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Singh VK, Das C, Kumar A, Prajapati MR, Yadav SK. Complete genome sequence of S-type Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolated from an organized goat herd in India. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:38. [PMID: 38261846 PMCID: PMC10794674 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The present report communicates the first complete genome sequence of S-type Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, isolated from an organised goat herd in Uttar Pradesh, India. Bacteria were isolated in pure culture on Herrold's egg yolk medium (HEYM) slants containing mycobactin J from the faecal sample collected per-rectally from a clinical diseased goat, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed that the genome sequence length of the isolated strain named MAP-Gt-9 is 4,509,428 bp with no plasmid DNA, with a GC content of 69.5%, an N50 value of 125,474 bp, and an L50 value of 12, containing 4235 coding DNA sequences (CDSs), 44 tRNAs, 3 ncRNAs and 1 each 5S, 16S, 23S rRNA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar Singh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Uphadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Viswavidhyalay Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Chayanika Das
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis (CADRAD), Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Amit Kumar
- College of Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Malyaj R. Prajapati
- College of Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Sharad Kumar Yadav
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, U.P. Pt. Deen Dayal Uphadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Viswavidhyalay Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh India
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Profiling of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the milk of lactating goats using antigen-antibody based assays. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 64:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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3
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Zhang Y, Oh S, Liu WT. Impact of drinking water treatment and distribution on the microbiome continuum: an ecological disturbance's perspective. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:3163-3174. [PMID: 28654183 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
While microbes are known to be present at different stages of a drinking water system, their potential functions and ability to grow in such systems are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that treatment and distribution processes could be viewed as ecological disturbances exhibited over space on the microbiome continuum in a groundwater-derived system. Results from 16S rRNA gene amplicon analysis and metagenomics suggested that disturbances in the system were intense as the community diversity was substantially reduced during the treatment steps. Specifically, syntrophs and methanogens dominant in raw water (RW) disappeared after water abstraction, accompanied by a substantial decrease in both the abundance and number of functional genes related to methanogenesis. The softening effluent was dominated by an Exiguobacterium-related population, likely due to its ability to use the phosphotransferase system (PTS) as regulatory machinery to control the energy conditions of the cell. After disinfection and entering the distribution system, community-level functionality remained relatively stable, whereas the community structure differed from those taken in the treatment steps. The diversity and high abundance of some eukaryotic groups in the system suggested that predation could be a disturbance to the bacterial microbiome, which could further drive the diversification of the bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61810, USA
| | - Seungdae Oh
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wen-Tso Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61810, USA
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4
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Mycobacteria species in wild mammals of the Pantanal of central South America. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-014-0866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Elliott GN, Hough RL, Avery LM, Maltin CA, Campbell CD. Environmental risk factors in the incidence of Johne’s disease. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 41:488-507. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.867830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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6
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Karrow NA, Goliboski K, Stonos N, Schenkel F, Peregrine A. Review: Genetics of helminth resistance in sheep. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Karrow, N. A., Goliboski, K., Stonos, N., Schenkel, F. and Peregrine, A. 2014. Review: Genetics of helminth resistance in sheep. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 1–9. Gastrointestinal helminth parasites are an important source of economic loss to sheep producers. A rapid increase in anthelmintic resistance has occurred around the globe; therefore, the industry is exploring alternative strategies such as genetic selection to control losses attributed to helminth infection. Since helminths have co-evolved with sheep for millions of years, natural selection for enhanced helminth resistance has occurred within certain breeds from various parts of the world. These breeds of sheep are being used to better understand the genetic aspects of helminth resistance. If the genetic variants that contribute to this phenotype can be identified, it may be possible to use selection strategies to introduce resistance alleles into other breeds or to increase their frequency within breeds. This review will provide an up-to-date overview of the pathology of helminth disease, the immune response to helminth infection, and the search for genes that confer helminth resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niel A. Karrow
- Center for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Katherine Goliboski
- Center for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Nancy Stonos
- Center for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Flavio Schenkel
- Center for the Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Andrew Peregrine
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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7
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Singh SV, Singh AV, Kumar A, Singh PK, Deb R, Verma AK, Kumar A, Tiwari R, Chakraborty S, Dhama K. Survival mechanisms of <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subspecies <i>paratuberculosis</i> within host species and in the environment—A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ns.2013.56088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Aboagye G, Rowe MT. Occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in raw water and water treatment operations for the production of potable water. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:3271-3278. [PMID: 21529886 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) causes Johne's disease of cattle and is implicated as a cause of Crohn's disease in humans. The organism is excreted in animal faeces and can contaminate water catchment areas. This coupled with Map's survival in the environment means that water destined for domestic use may be a source of exposure. This work was designed to determine the occurrence of Map in Lough Neagh (the largest freshwater lake in the British Isles), used as a reservoir, and in two water treatment works (WTW1 and WTW2) which abstract from the lough and which have slow sand filtration (SSF) and dissolved air flotation respectively as their principal treatment regimes. The organism was not detected in lough water samples by culture (n=70) but 29% (20/70) were positive by PCR. In the raw water to WTW1 and WTW2 no culture positives were detected but 54% (13/24) and 58% (14/24) respectively were PCR positive. In WTW1 there were no culture positives at the SSF or final water but 31% (8/26) and 45% (9/20) respectively were PCR positive. In WTW2 similar results were obtained with 26% (6/23) and 48% (11/23) in the floccules and final water respectively. At WTW2 however one culture positive was detected in the final water. This latter finding is of concern. The inability to reach definitive conclusions indicates the need for further research, particularly in the detection methods for viable Map.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aboagye
- Food Microbiology, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Lacharme-Lora L, Salisbury V, Humphrey TJ, Stafford K, Perkins SE. Bacteria isolated from parasitic nematodes--a potential novel vector of pathogens? Environ Health 2009; 8 Suppl 1:S17. [PMID: 20102584 PMCID: PMC2796495 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-8-s1-s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are ubiquitous in soil and water - concurrently so are free-living helminths that feed on bacteria. These helminths fall into two categories; the non-parasitic and the parasitic. The former have been the focus of previous work, finding that bacterial pathogens inside helminths are conferred survival advantages over and above bacteria alone in the environment, and that accidental ingestion of non-parasitic helminths can cause systemic infection in vertebrate hosts. Here, we determine the potential for bacteria to be associated with parasitic helminths. After culturing helminths from fecal samples obtained from livestock the external bacteria were removed. Two-hundred parasitic helminths from three different species were homogenised and the bacteria that were internal to the helminths were isolated and cultured. Eleven different bacterial isolates were found; of which eight were indentified. The bacteria identified included known human and cattle pathogens. We concluded that bacteria of livestock can be isolated in parasitic helminths and that this suggests a mechanism by which bacteria, pathogenic or otherwise, can be transmitted between individuals. The potential for helminths to play a role as pathogen vectors poses a potential livestock and human health risk. Further work is required to assess the epidemiological impact of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth Lacharme-Lora
- School of Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Penn State University, Pennsylvania, PA 16802, USA
| | - Vyv Salisbury
- School of Life Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Tom J Humphrey
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, Bristol, UK
| | - Kathryn Stafford
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah E Perkins
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Penn State University, Pennsylvania, PA 16802, USA
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX
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Verna AE, Garcia-Pariente C, Muñoz M, Moreno O, García-Marin JF, Romano MI, Paolicchi F, Pérez V. Variation in the Immuno-pathological Responses of Lambs after Experimental Infection with Different Strains of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Zoonoses Public Health 2007; 54:243-52. [PMID: 17803513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ruminant infection by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes a granulomatous inflammatory response in the intestine and associated lymph nodes. Differences either in the affected organs or in the inflammatory infiltrate were observed between species and individuals. Such differences are usually attributed to variations in host immune responses or to inconsistent effects among different MAP strains. To evaluate if different MAP strains induce different immuno-pathological responses in lambs, 28 one-month-old individuals were divided into six groups and inoculated with different MAP strains. Groups 1 and 2 were inoculated with two bovine strains isolated in Argentina that showed different genetic patterns after BstEII-IS900-RFLP (hereafter strains E and A respectively). Group 3 was inoculated with a bovine strain isolated in Spain obtained after a previous step of culture (patterns C1). Group 4 was inoculated with a homogenate of intestinal mucosa of a clinical case affected by the same bovine strain as that of group 3. Group 5 was inoculated with an ovine strain that was directly purified from the intestinal mucosa of a clinical case, and group 6 was kept as control (i.e. no inoculation). Peripheral immune responses were assessed until 150 days post-infection (dpi), when lambs were humanely killed. Pathological studies were performed in tissues from the intestine and lymph nodes. Lesion types and inflammatory infiltrates were examined as indicators of pathogenicity. All the lambs infected with bovine MAP strains showed a common lesion pattern regardless of the strain type. Such pattern was characterized by focal lesions mainly in the mesenteric lymph nodes, the presence of fibrous tissue, and, occasionally, necrosis in the granulomas as well as the presence of numerous giant cells. Differences in lesion severity were observed among groups: lambs from groups 1 and 2 had the highest number of granulomas and the largest lymph node area affected. Lesions in animals from group 5 (infected with an ovine strain) were more severe and occurred mostly in the intestinal lymphoid tissue; necrosis, fibrosis or giant cells were never detected in this group. These results indicate that the MAP strain type induces different pathological responses in lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Verna
- CONICET, National Scientific and Technological Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) is an important animal pathogen with a potential, but as yet unproven, role in human disease. This review briefly describes the characteristics of Map that distinguish it from other Mycobacterium spp., presenting new information arising from completion of the sequencing of the Map genome. It then focuses on the potential mechanisms Map might employ to survive and disseminate in the environment, including interaction with protozoa and insects, dormancy, biofilm formation and aerosolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Rowe
- Food Microbiology Branch, Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science Division, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development for Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK.
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12
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Fischer OA, Matlova L, Dvorska L, Svastova P, Bartos M, Weston RT, Kopecna M, Trcka I, Pavlik I. Potential risk of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis spread by syrphid flies in infected cattle farms. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2005; 19:360-6. [PMID: 16336300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2005.00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The syrphid Eristalis tenax Linnaeus (Diptera: Syrphidae) may be found in and around dung storage pits at cattle farms at various developmental stages of their life cycle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in 1044 E. tenax samples at various developmental stages, as well as fresh and stored dung originating from nine cattle farms. Mycobacterium fortuitum was isolated from one (1.5%) larva from the vicinity of three paratuberculosis-free herds of cattle. Mycobacterium a. paratuberculosis was isolated from 111 (21.4%) of E. tenax larvae collected from two of seven farms known to be infected with the causal agent of paratuberculosis. Mycobacteria were not isolated from any of the 340 pupae, 41 adults of 78 samples of exoskeletal exuviae. Mycobacterium a. paratuberculosis isolates from E. tenax larvae were of the IS900 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) type B-C1, identical to that detected in faecal samples from cattle herds infected with paratuberculosis. Larvae artificially infected with mycobacteria of IS900 RFLP type B-C9 did not contain statistically more CFU of identical IS900 RFLP type B-C9 in the intestinal tract and internal organs than on the body surface. These results show that M. a. paratuberculosis can survive in the intestinal tract and internal organs of E. tenax.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Fischer
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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Whittington RJ, Marsh IB, Reddacliff LA. Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dam water and sediment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:5304-8. [PMID: 16151118 PMCID: PMC1214599 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.9.5304-5308.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous longitudinal study, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis survived for 55 weeks in fecal material in the shade, but for much shorter periods in exposed locations. In this experiment, the survival of the organism was studied in 250 liters of dam water and sediment in large water troughs that were placed in either a semiexposed location or in a shaded location and compared to survival in fecal material and soil in the shaded location. Survival in water and/or sediment in the shade was for up to 48 weeks compared to 36 weeks in the semiexposed location. Survival in sediment was 12 to 26 weeks longer than survival in the water column. Survival in soil and fecal material in the terrestrial environment in the shaded location was only 12 weeks. Although disturbance to sediment could not be ruled out as a factor, there was evidence of dormancy in both the water column and the sediment, since the organism could not be recovered for several months before again becoming detectable. The results suggest that water may be a significant reservoir of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Further research on the biology of the organism in aquatic environments is warranted. Animal health authorities will need to provide appropriate advice to farmers to minimize exposure of livestock to potentially infected water sources. Survival of the organism in water destined for human consumption will need to be addressed if the organism is found to be involved in the etiology of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Whittington
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Private Bag 3, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
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Fischer OA, Matlova L, Dvorska L, Svastova P, Peral DL, Weston RT, Bartos M, Pavlik I. Beetles as possible vectors of infections caused by Mycobacterium avium species. Vet Microbiol 2004; 102:247-55. [PMID: 15327799 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2003] [Revised: 05/18/2004] [Accepted: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria were not isolated from any of 229 beetle imagoes of 29 species originating from 14 distinct localities in the Czech and Slovak Republics: 186 imagoes (34 samples) and 43 imagoes (12 samples) from the wild and herds with paratuberculosis infected ruminants, respectively. From 75 environmental samples taken from barns with infected ruminants, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was isolated from five scrapings of the floors in barns and a feed processing room. From bran and peat taken from pig farms, M. a. hominissuis was diagnosed in 13% of 72 samples and in 69% of 70 samples, respectively. M. a. avium was isolated from 2 (2.9%) and atypical mycobacteria from 12 (17.1%) peat samples. In the respective experiments, larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus and Zophobas atratus Fabricius were infected in vitro with isolates of M. a. paratuberculosis of IS900 RFLP type B-C1 and M. a. avium of IS901 RFLP type F-C3. T. molitor larvae were also infected with M. a. hominissuis by naturally contaminated bran and peat. M. a. paratuberculosis and M. a. avium were diagnosed in larvae of both species on days 1 to 3 post infection (p.i.). M. a. hominissuis was isolated from T. molitor larvae fed by bran on days 4 to 9 p.i. and from imagoes on day 35 p.i. and from larvae fed by peat on days 4 to 14 p.i. RFLP types of all the isolates identified before infection and after isolation from larvae were identical. Thus, beetles could mechanically transmit mycobacteria, this hazard should be considered for both the implementation of control measures and feeding captive animals with larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Fischer
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic
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Chui LW, King R, Lu P, Manninen K, Sim J. Evaluation of four DNA extraction methods for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 48:39-45. [PMID: 14761720 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2003] [Revised: 08/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been widely used due to its high specificity, sensitivity, and rapid turn-around time. However, inhibitory factors may be co-extracted with the target nucleic acid that will hinder the performance of PCR. In this study, DNA extraction methods for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis were evaluated including rapid lysis, organic extraction, silica-based and magnetic particle-based (MagaZorb) technologies on bacterial cells, and spiked bovine feces. Efficiency of the extraction was determined by PCR end point titration with primers targeting the insertion sequence, IS900. Results of the end point titrations are identical for bacterial cells and spiked feces. Inhibition was observed in PCR with DNA isolated from spiked feces, and a 1/100 dilution was able to alleviate this problem with DNA extracted by MagaZorb. A 1/1000 dilution was required for the other three methods. MagaZorb proved to be more efficient at removing inhibitory factors and required the least labor and completion time. Further evaluation is required for its utilization in other clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda W Chui
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (Microbiology), University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Fischer OA, Matlova L, Bartl J, Dvorska L, Svastova P, du Maine R, Melicharek I, Bartos M, Pavlik I. Earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) and mycobacteria. Vet Microbiol 2003; 91:325-38. [PMID: 12477646 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to define the role of earthworms in the survival of mycobacteria in animal populations. In 13 sampling sites mycobacteria were detected in 53 (5.5%) samples of faeces and parenchymatous tissues from animals, in 25 (7.3%) environmental and in nine (8.2%) earthworm samples. In cattle and goat farms affected by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) of IS900 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) type B-C1 was isolated from 37 (4.6%) faecal samples, three (1.4%) environmental and one (3.1%) earthworm sample. Investigations of aviaries affected by avian tuberculosis detected M. avium of genotype IS901+ and IS1245+ in six (7.9%) bird's faecal and in four (4.4%) environmental samples. M. avium (genotype IS901- and IS1245+) was detected in four (4.4%) and M. abscessus in one (1.1%) environmental sample. M. avium of genotype IS901- and IS1245+ and M. gastri were isolated from three (6.4%) earthworm samples. In pig farm with mycobacteriosis M. avium of genotype IS901- and IS1245+ was detected in five (20.0%) faecal samples from pigs and in four (12.9%) environmental samples. M. scrofulaceum was isolated in one (4.6%) sample of Lumbricus rubellus. In laboratory experiments identical RFLP types of M. paratuberculosis were isolated from bodies and faeces of earthworms 1-2 days after the last contact with the faeces contaminated with the same RFLP type of M. paratuberculosis. The results suggest that earthworms may become vectors of mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Fischer
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 62132 Brno, Czech Republic
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