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Takano K, de Hayr L, Carver S, Harvey RJ, Mounsey KE. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations for treating sarcoptic mange with cross-relevance to Australian wildlife. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 21:97-113. [PMID: 36906936 PMCID: PMC10023865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcoptes scabiei is the microscopic burrowing mite responsible for sarcoptic mange, which is reported in approximately 150 mammalian species. In Australia, sarcoptic mange affects a number of native and introduced wildlife species, is particularly severe in bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) and an emerging issue in koala and quenda. There are a variety of acaricides available for the treatment of sarcoptic mange which are generally effective in eliminating mites from humans and animals in captivity. In wild populations, effective treatment is challenging, and concerns exist regarding safety, efficacy and the potential emergence of acaricide resistance. There are risks where acaricides are used intensively or inadequately, which could adversely affect treatment success rates as well as animal welfare. While reviews on epidemiology, treatment strategies, and pathogenesis of sarcoptic mange in wildlife are available, there is currently no review evaluating the use of specific acaricides in the context of their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and subsequent likelihood of emerging drug resistance, particularly for Australian wildlife. This review critically evaluates acaricides that have been utilised to treat sarcoptic mange in wildlife, including dosage forms and routes, pharmacokinetics, mode of action and efficacy. We also highlight the reports of resistance of S. scabiei to acaricides, including clinical and in vitro observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Takano
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia; Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Lachlan de Hayr
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia; Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Robert J Harvey
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia; Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate E Mounsey
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia; Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, QLD, Australia.
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Murshed M, Al-Quraishy S, Mares MM. Survey of mange mite infesting sheep in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:595-600. [PMID: 35002455 PMCID: PMC8716930 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was performed to survey the Sarcoptic mange in sheep and the effect of infection on the local strains during a specific period in different regions of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 1745 sheep were examined clinically and were selected from the suspected cases for laboratory investigation of skin scrapings for disease diagnosis. The examined animals included (509) Naimi, (396) Najdi, (518) Hurri, and (322) Rufidi native sheep. The results showed that the infestation rate was (12.77%) in all sheep. The highest strain was recorded (17.2%, 14.3%, 9.6%, and 8.6%), respectively. The infestation was highest in sheep over two years of age (15.2%) while it was lowest in sheep under two years of age (11.2 %). In addition, the infection rate in females was higher than in males. The prevalence of mange mites in females was (14%) compared to (11.2%) in males. The highest percentage of infestation was recorded in the head region at 67.2%, followed by that in the neck (4.4%), back (16.5%), tail (11.6%), and legs (0%). The presence of mange mites was discovered by microscopic examination of deep skin scrapings of infected animals that were identified morphologically. The infection was assured by histological investigations. This study revealed that mange mite is one of the most significant sheep health constraints in Riyadh. Therefore, proper prevention measures must be implemented to take into consideration other non-host-related risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutee Murshed
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Mares
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Abu Hafsa SH, Senbill H, Basyony MM, Hassan AA. Amelioration of Sarcoptic Mange-Induced Oxidative Stress and Growth Performance in Ivermectin-Treated Growing Rabbits Using Turmeric Extract Supplementation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102984. [PMID: 34680003 PMCID: PMC8532694 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sarcoptic mange is a common rabbit disease that can be spread directly from sick to healthy rabbits. Infection in rabbits causes intense pruritus, head shaking, and scabby lesions on the inner side of the pinnae and on the external ear canal, as well as diminished growth performance and an increased rate of oxidative stress. Ivermectin has been shown to be an effective treatment for sarcoptic mange in rabbits; however, it has side effects on their performance. Botanicals such as turmeric extract have a remarkable antioxidant potential contributing to the deterrence of Sarcoptes-induced oxidative discrepancy in rabbits. The goal of this study was to investigate if turmeric extract can alleviate side effects in Ivermectin-treated rabbits while simultaneously improving their performance and antioxidant status. The results indicated that turmeric extract was utilized with varied efficacy against mites, and also helped rabbits recover faster and improved Ivermectin’s miticidal efficacy by improving performance and compromised immunity. Turmeric extract has strong antioxidant properties, suggesting that it could be used as an adjunctive remedy to reduce the side effects of Ivermectin while treating clinical rabbit sarcoptic mange. Furthermore, no adverse effects were observed in turmeric extract adjunctively supplemented rabbits, and the provided dose regimen of these supplements was found to be safe. Abstract In this experiment, the protective effect of turmeric extract (TE) on side effects of Ivermectin-treated rabbits, while improving their performance, blood characteristics, and antioxidant status, was investigated. Sixty-three clinically Sarcoptes-infested rabbits aged 60 days were randomly allocated into three groups, with 21 rabbits in each group, to receive either no TE or TE supplementation (1 or 2 mg/kg diet) for 30 days after being subcutaneously injected with Ivermectin (IVM) 1% w/v at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight twice a week. Another 21 healthy rabbits were used as the control. Treatment with IVM + 1 and 2 mg TE improved body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in infested rabbits (p < 0.05). The IVM alone treatment had the highest mortality rate compared with the other treatments. Rabbits treated with IVM + 1 and 2 mg TE demonstrated progressive recovery manifested by improved nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. On day 7, the serum total protein, albumin, and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio were significantly lower in the treated groups compared with the control group; also, the lowest values were observed in rabbits treated only with Ivermectin, followed by IVM + 1 and 2 mg TE. Treated rabbits had higher thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBAR) levels, but lower total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxidase dismutase (SOD), and glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels compared with the control group. On day 30 post-treatment, the rabbits in the IVM + 1 and 2 mg TE treatment groups showed progressive recovery manifested by improved biochemichal parameters, as well as a remarkable improvements in the oxidant/antioxidant balance towards normalcy (p < 0.05), and became comparable to that of the control compared with IVM alone treatment. In conclusion, turmeric extract improved rabbits’ performance toward normalcy, and has remarkable antioxidant properties and can be used in conjunction with a miticide to treat sarcoptic mange in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma H. Abu Hafsa
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-1000313649; Fax: +20-34593423
| | - Haytham Senbill
- Department of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed M. Basyony
- Agricultural Research Center, Animal Production Research Institute, Giza 12619, Egypt; (M.M.B.); (A.A.H.)
| | - Ayman A. Hassan
- Agricultural Research Center, Animal Production Research Institute, Giza 12619, Egypt; (M.M.B.); (A.A.H.)
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Imperiale F, Lanusse C. The Pattern of Blood-Milk Exchange for Antiparasitic Drugs in Dairy Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102758. [PMID: 34679780 PMCID: PMC8532883 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review article is focused on the description of the plasma–milk partition coefficients for different antiparasitic drug classes in dairy ruminants, and it contributes to rational pharmaco-therapy in lactating dairy animals, which is critical to understand the pattern of drug excretion in milk as well as the residual concentration patterns in dairy products elaborated by processing milk from drug-treated animals. Abstract The prolonged persistence of milk residual concentration of different antiparasitic drugs in lactating dairy animals should be considered before recommending their use (label or extra-label) for parasite control in dairy animals. The partition blood-to-milk ratio for different antiparasitic compounds depends on their ability to diffuse across the mammary gland epithelium. The high lipophilicity of some of the most widely used antiparasitic drugs explains their high partition into milk and the extended persistence of high residual concentrations in milk after treatment. Most of the antiparasitic drug compounds studied were shown to be stable in various milk-related industrial processes. Thus, the levels of residues detected in raw milk can be directly applicable to estimating consumer exposure and dietary intake calculations when consuming heat-processed fluid milk. However, after milk is processed to obtain milk products such as cheese, yogurt, ricotta, and butter, the residues of lipophilic antiparasitic drugs are higher than those measured in the milk used for their elaboration. This review article contributes pharmacokinetics-based information, which is useful to understand the relevance of rational drug-based parasite control in lactating dairy ruminants to avoid undesirable consequences of residual drug concentrations in milk and derived products intended for human consumption.
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Schraven AL, Stannard HJ, Old JM. A systematic review of moxidectin as a treatment for parasitic infections in mammalian species. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1167-1181. [PMID: 33615411 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Moxidectin (MOX) is a macrocyclic lactone approved worldwide for the treatment of both endo- and ecto-parasites in many mammalian species. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of MOX as a treatment against parasites in a range of mammalian species. An electronic literature search was performed for publications to the 1st September 2020. A total of 205 papers were retrieved and screened against all required criteria; hence, 35 were papers were reviewed in this study. The level of evidence and methodological quality was analysed, where a total of 13 publications were categorised as a 'randomised control trial', seven were categorised as a 'non-randomised control trial' and 15 as an 'experimental control trial'. The overall methodological quality of the publications was considered low, low to moderate, moderate, moderate to high and high in ten, four, twelve, five and a further four, respectively. We assessed the treatment and possible toxicity of MOX in 13 mammalian species, six investigations reported adverse effects to MOX in a small percentage of individuals. The authors reported observed reactions that were typically mild symptoms that did not require additional therapies, and/or resolved themselves. Further studies are needed to assess the efficacy of MOX treatment in a larger number of species, particularly in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Schraven
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury, NSW, Australia
| | - Hayley J Stannard
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Julie M Old
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury, NSW, Australia.
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Sharaf M, Antonios S, Mina S, Eliwa K, Rayia DA. The scabicide effect of moxidectin in vitro and in experimental animals: Parasitological, histopathological and immunological evaluation. Exp Parasitol 2020; 217:107961. [PMID: 32777223 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Scabies is considered one of the commonest dermatological diseases that has a global health burden. Current treatment with ivermectin (IVM) is insufficient and potential drug resistance was noticed. Moxidectin (MOX), with a better pharmacological profile may be a promising alternative. The efficacy of moxidectin against Sarcoptes scabiei was assessed both in vitro and in vivo in comparison with ivermectin. For the in vitro assay, both drugs were used in two concentrations (50 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml). For the in vivo assay, twenty rabbits infected with Sarcoptes scabiei were divided into three groups: untreated, moxidectin-treated and ivermectin-treated with the same dose of 0.3 mg/kg once. Another four rabbits were used as a normal control non-infected group. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by clinical assessment, parasitological evaluation and histopathological examination of skin samples using Hematoxylin and eosin and toluidine blue for mast cell staining. Immune response was also assessed by immunohistochemical staining of CD3 T cells in skin samples. Our results showed that moxidectin had a high efficacy (100%) in killing mites when used in both concentrations (50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml) in the in vitro assay. Concerning the in vivo assay, on day 14 post-treatment, all MOX-treated rabbits were mite-free with full clinical cure by the end of the study (D21) showing (100%) reduction of mites count. Also, marked improvement in the epidermis with absence of mites in skin samples were shown. Poor clinical and parasitological improvements were noted in the ivermectin-treated rabbits, when given as a single dose with a percentage reduction (60.67%) in the 2nd week and progressive increase in lesions and mites count in the 3rd week post-treatment. Regarding the immune response, MOX-treated group showed mild infiltration with both mast cells and CD3 T cells in comparison to severe infiltration with both types of cells in the untreated and IVM-treated group. On conclusion, our results demonstrated that a single dose of MOX was more effective than IVM, supporting MOX as a valuable therapeutic approach for scabies therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Sharaf
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Sanaa Antonios
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Samir Mina
- Histopathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Kamal Eliwa
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Dina Abou Rayia
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.
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Avcı B, Filazi A. The effects of heat applications on macrocyclic lactone-structured antiparasitic drug residues in cows' milk. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1145-1155. [PMID: 32364005 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1753892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the effects of heat on macrocyclic lactone residues in cows' milk. Ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, eprinomectin and moxidectin were added to raw milk in three concentrations. The milk was then pasteurised (40 seconds at 74°C or 1 minute at 80°C) and boiled (10 minutes at 100°C). The analyses were performed with a validated method: LC-MS/MS. Thermal treatment resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the abamectin, eprinomectin, and moxidectin concentrations in the milk; however, the residues did not completely degrade. Boiling resulted in a greater decrease in the moxidectin concentrations than was observed with pasteurisation. The high pasteurisation and boiling processes had a greater effect on the eprinomectin residues than did the low pasteurisation process. The pasteurisation and boiling processes did not have an effect on the doramectin and ivermectin. The study concluded that the macrocyclic lactones are generally resistant to such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Avcı
- Department of Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Turkish Republic , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Filazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University , Ankara, Turkey
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Vasileiou N, Arsenopoulos K, Katsafadou A, Angelou A, Mavrogianni V, Fthenakis G, Papadopoulos E. Interactions between parasitism and milk production - Mastitis in sheep. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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In Vitro Efficacy of Moxidectin versus Ivermectin against Sarcoptes scabiei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00381-17. [PMID: 28559258 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00381-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Moxidectin is under consideration for development as a treatment for human scabies. As some arthropods show decreased sensitivity to moxidectin relative to ivermectin, it was important to assess this for Sarcoptes scabieiIn vitro assays showed that the concentration of moxidectin required to kill 50% of mites was lower than that of ivermectin (0.5 μM versus 1.8 μM at 24 h; P < 0.0001). This finding provides further support for moxidectin as a candidate for the treatment of human scabies.
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Nixon EJ, Rose Vineer H, Wall R. Treatment strategies for sheep scab: An economic model of farmer behaviour. Prev Vet Med 2017; 137:43-51. [PMID: 28107880 PMCID: PMC5292105 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ovine psoroptic mange (sheep scab) is a debilitating and damaging condition caused by a hypersensitivity reaction to the faecal material of the parasitic mite Psoroptes ovis. Farmers incur costs from the use of prophylactic acaricides and, if their sheep become infected, they incur the costs of therapeutic treatment plus the economic loss from reduced stock growth, lower reproductive rate, wool loss and hide damage. The unwillingness of farmers to use routine prophylactic treatment has been cited as a primary cause of the growing incidence of sheep scab in the United Kingdom (UK) since the disease was deregulated in 1992. However, if farmers behave rationally from an economic perspective, the optimum strategy that they should adopt will depend on the risk of infection and the relative costs of prophylactic versus therapeutic treatment, plus potential losses. This calculation is also complicated by the fact that the risk of infection is increased if neighbours have scab and reduced if neighbours treat prophylactically. Hence, for any farmer, the risk of infection and optimum approach to treatment is also contingent on the behaviour of neighbours, particularly when common grazing is used. Here, the relative economic costs of different prophylactic treatment strategies are calculated for upland and lowland farmers and a game theory model is used to evaluate the relative costs for a farmer and his/her neighbour under different risk scenarios. The analysis shows that prophylaxis with organophosphate (OP) dipping is a cost effective strategy, but only for upland farmers where the risk of infection is high. In all other circumstances prophylaxis is not cost effective relative to reliance on reactive (therapeutic) treatment. Hence, farmers adopting a reactive treatment policy only, are behaving in an economically rational manner. Prophylaxis and cooperation only become economically rational if the risk of scab infection is considerably higher than the current national average, or the cost of treatment is lower. Should policy makers wish to reduce the national prevalence of scab, economic incentives such as subsidising the cost of acaricides or rigorously applied financial penalties, would be required to make prophylactic treatment economically appealing to individual farmers. However, such options incur their own infrastructure and implementation costs for central government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Nixon
- Veterinary Parasitology and Ecology Group, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Hannah Rose Vineer
- Veterinary Parasitology and Ecology Group, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Wall
- Veterinary Parasitology and Ecology Group, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
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Mounsey KE, Bernigaud C, Chosidow O, McCarthy JS. Prospects for Moxidectin as a New Oral Treatment for Human Scabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004389. [PMID: 26985995 PMCID: PMC4795782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kate E. Mounsey
- Inflammation & Healing Research Cluster, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Olivier Chosidow
- Dermatology Department, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, UPEC, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-est Créteil Val de Marne, Créteil, France
| | - James S. McCarthy
- Infectious Diseases & Immunology Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Asmare K, Abebe R, Sheferaw D, Krontveit RI, Barbara W. Mange mite infestation in small ruminants in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 218:73-81. [PMID: 26872931 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mange mites are economically important ectoparasites of sheep and goats responsible for rejection or downgrading of skins in tanneries or leather industries in Ethiopia. The objective of this systematic review was to compute the pooled prevalence estimate and identify factors influencing mange mite prevalence in sheep and goats at national level based on the available research evidence. Articles on mange mite infestation of small ruminants in Ethiopia were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, Google scholar and African journals on-line. The review was based on 18 cross-sectional studies carried out between 2003 and 2015 in four administrative states of Ethiopia. Accordingly, the pooled prevalence estimate in a random effects meta-analysis was estimated to be 4.4% (95% CI 3.0, 6.3) although there were evidence of a substantial amount of between-study variance (I(2)=98.4%). In subgroup and multivariable meta-regression analyses, animal species, agro-ecology and administrative state were found to have significant effect on the prevalence estimate (P<0.05) and explained 32.87% of the explainable proportion of the heterogeneity noted between studies The prevalence was found to be higher in goats in lowland agro-ecology. Region wise the highest estimate was calculated for Amhara (6.4%) followed by Oromia (4.7%), Tigray (3.6%) and Southern Nations, Nationalities and People Region (SNNPR) (3.1%). Significant difference was noted between Amhara and SNNPR. The study further revealed that mites of the genus Sarcoptes, Demodex and Psoroptes are the most prevalent mites infesting small ruminants in Ethiopia. Valid studies were lacking from five regional states. As some of these regions are known for their large small ruminant population, further studies are warranted to produce better picture of the infestation at a national level. Meanwhile, the need for monitoring the ongoing control intervention is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassahun Asmare
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 005, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Rahmeto Abebe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 005, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Desie Sheferaw
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 005, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Randi I Krontveit
- Norwegian Medicines Agency, P.O. Box 63, Kalbakken, N-0901 Oslo, Norway
| | - Wieland Barbara
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. 5689 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Vasileiou N, Fthenakis G, Papadopoulos E. Dissemination of parasites by animal movements in small ruminant farms. Vet Parasitol 2015; 213:56-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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14
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Romero T, Beltrán MC, Reybroeck W, Molina MP. Effect In Vitro of Antiparasitic Drugs on Microbial Inhibitor Test Responses for Screening Antibiotic Residues in Goat's Milk. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1756-9. [PMID: 26319732 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microbial inhibitor tests are widely used to screen antibiotic residues in milk; however, these tests are nonspecific and may be affected by various substances capable of inhibiting the growth of the test microorganism. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of antiparasitic drugs in goat's milk on the microbial inhibitor test response. Raw antibiotic-free milk from Murciano-Granadina goats was supplemented with eight concentrations of seven antiparasitic substances (albendazole, 10 to 170 mg/kg; closantel, 1 to 140 mg/kg; diclazuril, 8 to 45 mg/kg; febendazole, 10 to 140 mg/kg; levamisole, 40 to 440 mg/kg; diazinon, 8 to 45 mg/kg; and ivermectin, 40 to 200 mg/kg). Twelve replicates for each concentration were analyzed with three microbial inhibitor tests: BRT MRL, Delvotest SP-NT MSC, and Eclipse 100. The results were interpreted visually (negative or positive). Using a logistic regression model, the concentrations of the antiparasitic drugs producing 5% (IC5), 10% (IC10), and 50% (IC50) positive results were determined. In general, the Eclipse 100 test was less sensitive to the effect of antiparasitic substances; the inhibitory concentrations of almost all the drugs assayed were higher than those for other tests. Conversely, the BRT MRL test was most affected, with high levels of interference at lower antiparasitic drug concentrations. Closantel and diazinon interfered with all microbial tests at lower concentrations than did other drugs (IC5 = 1 to 26 and 12 to 20 mg/kg, respectively), and higher concentrations of levamisole and diclazuril (IC5 = 30 to 240 and 50 to 117 mg/kg, respectively) were required to produce 5% positive results. These findings indicate that microbial inhibitor tests can be affected by elevated concentrations of antiparasitic drugs in goat's milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Romero
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - M C Beltrán
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - W Reybroeck
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - M P Molina
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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15
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Fthenakis GC, Mavrogianni VS, Gallidis E, Papadopoulos E. Interactions between parasitic infections and reproductive efficiency in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2015; 208:56-66. [PMID: 25577675 PMCID: PMC7130998 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review article summarises the many reports in the literature, confirming that, in sheep, parasitic infections can adversely affect reproductive efficiency; examples, which refer to all parts of the reproductive cycle of sheep, are as follows: trichostrongylosis in ewe-lambs (which can lead to delayed attainment of puberty), myiosis of the prepuce (which can cause impediment of mating), chorioptic mange or trypanosomosis in rams (which can lead to testicular degeneration or azoospermia, respectively), trypanosomosis or sarcoptic mange in pre-conceptual ewes (which can lead to poor conception rates or reduced number of ovulations, respectively), toxoplasmosis or neosporosis in pregnant ewes (which are causes of abortion), trichostrongylosis or trematode infections in lactating ewes (which can cause reduction of milk yield and can be a risk factor for mastitis, respectively), cryptosporidiosis in newborn lambs (which can be a cause of deaths), coccidiosis in growing pre-weaned lambs (which can cause suboptimal growth rate). In other cases, the reproductive status of the animal can influence the parasitic infection; examples are as follows: the increase in faecal parasitic output during the peri-parturient period (as a consequence of the peri-parturient relaxation of immunity), the heavier trichostrongylid infections of twin lambs compared to lambs from single parities (as a consequence of developmental origin issues in twin lambs). All the above examples support the idea of presence of interactions between parasitic infections and reproductive efficiency in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Fthenakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece.
| | - V S Mavrogianni
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - E Gallidis
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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16
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17
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Giadinis N, Arsenos G, Tsakos P, Psychas V, Dovas C, Papadopoulos E, Karatzias H, Fthenakis G. “Milk-drop syndrome of ewes”: Investigation of the causes in dairy sheep in Greece. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Ogundiyi AI, Bemji MN, Adebambo OA, Dipeolu MA, Onagbesan OM, James IJ, Osinowo OA. Prevalence of mange among West African Dwarf sheep and goats and associated haematological and biochemical parameters. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 44:1263-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-0067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Astiz S, Legaz-Huidobro E, Mottier L. Efficacy of long-acting moxidectin against sarcoptic mange in naturally infested sheep. Vet Rec 2011; 169:637. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Astiz
- Fort Dodge; Veterinaria SA, C/Orense 4 28020 Madrid Spain
| | - E. Legaz-Huidobro
- Veterinary Department; Cooperativa Castellana de Ganaderos; C/Ejido 10, Campo Real 28510 Madrid Spain
| | - L. Mottier
- Preclinical and Clinical Development; Fort Dodge Animal Health; Europark/Eingang B3 Adenauerstr. 20 52146 Wurselen Germany
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20
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Giadinis ND, Farmaki R, Papaioannou N, Papadopoulos E, Karatzias H, Koutinas AF. Moxidectin efficacy in a goat herd with chronic and generalized sarcoptic mange. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:476348. [PMID: 21776348 PMCID: PMC3135081 DOI: 10.4061/2011/476348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of sarcoptic mange affecting almost all the animals of a dairy goat herd is described. This pruritic skin disease led progressively to high mortality and dramatic drop of milk yield. The lesions of the affected goats were typical of a chronic and generalized-diffuse sarcoptic mange. Diagnosis was confirmed by skin scrapings and histopathology in which many mites were demonstrated. All surviving goats were treated with injectable moxidectin solution 1% (CYDECTIN-Fort Dodge) at the dose of 0.2 mg/kg, applied every 15 days for four times, subcutaneously. Although pruritus had decreased soon after the first treatment, a satisfactory healing of cutaneous lesions was witnessed 6 weeks after the beginning of moxidectin trial. Parasitological cure was achieved in all affected animals by the end of the trial. In the four monthly followups, no evidence of sarcoptic mange could be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nektarios D Giadinis
- Clinic of Farm Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 546 27 Thessaloniki, Greece
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21
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Alasaad S, Walton S, Rossi L, Bornstein S, Abu-Madi M, Soriguer RC, Fitzgerald S, Zhu XQ, Zimmermann W, Ugbomoiko US, Pei KJC, Heukelbach J. Sarcoptes-World Molecular Network (Sarcoptes-WMN): integrating research on scabies. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e294-7. [PMID: 21454116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites threaten human and animal health globally. It is estimated that more than 60% of people on planet Earth carry at least one parasite, many of them several different species. Unfortunately, parasite studies suffer from duplications and inconsistencies between different investigator groups. Hence, groups need to collaborate in an integrated manner in areas including parasite control, improved therapy strategies, diagnostic and surveillance tools, and public awareness. Parasite studies will be better served if there is coordinated management of field data and samples across multidisciplinary approach plans, among academic and non-academic organizations worldwide. In this paper we report the first 'Living organism-World Molecular Network', with the cooperation of 167 parasitologists from 88 countries on all continents. This integrative approach, the 'Sarcoptes-World Molecular Network', seeks to harmonize Sarcoptes epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and molecular studies from all over the world, with the aim of decreasing mite infestations in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Alasaad
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Avda Américo Vespucio s/n, Seville 41080, Spain.
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Abstract
Ectoparasites are a major concern in sheep flocks, wherever sheep are kept. Techniques to control and eradicate lice, ked, or scab have been available since the beginning of the 20th century, but the parasites still exist. Sheep scab (Psoroptes ovis) was eradicated from Australia in the late 1800s, before many of the more effective chemicals were available, and sheep ked is believed to also have been eradicated. Sheep scab has also been eradicated from North America. This article provides an overview of the common ectoparasites of sheep, effective products to control these parasites, and management factors that affect the success of these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Plant
- 1/54-56 Barclay Road, North Rocks, New South Wales 2151, Australia.
| | - Christopher J Lewis
- Sheep Veterinary Services, Fields Farm, Green Lane, Audlem, Cheshire, CW3 0ES, UK
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Rodríguez-Cadenas F, Carbajal-González MT, Fregeneda-Grandes JM, Aller-Gancedo JM, Rojo-Vázquez FA. Cross-sectional sero-epidemiological survey of sarcoptic mange in sheep of Western Castile and Leon, Spain. Prev Vet Med 2010; 96:226-31. [PMID: 20691485 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of Sarcoptes scabiei-infection of ovine livestock in three provinces (Leon, Zamora and Salamanca) in the Western part of the Castile and Leon region in Spain, and to determine the association between different variables and seropositivity. A total of 3730 sheep sera from 373 flocks (10 sera from each flock) collected from May to September over the course of the years 2006 and 2007 were individually analysed by an indirect antibody ELISA validated for diagnosing sarcoptic mange in sheep. The overall flock-level true prevalence was 22.6% (95% CI: 17.8-27.4), the overall individual-level true prevalence within the total flocks was 7.2% (95% CI: 6.1-8.3) and the overall individual-level true prevalence within the seropositive flocks was 31.3% (95% CI: 27.2-35.4). The apparent prevalences, at flock-level and at individual-level within the total flocks and within the seropositive flocks, were not statistically different (p > 0.05) when the primary production objective of the flock is milk vs. meat, or in smaller (< or = 276 sheep, 50th percentile) vs. larger flocks (> 276 sheep). The apparent prevalences, at flock-level and at individual-level within the seropositive flocks, were, likewise, not statistically different between the three provinces, but the individual-level apparent prevalence within the total flocks showed significant variation from one province to another (p < or = 0.05). Sheep maintained in the Provinces of Zamora and Salamanca had greater odds (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2-2.6; OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.3-2.8, respectively) of being seropositive than those located in Leon Province (OR = 1.0). The findings of the present study clearly show the need to implement in this region effective control measures against sarcoptic mange in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rodríguez-Cadenas
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, E-24071 León, Spain
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Rodríguez-Cadenas F, Carbajal-González M, Fregeneda-Grandes J, Aller-Gancedo J, Huntley J, Rojo-Vázquez F. Development and evaluation of an antibody ELISA for sarcoptic mange in sheep and a comparison with the skin-scraping method. Prev Vet Med 2010; 96:82-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Rodríguez-Cadenas F, Carbajal-González MT, Fregeneda-Grandes JM, Aller-Gancedo JM, Rojo-Vázquez FA. Clinical evaluation and antibody responses in sheep after primary and secondary experimental challenges with the mange mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. ovis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 133:109-16. [PMID: 19783311 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work the clinical evolution and the specific serum IgG and IgE antibody responses in sheep after primary (n=10) and secondary (n=4) experimental challenges with the mange mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. ovis were studied. The primary infection was characterized by the development of mange lesions in all sheep, a detection of live S. scabiei mites in 70% skin scrapings taken in week 10 post-challenge (PC), strongly raised and sustained specific IgG levels and a more moderate but continuous rise in specific IgE levels. Seroconversion was detected for IgG and IgE by ELISA in 90% and 60% of the sheep in week 8 PC, respectively. By Western-blotting (WB), ten IgG-reactive bands (36-120 kDa) and four IgE-reactive bands (90-180 kDa) were observed in week 8 PC. Following the secondary challenge the ewes developed a smaller area of mange lesion than that seen following primary challenge and live S. scabiei mites were not detected in skin scrapings collected in week 8 PC, suggesting that sheep had developed immunity to re-infection. Compared to primary infection, the specific IgG secondary antibody levels were transient, but in contrast there was an anamnestic IgE response, resulting in an elicitation of specific serum IgE levels in week 2 PC significantly higher than those demonstrated after primary infection. WB analysis revealed one additional IgG-reactive band (180 kDa) and no additional IgE-reactive bands. Determining the immunodiagnostic or vaccination value of the IgG-reactive antigens and IgE-reactive allergens detected requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rodríguez-Cadenas
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, E-24071, León, Spain.
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26
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Comparative therapeutic effect of moxidectin, doramectin and ivermectin on psoroptes mites infestation in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41:1505-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Alasaad S, Rossi L, Soriguer RC, Rambozzi L, Soglia D, Pérez JM, Zhu XQ. Sarcoptes mite from collection to DNA extraction: the lost realm of the neglected parasite. Parasitol Res 2009; 104:723-32. [PMID: 19159955 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1333-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoptes mite from collection to DNA extraction forms the cornerstone for studies on Sarcoptes scabiei. Whilst the new science era took a shy leap into the different facets of mite studies, the cornerstone was almost entirely neglected. Mite collection, cleaning, storage and DNA extraction were, basically, humble attempts to extrapolate, adapt, modify or 'pirate' those existing methods to the peculiarities of Sarcoptes research. These aspects usually constituted few lines, bashfully mentioned, in the materials and methods section of some papers, which arose in unique problems concerning cost-effectiveness, time profitability, safety and even worse, the credibility of the results, creating contradictory conclusions in some cases. This 'noisy' situation encouraged us to collect, classify and review, for the first time to our knowledge, some aspects relating to studies on Sarcoptes mite from collection to DNA extraction, which will be useful for further studies on Sarcoptes, and have implications for the effective control of the diseases Sarcoptes mite causes. Further studies are needed, especially to compare the profitability, safety, sensibility and specificity of the different methods of this neglected realm of the ubiquitous ectoparasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alasaad
- Department of Ecology and Sylviculture, Aleppo University, 20333 Aleppo, Syria.
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28
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Imperiale F, Farias C, Pis A, Sallovitz J, Lifschitz A, Lanusse C. Thermal stability of antiparasitic macrocyclic lactones milk residues during industrial processing. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2009; 26:57-62. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030802322879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Ural K, Ulutas B, Kar S. Eprinomectin treatment of psoroptic mange in hunter/jumper and dressage horses: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Vet Parasitol 2008; 156:353-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Tabassam SM, Iqbal Z, Jabbar A, Sindhu ZUD, Chattha AI. Efficacy of crude neem seed kernel extracts against natural infestation of Sarcoptes scabiei var. ovis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 115:284-287. [PMID: 18023309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of crude aqueous-methanol and aqueous extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel against sarcoptic mange of sheep. Crude aqueous-methanol (AME) and aqueous extracts (AE) of neem seed kernel (NSK) were prepared and formulated as 10% and 20% ointments (w/w), using Vaseline as vehicle. Forty-two lambs of Pak Karakul breed, having natural infection of sarcoptic mange were divided into seven experimental groups. Skin scrapings and clinical examination were carried out at scheduled intervals after treatment. Ivermectin (positive control) completely cleared infesting mites from animals after 10 days and 20% AME after 16 days. While, clinical mange was completely cured after 16 and 20 days with ivermectin and 20% AME, respectively, under field conditions. Only the higher concentration (20% AME) of NSK extracts completely cured the clinical mange, suggesting a dose-dependent response. Our results consolidate the belief that use of folk remedies can provide an effective and economic way of combating sarcoptic mange in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Maqsood Tabassam
- Chemotherapy Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
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31
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Abstract
Sarcoptic mange is a serious skin disease in alpacas that can result in high morbidity and even mortality. Three alpacas were presented with sarcoptic mange that had previously failed to respond to repeated topical applications of eprinomectin, and an injection of doramectin. They were moderately to severely pruritic, had extensive lesions of alopecia, erythema, scaling and crusting, and had lost weight. As no drug is currently licensed for the treatment of sarcoptic mange in alpacas in the UK, they were treated with a topical solution of amitraz (50 mL in 10 L) after initial bathing with antibacterial or keratolytic shampoos. The clinical signs completely resolved with no relapse over a 10-month follow-up period. In this small group of alpacas, amitraz was an effective and well-tolerated treatment for sarcoptic mange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peri Lau
- Division of Companion Animal Studies, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK.
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32
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Imperiale F, Pis A, Sallovitz J, Lisfchitz A, Busetti M, Suárez V, Lanusse C. Pattern of eprinomectin milk excretion in dairy sheep unaffected by lactation stage: comparative residual profiles in dairy products. J Food Prot 2006; 69:2424-9. [PMID: 17066922 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.10.2424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eprinomectin (EPM) is a broad-spectrum endectocide compound approved for use in dairy cattle with a zero milk-withdrawal period, but has not been registered for use in lactating dairy sheep. The pattern of EPM excretion in milk was comparatively characterized following its pour-on administration (500 microg/kg) to lactating dairy sheep at two different stages of lactation. The relationship between milk excretion and plasma disposition kinetics of EPM was characterized. Residual EPM concentrations were assessed during cheese making (whey and curd) and ripening (cheese) by high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. EPM was poorly distributed from the bloodstream to the mammary gland and low concentrations were excreted in milk. The level of milk production (early-mid and mid-late lactation) did not affect either the plasma-milk distribution or the pattern of residual concentrations in milk. During cheese making, the highest residual concentrations of EPM were measured in the curd, which increased during cheese ripening, reaching a maximum after 40 days. However, these residual concentrations were below the maximum residue limit of 20 ng/ml established for EPM in bovine's milk. Therefore, these dairy products could be considered safe for consumers after the EPM antiparasitic pour-on treatment (500 microg/kg) in lactating dairy sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Imperiale
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
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Osman SA, Hanafy A, Amer SE. Clinical and therapeutic studies on mange in horses. Vet Parasitol 2006; 141:191-5. [PMID: 16782277 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2006] [Revised: 04/01/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
At Kafr El-Sheikh province, Egypt, out of 117 examined drafting horses, mites were detected in 20 (17.09%) horses. The recovered mites were 14 Chorioptes, four Psoroptes and two Sarcoptes whereas mites were not detected in four cases clinically showed typical mange lesions. Interestingly, neither the age nor the sex of the examined horses had a clear influence on the prevalence of the infection. Clinical signs observed in mange infested horses were in the form of irregular skin lesions, severe itching and sometimes biting of affected skin areas and decrease feed consumption. The skin lesions mainly start as erythematous area followed by developing of papules and crust formation. Skin scratches as a result of traumatized lesions usually occurred. Hair was lost on the affected parts developing irregular alopecic areas. Distribution of the lesions was varied according to the type of mite. Chorioptic mite was detected in para-anal fold, distal portion of legs and tail lesions, Psoroptic mite was detected in withers, mane, shoulder and flank lesions whereas Sarcoptic mite was isolated mainly from lesions on the head and neck. Complete clinical and parasitological cure for mite infestation were obtained within 2 weeks in both moxidectin and ivermectin treated groups with 100% recovery rate. Our results indicated that moxidectin oral gel is effective and good alternative for the treatment of chorioptic mange in horse to avoid drug resistance that may develop as a result of the intensive use of ivermectin alone for long periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Osman
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tanta University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
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Voyvoda H, Ulutas B, Eren H, Karagenc T, Bayramli G. Use of doramectin for treatment of sarcoptic mange in five Angora rabbits. Vet Dermatol 2005; 16:285-8. [PMID: 16101801 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of administering doramectin after moxidectin treatment, which has previously proved only partially effective, was evaluated in five Angora rabbits naturally infested with Sarcoptes scabiei mange. Evaluations included physical examination for clinical signs of sarcoptic mange and collection of skin scrapings for determination of mites. The rabbits first received two subcutaneous injections, 10 days apart, of moxidectin 1% injectable solution at a dosage of 0.2 mg kg(-1) of bodyweight. Although moxidectin treatment resulted in clinical improvement within 10 days post initial injection, on days 10 and 35 post initial treatment live mites were present in skin scrapings. Administration of doramectin 1% injectable solution using the same route and dosage and at similar intervals to moxidectin led to complete disappearance of signs of scabies and parasitological cure in all rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Voyvoda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Adnan Menderes, PK 17 09016, Aydin/Turkey
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35
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Imperiale FA, Busetti MR, Suárez VH, Lanusse CE. Milk excretion of ivermectin and moxidectin in dairy sheep: assessment of drug residues during cheese elaboration and ripening period. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:6205-6211. [PMID: 15453688 DOI: 10.1021/jf049117n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) and moxidectin (MXD) are broad-spectrum endectocide antiparasitic drugs extensively used in food-producing animals. The patterns of IVM and MXD excretion in milk were comparatively characterized following their subcutaneous administration (200 microg.kg(-1) of body weight) to lactating dairy sheep. The relationship between milk excretion and plasma disposition kinetics of both compounds was characterized. A pool of milk collected from all of the animals in each experimental group was used for cheese elaboration. IVM and MXD residual concentrations were assessed during the cheese-making process and ripening period. IVM and MXD concentrations were measured in plasma, milk, and milk product (whey, curd, and cheese) samples using an HPLC-based methodology with fluorescence detection. IVM and MXD were extensively distributed from the bloodstream to the mammary gland, and large quantities, particularly of MXD, were excreted in milk. Residual concentrations of both compounds were recovered in milk up to 30 (IVM) and 35 (MXD) days post-treatment. The total fraction of the administered dose excreted in milk for MXD was significantly higher than that of IVM. During cheese production, the highest residual concentrations of both molecules were measured in the curd. Thirty-four percent of the total drug residue measured in the pooled milk collected from treated sheep was lost during the cheese-making process. The lowest residual concentrations were measured in the whey. IVM and MXD concentrations in the elaborated cheese tended to increase during the ripening period, reaching the highest residual level at 40 days of cheese maturation. The long persistence of milk residual concentrations of MXD and IVM in lactating dairy sheep and the high concentrations found in cheese and other milk-related products should be seriously considered before recommendation of the extralabel use of these antiparasitic drugs in dairy animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda A Imperiale
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Núcleo FISFARVET, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
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Imperiale FA, Mottier L, Sallovitz JM, Lifschitz AL, Lanusse CE. Disposition of doramectin milk residues in lactating dairy sheep. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:3185-3190. [PMID: 12720413 DOI: 10.1021/jf026118b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Doramectin (DRM) is a broad spectrum macrocyclic lactone antiparasitic drug not approved for use in dairy animals. However, DRM and other endectocide compounds are widely used extra-label to control endo- and ectoparasites in dairy sheep. The plasma disposition kinetics and the pattern of DRM excretion in milk were characterized following its subcutaneous administration to lactating dairy sheep. DRM concentration profiles were measured in plasma and milk samples after validation of a specific HPLC-based methodology. DRM was detected between 1 h and 30 days post-treatment. DRM concentrations of 0.48 ng.mL(-1) (plasma) and 1.03 ng.mL(-1) (milk) were measured at 30 days post-treatment. DRM was extensively distributed from the bloodstream to the mammary gland, and large concentrations were excreted in milk. The peak concentrations and total amount of DRM recovered in milk (expressed as area under the concentration versus time curve) were 3-fold higher than those measured in plasma; 2.44% of the total DRM dose was excreted in milk. The long persistence of DRM milk residues should be seriously considered before its extra-label use in dairy animals is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda A Imperiale
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Núcleo FISFARVET, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Campus Universitario, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
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Imperiale F, Sallovitz J, Lifschitz A, Lanusse C. Determination of ivermectin and moxidecin residues in bovine milk and examination of the effects of these residues on acid fermentation of milk. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2002; 19:810-8. [PMID: 12396392 DOI: 10.1080/02652030210146846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ivermectin (IVM) and moxidectin (MXD) are broad-spectrum antiparasitic drugs not approved for use in dairy animals, although their use in dairy sheep, goats and cattle nevertheless occurs in many parts of the world. The work reported here describes (1) the application of an HPLC method (including milk samples clean-up and chemical extraction) to quantify IVM and MXD residues in bovine milk, and (2) an assessment of the effect of different IVM and MXD concentrations on bovine milk acid fermentation. The latter was carried out using the 'yoghurt test' to determine the minimum IVM and MXD concentrations affecting milk acid fermentation. The sample clean-up, chemical extraction and the validated HPLC method allowed the quantification of IVM and MXD up to 0.1 ng ml(-1) in milk with acceptable validation coefficients. Drug recoveries from fortified milk samples ranged between 72% (CV = 9.1%) and 75% (CV = 13.3%) for MXD and IVM, respectively. Neither IVM nor MXD affected the acid fermentation of bovine milk. In fact, there was no drug-induced changes on milk acidity even at IVM and MXD concentrations as high as 1000 ng ml(-1). These results indicate that the yoghurt biological test is not suitable to evaluate the presence of milk residues for these antiparasitic compounds. Thus, a highly sensitive HPLC technique is the only reliable method for determining the presence of residual concentrations of IVM and MXD in milk and dairy products to assure consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Imperiale
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Núcleo FISFARVET, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
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Hidalgo Argüello MR, Díez-Baños N, Martínez-González B, Rojo-Vázquez FA. Efficacy of moxidectin 1% injectable against natural infection of Sarcoptes scabiei in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2001; 102:143-50. [PMID: 11705660 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thirty ewes naturally infected with Sarcoptes scabiei var. ovis, were allocated into three groups of 10 animals each. Animals in groups B and C were treated on day 0 and on days 0 and +10, respectively, with moxidectin 1% injectable at a dose of 0.2mg moxidectin/kg body weight (BW). Group A remained untreated. Seven days before treatment, the geometric mean of Sarcoptes scabiei var. ovis per square centimeter of skin in groups A, B and C were not significantly different. From the day of treatment to the end of the trial, the average number of mites/cm(2) increased in untreated animals and decreased in groups B and C, but these values were higher for group C. Active lesions produced by S. scabiei var. ovis consistently increased during the trial in the untreated animals; in group B the minimum count occurred on day +56 this reduction being more evident in group C (no lesions on days +49 and +56). Also in this group, the number of cured animals was 100%, therefore, the application of two treatments with moxidectin (group C) showed higher efficacy than a single treatment (group B). Body condition score decreased in the three experimental groups along the trial. All animals were individually weighed on days -1, +28 and at the end of the trial. No adverse reactions were observed in the animals treated with 0.2mg moxidectin/kg BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hidalgo Argüello
- Departamento de Patología Animal (Sanidad Animal), Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Vegazana, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain.
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Abstract
Ectoparasites are a common problem in small ruminants of North America. Management of ectoparasites in small ruminants can be challenging for producers and veterinarians. It is important for the veterinarian to make an accurate diagnosis of the type of ectoparasite that is infesting the animal, then to develop a plan that most effectively and economically controls the ectoparasite. Effective and economic control of an ectoparasite infestation begins with an understanding of the ectoparasite's life cycle and how that life cycle affects the animal. It should be noted that climate and geographical area can affect the life cycle of specific ectoparasites, so it is important for veterinarians to educate themselves about their specific environment. Once the life cycle has been addressed, then the veterinarian should decide which intervention will provide the best control. Intervention possibilities may range from insecticides to environmental management or a combination of several methods. The veterinarian should provide the producer with realistic goals that define specific limitations of ectoparasite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Gnad
- Section of Agricultural Practices, Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
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Fthenakis GC, Karagiannidis A, Alexopoulos C, Brozos C, Papadopoulos E. Effects of sarcoptic mange on the reproductive performance of ewes and transmission of Sarcoptes scabiei to newborn lambs. Vet Parasitol 2001; 95:63-71. [PMID: 11163699 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(00)00417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In each of two experiments, the reproductive performance of ewes naturally infested with sarcoptic mange and of uninfested ewes was assessed in in-season natural breeding conditions (experiment I) or in out-of-season controlled breeding conditions (experiment II). A statistically significant difference was observed in the total lambs born per ewe (infested ewes, 1.2; controls, 1.6), in the liveborn lambs per ewe (infested ewes, 1.2; controls, 1.5) and in the lamb body weight per ewe (infested ewes, 3.33kg; controls, 4.53kg) under natural breeding conditions, as well as in the lamb body weight per ewe (infested ewes, 3.37kg; controls, 4.14kg) among ewes under controlled breeding conditions. No adverse effects were observed in the other reproductive indices, cycling rate, mating rate, return-to-oestrus rate, abortion rate, lambing rate and stillbirth rate. Sarcoptic mange was observed in the offspring of infested ewes after 30 days and in the offspring of uninfested controls 60 days after their birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Fthenakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, Department of Reproduction and Obstetrics, PO Box 199, 43100 Karditsa, Greece.
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Papadopoulos E, Fthenakis GC, Himonas C, Tzora A, Leontides L. Persistent efficacy of moxidectin against Sarcoptes scabiei in sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2000; 23:111-2. [PMID: 10849257 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2000.00250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Papadopoulos
- Veterinary Faculty, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
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