitogenic genes including C1qb and Tyrobp. The suppressive effect of eugenol on inflammation was also observed in the spinal cord, as determined by the suppression of Iba-1-positive microglial cells. Together, these results suggest that the ameliorative effect of eugenol against EAE uveitis is associated with the suppression of key proinflammatory genes, which may represent targets for the treatment of uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmoo Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Taekyun Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Zhu J, Park S, Kim CH, Jeong KH, Kim WJ. Eugenol alleviates neuronal damage via inhibiting inflammatory process against pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:722-731. [PMID: 36802956 PMCID: PMC10408549 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231151976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the most common pathological outcomes in various neurological diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of epileptic seizures. Eugenol is the major phytoconstituent of essential oils extracted from several plants and possesses protective and anticonvulsant properties. However, it remains unclear whether eugenol exerts an anti-inflammatory effect to protect against severe neuronal damage induced by epileptic seizures. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory action of eugenol in an experimental epilepsy model of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). To examine the protective effect of eugenol via anti-inflammatory mechanisms, eugenol (200 mg/kg) was administrated daily for three days after pilocarpine-induced SE onset. The anti-inflammatory action of eugenol was evaluated by examining the expression of reactive gliosis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat with a pyrin-domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Our results showed that eugenol reduced SE-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death, mitigated the activation of astrocytes and microglia, and attenuated the expression of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α in the hippocampus after SE onset. Furthermore, eugenol inhibited NF-κB activation and the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the hippocampus after SE. These results suggest that eugenol is a potential phytoconstituent that suppresses the neuroinflammatory processes induced by epileptic seizures. Therefore, these findings provide evidence that eugenol has therapeutic potential for epileptic seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Park
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 Project, Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hoon Jeong
- Epilepsy Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
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Vora U, Vyas VK, Wal P, Saxena B. Effects of eugenol on the behavioral and pathological progression in the MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mouse model. Drug Discov Ther 2022; 16:154-163. [PMID: 36002316 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2022.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the world's second most common neurological disorder. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of PD. Eugenol is a phytochemical with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The present investigation is aimed to study the effect of eugenol in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced mouse model of PD and its relationship to antioxidant effect. The effects of seven days of oral pre-treatment and post-treatment with three doses of eugenol (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day) were investigated against the MPTP-induced PD mouse model. In addition to the assessment of behavioural parameters using various tests (actophotometer, beam walking test, catalepsy, rearing, rotarod), biochemical parameters including lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione levels in brain tissues, were also estimated in this study. The binding mode of eugenol in the human myeloid differentiation factor-2 (hMD-2) was also studied. Results showed that MPTP administration in mice resulted in the development of motor dysfunction (impaired motor coordination and hypo locomotion) similar to that of PD in different behavioural studies. Pre-treatment with eugenol reversed motor dysfunction caused by MPTP administration while post-treatment with eugenol at a high dose aggravated the symptoms of akinesia associated with MPTP administration. MPTP resulted in increased lipid peroxidation while decreased reduced glutathione levels in the brains of mice. MPTP-induced increased lipid peroxidation and attenuated levels of reduced glutathione were found to be alleviated with eugenol pre-treatment while augmented with eugenol post-treatment. Eugenol showed a binding affinity of -6.897 kcal/mol against the MD2 coreceptor of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4). Biochemical, as well as neurobehavioral studies, showed that eugenol is having a protective effect, but does not have a curative effect on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmi Vora
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Pranay Wal
- Department of Pharmacology, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy), Kanpur, India
| | - Bhagawati Saxena
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
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Seyed MA, Ayesha S, Azmi N, Al-Rabae FM, Al-Alawy AI, Al-Zahrani OR, Hawsawi Y. The neuroprotective attribution of Ocimum basilicum: a review on the prevention and management of neurodegenerative disorders. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Bioactive principles from various natural resources including medicinal herbs have always played a crucial role in healthcare settings and increasingly became key players in drug discovery and development for many biopharmaceutical applications. Additionally, natural products (NPs) have immense arrangement of distinctive chemical structures with diverse functional groups that motivated numerous investigators including synthetic chemists to discover new therapeutic entities. Numerous pre-clinical investigations involving the animal models have evident the usefulness of these NPs against various human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders (NDs).
Main text
Ocimum basilicum Linn (O. basilicum L.), also known as sweet basil, is well practiced in traditional healthcare systems and has been used to treat various human illnesses, which include malaria, skin disease, diarrhea, bronchitis, dysentery, arthritis, eye diseases, and insect bites and emphasize the significance of the ethno-botanical approach as a potential source of novel drug leads With the growing interest in advanced techniques, herbal medicine and medicinal plants explorations are still considered to be a novel resource for new pharmacotherapeutic discovery and development. O. basilicum L and its bioactive principles including apigenin, eugenol, myretenal, β-sitosterol, luteolin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, essential oil (EO)-rich phenolic compounds, and others like anthocyanins and flavones could be of therapeutic values in NDs by exhibiting their neuro-protective efficacy on various signaling pathways. The present comprehensive review collected various related information using the following searching engines such as PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, etc. and focused mainly the English written documents. The search period comprised of last two decades until present.
Conclusion
Although these efficacious plant genera of prime importance and has potential medical and socioeconomic importance, yet the pivotal evidence for its neuroprotective potential in novel clinical trials remains lacking. However, with the available wealth of obtainable literature on this medicinal plant, which supports this review and concludes that O. basilicum L may function as a promising therapeutics for the treatment of NDs.
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Barot J, Saxena B. Therapeutic effects of eugenol in a rat model of traumatic brain injury: A behavioral, biochemical, and histological study. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 11:318-327. [PMID: 34195026 PMCID: PMC8240337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in death or long term functional disabilities. Eugenol is demonstrated to be beneficial in a range of experimental models of neurological disorders via its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Thus, the present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of eugenol in a weight-drop induced rat model of TBI. Experimental procedure Rats were assigned into five groups; control and TBI groups pretreated with vehicle, and three TBI groups pretreated with different doses of eugenol (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day, p.o., seven consecutive days). Except for the control, all other groups were subjected to TBI using Marmarou’s weight-drop method. 24 h after TBI, locomotor functions and short term memory were evaluated. Lastly animals were scarified and the estimation of lipid peroxidation in brain tissue, blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, brain water content (brain edema) and histopathology of the brain tissue were performed. Results Weight-drop induced TBI caused functional disabilities in the rats as indicated by impairment in locomotor activities and short term memory. The TBI also resulted in augmented neuronal cell death designated by chromatolysis. The results also showed disruption in the BBB integrity, increased edema, and lipid peroxidation in the brain of the rats exposed to trauma. Pretreatment with eugenol (100 mg/kg) ameliorated histopathological, neurochemical, and behavioral consequences of trauma. Conclusion For the first time this study revealed that eugenol can be considered as a potential candidate for managing the functional disabilities associated with TBI because of its antioxidant activities. Eugenol pretreatment ameliorated the TBI induced disruption in the BBB integrity and increased brain edema in the rats. Eugenol pretreatment in rats mitigated the TBI induced increase in lipid peroxidation and chromatolysis. Eugenol pretreatment in rats reduced the TBI induced impairment in memory, locomotor activity, and motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeetprakash Barot
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S.G. Highway, Ahmedabad, 382481, India
| | - Bhagawati Saxena
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S.G. Highway, Ahmedabad, 382481, India
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Ohk TG, Ahn JH, Park YE, Lee TK, Kim B, Lee JC, Cho JH, Park JH, Won MH, Lee CH. Comparison of neuronal death and expression of TNF‑α and MCT4 in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region induced by ischemia/reperfusion under hyperthermia to those under normothermia. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1044-1052. [PMID: 32468005 PMCID: PMC7339721 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) is a high-capacity lactate transporter in cells and the alteration in MCT4 expression harms cellular survival. The present study investigated whether hypothermia affects tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and MCT4 immunoreactivity in the subfield cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR) in gerbils. Hypothermia was induced for 30 min before and during ischemia. It was found that IR-induced death of pyramidal neurons was markedly augmented and occurred faster under hyperthermia than under normothermia. TNF-α immunoreactivity in the pyramidal cells started to increase at 3 h after IR and peaked at 1 day after IR under normothermia. However, in hyperthermic control and sham operated gerbils, TNF-α immunoreactivity was significantly increased compared with the normothermic gerbils, and IR under hyperthermia caused a more rapid and significant increase in TNF-α immunoreactivity in pyramidal neurons than under normothermia. In addition, in the normothermic gerbils, MCT4 immunoreactivity began to decrease in pyramidal neurons from 3 h after IR and markedly increased at 1 and 2 days after IR. On the other hand, MCT4 immunoreactivity in pyramidal neurons of the hyperthermic gerbils was significantly increased from 3 h after IR, maintained until 1 day after IR and markedly decreased at 2 days after IR. These results indicate that acceleration of IR-induced neuronal death under hyperthermia might be closely associated with early alteration of TNF-α and MCT4 protein expression in the gerbil hippocampus after IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taek Geun Ohk
- Department of Emergency Medicine, and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam 31116, Republic of Korea
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Moreira Vasconcelos CF, da Cunha Ferreira NM, Hardy Lima Pontes N, de Sousa Dos Reis TD, Basto Souza R, Aragão Catunda Junior FE, Vasconcelos Aguiar LM, Maranguape Silva da Cunha R. Eugenol and its association with levodopa in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemiparkinsonian rats: Behavioural and neurochemical alterations. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 127:287-302. [PMID: 32353201 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the central nervous system and is mainly characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons and pro-oxidant mechanisms. Eugenol has been widely studied due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, making it a promising neuroprotective agent. This study aimed to investigate the effects of eugenol and its combined action with levodopa in the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson's disease model. Wistar rats were subjected to intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (21 μg) and then treated with eugenol (0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg), levodopa (25 mg/kg) or their combination (eugenol 10 mg/kg + levodopa 12.5 mg/kg) orally for 14 days. On the 14th day, the animals were subjected to behavioural tests, and after euthanization and dissection of the brain areas, neurochemical analyses were performed. The results showed that eugenol reduced the oxidative stress and behavioural disturbances induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. The eugenol and levodopa combination was more effective in some behavioural parameters and body-weight gain in addition to promoting an increase in reduced glutathione levels compared to levodopa alone. Thus, the neuroprotective activity of eugenol was observed against motor and neurochemical disorders. Additionally, the eugenol and levodopa combination was promising when compared to conventional treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Franciney Moreira Vasconcelos
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Biotechnology Core of Sobral, State University of Acaraú Valley, Sobral, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo Basto Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Sun X, Wang D, Zhang T, Lu X, Duan F, Ju L, Zhuang X, Jiang X. Eugenol Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Enhancing Autophagy via AMPK-mTOR-P70S6K Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:84. [PMID: 32153404 PMCID: PMC7047211 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Eugenol, as an active compound isolated from Acorus gramineus, has been shown to protect against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Nonetheless, the detailed neuroprotective mechanisms of eugenol in cerebral I/R injury have not been elaborated. In the present study, cerebral I/R injury model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. HT22 cells were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) to mimic cerebral I/R injury in vitro. The results showed that eugenol pre-treatment relieved cerebral I/R injury as evidenced by improving neurological deficits and reducing infarct volume. Autophagy was induced by MCAO, which was further promoted by eugenol administration. Moreover, rapamycin, an activator of autophagy, promoted eugenol-induced decreases in neurological score, infarct volume, brain water content, and apoptosis. However, pretreatment with 3-MA, an inhibitor of autophagy, led to the opposite results. Similarly, eugenol pretreatment increased the viability and restrained apoptosis of OGD/R-challenged HT22 cells. OGD/R-induced autophagy was strengthened by eugenol. Mechanically, eugenol promoted autophagy through regulating AMPK/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, pretreatment with eugenol attenuated cerebral I/R injury by inducing autophagy via AMPK/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sun
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Dongyan Wang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xuejian Lu
- Department of Chinese Medicine Clinical Foundation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Fangfang Duan
- Department of Chinese Medicine Clinical Foundation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Ju
- Department of Chinese Medicine Clinical Foundation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhuang
- Department of Chinese Medicine Clinical Foundation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xicheng Jiang
- Department of Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Li Z, Veeraraghavan VP, Mohan SK, Bolla SR, Lakshmanan H, Kumaran S, Aruni W, Aladresi AAM, Shair OHM, Alharbi SA, Chinnathambi A. Apoptotic induction and anti-metastatic activity of eugenol encapsulated chitosan nanopolymer on rat glioma C6 cells via alleviating the MMP signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 203:111773. [PMID: 31931385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the prime cause of cancer allied mortality in adolescent people and it accounts about 80% of all malignant tumours. Eugenol is a major bioactive constituent present in the essential oils with numerous pharmacological benefits including nueroprotective activity. The major drawback of eugenol is its extreme volatile property and oxygen sensitivity therefore we increased the efficacy of drug; eugenol by encapsulating with chitosan polymer. Eugenol loaded chitosan polymer (EuCs) was characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, HR-TEM analysis and the encapsulation, drug release efficacy was assessed at in vitro condition. The induction of autophagy and anticancer efficacy of EuCs on glioma cells was evaluated with rat C6 glioma cells using MTT assay, acridine orange staining, immunocytochemical analysis of NFκβ protein expression and FLOW cytometric analysis. The anti-metastatic property of Eu-CS was assessed by immunoblotting and RT-PCR analysis of epithelial mesenchymal transition protein expression in EuCs treated rat C6 glioma cells. Our characterization analysis proves that EuCs possess essential physical and functional properties of copolymer to be utilized as a drug. Further the MTT analysis and AO staining confirms even in the presence of oncogenic inducer and autophagic inhibitors, EuCs exhibits apoptotic potency on rat C6 glioma cells. The result of immunocytochemical studies depicts the inhibition of NFκβ protein expression and flow cytometry studies confirm apoptosis induction by EuCs. The inhibition of metastasis by EuCs was proven by the decrease in epithelial mesenchymal transition protein expression in Eu-Cs treated rat C6 glioma cells. Over all our results authentically confirms eugenol loaded chitosan nanopolymer persuasively induces apoptosis and inhibits metastasis in rat C6 glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng City, Henan Province 475000, China
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India
| | - Surapaneni Krishna Mohan
- Department of Biochemistry, Panimalar Medical College Hospital & Research Institute, Varadharajapuram, Poonamallee, Chennai 600 123, India
| | - Srinivasa Rao Bolla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Hariprasath Lakshmanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore 641021, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Subramanian Kumaran
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Col Dr.Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Wilson Aruni
- School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Aref Ali Mohammed Aladresi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar H M Shair
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Inhibitory effects of eugenol on putative nociceptive response in spinal cord preparation isolated from neonatal rats. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:1767-1774. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Analgesic-Like Activity of Essential Oil Constituents: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122392. [PMID: 29232831 PMCID: PMC5751100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The constituents of essential oils are widely found in foods and aromatic plants giving characteristic odor and flavor. However, pharmacological studies evidence its therapeutic potential for the treatment of several diseases and promising use as compounds with analgesic-like action. Considering that pain affects a significant part of the world population and the need for the development of new analgesics, this review reports on the current studies of essential oils’ chemical constituents with analgesic-like activity, including a description of their mechanisms of action and chemical aspects.
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Phytochemical allylguaiacol exerts a neuroprotective effect on hippocampal cells and ameliorates scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 339:261-268. [PMID: 29126931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Allylguaiacol is a phytochemical occurring in various plants such as cloves, cinnamon, basil, and nutmeg. Pharmacological effects of allylguaiacol include antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activity. Although allylguaiacol is considered to have neuroprotective effects, there is no report on its regulatory mechanisms at the molecular level. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms of allylguaiacol as an antioxidant and neuroprotective agent using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated HT22 hippocampal cells. Allylguaiacol increased the scavenging activities of free radicals 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and enhanced the expression of antioxidant enzymes manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase. In addition, allylguaiacol inhibited H2O2-induced damage of HT22 with increasing production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Furthermore, antibody microarray data revealed that phospho-regulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and death domain-associated protein (DAXX) is involved in protection against neuronal cell damage. In a mouse model of short-term memory impairment, allylguaiacol (2.5 or 5mg/kg) significantly ameliorated scopolamine-mediated cognitive impairment in a passive avoidance task. In addition, allylguaiacol significantly increased the expression of TrkA and B in the hippocampus from scopolamine-treated mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that allylguaiacol exerts a neuroprotective effect through the antioxidant activation and protein regulation of NF-κB p65 and DAXX-related signaling. The ameliorating effect of allylguaiacol may be useful for treatment of memory impairment in Alzheimer's and its related diseases.
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Said MM, Rabo MMA. Neuroprotective effects of eugenol against aluminiuminduced toxicity in the rat brain. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2017; 68:27-37. [PMID: 28365674 DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2017-68-2878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) is a neurotoxic metal that contributes to the progression of several neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of dietary eugenol supplementation against aluminium (Al)- induced cerebral damage in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: normal controls, rats fed a diet containing 6,000 μg g-1 eugenol, rats intoxicated daily with aluminium chloride (84 mg kg-1 body weight) p. o. and fed either a basal diet or a eugenol-containing diet. Daily oral administration of Al for four consecutive weeks to rats significantly reduced brain total antioxidant status (TAS) (11.42±0.31 μmol g-1 tissue, p<0.001) with a subsequent significant enhancement of lipid peroxidation (MDA) (32.55±1.68 nmol g-1 tissue, p<0.002). In addition, Al enhanced brain acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) (46.22±4.90 U mg-1 protein, p<0.001), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (118.72±11.32 pg mg-1 protein, p<0.001), and caspase 3 (Casp-3) (8.77±1.26 ng mg-1 protein, p<0.001) levels, and in contrast significantly suppressed brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (82.74±14.53 pg mg-1 protein, p<0.002) and serotonin (5-HT) (1.54±0.12 ng mg-1 tissue, p<0.01) levels. Furthermore, decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining was noticed in the striatum of Al-intoxicated rats, compared with untreated controls. On the other hand, co-administration of dietary eugenol with Al intoxication restored brain BDNF (108.76±2.64 pg mg-1 protein) and 5-HT (2.13±0.27 ng mg-1 tissue) to normal levels, enhanced brain TAS (13.43±0.24 μmol g-1 tissue, p<0.05), with a concomitant significant reduction in TNF-α (69.98±4.74 pg mg-1 protein) and Casp-3 (3.80±0.37 ng mg-1 protein) levels (p<0.001), as well as AChE activity (24.50±3.25 U mg-1 protein, p<0.001), and increased striatal GFAP immunoreactivity, compared with Al-treated rats. Histological findings of brain tissues verified biochemical data. In conclusion, eugenol holds potential as a neuroprotective agent through its hydrophobic, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties, as well as its neurotrophic ability against Al-induced brain toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Said
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo
| | - Marwa M Abd Rabo
- Hormone Evaluation Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza
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Pinkas A, Gonçalves CL, Aschner M. Neurotoxicity of fragrance compounds: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 158:342-349. [PMID: 28683407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fragrance compounds are chemicals belonging to one of several families, which are used frequently and globally in cosmetics, household products, foods and beverages. A complete list of such compounds is rarely found on the ingredients-list of such products, as "fragrance mixtures" are defined as "trade secrets" and thus protected by law. While some information regarding the general toxicity of some of these compounds is available, their neurotoxicity is known to a lesser extent. Here, we discuss the prevalence and neurotoxicity of fragrance compounds belonging to the three most common groups: phthalates, synthetic musks and chemical sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Pinkas
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, 1300, Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer Building, Room 209, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
| | - Cinara Ludvig Gonçalves
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, 1300, Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer Building, Room 209, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Jack and Pearl Resnick Campus, 1300, Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer Building, Room 209, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
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17
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Effects of eugenol on respiratory burst generation in newborn rat brainstem-spinal cord preparations. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:385-394. [PMID: 28963585 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Eugenol is contained in several plants including clove and is used as an analgesic drug. In the peripheral and central nervous systems, this compound modulates neuronal activity through action on voltage-gated ionic channels and/or transient receptor potential channels. However, it is unknown whether eugenol exerts any effects on the respiratory center neurons in the medulla. We examined the effects of eugenol on respiratory rhythm generation in the brainstem-spinal cord preparation from newborn rat (P0-P3). The preparations were superfused by artificial cerebrospinal fluid at 25-26 °C, and inspiratory C4 ventral root activity was monitored. Membrane potentials of respiratory neurons were recorded in the parafacial region of the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Bath application of eugenol (0.5-1 mM) decreased respiratory rhythm accompanied by strong inhibition of the burst activity of pre-inspiratory neurons. After washout, respiratory rhythm partly recovered, but the inspiratory burst duration was extremely shortened, and this continued for more than 60 min after washout. The shortening of C4 inspiratory burst by eugenol was not reversed by capsazepine (TRPV1 antagonist) or HC-030031 (TRPA1 antagonist), whereas the depression was partially blocked by GABAA antagonist bicuculline and glycine antagonist strychnine or GABAB antagonist phaclofen. A spike train of action potentials in respiratory neurons induced by depolarizing current pulse was depressed by application of eugenol. Eugenol decreased the negative slope conductance of pre-inspiratory neurons, suggesting blockade of persistent Na+ current. These results suggest that changes in both membrane excitability and synaptic connections are involved in the shortening of respiratory neuron bursts by eugenol.
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18
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Kheawfu K, Pikulkaew S, Hamamoto H, Sekimizu K, Okonogi S. Influence of clove oil and eugenol on muscle contraction of silkworm (Bombyx mori). Drug Discov Ther 2017; 11:64-69. [PMID: 28458297 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2017.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Clove oil is used in fish anesthesia and expected to have a mechanism via glutamic receptor. The present study explores the activities of clove oil and its major compound, eugenol, in comparison with L-glutamic acid on glutamic receptor of silkworm muscle and fish anesthesia. It was found that clove oil and eugenol had similar effects to L-glutamic acid on inhibition of silkworm muscle contraction after treated with D-glutamic acid and kainic acid. Anesthetic activity of the test samples was investigated in goldfish. The results demonstrated that L-glutamic acid at 20 and 40 mM could induce the fish to stage 3 of anesthesia that the fish exhibited total loss of equilibrium and muscle tone, whereas clove oil and eugenol at 60 ppm could induce the fish to stage 4 of anesthesia that the reflex activity of the fish was lost. These results suggest that clove oil and eugenol have similar functional activities and mechanism to L-glutamic acid on muscle contraction and fish anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantaporn Kheawfu
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Program, The Graduate School, Chiang Mai University
| | - Surachai Pikulkaew
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University
| | - Hiroshi Hamamoto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo.,Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo.,Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology
| | - Siriporn Okonogi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University.,Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University
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19
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Kim SR. Control of Granule Cell Dispersion by Natural Materials Such as Eugenol and Naringin: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy Against Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. J Med Food 2016; 19:730-6. [PMID: 27404051 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is an important brain area where abnormal morphological characteristics are often observed in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), typically showing the loss of the principal neurons in the CA1 and CA3 areas of the hippocampus. TLE is frequently associated with widening of the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus (DG), termed granule cell dispersion (GCD), in the hippocampus, suggesting that the control of GCD with protection of hippocampal neurons may be useful for preventing and inhibiting epileptic seizures. We previously reported that eugenol (EUG), which is an essential component of medicinal herbs and has anticonvulsant activity, is beneficial for treating epilepsy through its ability to inhibit GCD via suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation in the hippocampal DG in a kainic acid (KA)-treated mouse model of epilepsy in vivo. In addition, we reported that naringin, a bioflavonoid in citrus fruits, could exert beneficial effects, such as antiautophagic stress and antineuroinflammation, in the KA mouse model of epilepsy, even though it was unclear whether naringin might also attenuate the seizure-induced morphological changes of GCD in the DG. Similar to the effects of EUG, we recently observed that naringin treatment significantly reduced KA-induced GCD and mTORC1 activation, which are both involved in epileptic seizures, in the hippocampus of mouse brain. Therefore, these observations suggest that the utilization of natural materials, which have beneficial properties such as inhibition of GCD formation and protection of hippocampal neurons, may be useful in developing a novel therapeutic agent against TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ryong Kim
- 1 School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Korea.,2 BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Korea.,3 Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, Korea
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20
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Jeong KH, Lee DS, Kim SR. Effects of eugenol on granule cell dispersion in a mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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The involvement of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in eugenol-induced cell death in human glioblastoma cells. Toxicol Lett 2015; 232:122-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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GABAergic pharmacological activity of propofol related compounds as possible enhancers of general anesthetics and interaction with membranes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:515-25. [PMID: 23456454 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phenol compounds, such as propofol and thymol, have been shown to act on the GABAA receptor through interaction with specific sites of this receptor. In addition, considering the high lipophilicity of phenols, it is possible that their pharmacological activity may also be the result of the interaction of phenol molecules with the surrounding lipid molecules, modulating the supramolecular organization of the receptor environment. Thus, in the present study, we study the pharmacological activity of some propofol- and thymol-related phenols on the native GABAA receptor using primary cultures of cortical neurons and investigate the effects of these compounds on the micro viscosity of artificial membranes by means of fluorescence anisotropy. The phenol compounds analyzed in this article are carvacrol, chlorothymol, and eugenol. All compounds were able to enhance the binding of [(3)H]flunitrazepam with EC50 values in the micromolar range and to increase the GABA-evoked Cl(-) influx in a concentration-dependent manner, both effects being inhibited by the competitive GABAA antagonist bicuculline. These results strongly suggest that the phenols studied are positive allosteric modulators of this receptor. Chlorothymol showed a bell-type effect, reducing its positive effect at concentrations >100 μM. The concentrations necessary to induce positive allosteric modulation of GABAA receptor were not cytotoxic. Although all compounds were able to decrease the micro viscosity of artificial membranes, chlorothymol displayed a larger effect which could explain its effects on [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding and on cell viability at high concentrations. Finally, it is suggested that these compounds may exert depressant activity on the central nervous system and potentiate the effects of general anesthetics.
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Abbas Zaidi SM, Pathan SA, Singh S, Jamil S, Ahmad FJ, Khar RK. Anticonvulsant, Anxiolytic and Neurotoxicity Profile of Aqarqarha (<i>Anacyclus pyrethrum</i>) DC (Compositae) Root Ethanolic Extract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2013.47077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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do Amaral JF, Silva MIG, de Aquino Neto MR, Moura BA, de Carvalho AMR, Vasconcelos PF, Barbosa Filho JM, Gutierrez SJC, Vasconcelos SMM, Macêdo DS, de Sousa FCF. Antidepressant-like effect ofbis-eugenol in the mice forced swimming test: evidence for the involvement of the monoaminergic system. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2012; 27:471-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2012.01058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeferson Falcão do Amaral
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127; CEP: 60431-270; Fortaleza; Brazil
| | - Maria Izabel Gomes Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127; CEP: 60431-270; Fortaleza; Brazil
| | - Manuel Rufino de Aquino Neto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127; CEP: 60431-270; Fortaleza; Brazil
| | - Brinell Arcanjo Moura
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127; CEP: 60431-270; Fortaleza; Brazil
| | - Alyne Mara Rodrigues de Carvalho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127; CEP: 60431-270; Fortaleza; Brazil
| | - Patrícia Freire Vasconcelos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127; CEP: 60431-270; Fortaleza; Brazil
| | - José Maria Barbosa Filho
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics Technology; Federal University of Paraíba; Cidade Universitária, Castelo Branco; CEP: 58051-900; João Pessoa - PB; Brazil
| | - Stanley Juan Chavez Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics Technology; Federal University of Paraíba; Cidade Universitária, Castelo Branco; CEP: 58051-900; João Pessoa - PB; Brazil
| | - Silvânia Maria Mendes Vasconcelos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127; CEP: 60431-270; Fortaleza; Brazil
| | - Danielle Silveira Macêdo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127; CEP: 60431-270; Fortaleza; Brazil
| | - Francisca Cléa Florenço de Sousa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo 1127; CEP: 60431-270; Fortaleza; Brazil
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Dal Bó W, Luiz AP, Martins DF, Mazzardo-Martins L, Santos AR. Eugenol reduces acute pain in mice by modulating the glutamatergic and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) pathways. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2012; 27:517-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2012.01052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Characterizing the effects of Eugenol on neuronal ionic currents and hyperexcitability. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 221:575-87. [PMID: 22160139 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Eugenol (EUG, 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol), the main component of essential oil extracted from cloves, has various uses in medicine because of its potential to modulate neuronal excitability. However, its effects on the ionic mechanisms remains incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate EUG's effects on neuronal ionic currents and excitability, especially on voltage-gated ion currents, and to verify the effects on a hyperexcitability-temporal lobe seizure model. METHODS With the aid of patch-clamp technology, we first investigated the effects of EUG on ionic currents in NG108-15 neuronal cells differentiated with cyclic AMP. We then used modified Pinsky-Rinzel simulation modeling to evaluate its effects on spontaneous action potentials (APs). Finally, we investigated its effects on pilocarpine-induced seizures in rats. RESULTS EUG depressed the transient and late components of I(Na) in the neurons. It not only increased the degree of I(Na) inactivation, but specifically suppressed the non-inactivating I(Na) (I(Na(NI))). Its inhibition of I (Na(NI)) was reversed by tefluthrin. In addition, EUG diminished L-type Ca(2+) current and delayed rectifier K(+) current only at higher concentrations. EUG's effects on APs frequency reduction was verified by the simulation modeling. In pilocarpine-induced seizures, the EUG-treated rats showed no shorter seizure latency but a lower seizure severity and mortality than the control rats. The EUG's effect on seizure severity was occluded by the I(Na(NI)) antagonist riluzole. CONCLUSION The synergistic blocking effects of I (Na) and I(Na(NI)) contributes to the main mechanism through which EUG affects the firing of neuronal APs and modulate neuronal hyperexcitability such as pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe seizures.
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Presynaptic enhancement by eugenol of spontaneous excitatory transmission in rat spinal substantia gelatinosa neurons is mediated by transient receptor potential A1 channels. Neuroscience 2012; 210:403-15. [PMID: 22426238 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eugenol, which is contained in several plants including clove, has been widely used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug in the dental clinic. Eugenol also has anesthetic effects and produces sedation and the reduction of convulsion threshold. These benefits have been partly attributed to the effects of eugenol on neural tissues, such as inhibition of voltage-gated ion channels. As expected from the fact that eugenol is a vanilloid compound, this drug activates transient receptor potential (TRP) V1 channels in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Although eugenol affects synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS), this has not yet been fully examined. We investigated how eugenol affects spontaneous glutamatergic excitatory transmission in substantia gelatinosa (SG; lamina II of Rexed) neurons of adult rat spinal cord slices by use of the blind whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Bath-applied eugenol reversibly enhanced spontaneous excitatory transmission and produced an outward current at -70 mV in SG neurons. The former action was due to a large increase in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic current (sEPSC) with a small increase in the amplitude. These actions of eugenol were seen by its repeated application and resistant to a voltage-gated Na(+) channel blocker tetrodotoxin. The effect of eugenol on sEPSC frequency was concentration-dependent with an EC(50) value of 3.8 mM and unaffected by a TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine, whereas inhibited by a nonspecific TRP antagonist ruthenium red and a TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031. On the other hand, the eugenol-induced outward current was not affected by these TRP antagonists. It is concluded that eugenol activates TRPA1 channels in the SG, leading to an increase in the spontaneous release of L-glutamate to SG neurons, and that eugenol also produces a membrane hyperpolarization that is not mediated by TRP channels. Eugenol is suggested to activate different types of TRP channel between the PNS and CNS.
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Park SH, Sim YB, Lee JK, Kim SM, Kang YJ, Jung JS, Suh HW. The analgesic effects and mechanisms of orally administered eugenol. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:501-7. [PMID: 21547684 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the antinociceptive profiles of eugenol were examined in ICR mice. Eugenol administered orally (from 1 to 10 mg/kg) showed an antinociceptive effect in a dose-dependent manner as measured in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Duration of antinociceptive action of eugenol maintained at least for 30 min. Moreover, the cumulative response time of nociceptive behaviors induced by an intraplantar formalin injection was reduced by eugenol treatment during the 2(nd) phases. Furthermore, the cumulative nociceptive response time for intrathecal injection of substance P (0.7 μg) or glutamate (20 μg) was diminished by eugenol. Intraperitoneal pretreatment with yohimbine (α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist) or naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) attenuated antinociceptive effect induced by eugenol in the writhing test. However, methysergide (5-HT serotonergic receptor antagonist) did not affect antinociception induced by eugenol in the writhing test. Our results suggest that eugenol shows an antinociceptive property in various pain models. Furthermore, this antinociceptive effect of eugenol may be mediated by α2-adrenergic and opioidergic receptors, but not serotonergic receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hyun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
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30
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Choi Y, Kim SK, Choi IY, Ju C, Nam KW, Hwang S, Kim BW, Yoon MJ, Won MH, Park YK, Kim WK. Amelioration of cerebral infarction and improvement of neurological deficit by a Korean herbal medicine, modified Bo-Yang-Hwan-O-Tang. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:695-706. [PMID: 21492172 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01254.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Modified Bo-Yang-Hwan-O-Tang (mBHT) is an improved herbal formula of BHT, which has been widely used to treat ischaemic stroke in East Asia, by the addition of five herbs having anti-ischaemic properties. In this study, we investigated whether mBHT would reduce cerebral ischaemic injury in rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and subsequent 22-h reperfusion. mBHT was administered either intraperitoneally twice 15 min before and 15 min after, or orally once 30 min or 120 min after the onset of MCAO (50 or 200 mg/kg each). KEY FINDINGS Intraperitoneal administration of mBHT markedly reduced the cerebral infarct size and neurological deficit caused by MCAO/reperfusion. mBHT treatment also significantly improved long-term survival rate after cerebral ischaemic injury. Oral administration of mBHT 30 min after ischaemia also markedly reduced the infarct size after cerebral ischaemia. The anti-ischaemic effect of mBHT was significantly, but not fully, reduced when mBHT-induced hypothermia was abolished. In cultured cortical neurons, we further found that mBHT decreased oxygen-glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation-evoked neuronal injury by inhibiting production of reactive oxygen species, decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and activation of caspase-3. However, mBHT did not inhibit N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggest that mBHT has multiple anti-ischaemic properties and would be a good therapeutic herbal prescription for the treatment of cerebral ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yookeum Choi
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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31
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Garabadu D, Shah A, Ahmad A, Joshi VB, Saxena B, Palit G, Krishnamurthy S. Eugenol as an anti-stress agent: modulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and brain monoaminergic systems in a rat model of stress. Stress 2011; 14:145-55. [PMID: 21034296 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2010.521602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is the leading psychopathological cause for several mental disorders. Physiological and psychological responses to stress are mediated by the hypothalamic?pituitary?adrenal (HPA), sympathoadrenal system (SAS), and brain monoaminergic systems (BMS). Eugenol is reported to substantially modulate brain functions by regulating voltage-gated cation channels and release of neurotransmitters. This study was designed to evaluate the anti-stress effect of eugenol in the 4-h restraint model using rats. Ulcer index was measured as a parameter of the stress response. HPA axis and the SAS were monitored by estimating plasma corticosterone and norepinephrine (NE), respectively. Analysis of NE, serotonin (5-HT), dopamine, and their metabolites in discrete brain regions was performed to understand the role of BMS in the anti-stress effect of eugenol. Stress exposure increased the ulcer index as well as plasma corticosterone and NE levels. Eugenol pretreatment for 7 days decreased the stress-induced increase in ulcer index and plasma corticosterone but not NE levels, indicating a preferential effect on the HPA axis. Furthermore, eugenol showed a ?U?-shaped dose?response curve in decreasing ulcer index and plasma corticosterone levels. Eugenol also reversed the stress-induced changes in 5-HT levels in all brain regions, whereas NE levels were reversed in all brain regions except hippocampus. These results suggest that eugenol possesses significant anti-stress activity in the 4-h restraint model and the effect is due to modulation of HPA and BMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Garabadu
- Neurotherapeutics Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India
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32
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Choi YK, Cho GS, Hwang S, Kim BW, Lim JH, Lee JC, Kim HC, Kim WK, Kim YS. Methyleugenol reduces cerebral ischemic injury by suppression of oxidative injury and inflammation. Free Radic Res 2011; 44:925-35. [PMID: 20815773 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.490837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested the cytoprotective effect of methyleugenol in an in vivo ischemia model (i.e. middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1.5 h and subsequent reperfusion for 24 h) and further investigated its mechanism of action in in vitro cerebral ischemic models. When applied shortly after reperfusion, methyleugenol largely reduced cerebral ischemic injury. Methyleugenol decreased the caspase-3 activation and death of cultured cerebral cortical neurons caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 1 h and subsequent re-oxygenation for 24 h. Methyleugenol markedly reduced superoxide generation in the ischemic brain and decreased the intracellular oxidative stress caused by OGD/re-oxygenation. It was found that methyleugenol elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Further, methyleugenol inhibited the production of nitric oxide and decreased the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Methyleugenol down-regulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ischemic brain as well as in immunostimulated mixed glial cells. The results indicate that methyleugenol could be useful for the treatment of ischemia/inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Keum Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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33
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Inoue M, Fujita T, Piao LH, Yue HY, Mizuta K, Aoyama T, Yasaka T, Kumamoto E. Facilitatory effect of eugenol on excitatory synaptic transmission in rat spinal substantia gelatinosa neurons . ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.11154/pain.26.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Inoue
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
| | - Tsugumi Fujita
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
| | - Lian-Hua Piao
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
| | - Hai-Yuan Yue
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
| | - Kotaro Mizuta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
| | | | | | - Eiichi Kumamoto
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
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34
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Cho JS, Kim TH, Lim JM, Song JH. Effects of eugenol on Na+ currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Brain Res 2008; 1243:53-62. [PMID: 18824159 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Eugenol is an aromatic molecule found in several plants and widely used in dentistry for analgesic and antiseptic purposes. It inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. It also regulates ion channels involved in pain signaling, such as TRPV1 receptor, high-voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels, NMDA receptor and GABA(A) receptor. The expression and functional properties of voltage-gated Na(+) channels in primary sensory neurons are altered following inflammation or nerve injury. To elucidate an involvement of Na(+) channels in the eugenol-induced analgesia we investigated the effects of eugenol on tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) and tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) Na(+) currents in acutely dissociated rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Eugenol inhibited TTX-S and TTX-R Na(+) currents in a concentration-dependent manner. The K(d) values were 308 muM and 543 muM, respectively. Eugenol did not influence the activation voltage of either type of Na(+) current. However, eugenol moved the steady-state inactivation curves of both Na(+) currents to a hyperpolarizing direction and reduced the maximal Na(+) current. Thus eugenol appears to inhibit Na(+) currents through its interaction with both resting and inactivated Na(+) channels. The recovery from inactivation of both Na(+) currents was slowed by eugenol. The eugenol inhibition of Na(+) currents was not dependent on the stimulus frequency. The inhibition of Na(+) currents is considered as one of the mechanisms by which eugenol exerts analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Seon Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221 Heuksuk-Dong, Dongjak-Ku, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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35
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Kabuto H, Tada M, Kohno M. Eugenol [2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenol] prevents 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopamine depression and lipid peroxidation inductivity in mouse striatum. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:423-7. [PMID: 17329831 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As superoxide (.O2-) and hydroxyl radical (.OH) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease, free radical scavenging and antioxidants have attracted attention as way to prevent progression of this disease. We examined the effects of eugenol, an essential oil extracted from cloves, on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced dopamine (DA) reduction in the mouse striatum. Eugenol administration 3 d before and 7 more days following one intracerebroventricular 6-OHDA injection prevented the reduction of striatal DA and its metabolites. Eugenol administration for 3 d reduced the increase of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (an indicator of lipid peroxidation) induced by ferric ion and increased glutathione (GSH) and L-ascorbate (Asc) in the striatum. Eugenol did not change the levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, or superoxide dismutase-like activities. Eugenol is known to have .O2- and .OH scavenging activities in vitro. These results suggest that eugenol prevents 6-OHDA-induced DA depression by preventing lipid peroxidation directly and indirectly (via stimulation of GSH and Asc generating systems). Furthermore, increased GSH may protect cell death by conjugating with p-quinone produced in 6-OHDA auto-oxidation. The effects of eugenol treatment in this model suggest its possible usefulness for the treatment of Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kabuto
- Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, 281-1 Mure-cho, Takamatsu 761-0123, Japan.
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36
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Yamashita A, Kunimatsu T, Yamamoto T, Yoshida KI. Hypothermic, but not normothermic, ischemia causes a drastic increase in cyclooxygenase-2 immunoreactive granule cells in rat dentate gyrus after 4 hours of ischemic reperfusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:197-205. [DOI: 10.1679/aohc.70.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anzu Yamashita
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Care Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Teruhito Kunimatsu
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Care Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Department of Human Biology, Kanagawa Dental College
- Research Center of Brain and Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental College
| | - Kazu-ichi Yoshida
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Care Medicine, Kanagawa Dental College
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37
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Ardjmand A, Fathollahi Y, Sayyah M, Kamalinejad M, Omrani A. Eugenol depresses synaptic transmission but does not prevent the induction of long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 13:146-51. [PMID: 16428020 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2004.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Using field potential recording in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampal slices, the effects of eugenol on synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) were investigated. Population spikes (PS) were recorded in the stratum pyramidal following stimulation of stratum fibers. To induce LTP, eight episodes of theta pattern primed-bursts (PBs) were delivered. Eugenol decreased the amplitude of PS in a concentration-dependent manner. The effect was fast and completely reversible. Eugenol had no effect on PBs-induced LTP of PS. It is concluded that while eugenol depresses synaptic transmission it does not affect the ability of CA1 synapses for tetanus-induced LTP and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ardjmand
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
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38
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Lee JC, Hwang IK, Park SK, Yoo KY, Seo K, Kang TC, Oh YS, Won MH. Histochemical and Electron Microscopic Study on Motor Neurone Degeneration Following Transient Spinal Cord Ischaemia at Normothermic Conditions in Rabbits. Anat Histol Embryol 2005; 34:252-7. [PMID: 15996127 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the motor neurone degeneration in the ventral horn following transient spinal cord ischaemia at normothermic conditions in rabbits. Transient spinal cord ischaemia was induced by occlusion of the abdominal aorta underneath the left renal artery for 15 min at normothermia (38.7 degrees C). Sections at the level of L7 were examined using histochemical and electron microscopic methods. Cresyl violet-positive motor neurones began to reduce in number at 3 h after ischaemia reperfusion, and were not detectable at 48 h after ischaemia reperfusion. Acid fuchsin-positive motor neurones were detected at 1 h after ischaemia reperfusion, significantly increased up to 6 h after the ischaemia reperfusion, and eventually disappeared by 48 h after ischaemia reperfusion. In electron microscopic findings, the disintegration of cytoplasmic membranes, and the disruption of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum were observed in motor neurones at 30 min after ischaemia reperfusion. Motor neurones showed necrotic findings with pyknotic degeneration at 1 h after ischaemia reperfusion. The necrotic degeneration became severer time dependently after ischaemia reperfusion. At 48 h after ischaemia reperfusion, cellular components were not detectable in motor neurones. In conclusion, we suggest that the degeneration pattern of motor neurones of the ischaemic spinal cord was necrotic after ischaemia reperfusion under normothermic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Ewha Medical School, Ewha Institute of Neuroscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 110-783, South Korea
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39
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Irie Y, Itokazu N, Anjiki N, Ishige A, Watanabe K, Keung WM. Eugenol exhibits antidepressant-like activity in mice and induces expression of metallothionein-III in the hippocampus. Brain Res 2004; 1011:243-6. [PMID: 15157811 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we show that eugenol has an antidepressant-like activity comparable to that of imipramine using a forced swim test and a tail suspension test in mice. Furthermore, we show that both eugenol and imipramine induce brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus with and without induction of metallothionein-III (MT-III), respectively. It may be possible that MT-III expression is involved in the exhibition of antidepressant-like activity of eugenol, not of imipramine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Irie
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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40
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Kwon YB, Yang IS, Kang KS, Han HJ, Lee YS, Lee JH. Effects of dizocilpine pretreatment on parvalbumin immunoreactivity and Fos expression after cerebral ischemia in the hippocampus of the Mongolian gerbil. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:141-6. [PMID: 10720183 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of ischemic neuronal death have been focused on glutamate receptor activation and subsequent elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dizocilpine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, pretreatment on Fos expression and parvalbumin (PV, calcium binding protein) immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of the mongolian gerbil after global ischemic insults. The number of PV-immunoreactive (PV-ir) neurons in CA1 were significantly decreased from 1 day after cerebral ischemia, while dizocilpine pretreatment completely suppressed the loss of PV-ir neurons in CA1. Dizocilpine pretreatment also protected the structural loss of microtubule-associated protein 2 immunoreactivity in CA1 after ischemic insults. In addition, dizocilpine pretreatment increased Fos expression in both hippocampal CA3 and CA4 after 3 hr ischemic reperfusion as compared to that of the saline pretreated group. Subsequently, the Fos-defined cellular activity of PV-ir neurons was slightly increased by dizocilpine pretreatment in the hippocampal area. This study demonstrated that NMDA receptor mediated calcium influx was associated with the loss of PV-ir neurons in CA1 hippocampal region, and that dizocilpine pretreatment increased Fos expression and the neuronal activity of PV-ir neurons in the non-vulnerable region of hippocampus after cerebral ischemia. Based on this data, we conclude that the protective effect of dizocilpine may be induced by the regulation of calcium overload, or by the upregulation of a neuroregenerative initiator such as Fos protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Suwon, South Korea
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41
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Won MH, Kang TC, Jeon GS, Lee JC, Kim DY, Choi EM, Lee KH, Choi CD, Chung MH, Cho SS. Immunohistochemical detection of oxidative DNA damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion insults in gerbil hippocampus in vivo. Brain Res 1999; 836:70-8. [PMID: 10415406 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is much evidence to suggest that ischemic injury occurs during the reperfusion phase of ischemia-reperfusion insults, and that the injury may be due to reactive-oxygen-species (ROS)-mediated oxidative events, including lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. However, oxidative DNA damage has until now not been examined in situ. In the present study, we report for the first time observation of cell type- and region-specific oxidative DNA damages in 5 min transient ischemic model by immunohistochemical methods, using monoclonal antibody against 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an oxidative DNA product. The cell types containing 8-OHdG immunoreactivity were neurons, glia and endothelial cells in the hippocampus. The 8-OHdG immunoreactivity was present in the nucleus but not the cytoplasm of these cells. The level of 8-OHdG in CA1 increased significantly (P<0.05) at the end of 30 min after ischemia, but there was no increase within CA2 and CA3 areas. The 8-OHdG levels in the hippocampus increased significantly (about fourfold) after 3 h of reperfusion and remained significantly (P<0.01) elevated for at least 12 h. At 4 days after ischemia, 8-OHdG levels in the CA2 and CA3 areas decreased to levels of the sham without neuronal loss, while disappearance of 8-OHdG immunoreactivity in the CA1 coincided with neuronal death in this area. These findings strongly suggest that ischemia-induced DNA damage evolves temporally and spatially, and that oxidative DNA damage may be involved in delayed neuronal death in the CA1 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Won
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, South Korea
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