1
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Myers AM, Bowen SE, Brummelte S. Maternal care behavior and physiology moderate offspring outcomes following gestational exposure to opioids. Dev Psychobiol 2023; 65:e22433. [PMID: 38010303 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The opioid epidemic has resulted in a drastic increase in gestational exposure to opioids. Opioid-dependent pregnant women are typically prescribed medications for opioid use disorders ("MOUD"; e.g., buprenorphine [BUP]) to mitigate the harmful effects of abused opioids. However, the consequences of exposure to synthetic opioids, particularly BUP, during gestation on fetal neurodevelopment and long-term outcomes are poorly understood. Further, despite the known adverse effects of opioids on maternal care, many preclinical and clinical studies investigating the effects of gestational opioid exposure on offspring outcomes fail to report on maternal care behaviors. Considering that offspring outcomes are heavily dependent upon the quality of maternal care, it is important to evaluate the effects of gestational opioid exposure in the context of the mother-infant dyad. This review compares offspring outcomes after prenatal opioid exposure and after reduced maternal care and integrates this information to potentially identify common underlying mechanisms. We explore whether adverse outcomes after gestational BUP exposure are due to direct effects of opioids in utero, deficits in maternal care, or a combination of both factors. Finally, suggestions for improving preclinical models of prenatal opioid exposure are provided to promote more translational studies that can help to improve clinical outcomes for opioid-dependent mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Myers
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott E Bowen
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Susanne Brummelte
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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2
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Wu CY, Chen HH, Tao PL, Yuan ZF. Comparisons of stress-related neuronal activation induced by restraint in adult male rat offspring with prenatal exposure to buprenorphine, methadone, or morphine. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2023; 66:65-72. [PMID: 37082994 DOI: 10.4103/cjop.cjop-d-23-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal opioid exposure may impede the development of adaptive responses to environmental stimuli by altering the stress-sensitive brain circuitry located at the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) and locus coeruleus (LC). Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) released from neurons in the PVH has emerged as a key molecule to initiate and integrate the stress response. Methadone (Meth) and buprenorphine (Bu) are two major types of synthetic opioid agonists for first-line medication-assisted treatment of opioid (e.g., morphine, Mor) use disorder in pregnant women. No studies have compared the detrimental effects of prenatal exposure to Meth versus Bu on the stress response of their offspring upon reaching adulthood. In this study, we aimed to compare stress-related neuronal activation in the PVH and LC induced by restraint (RST) stress in adult male rat offspring with prenatal exposure to the vehicle (Veh), Bu, Meth, or Mor. CFos-immunoreactive cells were used as an indicator for neuronal activation. We found that RST induced less neuronal activation in the Meth or Mor exposure groups compared with that in the Bu or Veh groups; no significant difference was detected between the Bu and Veh exposure groups. RST-induced neuronal activation was completely prevented by central administration of a CRF receptor antagonist (α-helical CRF9-41, 10 μg/3 μL) in all exposure groups, suggesting the crucial role of CRF in this stress response. In offspring without RST, central administration of CRF (0.5 μg/3 μL)-induced neuronal activation in the PVH and LC. CRF-induced neuronal activation was lessened in the Meth or Mor exposure groups compared with that in the Bu or Veh groups; no significant difference was detected between the Bu and Veh exposure groups. Moreover, RST- or CRF-induced neuronal activation in the Meth exposure group was comparable with that in the Mor exposure group. Further immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the Meth and Mor exposure groups displayed less CRF neurons in the PVH of offspring with or without RST compared with the Bu or Veh groups. Thus, stress-induced neuronal activation in the PVH and LC was well preserved in adult male rat offspring with prenatal exposure to Bu, but it was substantially lessened in those with prenatal exposure to Meth or Mor. Lowered neuronal activation found in the Meth or Mor exposure groups may be, at least in part, due to the reduction in the density of CRF neurons in the PVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yen Wu
- Department of Physiology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Hsien Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Luh Tao
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Zung Fan Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Tzu Chi University; Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Balagalla UB, Jayasooriya J, de Alwis C, Subasinghe A. Automated segmentation of standard scanning planes to measure biometric parameters in foetal ultrasound images – a survey. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: IMAGING & VISUALIZATION 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/21681163.2023.2179343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U. B. Balagalla
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - J.V.D. Jayasooriya
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - C. de Alwis
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - A. Subasinghe
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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4
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Alaee E, Farahani F, Semnanian S, Azizi H. Prenatal exposure to morphine enhances excitability in locus coeruleus neurons. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:1049-1060. [PMID: 35674919 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Opioid abuse during pregnancy may have noteworthy effects on the child's behavioral, emotional and cognitive progression. In this study, we assessed the effect of prenatal exposure to morphine on electrophysiological features of locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons which is involved in modulating cognitive performance. Pregnant dams were randomly divided into two groups, that is a prenatal saline treated and prenatal morphine-treated group. To this end, on gestational days 11-18, either morphine or saline (twice daily, s.c.) was administered to pregnant dams. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were conducted on LC neurons of male offspring. The evoked firing rate, instantaneous frequency and action potentials half-width, and also input resistance of LC neurons significantly increased in the prenatal morphine group compared to the saline group. Moreover, action potentials decay slope, after hyperpolarization amplitude, rheobase current, and first spike latency were diminished in LC neurons following prenatal exposure to morphine. In addition, resting membrane potential, rise slope, and amplitude of action potentials were not changed by prenatal morphine exposure. Together, the current findings show a significant enhancement in excitability of the LC neurons following prenatal morphine exposure, which may affect the release of norepinephrine to other brain regions and/or cognitive performances of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Alaee
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Farahani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Semnanian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Azizi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Pačesová D, Spišská V, Novotný J, Bendová Z. Maternal morphine intake during pregnancy and lactation affects the circadian clock of rat pups. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:143-154. [PMID: 34560238 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Early-life morphine exposure causes a variety of behavioural and physiological alterations observed later in life. In the present study, we investigated the effects of prenatal and early postnatal morphine on the maturation of the circadian clockwork in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the liver, and the rhythm in aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in the pineal gland. Our data suggest that the most affected animals were those born to control, untreated mothers and cross-fostered by morphine-exposed dams. These animals showed the highest mesor and amplitude in the rhythm of Per2, Nr1d1 but not Per1 gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and arrhythmicity in AA-NAT activity in the pineal gland. In a similar pattern to the rhythm of Per2 expression in the SCN, they also expressed Per2 in a higher amplitude rhythm in the liver. Five of seven specific genes in the liver showed significant differences between groups in their expression. A comparison of mean relative mRNA levels suggests that this variability was caused mostly by cross-fostering, animals born to morphine-exposed dams that were cross-fostered by control mothers and vice versa differed from both groups of natural mothers raising offspring. Our data reveal that the circadian system responds to early-life morphine administration with significant changes in clock gene expression profiles both in the SCN and in the liver. The observed differences between the groups suggest that the dose, timing and accompanying stress events such as cross-fostering may play a role in the final magnitude of the physiological challenge that opioids bring to the developing circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Pačesová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Spišská
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novotný
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Bendová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Rezvani AH, Wells C, Hawkey A, Blair G, Koburov R, Ko A, Schwartz A, Kim VJ, Levin ED. Differential behavioral functioning in the offspring of rats with high vs. low self-administration of the opioid agonist remifentanil. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 909:174407. [PMID: 34363830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) has a variety of adverse effects on both the users and their offspring. In the current study, a random group of Sprague-Dawley rats (25 females and 15 males) were tested for intravenous self-administration of the opioid agonist remifentanil to determine the range of acquisition for opioid. One-month after the end of self-administration of remifentanil, rats with the highest intake were mated together and rats with lowest intake were mated together. Then, the offspring of the two groups were tested for anxiety-like behavior, locomotor activity, nociception and intravenous remifentanil self-administration. The parents showed a range of remifentanil self-administration, especially in the female rats. The offspring of the parents with low and high remifentanil self-administration showed significant differences in specific behavioral functions. On the hotplate test of nociception, the female offspring parents with high remifentanil self-administration had significantly longer hotplate latencies, indicating reduced nociception, than the female offspring of parents with low remifentanil-self-administration, whereas there was no difference in the male offspring of low and high responding parents. In the elevated plus maze test of anxiety-like behavior, the offspring of the parents with high remifentanil intake showed more anxiety-like behavior than the offspring of the parents with low remifentanil intake regardless of sex. Locomotor activity was not significantly different. Interestingly, no significant differences in remifentanil self-administration in the offspring of parents with low and high remifentanil self-administration were detected. Overall, our data suggest a considerable range in remifentanil self-administration in rats and the offspring of rats with high opioid self-administration exhibit different behaviors vs offspring of rats with low opioid self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H Rezvani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Corinne Wells
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Hawkey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Graham Blair
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Reese Koburov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ashley Ko
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrea Schwartz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Veronica J Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Merhar SL, Jiang W, Parikh NA, Yin W, Zhou Z, Tkach JA, Wang L, Kline-Fath BM, He L, Braimah A, Vannest J, Lin W. Effects of prenatal opioid exposure on functional networks in infancy. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 51:100996. [PMID: 34388637 PMCID: PMC8363826 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal opioid exposure has been linked to altered neurodevelopment and visual problems such as strabismus and nystagmus. The neural substrate underlying these alterations is unclear. Resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rsfMRI) is an advanced and well-established technique to evaluate brain networks. Few studies have examined the effects of prenatal opioid exposure on resting-state network connectivity in infancy. In this pilot study, we characterized network connectivity in opioid-exposed infants (n = 19) and controls (n = 20) between 4–8 weeks of age using both a whole-brain connectomic approach and a seed-based approach. Prenatal opioid exposure was associated with differences in distribution of betweenness centrality and connection length, with positive connections unique to each group significantly longer than common connections. The unique connections in the opioid-exposed group were more often inter-network connections while unique connections in controls and connections common to both groups were more often intra-network. The opioid-exposed group had smaller network volumes particularly in the primary visual network, but similar network strength as controls. Network topologies as determined by dice similarity index were different between groups, particularly in visual and executive control networks. These results may provide insight into the neural basis for the developmental and visual problems associated with prenatal opioid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Merhar
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and University of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Weixiong Jiang
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nehal A Parikh
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and University of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Weiyan Yin
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jean A Tkach
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Beth M Kline-Fath
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lili He
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and University of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Adebayo Braimah
- Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Vannest
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Weili Lin
- Department of Radiology and BRIC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Azadi M, Zare M, Pachenari N, Shojaei A, Semnanian S, Azizi H. Sex-specific transgenerational effects of adolescent morphine exposure on short-term memory and anxiety behavior: Male linage. Neurosci Lett 2021; 761:136111. [PMID: 34271134 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Current estimates indicate that opioid use and misuse are a rising epidemic, which presents a substantial socioeconomic burden around the world. Chronic opioid consumption, specifically during the critical period of adolescence, can lead to enduring effects not only in individuals but also in future generations. Utilizing rodent model, we have previously reported the impacts of paternal exposure to chronic morphine during adolescence on neurobehavioral features in progenies. Currently, the potential transgenerational effects of paternal morphine exposure during adolescence on anxiety-like behavior and short-term memory remains unknown. Male Wistar rats were exposed to increasing doses of morphine for ten days in adolescence (PND 30-39). Thereafter, following a 30-days drug-free period, the treated male rats mated with naïve females. The anxiety-like behavior and short-term memory performance were assessed in adult male and female offspring (PND 60) using open field and Y-maze tests. Both male and female progenies of morphine-treated sires revealed a significant reduction in the movement velocity compared to progenies of saline-treated sires as measured by open field test. Morphine-sired male but not female offspring also showed a non-significant large decreasing effect on time spent in the center and frequency of entries to the center of open field box. Moreover, a significant reduction in the number of entries and percent of time spent in the novel arm was observed in male and female morphine-sired offspring, as measured using Y-maze test. Growth outcomes also did not demonstrate any difference in the number of dam's fertility, pups birth, and death between morphine-sired and saline-sired groups in both sexes. Collectively, paternal exposure to morphine during adolescence induces sex-specific and selective disturbances in short-term memory while anxiety-like behavior was slightly disturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Azadi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Zare
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narges Pachenari
- School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shojaei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Semnanian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Azizi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Wen X, Lawal OD, Belviso N, Matson KL, Wang S, Quilliam BJ, Meador KJ. Association Between Prenatal Opioid Exposure and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Early Childhood: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Drug Saf 2021; 44:863-875. [PMID: 34100263 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-021-01080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies have reported increasing prevalence of prescription opioid use among pregnant women. However, little is known regarding the effects of maternal opioid use on neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood in pregnant women with no evidence of opioid use disorders or drug dependence. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to quantify the association between prenatal opioid exposure from maternal prescription use and neurodevelopmental outcomes in early childhood. METHODS This retrospective study included pregnant women aged 12-55 years and their live-birth infants born from 2010 to 2012 present in Optum's deidentified Clinformatics® Data Mart database. Eligible infants born to mothers without opioid use disorders or drug dependence were followed till occurrence of neurodevelopmental disorders, loss to follow-up, or study end (December 31, 2017), whichever came first. Propensity score by fine stratification was applied to adjust for confounding by demographic characteristics, obstetric characteristics, maternal comorbid mental and pain conditions, and measures of burden of illnesses and to obtain adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Exposed and unexposed infants were compared on the incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders. RESULTS Of 24,910 newborns, 7.6% (1899) were prenatally exposed to prescription opioids. Overall, 1562 children were diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders, with crude incidence rates of 2.9 per 100 person-years in exposed children versus 2.5 per 100 person-years in unexposed children. After adjustment, we observed no association between fetal opioid exposure and the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders (HR 1.10; 95% CI 0.92-1.32). However, increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders were observed in children with longer cumulative exposure duration (HR 1.70; 95% CI 1.05-2.96) or high cumulative opioid doses (HR 1.22; 95% CI 1.01-1.54). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE In pregnant women without opioid use disorders or drug dependence, maternal opioid use was not associated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood. However, increased risks of early neurodevelopmental disorders were observed in children born to women receiving prescription opioids for longer duration and at higher doses during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Suite 265F, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Oluwadolapo D Lawal
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Suite 265F, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Nicholas Belviso
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Suite 265F, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Kelly L Matson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Suite 265F, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Suite 265F, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Brian J Quilliam
- College of Health Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Kimford J Meador
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, CA, USA
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10
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Grecco GG, Mork BE, Huang JY, Metzger CE, Haggerty DL, Reeves KC, Gao Y, Hoffman H, Katner SN, Masters AR, Morris CW, Newell EA, Engleman EA, Baucum AJ, Kim J, Yamamoto BK, Allen MR, Wu YC, Lu HC, Sheets PL, Atwood BK. Prenatal methadone exposure disrupts behavioral development and alters motor neuron intrinsic properties and local circuitry. eLife 2021; 10:66230. [PMID: 33724184 PMCID: PMC7993998 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the rising prevalence of methadone treatment in pregnant women with opioid use disorder, the effects of methadone on neurobehavioral development remain unclear. We developed a translational mouse model of prenatal methadone exposure (PME) that resembles the typical pattern of opioid use by pregnant women who first use oxycodone then switch to methadone maintenance pharmacotherapy, and subsequently become pregnant while maintained on methadone. We investigated the effects of PME on physical development, sensorimotor behavior, and motor neuron properties using a multidisciplinary approach of physical, biochemical, and behavioral assessments along with brain slice electrophysiology and in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Methadone accumulated in the placenta and fetal brain, but methadone levels in offspring dropped rapidly at birth which was associated with symptoms and behaviors consistent with neonatal opioid withdrawal. PME produced substantial impairments in offspring physical growth, activity in an open field, and sensorimotor milestone acquisition. Furthermore, these behavioral alterations were associated with reduced neuronal density in the motor cortex and a disruption in motor neuron intrinsic properties and local circuit connectivity. The present study adds to the limited body of work examining PME by providing a comprehensive, translationally relevant characterization of how PME disrupts offspring physical and neurobehavioral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Grecco
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Indiana University School of Medicine, Medical Scientist Training Program, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Briana E Mork
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Program in Medical Neuroscience, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Jui-Yen Huang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States.,The Linda and Jack Gill Center for Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Psychological and Brain Science, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Corinne E Metzger
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - David L Haggerty
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Kaitlin C Reeves
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Hunter Hoffman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Simon N Katner
- Deparment of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Andrea R Masters
- Clinical Pharmacology Analytical Core-Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Cameron W Morris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Erin A Newell
- Deparment of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Eric A Engleman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Anthony J Baucum
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, United States.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Jiuen Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Bryan K Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Yu-Chien Wu
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Hui-Chen Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Patrick L Sheets
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
| | - Brady K Atwood
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States
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Prenatal Opioid Exposure Enhances Responsiveness to Future Drug Reward and Alters Sensitivity to Pain: A Review of Preclinical Models and Contributing Mechanisms. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0393-20.2020. [PMID: 33060181 PMCID: PMC7768284 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0393-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid crisis has resulted in an unprecedented number of neonates born with prenatal opioid exposure (POE); however, the long-term effects of POE on offspring behavior and neurodevelopment remain relatively unknown. The advantages and disadvantages of the various preclinical POE models developed over the last several decades are discussed in the context of clinical and translational relevance. Although considerable and important variability exists among preclinical models of POE, the examination of these preclinical models has revealed that opioid exposure during the prenatal period contributes to maladaptive behavioral development as offspring mature including an altered responsiveness to rewarding drugs and increased pain response. The present review summarizes key findings demonstrating the impact of POE on offspring drug self-administration (SA), drug consumption, the reinforcing properties of drugs, drug tolerance, and other reward-related behaviors such as hypersensitivity to pain. Potential underlying molecular mechanisms which may contribute to this enhanced addictive phenotype in POE offspring are further discussed with special attention given to key brain regions associated with reward including the striatum, prefrontal cortex (PFC), ventral tegmental area (VTA), hippocampus, and amygdala. Improvements in preclinical models and further areas of study are also identified which may advance the translational value of findings and help address the growing problem of POE in clinical populations.
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12
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Bauer CR, Langer J, Lambert-Brown B, Shankaran S, Bada HS, Lester B, Lagasse LL, Whitaker T, Hammond J. Association of prenatal opiate exposure with youth outcomes assessed from infancy through adolescence. J Perinatol 2020; 40:1056-1065. [PMID: 32444681 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-020-0692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined acute findings and long-term outcome trajectories between birth and adolescence in children with prenatal opiate exposure. STUDY DESIGN Ninety children (45 opiate-exposed, 45 non-exposed) completed assessments between 1 month and 15 years of age. Outcome variables (medical, anthropomorphic, developmental, and behavioral) were analyzed at individual time points and using longitudinal statistical modeling. RESULTS Opiate-exposed infants displayed transient neurologic findings, but no substantial signs or symptoms long term. There were no group differences in growth, cognitive functioning, or behavior at individual time periods; however, the trajectories of outcomes using longitudinal analyses adjusting for variables known to impact outcome demonstrated increased deficits among opiate-exposed children over time with regards to weight, head circumference, cognitive functioning, and behavior. CONCLUSIONS Findings support concerns that maternal opiate use during pregnancy may negatively impact a child's developmental trajectory, which in turn may impose concerns to society (e.g., increased need for social, medical, and/or educational services).
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Bauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - John Langer
- Statistics and Epidemiology, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Brittany Lambert-Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Seetha Shankaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Henrietta S Bada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky Hospital, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Barry Lester
- Department of Pediatrics Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Lynn L Lagasse
- Department of Pediatrics Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Toni Whitaker
- Boling Center for Developmental Disabilities, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jane Hammond
- Statistics and Epidemiology, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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13
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Gholami M, Saboory E, Ahmadi AA, Asouri M, Nasirikenari M, Rostamnezhad M. Long-time effects of prenatal morphine, tramadol, methadone, and buprenorphine exposure on seizure and anxiety in immature rats. Int J Neurosci 2019; 130:898-905. [PMID: 31877061 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1709841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate seizures and anxiety-like behaviors in immature rats prenatally exposed to opiate drugs.Materials and methods: Pregnant rats were randomly divided into five groups: saline, morphine, tramadol, methadone, and buprenorphine. Administrations were performed intraperitoneally once a day for the last seven days of pregnancy. Neonatal rats were subdivided into ten groups, split according to sex. Anxiety-like behavior was tested on postnatal day (PD) 19. On PD 20, seizure was induced by PTZ injection.Results: Morphine in male rats had an increased time to onset (p < 0.005), whereas there was a decreased number of tonic-clonic seizures in females (p < 0.05). Tramadol had an increased duration of tonic-clonic seizures compared to morphine and methadone in males (p < 0.005). Moreover, tramadol decreased open arm time and locomotor activity in males more than in females (p < 0.05). Methadone decreased open arm time in males (p < 0.05). Furthermore, buprenorphine and tramadol decreased open arm entrance in male rats (p < 0.05).Conclusions: It was demonstrated that prenatal tramadol significantly increases both the duration of seizures and anxiety-like behaviors in immature male rats, whereas morphine decreases both of them. The effects of tramadol on seizure and anxiety-like behavior may be due to the comorbid occurrence of the symptoms of these two disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Gholami
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Saboory
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Ahmadi
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran.,Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohsen Asouri
- North Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Amol, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Rostamnezhad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Wallin CM, Bowen SE, Roberge CL, Richardson LM, Brummelte S. Gestational buprenorphine exposure: Effects on pregnancy, development, neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, and behavior in a translational rodent model. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 205:107625. [PMID: 31706250 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The opioid crisis has led to an increased number of pregnant opioid-dependent women receiving opioid-maintenance therapy (e.g. buprenorphine, BUP), but little is known about the consequences of gestational BUP exposure on pregnancy outcomes, maternal care, or offspring development. METHODS Our translational rodent model began BUP exposure to adult female rats (N = 30) at least 7 days before conception and continued throughout the postpartum period. Both therapeutic low-dose (BUP-LD, 0.3 mg/kg, s.c.) and overexposure high-dose (BUP-HD, 1.0 mg/kg) doses of BUP were compared to saline control. Female rats were bred in house with drug-naïve adult male rats. The day after parturition, litters were culled to 5 males/5 females and assigned randomly to various behavioral tests and assessed either neonates or adolescents. Litter characteristics, maternal caregiving, Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS), offspring development and adolescent behaviors were evaluated. RESULTS BUP-LD decreased maternal care, delayed offspring development, decreased offspring body weight, length, temperature, and pain sensitivity (p's < .05). BUP-HD drastically reduced maternal care and offspring survival, altered litter characteristics, and increased NOWS (p's < .05). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the therapeutic BUP-LD in rats was relatively safe with subtle effects on maternal care and rodent offspring. However, overexposure BUP-HD in rats produced NOWS and compromised maternal caregiving as well as rodent offspring survival. More research is critical to validate the translational implication of these findings for human opioid-dependent mothers maintained on BUP-maintenance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chela M Wallin
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Scott E Bowen
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Chelsea L Roberge
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | | | - Susanne Brummelte
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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15
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Ahmadian-Moghadam H, Akbarabadi A, Toolee H, Sadat-Shirazi MS, Khalifeh S, Niknamfar S, Zarrindast MR. Correlation among the Behavioral Features in the Offspring of Morphine-Abstinent Rats. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2019; 11:262-275. [PMID: 32206219 PMCID: PMC7073814 DOI: 10.22122/ahj.v11i4.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critical analysis of new evidence in medical sciences relies on statistics in terms of correlation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the correlation coefficients among the behavioral features in the offspring of morphine-abstinent parent(s). METHODS The offspring of rats with various parental morphine-exposure were divided into four groups including offspring with healthy parents (CTL), offspring with paternal morphine-abstinent (PMA) parent, offspring with maternal morphine-abstinent (MMA) parent, and offspring with both morphine-abstinent (BMA) parents. Pain perception, depression-like behavior and avoidance-memory in the offspring were quantified. The association between variables was measured using Pearson correlation analysis. FINDINGS A strong correlation was observed between pain and depressive-like behavior in female and male offspring of healthy parents. Moreover, in the male and female offspring of healthy parents and BMA, no significant correlation was observed between avoidance memory and pain behavior or depressive-like behavior. However, in the offspring of MMA, a strong correlation was observed between avoidance memory and depressive-like behavior. CONCLUSION The results revealed that in comparison with the offspring with CTL, the correlation among the behavioral futures in the offspring with MMA or PMA parents is significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ahmadian-Moghadam
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Akbarabadi
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heidar Toolee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Solmaz Khalifeh
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center, Amir Al-Momenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Niknamfar
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zarrindast
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies AND Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Konijnenberg C, Melinder A. Salivary cortisol levels relate to cognitive performance in children prenatally exposed to methadone or buprenorphine. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 62:409-418. [PMID: 31564069 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Opioid maintenance therapy (OMT) is generally recommended for pregnant opioid-dependent women. However, much is still unknown about the potential long-term effects of prenatal methadone and buprenorphine exposure. This study explored the long-term effects of prenatal methadone and buprenorphine exposure in a cohort (n = 41) of children, aged 9-11 years, using the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) to measure cognitive development and salivary cortisol samples to measure HPA-axis activity. Prenatally exposed children scored significantly lower on all four subtests of WASI (vocabulary, similarities, block design, and matrix reasoning), compared to a comparison group (all p < .05). No group differences were found for salivary cortisol levels or cortisol reactivity levels (all p > .05). Cortisol levels significantly predicted matrix reasoning scores for the OMT group, β = -65.58, t(20) = 15.70, p = .02. Findings suggest that prenatal exposure to methadone or buprenorphine does not have long-term effects on children's HPA-axis functioning. However, since children of women in OMT scored significantly lower on tasks of cognitive function, careful follow-up throughout the school years and across adolescence is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien Konijnenberg
- Department of Psychology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway.,Cognitive Developmental Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika Melinder
- Cognitive Developmental Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo University Hospital, Child- and Adolescents Mental Health, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Harder HJ, Murphy AZ. Early life opioid exposure and potential long-term effects. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 10:100156. [PMID: 31338390 PMCID: PMC6629922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term consequences of perinatal opioid exposure and subsequent development of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome is largely unknown and likely dependent on a multitude of factors, including co-morbid drug use, pre- and post-natal care, and individual factors including the maternal-infant relationship and home environment. This review summarizes the current literature from clinical and preclinical studies on perinatal opioid exposure, focusing on the consequences in the offspring. Although a large number of preclinical studies have been conducted examining the impact of prenatal opioid exposure, the models employed are not necessarily representative of clinical use patterns, making it challenging to translate these results to the impacted population. Use of more clinically-relevant models of perinatal opioid exposure are requisite for the development of improved pharmacological and behavioral treatment strategies to improve quality of life for this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Z. Murphy
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30308, USA
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18
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Goldberg LR, Gould TJ. Multigenerational and transgenerational effects of paternal exposure to drugs of abuse on behavioral and neural function. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2453-2466. [PMID: 29949212 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Addictions are highly heritable disorders, with heritability estimates ranging from 39% to 72%. Multiple studies suggest a link between paternal drug abuse and addiction in their children. However, patterns of inheritance cannot be explained purely by Mendelian genetic mechanisms. Exposure to drugs of abuse results in epigenetic changes that may be passed on through the germline. This mechanism of epigenetic transgenerational inheritance may provide a link between paternal drug exposure and addiction susceptibility in the offspring. Recent studies have begun to investigate the effect of paternal drug exposure on behavioral and neurobiological phenotypes in offspring of drug-exposed fathers in rodent models. This review aims to discuss behavioral and neural effects of paternal exposure to alcohol, cocaine, opioids, and nicotine. Although a special focus will be on addiction-relevant behaviors, additional behavioral effects including cognition, anxiety, and depressive-like behaviors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Goldberg
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
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19
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Long-Lasting Alterations in Gene Expression of Postsynaptic Density 95 and Inotropic Glutamatergic Receptor Subunit in the Mesocorticolimbic System of Rat Offspring Born to Morphine-Addicted Mothers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5437092. [PMID: 29984237 PMCID: PMC6015726 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5437092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to morphine causes altered glutamatergic neurotransmission, which plays an important pathophysiological role for neurobiological basis of opiate-mediated behaviors in such offspring. However, it is still not clear whether such alteration involves gene expression of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits. In this study, we further studied whether prenatal morphine exposure resulted in long-term changes in the gene expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and postsynaptic density 95 in the mesocorticolimbic area (an essential integration circuitry for drug craving behavior), nucleus accumbens (NAc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and prefrontal cortex (PFC), of rat offspring from morphine-addicted mothers. Experimental results showed that prenatal morphine exposure led to a persistent downregulation of gene expression in the AMPA and NMDA receptor subunit, with a differential manner of decreased magnitudes, at the age of postnatal days 14 (P14) and P30. However, in PFC, the gene expression of the AMPA receptor subunit was not synchronized in observed rat offspring subjected to prenatal morphine exposure. An upregulation of gene expression in the AMPA receptor subunit 3 (GluR3) was persistently observed at P14 and P30. Furthermore, the gene expressions of PSD-95 in NAc, VTA, and PFC were all decreased concurrently. Collectively, the results suggest that prenatal exposure to morphine may initiate molecular mechanisms leading to a long-lasting, differential alteration in gene expression of the inotropic glutamate receptor subunit and PSD-95 in the mesocorticolimbic circuitry in rat offspring. This study raises a possibility in which differential changes in gene expression with a long-lasting manner may play a role for the development of nearly permanent changes in opiate-mediated behaviors, at least in part for the neurobiological pathogenesis in offspring.
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20
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Torabi M, Pooriamehr A, Bigdeli I, Miladi-Gorji H. Maternal swimming exercise during pregnancy attenuates anxiety/depressive-like behaviors and voluntary morphine consumption in the pubertal male and female rat offspring born from morphine dependent mothers. Neurosci Lett 2017; 659:110-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Pooriamehr A, Sabahi P, Miladi-Gorji H. Effects of environmental enrichment during abstinence in morphine dependent parents on anxiety, depressive-like behaviors and voluntary morphine consumption in rat offspring. Neurosci Lett 2017; 656:37-42. [PMID: 28729075 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic morphine exposure during puberty increased morphine-induced rewarding effects and sensitization in the next generation. Given the well-known beneficial effects of environmental enrichment on the severity of physical and psychological dependence on morphine, we examined effects of enriched environment during morphine abstinence in morphine dependent parental rats before mating on the anxiety and depressive-like behaviors, and voluntary morphine consumption in their offspring. Paternal and/or maternal rats were injected with bi-daily doses (10mg/kg, 12h intervals) of morphine for 14days followed by rearing in a standard environment (SE) or enriched environment (EE) during 30days of morphine abstinence before mating. The pubertal male and female rat offspring were tested for anxiety (the elevated plus maze- EPM) and depression (sucrose preference test-SPT), and voluntary morphine consumption using a two-bottle choice (TBC) paradigm. The results showed that EE experience in morphine-dependent both parents result in an increase in the percentage of time spent into open arms/time spent on both arms using EPM in male offspring, higher levels of sucrose preference in female offspring and lower levels of voluntary morphine consumption in male and female offspring. Thus, EE experience in morphine-dependent both parents reduced anxiety, depressive-like behavior and also the voluntary morphine consumption in their offspring during puberty which may prevent the vulnerability of the next generation to drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Pooriamehr
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran
| | - Parviz Sabahi
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hossein Miladi-Gorji
- Laboratory of Animal Addiction Models, Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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Nakhjiri E, Saboory E, Roshan-Milani S, Rasmi Y, Sayyadi H. Prenatal Stress+Morphine and Postnatal Re-exposure to Stress Alter Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Epileptic Manifestations in Rats. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-017-9610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Nakhjiri E, Saboory E, Roshan-Milani S, Rasmi Y, Khalafkhani D. Effect of prenatal restraint stress and morphine co-administration on plasma vasopressin concentration and anxiety behaviors in adult rat offspring. Stress 2017; 20:205-211. [PMID: 28287019 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1306053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressful events and exposure to opiates during gestation have important effects on the later mental health of the offspring. Anxiety is among the most common mental disorders. The present study aimed to identify effects of prenatal restraint stress and morphine co-administration on plasma vasopressin concentration (PVC) and anxiety behaviors in rats. Pregnant rats were divided into four groups (n = 6, each): saline, morphine, stress + saline and stress + morphine treatment. The stress procedure consisted of restraint twice per day, two hours per session, for three consecutive days starting on day 15 of pregnancy. Rats in the saline and morphine groups received either 0.9% saline or morphine intraperitoneally on the same days. In the morphine/saline + stress groups, rats were exposed to restraint stress and received either morphine or saline intraperitoneally. All offspring were tested in an elevated plus maze (EPM) on postnatal day 90 (n = 6, each sex), and anxiety behaviors of each rat were recorded. Finally, blood samples were collected to determine PVC. Prenatal morphine exposure reduced anxiety-like behaviors. Co-administration of prenatal stress and morphine increased locomotor activity (LA) and PVC. PVC was significantly lower in female offspring of the morphine and morphine + stress groups compared with males in the same group, but the opposite was seen in the saline + stress group. These data emphasize the impact of prenatal stress and morphine on fetal neuroendocrine development, with long-term changes in anxiety-like behaviors and vasopressin secretion. These changes are sex specific, indicating differential impact of prenatal stress and morphine on fetal neuroendocrine system development. Lay Summary Pregnant women are sometimes exposed to stressful and painful conditions which may lead to poor outcomes for offspring. Opiates may provide pain and stress relief to these mothers. In this study, we used an experimental model of maternal exposure to stress and morphine in pregnant rats. The findings indicated that maternal stress increased anxiety in offspring while morphine decreased such effects, but had negative effects on the levels of a hormone controlling blood pressure, and activity of offspring. Hence morphine should not be used in pregnancy for pain and stress relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Nakhjiri
- a Studental Research Committee , Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
| | - Ehsan Saboory
- b Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
| | - Shiva Roshan-Milani
- c Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- d Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
| | - Davod Khalafkhani
- d Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia , Iran
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24
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Farah Naquiah MZ, James RJ, Suratman S, Lee LS, Mohd Hafidz MI, Salleh MZ, Teh LK. Transgenerational effects of paternal heroin addiction on anxiety and aggression behavior in male offspring. Behav Brain Funct 2016; 12:23. [PMID: 27582026 PMCID: PMC5006377 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-016-0107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heroin addiction is a growing concern, affecting the socioeconomic development of many countries. Little is known about transgenerational effects on phenotype changes due to heroin addiction. This study aims to investigate changes in level of anxiety and aggression up to four different generations of adult male rats due to paternal exposure to heroin. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed with heroin intraperitoneally (i.p.) twice-daily for 14 days with increasing dosage regimen (F0-heroin). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (6-weeks-old) were divided into: (1) heroin exposed group (F0-heroin) and (2) control group treated with saline solution (F0-control). The dosage regime started with the lowest dose of 3 mg/kg per day of heroin followed by 1.5 mg/kg increments per day to a final dose of 13.5 mg/kg per day. Offspring were weaned on postnatal day 21. The adult male offspring from each generation were then mated with female-naïve rats after 2 weeks of heroin absence. Open field test and elevated plus maze test were used to study the anxiety level, whereas resident intruder test was used to evaluate aggression level in the addicted male rats and their offspring. RESULTS Heroin exposure in male rats had resulted in smaller sizes of the litters compared to the control. We observed a higher anxiety level in the F1 and F2 progenies sired by the heroin exposed rats (F0) as compared to the control rats. Paternal heroin exposure also caused significantly more aggressive offspring in F1 compared to the control. The same pattern was also observed in the F2. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that the progenies of F1 and F2 sustained higher levels of anxiety and aggression which are due to paternal heroin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Zaki Farah Naquiah
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Level 7, FF3, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Richard Johari James
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Level 7, FF3, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Suraya Suratman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lian Shien Lee
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Level 7, FF3, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Izhar Mohd Hafidz
- Comparative Medicine and Technology Unit, Institute Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zaki Salleh
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Level 7, FF3, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lay Kek Teh
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute (iPROMISE), Level 7, FF3, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Ahmadnia H, Akhavan Rezayat A, Hoseyni M, Sharifi N, Khajedalooee M, Akhavan Rezayat A. Short-Period Influence of Chronic Morphine Exposure on Serum Levels of Sexual Hormones and Spermatogenesis in Rats. Nephrourol Mon 2016; 8:e38052. [PMID: 27713869 PMCID: PMC5045526 DOI: 10.5812/numonthly.38052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased rates of addiction and its broad societal complications are well known. One of the most important systems that may malfunction in drug abusers is the reproductive system, and evaluating patients for this potential risk may lead to increased awareness. Materials and Methods Thirty 60-day-old male rats were divided into control and target groups. The target group underwent 5 mg/kg intraperitoneal injections of morphine twice a day while the control group underwent normal saline injections (at the same dosage). After 60 days, the rats were anesthetized, and after blood sampling, they underwent bilateral orchiepididymectomy. Histological and hormonal evaluations were performed on the samples. Results Levels of sex hormonal features and spermatogenesis were significantly reduced in the target group compared to the control group. LH levels showed a meaningful decrease in the target group, but FSH and testosterone levels did not. On histological section analysis, mature sperm were meaningfully decreased in the target group. Conclusions Chronic use of opioids may lead to alterations in sexual features and sexual hormones. Therefore, opioids have the potential to cause infertility. These changes may result from the effect of the drugs on the hypophysis or hypothalamus, the direct effect of the drugs on the seminiferous tubules, or a combination of both. The findings suggest that public awareness about addiction may cause decreased infertility rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ahmadnia
- Professor of Urology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Alireza Akhavan Rezayat
- Assistant Professor of Urology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Alireza Akhavan Rezayat, Ghaem Hospital. Ahmad Abad Ave., Mashhad, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9153148223, Fax: +98-5138022857, E-mail:
| | - Mahmood Hoseyni
- Associated Professor of Physiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Nooriye Sharifi
- Assistant Professor of Pathology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Mohhamad Khajedalooee
- Associated Professor of Social Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Arash Akhavan Rezayat
- Member of Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
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26
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Sridar P, Kumar A, Li C, Woo J, Quinton A, Benzie R, Peek MJ, Feng D, Kumar RK, Nanan R, Kim J. Automatic Measurement of Thalamic Diameter in 2-D Fetal Ultrasound Brain Images Using Shape Prior Constrained Regularized Level Sets. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2016; 21:1069-1078. [PMID: 27333614 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2016.2582175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We derived an automated algorithm for accurately measuring the thalamic diameter from 2-D fetal ultrasound (US) brain images. The algorithm overcomes the inherent limitations of the US image modality: nonuniform density; missing boundaries; and strong speckle noise. We introduced a "guitar" structure that represents the negative space surrounding the thalamic regions. The guitar acts as a landmark for deriving the widest points of the thalamus even when its boundaries are not identifiable. We augmented a generalized level-set framework with a shape prior and constraints derived from statistical shape models of the guitars; this framework was used to segment US images and measure the thalamic diameter. Our segmentation method achieved a higher mean Dice similarity coefficient, Hausdorff distance, specificity, and reduced contour leakage when compared to other well-established methods. The automatic thalamic diameter measurement had an interobserver variability of -0.56 ± 2.29 mm compared to manual measurement by an expert sonographer. Our method was capable of automatically estimating the thalamic diameter, with the measurement accuracy on par with clinical assessment. Our method can be used as part of computer-assisted screening tools that automatically measure the biometrics of the fetal thalamus; these biometrics are linked to neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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27
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Joel D, Fausto-Sterling A. Beyond sex differences: new approaches for thinking about variation in brain structure and function. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150451. [PMID: 26833844 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the study of variation in brain structure and function that might relate to sex and gender, language matters because it frames our research questions and methods. In this article, we offer an approach to thinking about variation in brain structure and function that pulls us outside the sex differences formulation. We argue that the existence of differences between the brains of males and females does not unravel the relations between sex and the brain nor is it sufficient to characterize a population of brains. Such characterization is necessary for studying sex effects on the brain as well as for studying brain structure and function in general. Animal studies show that sex interacts with environmental, developmental and genetic factors to affect the brain. Studies of humans further suggest that human brains are better described as belonging to a single heterogeneous population rather than two distinct populations. We discuss the implications of these observations for studies of brain and behaviour in humans and in laboratory animals. We believe that studying sex effects in context and developing or adopting analytical methods that take into account the heterogeneity of the brain are crucial for the advancement of human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Joel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel Sagol School of Neuoroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Anne Fausto-Sterling
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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28
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Vassoler FM, Wright SJ, Byrnes EM. Exposure to opiates in female adolescents alters mu opiate receptor expression and increases the rewarding effects of morphine in future offspring. Neuropharmacology 2015; 103:112-21. [PMID: 26700246 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prescription opiate use and abuse has increased dramatically over the past two decades, including increased use in adolescent populations. Recently, it has been proposed that use during this critical period may affect future offspring even when use is discontinued prior to conception. Here, we utilize a rodent model to examine the effects of adolescent morphine exposure on the reward functioning of the offspring. Female Sprague Dawley rats were administered morphine for 10 days during early adolescence (post-natal day 30-39) using an escalating dosing regimen. Animals then remained drug free until adulthood at which point they were mated with naïve males. Adult offspring (F1 animals) were tested for their response to morphine-induced (0, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, s.c.) conditioned place preference (CPP) and context-independent morphine-induced sensitization. Naïve littermates were used to examine mu opiate receptor expression in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area. Results indicate that F1 females whose mothers were exposed to morphine during adolescence (Mor-F1) demonstrate significantly enhanced CPP to the lowest doses of morphine compared with Sal-F1 females. There were no differences in context-independent sensitization between maternal treatment groups. Protein expression analysis showed significantly increased levels of accumbal mu opiate receptor in Mor-F1 offspring and decreased levels in the VTA. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a shift in the dose response curve with regard to the rewarding effects of morphine in Mor-F1 females which may in part be due to altered mu opiate receptor expression in the nucleus accumbens and VTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fair M Vassoler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Peabody Pavilion, 200 Westborough Road, Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - Siobhan J Wright
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Peabody Pavilion, 200 Westborough Road, Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Byrnes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Peabody Pavilion, 200 Westborough Road, Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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29
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Interaction of prenatal stress and morphine alters prolactin and seizure in rat pups. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:181-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Li CQ, Luo YW, Bi FF, Cui TT, Song L, Cao WY, Zhang JY, Li F, Xu JM, Hao W, Xing XW, Zhou FH, Zhou XF, Dai RP. Development of anxiety-like behavior via hippocampal IGF-2 signaling in the offspring of parental morphine exposure: effect of enriched environment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2777-87. [PMID: 24889368 PMCID: PMC4200488 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Opioid addiction is a major social, economic, and medical problem worldwide. Long-term adverse consequences of chronic opiate exposure not only involve the individuals themselves but also their offspring. Adolescent maternal morphine exposure results in behavior and morphologic changes in the brain of their adult offspring. However, few studies investigate the effect of adult opiate exposure on their offspring. Furthermore, the underlying molecular signals regulating the intergenerational effects of morphine exposure are still elusive. We report here that morphine exposure of adult male and female rats resulted in anxiety-like behavior and dendritic retraction in the dentate gyrus (DG) region of the hippocampus in their adult offspring. The behavior and morphologic changes were concomitant with the downregulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-2 signaling in the granular zone of DG. Overexpression of hippocampal IGF-2 by bilateral intra-DG injection of lentivirus encoding the IGF-2 gene prevented anxiety-like behaviors in the offspring. Furthermore, exposure to an enriched environment during adolescence corrected the reduction of hippocampal IGF-2 expression, normalized anxiety-like behavior and reversed dendritic retraction in the adult offspring. Thus, parental morphine exposure can lead to the downregulation of hippocampal IGF-2, which contributed to the anxiety and hippocampal dendritic retraction in their offspring. An adolescent-enriched environment experience prevented the behavior and morphologic changes in their offspring through hippocampal IGF-2 signaling. IGF-2 and an enriched environment may be a potential intervention to prevention of anxiety and brain atrophy in the offspring of parental opioid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qi Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yan-Wei Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fang-Fang Bi
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tao-Tao Cui
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ling Song
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Yu Cao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jian-Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jun-Mei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Institute of Mental Health, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Xing
- Center for Medical Experiments, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Fiona H Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Xin-Fu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ru-Ping Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Ren-Min Road No. 86, Changsha, Hunan Province 410011, China, Tel: +86 731 85295970, Fax: +86 731 85292115, E-mail:
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31
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Haydari S, Miladi-Gorji H, Mokhtari A, Safari M. Effects of voluntary exercise on anxiety-like behavior and voluntary morphine consumption in rat pups borne from morphine-dependent mothers during pregnancy. Neurosci Lett 2014; 578:50-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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32
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Schulson M, Liu A, Björkman T, Quinton A, Mann KP, Benzie R, Peek M, Nanan R. Mid-Gestational Enlargement of Fetal Thalami in Women Exposed to Methadone during Pregnancy. Front Surg 2014; 1:28. [PMID: 25593952 PMCID: PMC4286970 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2014.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methadone maintenance therapy is the standard of care in many countries for opioid-dependent women who become pregnant. Despite recent evidence showing significant neurodevelopmental changes in children and adults exposed to both licit and illicit substances in utero, data on the effects of opioids in particular remains scarce. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of opiate use, in particular methadone, on various fetal cortical and biometric growth parameters in utero using ultrasound measurements done at 18-22 weeks gestation. Head circumference (HC), bi-parietal diameter, lateral ventricle diameter, transcerebellar diameter, thalamic diameter, cisterna magna diameter, and femur length were compared between fetuses born to methadone-maintained mothers and non-substance using controls. A significantly larger thalamic diameter (0.05 cm, p = 0.01) was observed in the opiate-exposed group. Thalamic diameter/HC ratio was also significantly raised (0.03 mm, p = 0.01). We hypothesize here that the increase in thalamic diameter in opiate-exposed fetuses could potentially be explained by regional differences in opioid and serotonin receptor densities, an alteration in monoamine neurotransmitter systems, and an enhancement of the normal growth increase that occurs in the thalamus during mid-gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Schulson
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Sydney Medical School - Nepean, The University of Sydney , Penrith, NSW , Australia
| | - Anthony Liu
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Sydney Medical School - Nepean, The University of Sydney , Penrith, NSW , Australia ; Charles Perkins Centre - Nepean, The University of Sydney , Penrith, NSW , Australia
| | - Tracey Björkman
- Perinatal Research Centre, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland , Herston, QLD , Australia
| | - Ann Quinton
- Charles Perkins Centre - Nepean, The University of Sydney , Penrith, NSW , Australia ; Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sydney Medical School - Nepean, The University of Sydney , Penrith, NSW , Australia
| | - Kristy P Mann
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney , Camperdown, NSW , Australia
| | - Ron Benzie
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sydney Medical School - Nepean, The University of Sydney , Penrith, NSW , Australia
| | - Michael Peek
- Charles Perkins Centre - Nepean, The University of Sydney , Penrith, NSW , Australia ; Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sydney Medical School - Nepean, The University of Sydney , Penrith, NSW , Australia
| | - Ralph Nanan
- Discipline of Paediatrics, Sydney Medical School - Nepean, The University of Sydney , Penrith, NSW , Australia ; Charles Perkins Centre - Nepean, The University of Sydney , Penrith, NSW , Australia
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33
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Joel D, Yankelevitch-Yahav R. Reconceptualizing sex, brain and psychopathology: interaction, interaction, interaction. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4620-35. [PMID: 24758640 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been a growing recognition of the influence of sex on brain structure and function, and in relation, on the susceptibility, prevalence and response to treatment of psychiatric disorders. Most theories and descriptions of the effects of sex on the brain are dominated by an analogy to the current interpretation of the effects of sex on the reproductive system, according to which sex is a divergence system that exerts a unitary, overriding and serial effect on the form of other systems. We shortly summarize different lines of evidence that contradict aspects of this analogy. The new view that emerges from these data is of sex as a complex system whose different components interact with one another and with other systems to affect body and brain. The paradigm shift that this understanding calls for is from thinking of sex in terms of sexual dimorphism and sex differences, to thinking of sex in terms of its interactions with other factors and processes. Our review of data obtained from animal models of psychopathology clearly reveals the need for such a paradigmatic shift, because in the field of animal behaviour whether a sex difference exists and its direction depend on the interaction of many factors including, species, strain, age, specific test employed and a multitude of environmental factors. We conclude by explaining how the new conceptualization can account for sex differences in psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Joel
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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34
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Ebrahimi L, Saboory E, Roshan-Milani S, Hashemi P. Effect of prenatal forced-swim stress and morphine co-administration on pentylentetrazol-induced epileptic behaviors in infant and prepubertal rats. Dev Psychobiol 2014; 56:1179-86. [PMID: 24464467 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to stress and morphine has complicated effects on epileptic seizure. Many reports have shown an interaction between morphine- and stress-induced behavioral changes in adult rats. In the present study, effect of prenatal forced-swim stress and morphine co-administration on pentylentetrazole (PTZ)-induced epileptic behaviors was investigated in rat offspring to address effect of the interaction between morphine and stress. Pregnant rats were divided to four groups of control-saline, control-morphine, stressed-saline and stressed-morphine. In the stressed group, the rats were placed in 25 °C water on 17-19 days of pregnancy. In the morphine/saline group, the rats received morphine/saline on the same days. In the morphine/saline-stressed group, they were exposed to stress and received morphine/saline simultaneously. On postnatal day 15 (P15), blood samples were collected to determine corticosterone (COS) level. On P15 and P25, PTZ was injected to the rest of pups to induce seizure. Then, epileptic behaviors of each rat were individually observed. Latency of tonic-colonic seizures decreased in control-morphine and stressed-saline groups while increasing in stressed-morphine rats compared to control-saline group on P15. Duration of tonic-colonic seizures significantly increased in control-morphine and stressed-saline rats compared to stressed-morphine and control-saline rats on P15, but not P25. COS levels increased in stressed-saline group but decreased in control-morphine group compared to control-saline rats. Body weight was significantly higher in morphine groups than saline treated rats. Prenatal exposure to forced-swim stress potentiated PTZ-induced seizure in the offspring rats. Co-administration of morphine attenuated effect of stress on body weight, COS levels, and epileptic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loghman Ebrahimi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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35
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Slamberová R, Macúchová E, Nohejlová-Deykun K, Schutová B, Hrubá L, Rokyta R. Gender differences in the effect of prenatal methamphetamine exposure and challenge dose of other drugs on behavior of adult rats. Physiol Res 2013; 62:S99-S108. [PMID: 24329709 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the response to acute application of several drugs in adult male and female rats prenatally exposed to methamphetamine (MA). Spontaneous locomotor activity and exploratory behavior of adult male and female rats prenatally exposed to MA (5 mg/kg) or saline were tested in a Laboras apparatus (Metris B.V., Netherlands) for 1 h. Challenge dose of the examined drug [amphetamine - 5 mg/kg; cocaine - 5 mg/kg; MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) - 5 mg/kg; morphine - 5 mg/kg; THC (delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol) - 2 mg/kg] or saline was injected prior to testing. Our data demonstrate that prenatal MA exposure did not affect behavior in male rats with cocaine or morphine treatment, but increased locomotion and exploration in females. Application of amphetamine and MDMA in adulthood increased activity in both sexes, while cocaine and THC only in female rats. Morphine, on the other hand, decreased the activity in the Laboras test in both sexes. As far as sex and estrous cycle is concerned, the present study shows that males were generally less active than females and also females in proestrus-estrus phase of the estrous cycle were more active than females in diestrus. In conclusion, the present study shows that the prenatal MA exposure does not induce general sensitization but affects the sensitivity to drugs dependently to mechanism of drug action and with respect to gonadal hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Slamberová
- Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
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36
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Šlamberová R, Pometlová M, Schutová B, Hrubá L, Macúchová E, Nová E, Rokyta R. Do prenatally methamphetamine-exposed adult male rats display general predisposition to drug abuse in the conditioned place preference test? Physiol Res 2013; 61:S129-38. [PMID: 23130898 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse of pregnant women is a growing problem. The effect of prenatal drug exposure may have devastating effect on development of the offsprings that may be long-term or even permanent. One of the most common drug abused by pregnant women is methamphetamine (MA), which is also the most frequently abused illicit drug in the Czech Republic. Our previous studies demonstrated that prenatal MA exposure alters behavior, cognition, pain and seizures in adult rats in sex-specific manner. Our most recent studies demonstrate that prenatal MA exposure makes adult rats more sensitive to acute injection of the same or related drugs than their controls. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of prenatal MA exposure on drug-seeking behavior of adult male rats tested in the Conditioned place preference (CPP). Adult male rats were divided to: prenatally MA-exposed (5 mg/kg daily for the entire prenatal period), prenatally saline-exposed (1 ml/kg of physiological saline) and controls (without maternal injections). The following drugs were used in the CPP test in adulthood: MA (5 mg/kg), amphetamine (5 mg/kg), cocaine (5 and 10 mg/kg), morphine (5 mg/kg), MDMA (5 mg/kg) and THC (2 mg/kg). Our data demonstrated that prenatally MA-exposed rats displayed higher amphetamine-seeking behavior than both controls. MA as well as morphine induced drug-seeking behavior of adult male rats, however this effect did not differ based on the prenatal MA exposure. In contrast, prenatal MA exposure induced rather tolerance to cocaine than sensitization after the conditioning in the CPP. MDMA and THC did not induce significant effects. Even though the present data did not fully confirmed our hypotheses, future studies are planned to test the drug-seeking behavior also in self-administration test.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Šlamberová
- Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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37
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Abstract
Drug abuse during pregnancy is a growing problem in all developed countries all over the world. The drugs easily cross the placental barrier into the fetal body and are present also in the maternal milk. Therefore, it may affect the development of the child pre- as well as postnatally. The effects of prenatal drug exposure are long-lasting and persist until adulthood. The present review summarizes the clinical and experimental evidence showing how opioids and psychostimulants can affect maternal behavior of drug-abusing mother and the development of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Šlamberová
- Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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38
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Vassoler FM, Byrnes EM, Pierce RC. The impact of exposure to addictive drugs on future generations: Physiological and behavioral effects. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:269-75. [PMID: 23810828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is clear that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to drug addiction. Recent evidence indicating trans-generational influences of drug abuse highlight potential epigenetic factors as well. Specifically, mounting evidence suggests that parental ingestion of abused drugs influence the physiology and behavior of future generations even in the absence of prenatal exposure. The goal of this review is to describe the trans-generational consequences of preconception exposure to drugs of abuse for five major classes of drugs: alcohol, nicotine, marijuana, opioids, and cocaine. The potential epigenetic mechanisms underlying the transmission of these phenotypes across generations also are detailed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Vassoler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
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39
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Joel D. Genetic-gonadal-genitals sex (3G-sex) and the misconception of brain and gender, or, why 3G-males and 3G-females have intersex brain and intersex gender. Biol Sex Differ 2012; 3:27. [PMID: 23244600 PMCID: PMC3584732 DOI: 10.1186/2042-6410-3-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The categorization of individuals as "male" or "female" is based on chromosome complement and gonadal and genital phenotype. This combined genetic-gonadal-genitals sex, here referred to as 3G-sex, is internally consistent in ~99% of humans (i.e., one has either the "female" form at all levels, or the "male" form at all levels). About 1% of the human population is identified as "intersex" because of either having an intermediate form at one or more levels, or having the "male" form at some levels and the "female" form at other levels. These two types of "intersex" reflect the facts, respectively, that the different levels of 3G-sex are not completely dimorphic nor perfectly consistent. Using 3G-sex as a model to understand sex differences in other domains (e.g., brain, behavior) leads to the erroneous assumption that sex differences in these other domains are also highly dimorphic and highly consistent. But parallel lines of research have led to the conclusion that sex differences in the brain and in behavior, cognition, personality, and other gender characteristics are for the most part not dimorphic and not internally consistent (i.e., having one brain/gender characteristic with the "male" form is not a reliable predictor for the form of other brain/gender characteristics). Therefore although only ~1% percent of humans are 3G-"intersex", when it comes to brain and gender, we all have an intersex gender (i.e., an array of masculine and feminine traits) and an intersex brain (a mosaic of "male" and "female" brain characteristics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Joel
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Sithisarn T, Granger DT, Bada HS. Consequences of prenatal substance use. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2011; 24:105-12. [PMID: 22909919 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh.2012.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal substance use is a major public health problem and a social morbidity, with consequences on the drug user and the offspring. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on the child and adolescent outcomes following in utero drug exposure. METHODS Studies on the effects of specific substances, legal and illegal; i.e., tobacco or nicotine, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, opiates, and methamphetamine were evaluated and analyzed. RESULTS In general, manifestations of prenatal exposure to legal and illegal substances include varying deficits in birth anthropometric measurements, mild-to-moderate transient neurobehavioral alterations in infancy and long-term behavioral problems noted from early childhood to adolescence. Severity of expression of behavioral problems is influenced by environmental factors. Further, behavioral alterations following in utero drug exposure often exist with mental health co-morbidities. CONCLUSION Because of the long-term consequences of prenatal drug exposure on child and adolescent mental health, health providers need to promote substance use prevention, screen for exposure effects and provide or refer affected youths for intervention services. Preventive measures and treatment should consider other factors that may further increase the risk of psychopathology in the exposed children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitinart Sithisarn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexingon, KY 40536, USA
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Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of opium alkaloids in poppy seeds. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Froehlich TE, Anixt JS, Loe IM, Chirdkiatgumchai V, Kuan L, Gilman RC. Update on environmental risk factors for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2011; 13:333-44. [PMID: 21779823 PMCID: PMC3277258 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-011-0221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurobehavioral disorder affecting 5% to 10% of children. Although considered to be a highly familial disorder, ADHD heritability estimates of 60% to 80% highlight the considerable role that environmental factors may still play in disorder susceptibility. Proposed ADHD environmental risk factors include prenatal substance exposures, heavy metal and chemical exposures, nutritional factors, and lifestyle/psychosocial factors. This paper reviews the literature published in 2010 investigating the association between environmental risk factors and ADHD or related symptomatology. Sources of risk factor exposure and the proposed mechanism by which each exposure is linked to ADHD-related neurobehavioral changes are also reported. Methodologic limitations of the current literature are discussed, and guidelines for future study are proposed. An improved understanding of the role that environmental factors play in ADHD etiology is critical to future ADHD prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya E. Froehlich
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 4002, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Julia S. Anixt
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 4002, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Irene M. Loe
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 750 Welch Road, Suite 315, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - Lisa Kuan
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 4002, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Richard C. Gilman
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 4002, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Abstract
The underlying assumption in popular and scientific publications on sex differences in the brain is that human brains can take one of two forms “male” or “female,” and that the differences between these two forms underlie differences between men and women in personality, cognition, emotion, and behavior. Documented sex differences in brain structure are typically taken to support this dimorphic view of the brain. However, neuroanatomical data reveal that sex interacts with other factors in utero and throughout life to determine the structure of the brain, and that because these interactions are complex, the result is a multi-morphic, rather than a dimorphic, brain. More specifically, here I argue that human brains are composed of an ever-changing heterogeneous mosaic of “male” and “female” brain characteristics (rather than being all “male” or all “female”) that cannot be aligned on a continuum between a “male brain” and a “female brain.” I further suggest that sex differences in the direction of change in the brain mosaic following specific environmental events lead to sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphna Joel
- Department of Psychology, Tel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Pharmacological treatment of neonatal opiate withdrawal: between the devil and the deep blue sea. Int J Pediatr 2011; 2011:935631. [PMID: 21760818 PMCID: PMC3133472 DOI: 10.1155/2011/935631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Illicit drug use with opiates in pregnancy is a major global health issue with neonatal withdrawal being a common complication. Morphine is the main pharmacological agent administered for the treatment of neonatal withdrawal. In the past, morphine has been considered by and large inert in terms of its long-term effects on the central nervous system. However, recent animal and clinical studies have demonstrated that opiates exhibit significant effects on the growing brain. This includes direct dose-dependent effects on reduction in brain size and weight, protein, DNA, RNA, and neurotransmitters—possibly as a direct consequence of a number of opiate-mediated systems that influence neural cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. At this stage, we are stuck between the devil and the deep blue sea. There are no real alternatives to pharmacological treatment with opiates and other drugs for neonatal opiate withdrawal and opiate addiction in pregnant women. However, pending further rigorous studies examining the potential harmful effects of opiate exposure in utero and the perinatal period, prolonged use of these agents in the neonatal period should be used judiciously, with caution, and avoided where possible.
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Barr GA, McPhie-Lalmansingh A, Perez J, Riley M. Changing mechanisms of opiate tolerance and withdrawal during early development: animal models of the human experience. ILAR J 2011; 52:329-41. [PMID: 23382147 PMCID: PMC6040919 DOI: 10.1093/ilar.52.3.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infants may be exposed to opiates through placental transfer from an opiate-using mother or through the direct administration of such drugs to relieve pain (e.g., due to illness or neonatal surgery). Infants of many species show physical dependence and tolerance to opiates. The magnitude of tolerance and the nature of withdrawal differ from those of the adult. Moreover, the mechanisms that contribute to the chronic effects of opiates are not well understood in the infant but include biological processes that are both common to and distinct from those of the adult. We review the animal research literature on the effects of chronic and acute opiate exposure in infants and identify mechanisms of withdrawal and tolerance that are similar to and different from those understood in adults. These mechanisms include opioid pharmacology, underlying neural substrates, and the involvement of other neurotransmitter systems. It appears that brain circuitry and opioid receptor types are similar but that NMDA receptor function is immature in the infant. Intracellular signaling cascades may differ but data are complicated by differences between the effects of chronic versus acute morphine treatment. Given the limited treatment options for the dependent infant patient, further study of the biological functions that are altered by chronic opiate treatment is necessary to guide evidenced-based treatment modalities.
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He X, Bao Y, Li Y, Sui N. The effects of morphine at different embryonic ages on memory consolidation and rewarding properties of morphine in day-old chicks. Neurosci Lett 2010; 482:12-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jansson LM, DiPietro JA, Elko A, Velez M. Infant autonomic functioning and neonatal abstinence syndrome. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 109:198-204. [PMID: 20189732 PMCID: PMC2875284 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) expression is widely variable among affected infants and the reasons for this variability are largely unknown; mechanisms that predispose infants to NAS expression are not understood. It has been postulated that the regulatory problems of prenatally drug exposed infants are manifested in dysfunctional vagal regulation of autonomic processes. The current study examines whether cardiac vagal tone, an indicator of parasympathetic neuroregulation, provides a marker for autonomic dysregulation subsequently expressed as NAS in prenatally opioid-exposed newborns. METHODS Heart period (HP) and cardiac vagal tone (V) were derived from electrocardiogram data collected from 64 methadone-exposed infants on postnatal days 1 and 3. The postpartum NAS course was assessed serially. RESULTS Infants with lower V on day 1 had significantly higher NAS symptomatology on day 3. Boys had more severe NAS symptoms than girls through the first 4 days of life and, among infants receiving pharmacologic treatment for NAS, boys required longer treatment course and hospitalizations. Greater poly-drug exposure, detected through toxicology screening throughout pregnancy, and cocaine use in particular, were associated with lower V and shorter HP (faster heart rate) in newborns. Multiple regression models accounted for 25-35% of the variance in NAS symptoms and duration of hospitalization in methadone-exposed infants. Significant predictors included infant sex, SSRI/SNRI use, and cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS Results support the hypothesis of a biologic vulnerability of autonomic regulatory functioning in methadone-exposed infants and greater male infant vulnerability to maternal methadone use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Jansson
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224 USA,Corresponding author: Lauren M. Jansson Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center The Center for Addiction and Pregnancy 4940 Eastern Avenue, D5 Baltimore, Maryland 21224; USA Telephone: 410-550-5438 Fax: 410-550-2713
| | - Janet A. DiPietro
- Department of Population, Family & Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins , Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 USA
| | - Andrea Elko
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224 USA
| | - Martha Velez
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224 USA
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Sun H, Che Y, Liu X, Ma Y. Detour behavior changes associated with prenatal morphine exposure in 11-day-old chicks. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010; 28:239-43. [PMID: 20170722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system exhibits remarkable plasticity in early life. Prenatal morphine exposure may induce adverse behavioral effects on the neonate and the developing offspring. In the present study, we investigated the effect of prenatal morphine exposure (daily from embryonic days 12-16, 20mg/kg) on 11-day-old chicks using two forms of spatial paradigms: one trial detour behavior task in which animals must bypass an obstacle to reach the desired goal without any training and detour learning task which required several trials of training to reach the detour criterion. The results showed that, on the condition that chicks could successfully detour in the first trial, morphine exposed chicks exhibited longer detour latency to finish the task, coupled by a preference for turning right versus turning left. In contrast, no significant difference in learning and memory was found in detour learning task between morphine exposed chicks and saline chicks. These findings suggest specific behavioral changes associated with prenatal exposure to opioids during mid to late gestation, also raise attention to the possible health hazard from pregnancy drug use in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, PR China
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Buisman-Pijlman F, Gerrits M, Van Ree J. Increased opioid release in specific brain areas in animals exposed to prenatal morphine and emotional stress later in life. Neuroscience 2009; 159:405-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lin C, Tao P, Jong Y, Chen W, Yang C, Huang L, Chao C, Yang S. Prenatal morphine alters the synaptic complex of postsynaptic density 95 with N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit in hippocampal CA1 subregion of rat offspring leading to long-term cognitive deficits. Neuroscience 2009; 158:1326-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2008] [Revised: 11/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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