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Merrill CB, Titos I, Pabon MA, Montgomery AB, Rodan AR, Rothenfluh A. Iterative assay for transposase-accessible chromatin by sequencing to isolate functionally relevant neuronal subtypes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi4393. [PMID: 38536919 PMCID: PMC10971406 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi4393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The Drosophila brain contains tens of thousands of distinct cell types. Thousands of different transgenic lines reproducibly target specific neuron subsets, yet most still express in several cell types. Furthermore, most lines were developed without a priori knowledge of where the transgenes would be expressed. To aid in the development of cell type-specific tools for neuronal identification and manipulation, we developed an iterative assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC) approach. Open chromatin regions (OCRs) enriched in neurons, compared to whole bodies, drove transgene expression preferentially in subsets of neurons. A second round of ATAC-seq from these specific neuron subsets revealed additional enriched OCR2s that further restricted transgene expression within the chosen neuron subset. This approach allows for continued refinement of transgene expression, and we used it to identify neurons relevant for sleep behavior. Furthermore, this approach is widely applicable to other cell types and to other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin B. Merrill
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Iris Titos
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Miguel A. Pabon
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Aylin R. Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Willot Q, Loos B, Terblanche JS. Interactions between developmental and adult acclimation have distinct consequences for heat tolerance and heat stress recovery. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:271049. [PMID: 34308995 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Developmental and adult thermal acclimation can have distinct, even opposite, effects on adult heat resistance in ectotherms. Yet, their relative contribution to heat-hardiness of ectotherms remains unclear despite the broad ecological implications thereof. Furthermore, the deterministic relationship between heat knockdown and recovery from heat stress is poorly understood but significant for establishing causal links between climate variability and population dynamics. Here, using Drosophila melanogaster in a full-factorial experimental design, we assessed the heat tolerance of flies in static stress assays, and document how developmental and adult acclimation interact with a distinct pattern to promote survival to heat stress in adults. We show that warmer adult acclimation is the initial factor enhancing survival to constant stressful high temperatures in flies, but also that the interaction between adult and developmental acclimation becomes gradually more important to ensure survival as the stress persists. This provides an important framework revealing the dynamic interplay between these two forms of acclimation that ultimately enhance thermal tolerance as a function of stress duration. Furthermore, by investigating recovery rates post-stress, we also show that the process of heat-hardening and recovery post-heat knockdown are likely to be based on set of (at least partially) divergent mechanisms. This could bear ecological significance as a trade-off may exist between increasing thermal tolerance and maximizing recovery rates post-stress, constraining population responses when exposed to variable and stressful climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Willot
- Center for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - John S Terblanche
- Center for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Jain S, Maini J, Narang A, Maiti S, Brahmachari V. The regulatory function of dIno80 correlates with its DNA binding activity. Gene 2020; 732:144368. [PMID: 31954859 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The INO80 complex, including the Ino80 protein, forms a highly conserved canonical complex that remodels chromatin in the context of multiple cellular functions. The Drosophila homologue, dIno80, is involved in homeotic gene regulation during development as a canonical Pho-dIno80 complex. Previously, we found that dIno80 regulates homeotic genes by interacting with epigenetic regulators, such as polycomb and trithorax, suggesting the occurrence of non-canonical Ino80 complexes. Here using spectroscopic methods and gel retardation assays, we identified a set of consensus DNA sequences that DNA binding domain of dIno80 (DBINO) interacts with having differential affinity and high specificity. Testing these sequences in reporter assays, showed that this interaction can positively regulate transcription. These results suggest that, dIno80 has a sequence preference for interaction with DNA leading to transcriptional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Jain
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Jayant Maini
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Ankita Narang
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Souvik Maiti
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, Delhi 110025, India
| | - Vani Brahmachari
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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Kurniasih SD, Yamasaki T, Kong F, Okada S, Widyaningrum D, Ohama T. UV-mediated Chlamydomonas mutants with enhanced nuclear transgene expression by disruption of DNA methylation-dependent and independent silencing systems. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 92:629-641. [PMID: 27761764 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, we succeeded to generate Chlamydomonas mutants that bear dramatically enhanced ability for transgene expression. To yield these mutants, we utilized DNA methyltransferase deficient strain. These mutants must be useful as a plant cell factory. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (hereafter Chlamydomonas) is a green freshwater microalga. It is a promising cell factory for the production of recombinant proteins because it rapidly grows in simple salt-based media. However, expression of transgenes integrated into the nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas is very poor, probably because of severe transcriptional silencing irrespective of the genomic position. In this study, we generated Chlamydomonas mutants by ultraviolet (UV)-mediated mutagenesis of maintenance-type DNA methyltransferase gene (MET1)-null mutants to overcome this disadvantage. We obtained several mutants with an enhanced ability to overexpress various transgenes irrespective of their integrated genomic positions. In addition, transformation efficiencies were significantly elevated. Our findings indicate that in addition to mechanisms involving MET1, transgene expression is regulated by a DNA methylation-independent transgene silencing system in Chlamydomonas. This is in agreement with the fact that DNA methylation occurs rarely in this organism. The generated mutants may be useful for the low-cost production of therapeutic proteins and eukaryotic enzymes based on their rapid growth in simple salt-based media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Dewi Kurniasih
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kochi, 782-8502, Japan
| | - Tomohito Yamasaki
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kochi, 782-8502, Japan
| | - Fantao Kong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kochi, 782-8502, Japan
| | - Sigeru Okada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural & Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Dwiyantari Widyaningrum
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kochi, 782-8502, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohama
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Kochi, 782-8502, Japan.
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Jonkers I, Lis JT. Getting up to speed with transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 16:167-77. [PMID: 25693130 PMCID: PMC4782187 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in sequencing techniques that measure nascent transcripts and that reveal the positioning of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) have shown that the pausing of Pol II in promoter-proximal regions and its release to initiate a phase of productive elongation are key steps in transcription regulation. Moreover, after the release of Pol II from the promoter-proximal region, elongation rates are highly dynamic throughout the transcription of a gene, and vary on a gene-by-gene basis. Interestingly, Pol II elongation rates affect co-transcriptional processes such as splicing, termination and genome stability. Increasing numbers of factors and regulatory mechanisms have been associated with the steps of transcription elongation by Pol II, revealing that elongation is a highly complex process. Elongation is thus now recognized as a key phase in the regulation of transcription by Pol II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Jonkers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - John T Lis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 416 Biotechnology Building, 14853, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Abstract
Combined with TCR stimuli, extracellular cytokine signals initiate the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into specialized effector T-helper (Th) and regulatory T (Treg) cell subsets. The lineage specification and commitment process occurs through the combinatorial action of multiple transcription factors (TFs) and epigenetic mechanisms that drive lineage-specific gene expression programs. In this article, we review recent studies on the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of distinct Th cell lineages. Moreover, we review current study linking immune disease-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms with distal regulatory elements and their potential role in the disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash K Tripathi
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
- National Doctoral Programme in Informational and
Structural BiologyTurku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine (TuDMM),
University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi UniversityTurku, Finland
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7
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Karagodin DA, Omelina ES, Fedorova EV, Baricheva EM. Identification of functionally significant elements in the second intron of the Drosophila melanogaster Trithorax-like gene. Gene 2013; 520:178-84. [PMID: 23481306 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It is known that a lot of genes having a distinct expression pattern require the complex system of transcription regulation. The regulatory regions of such genes can include not only the 5'-flanking regions, but also other regions, particularly their intron sequences. The Drosophila melanogaster Trithorax-like (Trl) gene, encoding the GAGA protein, is one of the genes with complex expression pattern. GAGA is one of a few transcription factors that can regulate gene expression at multiple levels. The GAGA-mediated modulation of expression seems to be linked with modifications of the chromatin structure. Nowadays, the regulatory potential of the Trl 5'-flanking region that contains multiple GAGA binding sites has been analyzed, but the presence of the functionally significant elements in other Trl regions has not been examined. We found DNase I hypersensitive sites, evolutionary-conserved sequences and numerous GAGA binding sites in the second intron of the Trl gene. Interestingly, these sequences localize in two main regions of the intron in immediate proximity to preferred regions of transposon insertions. Additionally, we revealed that deletion of the intron fragment in the Trl(1-72) mutants caused an alteration of the Trl expression pattern. These results allow us to conclude that the second intron of the Trl gene contains functionally significant elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Karagodin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Lavrentieva Street, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
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Colinet H, Overgaard J, Com E, Sørensen JG. Proteomic profiling of thermal acclimation in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:352-365. [PMID: 23416132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermal acclimation drastically alters thermotolerance of ectotherms, but the mechanisms determining this plastic response are not fully understood. The present study investigates the proteomic response (2D-DIGE) of adult Drosophila melanogaster acclimated at 11, 25 or 31 °C. As expected 11 °C-acclimation improved cold tolerance and 31 °C-acclimation improved heat tolerance. We hypothesized that the marked organismal responses to acclimation could be detected at the proteomic level assuming that changes in the abundance of specific proteins are linked to the physiological changes underlying the phenotypic response. The 31 °C-acclimated flies displayed a particular divergent proteomic profile where molecular chaperones made up a large number of the proteins that were modulated during heat acclimation. Many other proteins showed significant modulation during acclimation including proteins involved in iron ion and cell redox homeostasis, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, chromatin remodeling and translation, and contractile machinery. Interestingly the changes in protein abundance were often unrelated to transcriptional activity of the genes coding for the proteins, except for the most strongly expressed proteins (e.g. Hsp70). The 11 °C-acclimation evoked weak proteomic response despite the marked effect on the organismal phenotype. Thus the acquired cold tolerance observed here may involve regulatory process such as posttranslational regulation rather than de novo protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Colinet
- Earth and Life Institute ELI, Biodiversity Research Centre BDIV, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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9
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Homem CCF, Knoblich JA. Drosophila neuroblasts: a model for stem cell biology. Development 2013; 139:4297-310. [PMID: 23132240 DOI: 10.1242/dev.080515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila neuroblasts, the stem cells of the developing fly brain, have emerged as a key model system for neural stem cell biology and have provided key insights into the mechanisms underlying asymmetric cell division and tumor formation. More recently, they have also been used to understand how neural progenitors can generate different neuronal subtypes over time, how their cell cycle entry and exit are coordinated with development, and how proliferation in the brain is spared from the growth restrictions that occur in other organs upon starvation. In this Primer, we describe the biology of Drosophila neuroblasts and highlight the most recent advances made using neuroblasts as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina C F Homem
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Dr Bohr Gasse 3-5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Chakravarthy S, Patel A, Bowman GD. The basic linker of macroH2A stabilizes DNA at the entry/exit site of the nucleosome. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:8285-95. [PMID: 22753032 PMCID: PMC3458575 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MacroH2A is a histone H2A variant that is typically found in heterochromatic regions of the genome. A positively charged linker that connects the histone-fold with the macro-domain was suggested to have DNA-binding properties, and has been shown to promote oligomerization of chromatin fibers. Here we examine the influence of this basic linker on DNA of mononucleosomes. We find that the macro-linker reduces accessibility to extranucleosomal DNA, and appears to increase compaction of the nucleosome. These properties arise from interactions between the H1-like basic linker region and DNA around the entry/exit site, which increases protection of nucleosomal DNA from exonuclease III digestion by ∼10 bp. By stabilizing the wrapping of DNA around the histone core, this basic linker of macroH2A may alter the distribution of nucleosome-associated factors, and potentially contribute to the more compacted nature of heterochromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Chakravarthy
- T.C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Chen B, Wagner A. Hsp90 is important for fecundity, longevity, and buffering of cryptic deleterious variation in wild fly populations. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:25. [PMID: 22369091 PMCID: PMC3305614 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the laboratory, the Drosophila melanogaster heat shock protein Hsp90 can buffer the phenotypic effects of genetic variation. Laboratory experiments either manipulate Hsp90 activity pharmacologically, or they induce mutations with strong effects in the gene Hsp83, the single-copy fly gene encoding Hsp90. It is unknown whether observations from such laboratory experiments are relevant in the wild. RESULTS We here study naturally occurring mutations in Hsp83, and their effects on fitness and phenotypic buffering in flies derived from wild populations. We examined more than 4500 flies from 42 Drosophila populations distributed world-wide for insertions or deletions of mobile DNA in or near the Hsp83 gene. The insertions we observed occur at low population frequencies, and reduce Hsp83 gene expression. In competition experiments, mutant flies performed much more poorly than wild-type flies. Mutant flies were also significantly less fecund and shorter-lived than wild-type flies, as well as less well buffered against cryptic deleterious variation, as we show through inbreeding experiments. Specifically, in Hsp83 mutant flies female fecundity dropped to much lower levels after inbreeding than in wild-type flies. At even slightly elevated temperatures, inbred mutant Hsp83 populations went extinct, whereas inbred wild-type populations persisted. CONCLUSIONS Our work shows that Hsp90, a regulator of the stress response and of signaling, helps buffer deleterious variation in fruit flies derived from wild population, and that its buffering role becomes even more important under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Yamasaki T, Ohama T. Involvement of Elongin C in the spread of repressive histone modifications. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 65:51-61. [PMID: 21175889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In our previous work, we induced RNA interference (RNAi) against the spectinomycin resistance-conferring aadA transgene by transcribing a long inverted repeat in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, after long-term culture, the level of transcripts of the inverted repeat was markedly decreased. In this study, we performed random insertional mutagenesis of the RNAi strain to identify the genes that contribute to the transcriptional silencing of the silencer construct. We succeeded in isolating several mutants showing derepression of transcription of the inverted repeat. One of these tag mutant strains, 148-10H, had a deletion of the Elongin C gene (ELC), which is a component of some E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. In the mutant, the level of monomethyl histone H3 on lysine 9 (H3K9me1) was reduced to less than half of the parental strain, and a large portion of deacetylated H3 marks were removed from the promoter region of the silencer construct, while these repressive histone modifications and levels of methyl-CpG levels were retained in the inverted repeat region. The most probable interpretation of the above-mentioned phenomenon is that ELC is essential for stepwise extension of heterochromatin formation that is nucleated in the inverted region over the promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Yamasaki
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology (KUT), Tosayamada, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohama
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology (KUT), Tosayamada, Kochi 782-8502, Japan
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13
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Paige KN. The Functional Genomics of Inbreeding Depression: A New Approach to an Old Problem. Bioscience 2010. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2010.60.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Modulation of chromatin boundary activities by nucleosome-remodeling activities in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 30:1067-76. [PMID: 19995906 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00183-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin boundaries facilitate independent gene regulation by insulating genes from the effects of enhancers or organized chromatin. However, the mechanisms of boundary action are not well understood. To investigate whether boundary function depends on a higher order of chromatin organization, we examined the function of several Drosophila melanogaster insulators in cells with reduced chromatin-remodeling activities. We found that knockdown of NURF301 and ISWI, key components of the nucleosome-remodeling factor (NURF), synergistically disrupted the enhancer-blocking function of Fab7 and SF1 and augmented the function of Fab8. Mutations in Nurf301/Ebx and Iswi also affected the function of these boundaries in vivo. We further show that ISWI was localized on the endogenous Fab7 and Fab8 insulators and that NURF knockdown resulted in a marked increase in the nucleosome occupancy at these insulator sites. In contrast to the effect of NURF knockdown, reduction in dMi-2, the ATPase component of the Drosophila nucleosome-remodeling and deacetylation (NuRD) complex, augmented Fab7 and suppressed Fab8. Our results provide the first evidence that higher-order chromatin organization influences the enhancer-blocking activity of chromatin boundaries. In particular, the NURF and NuRD nucleosome-remodeling complexes may regulate Hox expression by modulating the function of boundaries in these complexes. The unique responses by different classes of boundaries to changes in the chromatin environment may be indicative of their distinct mechanisms of action, which may influence their placement in the genome and selection during evolution.
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Ayroles JF, Hughes KA, Rowe KC, Reedy MM, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Drnevich JM, Cáceres CE, Paige KN. A genomewide assessment of inbreeding depression: gene number, function, and mode of action. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2009; 23:920-930. [PMID: 19627320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although the genetic basis of inbreeding depression is still being debated, most fitness effects are thought to be the result of increased homozygosity for recessive or partially recessive deleterious alleles rather than the loss of overdominant genes. It is unknown how many loci are associated with inbreeding depression, the genes or gene pathways involved, or their mode of action. To uncover genes associated with variation in fitness following inbreeding, we generated a set of inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster for which only the third chromosome varied among lines and measured male competitive reproductive success among these lines to estimate inbreeding depression. Male competitive reproductive success for different lines validated our prediction that equally inbred lines show variation in inbreeding depression. To begin to assess the molecular basis of inbreeding depression for male competitive reproductive success, we detected variation in whole-genome gene expression across these inbred lines with commercially available high-density oligonucleotide microarrays. A total of 567 genes were differentially expressed among these inbred lines, indicating that inbreeding directly or indirectly affects a large number of genes: genes that are disproportionately involved in metabolism, stress and defense responses. Subsequently, we generated a set of outbred lines by crossing the highest inbreeding depression lines to each other and contrasted gene expression between parental inbred lines and F(1) hybrids with transcript abundance as a quantitative phenotype to determine the mode of action of the genes associated with inbreeding depression. Although our results indicated that approximately 75% of all genes involved in inbreeding depression were additive, partially additive, or dominant, about 25% of all genes expressed patterns of overdominance. These results should be viewed with caution given that they may be confounded by issues of statistical inference or associative overdominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien F Ayroles
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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16
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Comparative genomics allows the discovery of cis-regulatory elements in mosquitoes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:3053-8. [PMID: 19211788 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0813264106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery and mapping of cis-regulatory elements is important for understanding regulation of gene transcription in mosquito vectors of human diseases. Genome sequence data are available for 3 species, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae), representing 2 subfamilies (Culicinae and Anophelinae) that are estimated to have diverged 145 to 200 million years ago. Comparative genomics tools were used to screen genomic DNA fragments located in the 5'-end flanking regions of orthologous genes. These analyses resulted in the identification of 137 sequences, designated "mosquito motifs," 7 to 9 nucleotides in length, representing 18 families of putative cis-regulatory elements conserved significantly among the 3 species when compared to the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Forty-one of the motifs were implicated previously in experiments as sites for binding transcription factors or functioning in the regulation of mosquito gene expression. Further analyses revealed associations between specific motifs and expression profiles, particularly in those genes that show increased or decreased mRNA abundance in females following a blood meal, and those accumulating transcription products exclusively or preferentially in the midgut, fat bodies, or ovaries. These results validate the methodology and support a relationship between the discovered motifs and the conservation of hematophagy in mosquitoes.
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Chopra VS, Srinivasan A, Kumar RP, Mishra K, Basquin D, Docquier M, Seum C, Pauli D, Mishra RK. Transcriptional activation by GAGA factor is through its direct interaction with dmTAF3. Dev Biol 2008; 317:660-70. [PMID: 18367161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 01/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The GAGA factor (GAF), encoded by the Trithorax like gene (Trl) is a multifunctional protein involved in gene activation, Polycomb-dependent repression, chromatin remodeling and is a component of chromatin domain boundaries. Although first isolated as transcriptional activator of the Drosophila homeotic gene Ultrabithorax (Ubx), the molecular basis of this GAF activity is unknown. Here we show that dmTAF3 (also known as BIP2 and dTAF(II)155), a component of TFIID, interacts directly with GAF. We generated mutations in dmTAF3 and show that, in Trl mutant background, they affect transcription of Ubx leading to enhancement of Ubx phenotype. These results reveal that the gene activation pathway involving GAF is through its direct interaction with dmTAF3.
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Girton JR, Johansen KM. Chromatin structure and the regulation of gene expression: the lessons of PEV in Drosophila. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2008; 61:1-43. [PMID: 18282501 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(07)00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Position-effect variegation (PEV) was discovered in 1930 in a study of X-ray-induced chromosomal rearrangements. Rearrangements that place euchromatic genes adjacent to a region of centromeric heterochromatin give a variegated phenotype that results from the inactivation of genes by heterochromatin spreading from the breakpoint. PEV can also result from P element insertions that place euchromatic genes into heterochromatic regions and rearrangements that position euchromatic chromosomal regions into heterochromatic nuclear compartments. More than 75 years of studies of PEV have revealed that PEV is a complex phenomenon that results from fundamental differences in the structure and function of heterochromatin and euchromatin with respect to gene expression. Molecular analysis of PEV began with the discovery that PEV phenotypes are altered by suppressor and enhancer mutations of a large number of modifier genes whose products are structural components of heterochromatin, enzymes that modify heterochromatic proteins, or are nuclear structural components. Analysis of these gene products has led to our current understanding that formation of heterochromatin involves specific modifications of histones leading to the binding of particular sets of heterochromatic proteins, and that this process may be the mechanism for repressing gene expression in PEV. Other modifier genes produce products whose function is part of an active mechanism of generation of euchromatin that resists heterochromatization. Current studies of PEV are focusing on defining the complex patterns of modifier gene activity and the sequence of events that leads to the dynamic interplay between heterochromatin and euchromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack R Girton
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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19
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Shilova VY, Garbuz DG, Myasnyankina EN, Evgen’ev MB, Zelentsova ES, Zatsepina OG. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the transpositions of P element—based genetic construction into the region of Drosophila melanogaster hsp70 genes. RUSS J GENET+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795407120010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Chen B, Walser JC, Rodgers TH, Sobota RS, Burke MK, Rose MR, Feder ME. Abundant, diverse, and consequentialPelements segregate in promoters of small heat-shock genes inDrosophilapopulations. J Evol Biol 2007; 20:2056-66. [PMID: 17714322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study extends evidence that Drosophila heat-shock genes are distinctively evolvable because of insertion of transposable elements by examining the genotypic diversity and phenotypic consequences of naturally occurring P element insertions in the proximal promoter regions of two small heat-shock genes. Detailed scrutiny of two populations revealed 16 distinctive P transposable elements collectively segregating in proximal promoters of two small heat-shock genes, Hsp26 and Hsp27. These elements vary in size, orientation and insertion site. Frequencies of P element-containing alleles varied from 5% to 100% in these populations. Two Hsp26 elements chosen for detailed study, R(s)P(26) and D(2)P(m), reduced or abolished Hsp26 expression respectively. The R(s)P(26) element increased or did not affect inducible tolerance of high temperature, increased fecundity, but decreased developmental rate. On the other hand, the D(2)P(m) element decreased thermotolerance and fecundity. In lines subjected to experimental evolution, the allelic frequency of the R(s)P(26)P element varied considerably, and was at lower frequencies in lines selected for increased longevity and for accelerated development than in controls. Transposable element insertions into small Hsp genes in Drosophila populations can have dramatic fitness consequences, and therefore create variation on which selection can act.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chen
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The Committees on Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, and Molecular Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Kurshakova MM, Nabirochkina EN, Lebedeva LA, Georgieva SG, Evgen'ev MB, Krasnov AN. Involvement of general transcriptional factors in the regulation of transcription of the hsp70 gene in vivo. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2007; 411:475-8. [PMID: 17425044 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496606060147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M M Kurshakova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 34/5, Moscow, 119334 Russia
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Abnizova I, Subhankulova T, Gilks WR. Recent computational approaches to understand gene regulation: mining gene regulation in silico. Curr Genomics 2007; 8:79-91. [PMID: 18660846 PMCID: PMC2435357 DOI: 10.2174/138920207780368150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Revised: 12/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews recent computational approaches to the understanding of gene regulation in eukaryotes. Cis-regulation of gene expression by the binding of transcription factors is a critical component of cellular physiology. In eukaryotes, a number of transcription factors often work together in a combinatorial fashion to enable cells to respond to a wide spectrum of environmental and developmental signals. Integration of genome sequences and/or Chromatin Immunoprecipitation on chip data with gene-expression data has facilitated in silico discovery of how the combinatorics and positioning of transcription factors binding sites underlie gene activation in a variety of cellular processes.The process of gene regulation is extremely complex and intriguing, therefore all possible points of view and related links should be carefully considered. Here we attempt to collect an inventory, not claiming it to be comprehensive and complete, of related computational biological topics covering gene regulation, which may en-lighten the process, and briefly review what is currently occurring in these areas.We will consider the following computational areas:o gene regulatory network construction;o evolution of regulatory DNA;o studies of its structural and statistical informational properties;o and finally, regulatory RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T Subhankulova
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Xu R, Spencer VA, Bissell MJ. Extracellular matrix-regulated gene expression requires cooperation of SWI/SNF and transcription factors. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:14992-9. [PMID: 17387179 PMCID: PMC2933196 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610316200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular cues play crucial roles in the transcriptional regulation of tissue-specific genes, but whether and how these signals lead to chromatin remodeling is not understood and subject to debate. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and mammary-specific genes as models, we show here that extracellular matrix molecules and prolactin cooperate to induce histone acetylation and binding of transcription factors and the SWI/SNF complex to the beta- and gamma-casein promoters. Introduction of a dominant negative Brg1, an ATPase subunit of SWI/SNF complex, significantly reduced both beta- and gamma-casein expression, suggesting that SWI/SNF-dependent chromatin remodeling is required for transcription of mammary-specific genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated that the ATPase activity of SWI/SNF is necessary for recruitment of RNA transcriptional machinery, but not for binding of transcription factors or for histone acetylation. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses showed that the SWI/SNF complex is associated with STAT5, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta, and glucocorticoid receptor. Thus, extracellular matrix- and prolactin-regulated transcription of the mammary-specific casein genes requires the concerted action of chromatin remodeling enzymes and transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Xu
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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24
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Casas-Mollano JA, van Dijk K, Eisenhart J, Cerutti H. SET3p monomethylates histone H3 on lysine 9 and is required for the silencing of tandemly repeated transgenes in Chlamydomonas. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:939-50. [PMID: 17251191 PMCID: PMC1807958 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SET domain-containing proteins of the SU(VAR)3-9 class are major regulators of heterochromatin in several eukaryotes, including mammals, insects, plants and fungi. The function of these polypeptides is mediated, at least in part, by their ability to methylate histone H3 on lysine 9 (H3K9). Indeed, mutants defective in SU(VAR)3-9 proteins have implicated di- and/or trimethyl H3K9 in the formation and/or maintenance of heterochromatin across the eukaryotic spectrum. Yet, the biological significance of monomethyl H3K9 has remained unclear because of the lack of mutants exclusively defective in this modification. Interestingly, a SU(VAR)3-9 homolog in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, SET3p, functions in vitro as a specific H3K9 monomethyltransferase. RNAi-mediated suppression of SET3 reactivated the expression of repetitive transgenic arrays and reduced global monomethyl H3K9 levels. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrated that transgene reactivation correlated with the partial loss of monomethyl H3K9 from their chromatin. In contrast, the levels of trimethyl H3K9 or the repression of euchromatic sequences were not affected by SET3 downregulation; whereas dimethyl H3K9 was undetectable in Chlamydomonas. Thus, our observations are consistent with a role for monomethyl H3K9 as an epigenetic mark of repressed chromatin and raise questions as to the functional distinctiveness of different H3K9 methylation states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Heriberto Cerutti
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 402 472 0247; Fax: +1 402 472 8722; E-mail:
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25
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Lebedeva LA, Nabirochkina EN, Evgen’ev MB, Georgieva SG, Krasnov AN. Role of general transcription factors and the TFTC complex in transcription activation in vivo as revealed with a model of the hsp70 gene. RUSS J GENET+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795407010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Walser JC, Chen B, Feder ME. Heat-shock promoters: targets for evolution by P transposable elements in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2006; 2:e165. [PMID: 17029562 PMCID: PMC1592238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements are potent agents of genomic change during evolution, but require access to chromatin for insertion—and not all genes provide equivalent access. To test whether the regulatory features of heat-shock genes render their proximal promoters especially susceptible to the insertion of transposable elements in nature, we conducted an unbiased screen of the proximal promoters of 18 heat-shock genes in 48 natural populations of Drosophila. More than 200 distinctive transposable elements had inserted into these promoters; greater than 96% are P elements. By contrast, few or no P element insertions segregate in natural populations in a “negative control” set of proximal promoters lacking the distinctive regulatory features of heat-shock genes. P element transpositions into these same genes during laboratory mutagenesis recapitulate these findings. The natural P element insertions cluster in specific sites in the promoters, with up to eight populations exhibiting P element insertions at the same position; laboratory insertions are into similar sites. By contrast, a “positive control” set of promoters resembling heat-shock promoters in regulatory features harbors few P element insertions in nature, but many insertions after experimental transposition in the laboratory. We conclude that the distinctive regulatory features that typify heat-shock genes (in Drosophila) are especially prone to mutagenesis via P elements in nature. Thus in nature, P elements create significant and distinctive variation in heat-shock genes, upon which evolutionary processes may act. Transposable elements can be a major source of evolutionary change. Their insertion can directly affect the genes into, or next to, which they insert. To insert, however, they must first gain access to the host gene. The authors reasoned that, because the DNA in the promoters (i.e., regulatory regions) of heat-shock genes is unusually accessible, these genes might harbor many transposable elements. With a technique that can detect any insertion into a gene, they discovered more than 200 distinctive transposable elements in the promoter regions of heat-shock genes in fruit flies from the wild—but few or none in the promoter regions of more typical genes. Surprisingly, out of the one hundred kinds of transposable elements in fruit flies, almost all were P elements. P elements are remarkable because they invaded the fruit fly genome only during the last century. These findings imply that the combination of accessible DNA and the recent invasion of P elements have left a distinctive imprint on the promoters of heat-shock genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Walser
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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27
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GuhaThakurta D. Computational identification of transcriptional regulatory elements in DNA sequence. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:3585-98. [PMID: 16855295 PMCID: PMC1524905 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification and annotation of all the functional elements in the genome, including genes and the regulatory sequences, is a fundamental challenge in genomics and computational biology. Since regulatory elements are frequently short and variable, their identification and discovery using computational algorithms is difficult. However, significant advances have been made in the computational methods for modeling and detection of DNA regulatory elements. The availability of complete genome sequence from multiple organisms, as well as mRNA profiling and high-throughput experimental methods for mapping protein-binding sites in DNA, have contributed to the development of methods that utilize these auxiliary data to inform the detection of transcriptional regulatory elements. Progress is also being made in the identification of cis-regulatory modules and higher order structures of the regulatory sequences, which is essential to the understanding of transcription regulation in the metazoan genomes. This article reviews the computational approaches for modeling and identification of genomic regulatory elements, with an emphasis on the recent developments, and current challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debraj GuhaThakurta
- Research Genetics Division, Rosetta Inpharmatics LLC, Merck & Co., Inc, 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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28
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Gershenzon NI, Trifonov EN, Ioshikhes IP. The features of Drosophila core promoters revealed by statistical analysis. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:161. [PMID: 16790048 PMCID: PMC1538597 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental investigation of transcription is still a very labor- and time-consuming process. Only a few transcription initiation scenarios have been studied in detail. The mechanism of interaction between basal machinery and promoter, in particular core promoter elements, is not known for the majority of identified promoters. In this study, we reveal various transcription initiation mechanisms by statistical analysis of 3393 nonredundant Drosophila promoters. RESULTS Using Drosophila-specific position-weight matrices, we identified promoters containing TATA box, Initiator, Downstream Promoter Element (DPE), and Motif Ten Element (MTE), as well as core elements discovered in Human (TFIIB Recognition Element (BRE) and Downstream Core Element (DCE)). Promoters utilizing known synergetic combinations of two core elements (TATA_Inr, Inr_MTE, Inr_DPE, and DPE_MTE) were identified. We also establish the existence of promoters with potentially novel synergetic combinations: TATA_DPE and TATA_MTE. Our analysis revealed several motifs with the features of promoter elements, including possible novel core promoter element(s). Comparison of Human and Drosophila showed consistent percentages of promoters with TATA, Inr, DPE, and synergetic combinations thereof, as well as most of the same functional and mutual positions of the core elements. No statistical evidence of MTE utilization in Human was found. Distinct nucleosome positioning in particular promoter classes was revealed. CONCLUSION We present lists of promoters that potentially utilize the aforementioned elements/combinations. The number of these promoters is two orders of magnitude larger than the number of promoters in which transcription initiation was experimentally studied. The sequences are ready to be experimentally tested or used for further statistical analysis. The developed approach may be utilized for other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naum I Gershenzon
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10Avenue, Columbus OH 43210, USA
- Department of Physics, Wright State University, Dayton OH 45435, USA
| | - Edward N Trifonov
- Genome Diversity Center, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Ilya P Ioshikhes
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10Avenue, Columbus OH 43210, USA
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29
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Shilova VY, Garbuz DG, Myasyankina EN, Chen B, Evgen'ev MB, Feder ME, Zatsepina OG. Remarkable site specificity of local transposition into the Hsp70 promoter of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2006; 173:809-20. [PMID: 16582443 PMCID: PMC1526513 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.053959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock genes have numerous features that ought to predispose them to insertional mutagenesis via transposition. To elucidate the evolvability of heat-shock genes via transposition, we have exploited a local transposition technique and Drosophila melanogaster strains with EPgy2 insertions near the Hsp70 gene cluster at 87A7 to produce numerous novel EPgy2 insertions into these Hsp70 genes. More than 50% of 45 independent insertions were made into two adjacent nucleotides in the proximal promoter at positions -96 and -97, and no insertions were into a coding or 3'-flanking sequence. All inserted transposons were in inverse orientation to the starting transposon. The frequent insertion into nucleotides -96 and -97 is consistent with the DNase hypersensitivity, absence of nucleosomes, flanking GAGA-factor-binding sites, and nucleotide sequence of this region. These experimental insertions recapitulated many of the phenotypes of natural transposition into Hsp70: reduced mRNA expression, less Hsp70 protein, and decreased inducible thermotolerance. The results suggest that the distinctive features of heat-shock promoters, which underlie the massive and rapid expression of heat-shock genes upon heat shock, also are a source of evolutionary variation on which natural selection can act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Y Shilova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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30
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Brody T, Odenwald WF. Regulation of temporal identities during Drosophila neuroblast lineage development. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2005; 17:672-5. [PMID: 16243502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2005.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the major goals of neurobiology is to describe, in molecular terms, how a neural progenitor cell can generate an ordered series of uniquely fated neurons and glia. It has become clear that many, or all, neural-subtype identities can be linked to sequentially changing regulatory programs within neural precursors. Recent studies shed light on regulatory inputs and timing mechanisms that generate temporally defined cell identities, and new contributions are beginning to establish a link between the temporal network and cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brody
- Neural Cell-Fate Determinants Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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31
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Petrascheck M, Escher D, Mahmoudi T, Verrijzer CP, Schaffner W, Barberis A. DNA looping induced by a transcriptional enhancer in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:3743-50. [PMID: 16002789 PMCID: PMC1174898 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancers are DNA sequences that can activate gene transcription from remote positions. In yeast, regulatory sequences that are functionally equivalent to the metazoan enhancers are called upstream activating sequences (UASs). UASs show a lower degree of flexibility than their metazoan counterparts, but can nevertheless activate transcription from a distance of >1000 bp from the promoter. One of several models for the mechanism of action of transcriptional enhancers proposes that enhancer-bound activating proteins contact promoter-bound transcription factors and thereby get in close proximity to the promoter region with concomitant looping of the intervening DNA. We tested the mode of enhancer activity in yeast. A polymerase II-transcribed gene was paired with a remote, inducible enhancer. An independent reporter system was inserted next to the promoter to monitor the potential modes of enhancer activity. Our results show that the enhancer activated the reporter system only in the presence of a functional promoter. We also demonstrate that the heterologous expression of GAGA, a factor known to facilitate DNA loop formation, allows enhancer action in yeast over a distance of 3000 bp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Petrascheck
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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32
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Grosskortenhaus R, Pearson BJ, Marusich A, Doe CQ. Regulation of Temporal Identity Transitions in Drosophila Neuroblasts. Dev Cell 2005; 8:193-202. [PMID: 15691761 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2004.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Temporal patterning is an important aspect of embryonic development, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Drosophila neuroblasts are an excellent model for studying temporal identity: they sequentially express four genes (hunchback --> Kruppel --> pdm1 --> castor) whose temporal regulation is essential for generating neuronal diversity. Here we show that hunchback --> Kruppel timing is regulated transcriptionally and requires neuroblast cytokinesis, consistent with asymmetric partitioning of transcriptional regulators during neuroblast division or feedback signaling from the neuroblast progeny. Surprisingly, Kruppel --> pdm1 --> castor timing occurs normally in isolated or G(2)-arrested neuroblasts, and thus involves a neuroblast-intrinsic timer. Finally, we find that Hunchback potently regulates the neuroblast temporal identity timer: prolonged Hunchback expression keeps the neuroblast "young" for multiple divisions, and subsequent downregulation allows resumption of Kruppel --> pdm1 --> castor expression and the normal neuroblast lineage. We conclude that two distinct "timers" regulate neuroblast gene expression: a hunchback --> Kruppel timer requiring cytokinesis, and a Kruppel --> pdm1 --> castor timer which is cell cycle independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Grosskortenhaus
- Institutes of Neuroscience and Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon 1254, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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33
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Vinogradov AE. Noncoding DNA, isochores and gene expression: nucleosome formation potential. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:559-63. [PMID: 15673716 PMCID: PMC548339 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleosome formation potential of introns, intergenic spacers and exons of human genes is shown here to negatively correlate with among-tissues breadth of gene expression. The nucleosome formation potential is also found to negatively correlate with the GC content of genomic sequences; the slope of regression line is steeper in exons compared with noncoding DNA (introns and intergenic spacers). The correlation with GC content is independent of sequence length; in turn, the nucleosome formation potential of introns and intergenic spacers positively (albeit weakly) correlates with sequence length independently of GC content. These findings help explain the functional significance of the isochores (regions differing in GC content) in the human genome as a result of optimization of genomic structure for epigenetic complexity and support the notion that noncoding DNA is important for orderly chromatin condensation and chromatin-mediated suppression of tissue-specific genes.
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Pauli S, Rothnie HM, Chen G, He X, Hohn T. The cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter extends into the transcribed region. J Virol 2004; 78:12120-8. [PMID: 15507598 PMCID: PMC525061 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.22.12120-12128.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A 60-nucleotide region (S1) downstream of the transcription start site of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA can enhance gene expression. By using transient expression assays with plant protoplasts, this activity was shown to be at least partially due to the effect of transcriptional enhancers within this region. We identify sequence motifs with enhancer function, which are normally masked by the powerful upstream enhancers of the 35S promoter. A repeated CT-rich motif is involved both in enhancer function and in interaction with plant nuclear proteins. The S1 region can also enhance expression from heterologous promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pauli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, P.O. Box 2543, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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35
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Vinogradov AE. Compactness of human housekeeping genes: selection for economy or genomic design? Trends Genet 2004; 20:248-53. [PMID: 15109779 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2004.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Vinogradov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave 4, St Petersburg 194064, Russia.
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Adkins NL, Watts M, Georgel PT. To the 30-nm chromatin fiber and beyond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 1677:12-23. [PMID: 15020041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2003.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2003] [Revised: 09/25/2003] [Accepted: 09/25/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin fibers are intrinsically dynamic macromolecular complexes whose biological functions are intimately linked with their structure and interactions with chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs). Three-dimensional architectural transitions between or within the two co-existing chromatin types referred to as euchromatin and heterochromatin have been associated with activation or repression of nuclear functions. The presence of specific subsets of chromosomal proteins co-existing with the different chromatin conformations suggests a functional significance for their co-localization. The major points of emphasis of this review will assess the structure, function and recently documented exchanges amongst various members of the CAP family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Adkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Marshall University, 1 John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
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37
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Smith ST, Petruk S, Sedkov Y, Cho E, Tillib S, Canaani E, Mazo A. Modulation of heat shock gene expression by the TAC1 chromatin-modifying complex. Nat Cell Biol 2004; 6:162-7. [PMID: 14730313 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2003] [Accepted: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rapid induction of the Drosophila melanogaster heat shock gene hsp70 is achieved through the binding of heat shock factor (HSF) to heat shock elements (HSEs) located upstream of the transcription start site (reviewed in ref. 3). The subsequent recruitment of several other factors, including Spt5, Spt6 and FACT, is believed to facilitate Pol II elongation through nucleosomes downstream of the start site. Here, we report a novel mechanism of heat shock gene regulation that involves modifications of nucleosomes by the TAC1 histone modification complex. After heat stress, TAC1 is recruited to several heat shock gene loci, where its components are required for high levels of gene expression. Recruitment of TAC1 to the 5'-coding region of hsp70 seems to involve the elongating Pol II complex. TAC1 has both histone H3 Lys 4-specific (H3-K4) methyltransferase (HMTase) activity and histone acetyltransferase activity through Trithorax (Trx) and CREB-binding protein (CBP), respectively. Consistently, TAC1 is required for methylation and acetylation of nucleosomal histones in the 5'-coding region of hsp70 after induction, suggesting an unexpected role for TAC1 during transcriptional elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl T Smith
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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38
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Voellmy R. Transcriptional Regulation of the Metazoan Stress Protein Response. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 78:143-85. [PMID: 15210330 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(04)78004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an updated account of the regulation of the metazoan stress protein response. Where indicated, observations made with yeasts are also included. However, a discussion of the plant stress protein response is intentionally omitted (for a review, see 1). The stress protein response, as discussed hereafter, is understood to relate to the response by virtually all cells to heat and other stressors that results in the induced expression of so-called heat shock or stress genes. The protein products of these genes localize largely to the cytoplasm, nucleus, or organelles. An analogous response controls the expression of related genes, whose products reside in the endoplasmic reticulum. The response, termed ER stress response or unfolded protein response, is mediated by a separate regulation system that is not discussed in this review. Note, however, that recent work suggests the existence of commonalities between the regulatory systems controlling the stress protein and ER stress responses (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Voellmy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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39
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Mahmoudi T, Zuijderduijn LMP, Mohd-Sarip A, Verrijzer CP. GAGA facilitates binding of Pleiohomeotic to a chromatinized Polycomb response element. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:4147-56. [PMID: 12853632 PMCID: PMC167640 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb response elements (PREs) are chromosomal elements, typically comprising thousands of base pairs of poorly defined sequences that confer the maintenance of gene expression patterns by Polycomb group (PcG) repressors and trithorax group (trxG) activators. Genetic studies have indicated a synergistic requirement for the trxG protein GAGA and the PcG protein Pleiohomeotic (PHO) in silencing at several PREs. However, the molecular basis of this cooperation remains unknown. Here, using DNaseI footprinting analysis, we provide a high-resolution map of sites for the sequence- specific DNA-binding PcG protein PHO, trxG proteins GAGA and Zeste and the gap protein Hunchback (HB) on the 1.6 kb Ultrabithorax (Ubx) PRE. Although these binding elements are present throughout the PRE, they display clear patterns of clustering, suggestive of functional collaboration at the level of PRE binding. We found that while GAGA could efficiently bind to a chromatinized PRE, PHO alone was incapable of binding to chromatin. However, PHO binding to chromatin, but not naked DNA, was strongly facilitated by GAGA, indicating interdependence between GAGA and PHO already at the level of PRE binding. These results provide a biochemical explanation for the in vivo cooperation between GAGA and PHO and suggest that PRE function involves the integrated activities of genetically antagonistic trxG and PcG proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Center for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9503, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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40
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Kliman RM, Irving N, Santiago M. Selection conflicts, gene expression, and codon usage trends in yeast. J Mol Evol 2003; 57:98-109. [PMID: 12962310 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-003-2459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synonymous codon usage in yeast appears to be influenced by natural selection on gene expression, as well as regional variation in compositional bias. Because of the large number of potential targets of selection (i.e., most of the codons in the genome) and presumed small selection coefficients, codon usage is an excellent model for studying factors that limit the effectiveness of selection. We use factor analysis to identify major trends in codon usage for 5836 genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The primary factor is strongly correlated with gene expression, consistent with the model that a subset of codons allows for more efficient translation. The secondary factor is very strongly correlated with third codon position GC content and probably reflects regional variation in compositional bias. We find that preferred codon usage decreases in the face of three potential limitations on the effectiveness of selection: reduced recombination rate, increased gene length, and reduced intergenic spacing. All three patterns are consistent with the Hill-Robertson effect (reduced effectiveness of selection among linked targets). A reduction in gene expression in closely spaced genes may also reflect selection conflicts due to antagonistic pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Kliman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kean University, 1000 Morris Avenue, Union, NJ 08830, USA.
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41
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Park Y, Mengus G, Bai X, Kageyama Y, Meller VH, Becker PB, Kuroda MI. Sequence-specific targeting of Drosophila roX genes by the MSL dosage compensation complex. Mol Cell 2003; 11:977-86. [PMID: 12718883 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(03)00147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
MSL complexes bind the single male X chromosome in Drosophila to increase transcription approximately 2-fold. Complexes contain at least five proteins and two noncoding RNAs, roX1 and roX2. The mechanism of X chromosome binding is not known. Here, we identify a 110 bp sequence in roX2 characterized by high-affinity MSL binding, male-specific DNase I hypersensitivity, a shared consensus with the otherwise dissimilar roX1 gene, and conservation across species. Mutagenesis of evolutionarily conserved sequences diminishes MSL binding in vivo. MSL binding to these sites is roX RNA dependent, suggesting that complexes become competent for binding only after incorporation of roX RNAs. However, the roX RNA segments homologous to the DNA binding sites are not required, ruling out simple RNA-DNA complementarity as the primary targeting mechanism. Our results are consistent with a model in which nascent roX RNA assembly with MSL proteins is an early step in the initiation of dosage compensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkyu Park
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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42
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Ostermeier GC, Liu Z, Martins RP, Bharadwaj RR, Ellis J, Draghici S, Krawetz SA. Nuclear matrix association of the human beta-globin locus utilizing a novel approach to quantitative real-time PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:3257-66. [PMID: 12799453 PMCID: PMC162328 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human beta-globin locus is home to five genes that are regulated in a tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific manner. While the exact mode of expression remains somewhat enigmatic, a significant effort has been focused at the locus control region (LCR). The LCR is marked by five DNase I-hypersensitive sites (HS) approximately 15 kb upstream of the epsilon-globin gene. Nuclear matrix-associated regions (MARs) organize chromatin into functional domains and at least one of the HS appears bound to the nuclear matrix. We have employed an in vivo based PCR MAR assay to investigate the role of MAR-mediated regulation of the beta-globin locus. This was facilitated with a novel reaction efficiency based quantitative real-time PCR analysis software tool, Target Analysis Quantification. Using a log-linear regression strategy, discordances were eliminated. This allowed us to reliably estimate the relative amount of initial template associated with the nuclear matrix at 15 unique regions spanning the beta-globin locus in both non-expressing and expressing cell lines. A dynamic association dependent on expression status was revealed both at the LCR/5'HS region and within the second intron of the beta-globin gene. These results provide the first evidence that nuclear matrix association dynamically mediates the looping of the beta-globin locus to achieve transcriptional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Charles Ostermeier
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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43
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Lu Q, Teare JM, Granok H, Swede MJ, Xu J, Elgin SCR. The capacity to form H-DNA cannot substitute for GAGA factor binding to a (CT)n*(GA)n regulatory site. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:2483-94. [PMID: 12736297 PMCID: PMC156050 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkg369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of the Drosophila melanogaster hsp26 gene promoter have demonstrated the importance of a homopurine*homopyrimidine segment [primarily (CT)n*(GA)n] for chromatin structure formation and gene activation. (CT)n regions are known to bind GAGA factor, a dominant enhancer of PEV thought to play a role in generating an accessible chromatin structure. The (CT)n region can also form an H-DNA structure in vitro under acidic pH and negative supercoiling; a detailed map of that structure is reported here. To test whether the (CT)n sequence can function through H-DNA in vivo, we have analyzed a series of hsp26-lacZ transgenes with altered sequences in this region. The results indicate that a 25 bp mirror repeat within the homopurine.homopyrimidine region, while adequate for H-DNA formation, is neither necessary nor sufficient for positive regulation of hsp26 when GAGA factor-binding sites have been eliminated. The ability to form H-DNA cannot substitute for GAGA factor binding to the (CT)n sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn Lu
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
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44
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Katsani KR, Mahmoudi T, Verrijzer CP. Selective gene regulation by SWI/SNF-related chromatin remodeling factors. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2003; 274:113-41. [PMID: 12596906 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55747-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin is a highly dynamic structure that plays a key role in the orchestration of gene expression patterns during cellular differentiation and development. The packaging of DNA into chromatin generates a barrier to the transcription machinery. The two main strategies by which cells alleviate chromatin-mediated repression are through the action of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes and enzymes that covalently modify the histones. Various signaling pathways impinge upon the targeting and activity of these enzymes, thereby controlling gene expression in response to physiological and developmental cues. Chromatin structure also underlies many so-called epigenetic phenomena, leading to the mitotically stable propagation of differential expression of genetic information. Here, we will focus on the role of SWI/SNF-related ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes in developmental gene regulation. First, we compare different models for how remodelers can act in a gene-selective manner, and either cooperate or antagonize other chromatin-modulating systems in the cell. Next, we discuss their functioning during the control of developmental gene expression programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Katsani
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Center for Biomedical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9503, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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45
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Rudenko A, Bennett D, Alphey L. Trithorax interacts with type 1 serine/threonine protein phosphatase in Drosophila. EMBO Rep 2003; 4:59-63. [PMID: 12524522 PMCID: PMC1315812 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.embor712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2002] [Revised: 10/10/2002] [Accepted: 11/06/2002] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalytic subunit of type 1 serine/threonine protein phosphatase (PP1c) was shown to bind trithorax (TRX) in the yeast two-hybrid system. Interaction between PP1c and TRX was confirmed in vivo by co-immunoprecipitation from Drosophila extracts. An amino-terminal fragment of TRX, containing a putative PP1c-binding motif, was shown to be sufficient for binding to PP1c by in vitro glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays using recombinant protein and fly extracts expressing epitope tagged PP1c. Disruption of the PP1c-binding motif abolished binding, indicating that this motif is necessary for interaction with PP1. On polytene chromosomes, PP1c is found at many discrete bands, which are widely distributed along the chromosomes. Many of the sites that stain strongly for PP1c correspond to sites of TRX, consistent with a physical association of PP1c with chromatin-bound TRX. Homeotic transformations of haltere to wing in flies mutant for trx are dominantly suppressed by PP1c mutants, indicating that PP1c not only binds TRX, but is a physiologically relevant regulator of TRX function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Rudenko
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Daimark Bennett
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Luke Alphey
- Department of Zoology, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
- Tel: +44 1865 271157; Fax: +44 1865 271157;
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46
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Patkin EL. Epigenetic mechanisms for primary differentiation in mammalian embryos. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2002; 216:81-129. [PMID: 12049211 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(02)16004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review examines main developments related to the interface between primary mammalian cell differentiation and various aspects of chromosomal structure changes, such as heterochromatin dynamics, DNA methylation, mitotic recombination, and inter- and intrachromosomal differentiation. In particular, X chromosome difference, imprinting, chromosomal banding, methylation pattern, single-strand DNA breaks, sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), and sister chromatid asymmetry are considered. A hypothesis is put forward which implies the existence of an epigenetic asymmetry versus mirror symmetry of sister chromatids for any DNA sequences. Such epigenetic asymmetry appears as a result of asymmetry of sister chromatid organization and of SCE and is a necessary (not sufficient) condition for creating cell diversity. The sister chromatid asymmetry arises as a result of consecutive rounds of active and passive demethylation which leads after chromatin assembly events to chromatid difference. Single-strand DNA breaks that emerge during demethylation trigger reparation machinery, provend as sister chromatid exchanges, which are not epigenetically neutral in this case. Taken together, chromatid asymmetry and SCE lead to cell diversity regarding their future fate. Such cells are considered pluripotent stem cells which after interplay between a set of chromosomal domains and certain substances localized within the cytoplasmic compartments (and possibly cell interactions) can cause sister cells to express different gene chains. A model is suggested that may be useful for stem cell technology and studies of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene L Patkin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St Petersburg
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47
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Leibovitch BA, Lu Q, Benjamin LR, Liu Y, Gilmour DS, Elgin SCR. GAGA factor and the TFIID complex collaborate in generating an open chromatin structure at the Drosophila melanogaster hsp26 promoter. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:6148-57. [PMID: 12167709 PMCID: PMC134011 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.17.6148-6157.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The upstream regulatory region of the Drosophila melanogaster hsp26 gene includes two DNase I-hypersensitive sites (DH sites) that encompass the critical heat shock elements. This chromatin structure is required for heat shock-inducible expression and depends on two (CT)n*(GA)n elements bound by GAGA factor. To determine whether GAGA factor alone is sufficient to drive formation of the DH sites, we have created flies with an hsp26/lacZ transgene wherein the entire DNA segment known to interact with the TFIID complex has been replaced by a random sequence. The replacement results in a loss of heat shock-inducible hsp26 expression and drastically diminishes nuclease accessibility in the chromatin of the regulatory region. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments show that the decrease in TFIID binding does not reduce GAGA factor binding. In contrast, the loss of GAGA factor binding resulting from (CT)n mutations decreases TFIID binding. These data suggest that both GAGA factor and TFIID are necessary for formation of the appropriate chromatin structure at the hsp26 promoter and predict a regulatory mechanism in which GAGA factor binding precedes and contributes to the recruitment of TFIID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Leibovitch
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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48
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Brody T, Odenwald WF. Cellular diversity in the developing nervous system: a temporal view from Drosophila. Development 2002; 129:3763-70. [PMID: 12135915 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129.16.3763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This article considers the evidence for temporal transitions in CNS neural precursor cell gene expression during development. In Drosophila, five prospective competence states have so far been identified, characterized by the successive expression of Hb→Kr→Pdm→Cas→Gh in many, but not all, neuroblasts. In each temporal window of transcription factor expression, the neuroblast generates sublineages whose temporal identity is determined by the competence state of the neuroblast at the time of birth of the sublineage. Although similar regulatory programs have not yet been identified in mammals, candidate regulatory genes have been identified. Further investigation of the genetic programs that guide both invertebrate and vertebrate neural precursor cell lineage development will ultimately lead to an understanding of the molecular events that control neuronal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brody
- The Neurogenetics Unit, Laboratory of Neurochemistry, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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49
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Tulin A, Stewart D, Spradling AC. The Drosophila heterochromatic gene encoding poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is required to modulate chromatin structure during development. Genes Dev 2002; 16:2108-19. [PMID: 12183365 PMCID: PMC186441 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1003902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a major NAD-dependent modifying enzyme that mediates important steps in DNA repair, transcription, and apoptosis, but its role during development is poorly understood. We found that a single Drosophila Parp gene spans more than 150 kb of transposon-rich centromeric heterochromatin and produces several differentially spliced transcripts, including a novel isoform, PARP-e, predicted to encode a protein lacking enzymatic activity. An insertion mutation near the upstream promoter for Parp-e disrupts all Parp expression. Heterochromatic but not euchromatic sequences become hypersensitive to micrococcal nuclease, nucleoli fail to form, and transcript levels of the copia retrotransposon are elevated more than 50-fold; the variegated expression of certain transgenes is dominantly enhanced. Larval lethality can be rescued and PARP activity restored by expressing a cDNA encoding PARP-e. We propose that PARP-e autoregulates Parp transcription by influencing the chromatin structure of its heterochromatic environment. Our results indicate that Parp plays a fundamental role organizing the structure of Drosophila chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Tulin
- Howard Hughes Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, USA
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50
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Franco LO, de O Manes CL, Hamdi S, Sachetto-Martins G, de Oliveira DE. Distal regulatory regions restrict the expression of cis-linked genes to the tapetal cells. FEBS Lett 2002; 517:13-8. [PMID: 12062400 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)02557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The oleosin glycine-rich protein genes Atgrp-6, Atgrp-7, and Atgrp-8 occur in clusters in the Arabidopsis genome and are expressed specifically in the tapetum cells. The cis-regulatory regions involved in the tissue-specific gene expression were investigated by fusing different segments of the gene cluster to the uidA reporter gene. Common distal regulatory regions were identified that coordinate expression of the sequential genes. At least two of these genes were regulated spatially by proximal and distal sequences. The cis-acting elements (122 bp upstream of the transcriptional start point) drive the uidA expression to floral tissues, whereas distal 5' upstream regions restrict the gene activity to tapetal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana O Franco
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, C.P. 68011, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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