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Niehues J, McElroy C, Croon A, Pietschmann J, Frettlöh M, Schröper F. Bacterial Lighthouses—Real-Time Detection of Yersinia enterocolitica by Quorum Sensing. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11120517. [PMID: 34940274 PMCID: PMC8699262 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne zoonotic pathogens have a severe impact on food safety. The demand for animal-based food products (meat, milk, and eggs) is increasing, and therefore faster methods are necessary to detect infected animals or contaminated food before products enter the market. However, conventional detection is based on time-consuming microbial cultivation methods. Here, the establishment of a quorum sensing-based method for detection of foodborne pathogens as Yersinia enterocolitica in a co-cultivation approach using a bacterial biosensor carrying a special sensor plasmid is described. We combined selective enrichment with the simultaneous detection of pathogens by recording autoinducer-1-induced bioluminescent response of the biosensor. This new approach enables real-time detection with a calculated sensitivity of one initial cell in a sample after 15.3 h of co-cultivation, while higher levels of initial contamination can be detected within less than half of the time. Our new method is substantially faster than conventional microbial cultivation and should be transferrable to other zoonotic foodborne pathogens. As we could demonstrate, quorum sensing is a promising platform for the development of sensitive assays in the area of food quality, safety, and hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Niehues
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.N.); (C.M.); (A.C.); (J.P.)
| | - Christopher McElroy
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.N.); (C.M.); (A.C.); (J.P.)
| | - Alexander Croon
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.N.); (C.M.); (A.C.); (J.P.)
| | - Jan Pietschmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.N.); (C.M.); (A.C.); (J.P.)
| | - Martin Frettlöh
- Quh-Lab Lebensmittelsicherheit, Siegener Str. 29, 57080 Siegen, Germany;
| | - Florian Schröper
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (J.N.); (C.M.); (A.C.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)241-6085-13012
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Koskinen J, Keto-Timonen R, Virtanen S, Vilar MJ, Korkeala H. Prevalence and Dynamics of Pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica 4/O:3 Among Finnish Piglets, Fattening Pigs, and Sows. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:831-839. [PMID: 31355682 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are considered the main reservoir of Yersinia enterocolitica, and hence, understanding the ecology of this foodborne pathogen at the farm level is crucial. We calculated Bayesian estimates for the ability of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) diagnostic test kit to detect antibodies against pathogenic Yersinia in pigs. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were 75.4% and 98.1%, respectively. We also studied the dynamics of Y. enterocolitica infection in 3 farrow-to-finish pig farms by following the same 30 pens of pigs through their lifetime from farrowing unit to slaughterhouse. Each farm was sampled 4 times, and 864 fecal and 730 serum samples were collected altogether. Pathogenic Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 was isolated from 31.6% of the fecal samples by culturing, and Yersinia antibodies were detected in 38.2% of the serum samples with the commercial ELISA test. The pathogen was not isolated from farrowing units or all-in/all-out weaning units. However, in the weaning and fattening units using continuous management systems, the pathogen was isolated from every pen at some point of the study. After the pigs were transported into slaughterhouse, 150 tonsils were collected and 96.7% were positive by culturing. Among the strains isolated from feces and tonsils, 56 different genotypes of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 were found by multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA). Finally, we collected tonsils of 266 sows from 115 farrowing farms, and Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3 was detected in 6.0% of the samples by the culture method, whereas 77.1% of the tonsils were serologically positive; the estimate for true seroprevalence was 95.8%. In conclusion, sows may not be the main source of Y. enterocolitica for piglets, although sows may still play a role in maintaining Y. enterocolitica in pig farms. Instead, pigs appear to get this foodborne pathogen mainly during the fattening period, especially if continuous management is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Koskinen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Keto-Timonen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sonja Virtanen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - María J Vilar
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Korkeala
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Loreck K, Mitrenga S, Meemken D, Heinze R, Reissig A, Mueller E, Ehricht R, Engemann C, Greiner M. Development of a miniaturized protein microarray as a new serological IgG screening test for zoonotic agents and production diseases in pigs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217290. [PMID: 31116794 PMCID: PMC6530865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to monitor the occurrence of zoonotic agents in pig herds as well as to improve herd health management, the development of new cost-effective diagnostic methods for pigs is necessary. In this study, a protein microarray-based assay for the simultaneous detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against different zoonotic agents and pathogens causing production diseases in pigs was developed. Therefore, antigens of ten different important swine pathogens (Toxoplasma gondii, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella spp., Trichinella spp., Mycobacterium avium, Hepatitis E virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Influenza A virus) were spotted and covalently immobilized as 'antigen-spots' on microarray chips in order to test pig serum for the occurrence of antibodies. Pig serum was sampled at three German abattoirs and ELISA tests for the different pathogens were conducted with the purpose of creating a panel of reference samples for microarray analysis. To evaluate the accuracy of the antigens on the microarray, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis using the ELISA test results as reference was performed for the different antigens. High area under curve values were achieved for the antigens of two zoonotic agents: Toxoplasma gondii (0.91), Yersinia enterocolitica (0.97) and for three production diseases: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (0.77), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (0.94) and the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (0.87). With the help of the newly developed microarray assay, collecting data on the occurrence of antibodies against zoonotic agents and production diseases in pig herds could be minimized to one measurement, resulting in an efficient screening test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Loreck
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sylvia Mitrenga
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Meemken
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Annett Reissig
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Department for Optical Molecular Diagnostics and Systems Technology, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Centre for Applied Research, Jena, Germany
| | - Elke Mueller
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Department for Optical Molecular Diagnostics and Systems Technology, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Centre for Applied Research, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Department for Optical Molecular Diagnostics and Systems Technology, Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Centre for Applied Research, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Greiner
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Dalby T, Rasmussen E, Schiellerup P, Krogfelt KA. Development of an LPS-based ELISA for diagnosis of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 infections in Danish patients: a follow-up study. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:125. [PMID: 28545413 PMCID: PMC5445397 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bacterium Yersinia enterocolitica causes gastroenteritis in humans. The study aimed to develop a diagnostic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 LPS antibodies in sera from Danish patients with suspected Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 gastrointestinal infection. As a part of this, antibody decay profiles after culture confirmed Yersinia enteritis were studied. RESULTS An ELISA using Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 LPS as the coating antigen was developed for measuring IgA, IgG and IgM specific antibodies. A longitudinal collection of 220 sera drawn between 20 and 1053 days after onset of symptoms from 85 adult Danish patients with verified Yersinia enteritis were examined. A control group of 100 sera from healthy Danish blood-donors were analysed in order to determine the cut-off for interpretation of results. Serum samples from 62 out of 81 patients who delivered either the first or the second sample were found positive for specific antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 LPS (77%). For samples collected within 60 days after onset of symptoms (n = 48) sensitivities of 58%, 42% and 79% for IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies were found. A sensitivity of 81% was found for these samples when using the definition of a positive result in either IgA, IgG or IgM as a combined positive. All samples received up to 36 days after onset of symptoms (n = 10) were found to be positive using this definition. For the period 61 to 90 days after onset of symptoms (n = 32), a combined sensitivity of 63% was found. The antibody levels as well as decay profiles for the three different immunoglobulin classes for the individual patients exhibited a large degree of variation. CONCLUSIONS Using a definition of positive as a positive result for either IgA, IgG or IgM antibodies, a diagnostic sensitivity of 81% was achieved for samples received within 60 days after onset of symptoms. In particular, the levels of specific IgM antibodies were elevated. In comparison, the standard tube-agglutination assay achieved a sensitivity of 60% on the same samples. The sensitivity of the ELISA decreased the longer the duration of time since onset of symptoms. The ELISA was highly specific for Yersinia when testing sera from individuals with confirmed gastrointestinal infections by other bacteria. Moreover, the knowledge gained from this longitudinal study of antibody decay profiles can be used in future epidemiological studies of seroprevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Dalby
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Eva Rasmussen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Peter Schiellerup
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Dieste-Pérez L, Frankena K, Blasco JM, Muñoz PM, de Jong MCM. Efficacy of antibiotic treatment and test-based culling strategies for eradicating brucellosis in commercial swine herds. Prev Vet Med 2016; 126:105-10. [PMID: 26899897 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Swine brucellosis caused by Brucella suis biovar 2 is an emerging disease in continental Europe. Without effective vaccines being available, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommends the full depopulation of infected herds as the only strategy to eradicate B. suis outbreaks. Using data collected from 8 herds suffering natural swine brucellosis outbreaks, we assessed the efficacy of four control strategies: (i) oxytetracycline treatment only, as a default scenario, (ii) oxytetracycline treatment combined with skin testing and removal of positive animals, (iii) oxytetracycline treatment combined with serological testing (Rose Bengal test-RBT-and indirect ELISA -iELISA-) and removal of seropositive animals and (iv) oxytetracycline treatment combined with both serological (RBT/iELISA) and skin testing and removal of positive animals. A Susceptible-Infectious-Removal model was used to estimate the reproduction ratio (R) for each strategy. According to this model, the oxytetracycline treatment alone was not effective enough to eradicate the infection. However, this antibiotic treatment combined with diagnostic testing at 4-monthly intervals plus immediate removal of positive animals showed to be effective to eradicate brucellosis independent of the diagnostic test strategy used in an acceptable time interval (1-2 years), depending on the initial number of infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dieste-Pérez
- Animal Health Department, IA2 CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Av. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - K Frankena
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J M Blasco
- Animal Health Department, IA2 CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Av. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - P M Muñoz
- Animal Health Department, IA2 CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza, Av. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M C M de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Serological diagnosis of bovine brucellosis using B. melitensis strain B115. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 119:106-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Bayesian Estimation of the True Prevalence and of the Diagnostic Test Sensitivity and Specificity of Enteropathogenic Yersinia in Finnish Pig Serum Samples. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:931542. [PMID: 26539540 PMCID: PMC4619894 DOI: 10.1155/2015/931542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bayesian analysis was used to estimate the pig's and herd's true prevalence of enteropathogenic Yersinia in serum samples collected from Finnish pig farms. The sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test were also estimated for the commercially available ELISA which is used for antibody detection against enteropathogenic Yersinia. The Bayesian analysis was performed in two steps; the first step estimated the prior true prevalence of enteropathogenic Yersinia with data obtained from a systematic review of the literature. In the second step, data of the apparent prevalence (cross-sectional study data), prior true prevalence (first step), and estimated sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic methods were used for building the Bayesian model. The true prevalence of Yersinia in slaughter-age pigs was 67.5% (95% PI 63.2-70.9). The true prevalence of Yersinia in sows was 74.0% (95% PI 57.3-82.4). The estimates of sensitivity and specificity values of the ELISA were 79.5% and 96.9%.
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8
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Kalia VC, Kumar P. Genome Wide Search for Biomarkers to Diagnose Yersinia Infections. Indian J Microbiol 2015; 55:366-74. [PMID: 26543261 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-015-0552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial identification on the basis of the highly conserved 16S rRNA (rrs) gene is limited by its presence in multiple copies and a very high level of similarity among them. The need is to look for other genes with unique characteristics to be used as biomarkers. Fifty-one sequenced genomes belonging to 10 different Yersinia species were used for searching genes common to all the genomes. Out of 304 common genes, 34 genes of sizes varying from 0.11 to 4.42 kb, were selected and subjected to in silico digestion with 10 different Restriction endonucleases (RE) (4-6 base cutters). Yersinia species have 6-7 copies of rrs per genome, which are difficult to distinguish by multiple sequence alignments or their RE digestion patterns. However, certain unique combinations of other common gene sequences-carB, fadJ, gluM, gltX, ileS, malE, nusA, ribD, and rlmL and their RE digestion patterns can be used as markers for identifying 21 strains belonging to 10 Yersinia species: Y. aldovae, Y. enterocolitica, Y. frederiksenii, Y. intermedia, Y. kristensenii, Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. rohdei, Y. ruckeri, and Y. similis. This approach can be applied for rapid diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Chandra Kalia
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Prasun Kumar
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi University Campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007 India
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9
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Diagnostic performance of serological tests for swine brucellosis in the presence of false positive serological reactions. J Microbiol Methods 2015; 111:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Gupta V, Gulati P, Bhagat N, Dhar MS, Virdi JS. Detection of Yersinia enterocolitica in food: an overview. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:641-50. [PMID: 25410144 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a gastrointestinal pathogen which causes yersiniosis, an illness characterized by diarrhea, ileitis, and mesenteric lymphadenitis. Y. enterocolitica is transmitted via the feco-oral route by the consumption of contaminated food or water. Several phenotypic and genotypic methods have been developed to reliably detect Y. enterocolitica in food. However, the source of infection of many recently reported foodborne outbreaks remains obscure. The detection of this pathogen in food is a challenging task, since it shares similarities with other enteric bacteria. The presence of other microorganisms in the food samples makes it even more difficult to identify this slow-growing pathogen. Therefore, the present-day emphasis is on the development of sensitive, easily automated methods suitable for in-situ detection, allowing quick and cost-effective characterization of food samples. This review summarizes and compares the currently available cultural, immunological, and molecular methods, particularly in relation to their specific merits or demerits when implemented for the detection of Y. enterocolitica in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gupta
- Medical Microbiology and Bioprocess Technology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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Dieste-Pérez L, Barberán M, Muñoz PM, Moriyón I, Blasco JM. Clinical and histological features of brucellin skin test responses in Brucella suis biovar 2 infected pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 163:77-85. [PMID: 25480681 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Current serological tests for swine brucellosis detect antibodies to the Brucella O-polysaccharide (O/PS). However, when infections by bacteria carrying cross-reacting O/PS occur, these tests suffer from false positive serological reactions (FPSR), and the skin test with Brucella soluble protein extracts is the best diagnostic alternative to differentiate true Brucella suis infections from FPSR in pigs. Since this test has been seldom used in B. suis infected swine, the clinical and histological features involved have not been described properly. Here, we describe the clinical and histological events in B. suis biovar 2 infected pigs skin tested with a cytosoluble O/PS free protein extract from rough Brucella abortus Tn5::per mutant. A similar extract from rough Ochrobactrum intermedium was also used for comparative purposes. No relevant differences were evidenced between the homologous and heterologous allergens, and the main clinical feature was an elevated area of the skin showing different induration degrees. Moreover, an important vascular reaction with hyperemia and haemorrhage was produced in most infected sows 24-48 h after inoculation, thus facilitating the clinical interpretation of positive reactions. Histologically, combined immediate (type III) and delayed (type IV) hypersensitivity reactions were identified as the most relevant feature of the inflammatory responses produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dieste-Pérez
- Unidad de Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA) del Gobierno de Aragón, Av. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Barberán
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - P M Muñoz
- Unidad de Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA) del Gobierno de Aragón, Av. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - I Moriyón
- Instituto de Salud Tropical y Departamento Microbiología y Parasitología, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - J M Blasco
- Unidad de Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria (CITA) del Gobierno de Aragón, Av. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain.
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12
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Van Damme I, Vanantwerpen G, Berkvens D, De Zutter L. Relation Between Serology of Meat Juice and Bacteriology of Tonsils and Feces for the Detection of EnteropathogenicYersiniaspp. in Pigs at Slaughter. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:596-601. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Van Damme
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gerty Vanantwerpen
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dirk Berkvens
- Unit of Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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13
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Vanantwerpen G, Van Damme I, De Zutter L, Houf K. Seroprevalence of enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. in pig batches at slaughter. Prev Vet Med 2014; 116:193-6. [PMID: 24931128 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. are one of the main causes of foodborne bacterial infections in Europe. Slaughter pigs are the main reservoir and carcasses are contaminated during a sub-optimal hygienically slaughtering-process. Serology is potentially an easy option to test for the Yersinia-status of the pig (batches) before slaughter. A study of the variation in activity values (OD%) of Yersinia spp. in pigs and pig batches when applying a serological test were therefore conducted. In this study, pieces of the diaphragm of 7047 pigs, originating from 100 farms, were collected and meat juice was gathered, where after an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Pigtype Yopscreen (Labor Diagnostik Leipzig, Qiagen, Leipzig, Germany) was performed. The results were defined positive if the activity values exceeded the proposed cut-off value of 30 OD%. Results at pig level displayed a bimodal-shaped distribution with modes at 0-10% (n=879) and 50-60% (n=667). The average OD% was 51% and 66% of the animals tested positive. The within-batch seroprevalence ranged from 0 to 100% and also showed a bimodal distribution with modes at 0% (n=7) and 85-90% (n=16). On 7 farms, no single seropositive animal was present and in 22 farms, the mean OD% was below 30%. Based on the results obtained at slaughter, 66% of the pigs had contact with enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. at farm level. The latter occurred in at least 93% of the farms indicating that most farms are harboring enteropathogenic Yersinia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerty Vanantwerpen
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Inge Van Damme
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Kurt Houf
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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14
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Dieste-Pérez L, Blasco J, De Miguel M, Marín C, Barberán M, Conde-Álvarez R, Moriyón I, Muñoz P. Performance of skin tests with allergens from B. melitensis B115 and rough B. abortus mutants for diagnosing swine brucellosis. Vet Microbiol 2014; 168:161-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Human and animal isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica show significant serotype-specific colonization and host-specific immune defense properties. Infect Immun 2013; 81:4013-25. [PMID: 23959720 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00572-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica is a human pathogen that is ubiquitous in livestock, especially pigs. The bacteria are able to colonize the intestinal tract of a variety of mammalian hosts, but the severity of induced gut-associated diseases (yersiniosis) differs significantly between hosts. To gain more information about the individual virulence determinants that contribute to colonization and induction of immune responses in different hosts, we analyzed and compared the interactions of different human- and animal-derived isolates of serotypes O:3, O:5,27, O:8, and O:9 with murine, porcine, and human intestinal cells and macrophages. The examined strains exhibited significant serotype-specific cell binding and entry characteristics, but adhesion and uptake into different host cells were not host specific and were independent of the source of the isolate. In contrast, survival and replication within macrophages and the induced proinflammatory response differed between murine, porcine, and human macrophages, suggesting a host-specific immune response. In fact, similar levels of the proinflammatory cytokine macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) were secreted by murine bone marrow-derived macrophages with all tested isolates, but the equivalent interleukin-8 (IL-8) response of porcine bone marrow-derived macrophages was strongly serotype specific and considerably lower in O:3 than in O:8 strains. In addition, all tested Y. enterocolitica strains caused a considerably higher level of secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by porcine than by murine macrophages. This could contribute to limiting the severity of the infection (in particular of serotype O:3 strains) in pigs, which are the primary reservoir of Y. enterocolitica strains pathogenic to humans.
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Wutz K, Meyer VK, Wacheck S, Krol P, Gareis M, Nölting C, Struck F, Soutschek E, Böcher O, Niessner R, Seidel M. New route for fast detection of antibodies against zoonotic pathogens in sera of slaughtered pigs by means of flow-through chemiluminescence immunochips. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5279-85. [PMID: 23611726 DOI: 10.1021/ac400781t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The research on fast screening methods for antibodies against zoonotic pathogens in slaughter animals is important for food safety in farming and meat-processing industries. As a proof-of-concept study, antibodies against the emerging zoonotic pathogen hepatitis E virus (HEV) and enteropathogenic Yersinia spp. were analyzed in parallel using immobilized recombinant antigens (rAgs) of HEV genotypes 1 and 3 and Yersinia outer protein D (YopD) on a flow-through chemiluminescence immunochip. These rAgs are usually part of commercially available line immunoassays (LIAs) used for human diagnostics. In this study, sera from slaughtered pigs were tested on the microarray analysis platform MCR 3 to detect anti-HEV and anti-Yersinia IgG. The new method was characterized regarding signal reproducibility and specificity. The analytical performance was compared with in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a LIA based on recomLine HEV (Mikrogen) or the ELISA test kit pigtype Yersinia Ab (Qiagen), respectively. The immunochip revealed the highest analytical sensitivity and was processed in 9 min automatically on the MCR 3. A comparative screening of swine serum samples from Bavarian slaughterhouses regarding anti-HEV and anti-Yersinia IgG seroprevalence was conducted. By using the LIA, 78% of the sera were tested positive for HEV antibodies. The immunochip and the ELISA identified anti-HEV IgG in 96% and 93% of the tested samples using the O2C-gt1 and O2C-gt3 rAg, respectively. The screening for anti-Yersinia IgG resulted in 86% positive findings using the immunochip and 57% and 48% for the ELISA methods, respectively, indicating a higher detection capability of the new method. Serum samples of slaughtered pigs could be analyzed faster and in an automated way on the microarray analysis platform MCR 3 which shows the great potential of the new immunochip assay format for multiplexed serum screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Wutz
- Chair for Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Drummond N, Murphy BP, Ringwood T, Prentice MB, Buckley JF, Fanning S. Yersinia Enterocolitica:A Brief Review of the Issues Relating to the Zoonotic Pathogen, Public Health Challenges, and the Pork Production Chain. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:179-89. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niall Drummond
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brenda P. Murphy
- Veterinary Food Safety Laboratory, Cork County Council, Inniscarra, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Tamara Ringwood
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - James F. Buckley
- Veterinary Food Safety Laboratory, Cork County Council, Inniscarra, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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von Altrock A, Roesler U, Waldmann KH. Herd factors associated with the serological Yersinia prevalence in fattening pig herds. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:1249-55. [PMID: 21939350 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.0883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological evidence has demonstrated that pork is an important source of yersiniosis in humans. Identifying risk factors and potential interventions in swine production that may decrease the risk of pork production contamination during harvest and processing is an important step before controlling Yersinia spp. Therefore, management strategies and production processes that might be associated with fattening pigs testing seropositive for pathogenic Yersinia spp. were investigated in 80 fattening pig farms. Although >70 farm characteristics were included in the risk assessment, there were only a few that seemed to be connected with serological prevalence: housing on a fully slatted floor and the use of municipal water were observed more often in herds with low serological Yersinia prevalence, whereas recurring health problems and a low daily weight gain compared with the mean of the herds included in the study were found in herds with a high prevalence. Besides, the Yersinia prevalence seemed to be inversely proportional to the herds' serological Salmonella status collected in accordance with German legislation. Additionally, the development of the serological Yersinia status of selected herds was assessed over a period of a year to gain knowledge of the dynamics of Yersinia infections in fattening pig herds. Three out of four serological negative herds maintained a low level of Yersinia prevalence, whereas one herd shifted between negative status and a prevalence of 100%. The reason for these considerable fluctuations could not be explained, and there was no direct association with the analyzed risk factors. Further research should be carried out to prove the given risk factors, especially the possible relation to the Salmonella prevalence before implementing a combined zoonoses surveillance and control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra von Altrock
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine, and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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19
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Bowman AS, Glendening C, Wittum TE, LeJeune JT, Stich RW, Funk JA. Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in different phases of production on swine farms. J Food Prot 2007; 70:11-6. [PMID: 17265853 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Swine have been identified as the primary reservoir of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica (YE), but little research has focused on the epidemiology of YE at the farm level. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of YE in different production phases on swine farms. In this cross-sectional study, individual pigs on eight swine operations were sampled for the presence of YE. On each farm, both feces and oral-pharyngeal swabs were collected from pigs in five different production phases: gestating, farrowing, suckling, nursery, and finishing. A pig was considered positive if either sample tested positive. Samples were cultured with cold enrichment followed by isolation on selective media plates. Presumptive isolates were confirmed as YE and assayed for the presence of ail with a multiplex PCR. Of the 2,349 pigs sampled, 120 (5.1%) tested positive, and of those, 51 were ail positive (42.5% of YE isolates). On all farms, there was a trend of increasing prevalence as pigs mature. Less than 1% of suckling piglets tested positive for YE. Only 1.4% (44.4% of which were ail positive) of nursery pigs tested positive, but 10.7% (48.1% of which were ail positive) of finishing pigs harbored YE. Interestingly, gestating sows had the second highest prevalence of YE at 9.1% (26.7% of which were ail positive), yet YE was never detected from the farrowing sows. These results represent the first on-farm description of YE in U.S. herds and provide the initial step for designing future studies of YE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Al Dahouk S, Nöckler K, Tomaso H, Splettstoesser WD, Jungersen G, Riber U, Petry T, Hoffmann D, Scholz HC, Hensel A, Neubauer H. Seroprevalence of brucellosis, tularemia, and yersiniosis in wild boars (Sus scrofa) from north-eastern Germany. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 52:444-55. [PMID: 16364020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2005.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis and tularemia are classical zoonotic diseases transmitted from an animal reservoir to humans. Both, wildlife and domestic animals, contribute to the spreading of these zoonoses. The surveillance of the animal health status is strictly regulated for domestic animals, whereas systematic disease monitoring in wildlife does not exist. The aim of the present study was to provide data on the prevalence of anti-Brucella, anti-Francisella and anti-Yersinia antibodies in wild boars from North-Eastern Germany to assess public health risks. A total of 763 sera of wild boars from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania hunted in 1995/1996 were tested using a commercially available Brucella suis ELISA, an in-house lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-based Francisella ELISA, and commercially available Western blot kits for the detection of anti-Francisella and anti-Yersinia antibodies. The Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 LPS is able to induce serological cross-reactions indistinguishable from brucellosis due to a similar immunodominant epitope in the Brucella O-polysaccharide. The Yersinia Western blot assay was, therefore, based on five recombinant Yersinia outer proteins which have been proved to be specific for the serodiagnosis of yersiniosis. Anti-Brucella, anti-Francisella and anti-Yersinia antibodies were detected in 22.0%, 3.1%, and 62.6% of the wild boars, respectively. The high seroprevalence of tularemia and brucellosis in wild boars indicates that natural foci of these zoonoses are present in wildlife in Germany. However, the impact of transmission of zoonotic pathogens from wildlife to livestock is unknown. Only careful and systematic monitoring will help to prevent the (re)emergence of these zoonotic diseases in domestic animals and consequently human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Al Dahouk
- Department of Bacteriology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 Munich.
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Tomaso H, Mooseder G, Al Dahouk S, Bartling C, Scholz HC, Strauss R, Treu TM, Neubauer H. Seroprevalence of Anti-Yersinia Antibodies in Healthy Austrians. Eur J Epidemiol 2006; 21:77-81. [PMID: 16450210 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-005-5047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Yersiniosis is caused by Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis mostly presenting as intestinal infection. The infection is usually acquired from contaminated food. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of anti-Yersinia antibodies in Austrians. Sera of 750 healthy Austrians from all nine states were tested for anti-Yersinia IgG antibodies using the recomBlot Yersinia Westernblot kit. Overall seroprevalence was 29.7%. Seroprevalence increased significantly with age from 24.7% in the group of the 19 to 24 year olds to 38.5% in the group of persons older than 44 years. The seroprevalence of anti-Yersinia antibodies varied within the states between 18% and 43.5%. The high seroprevalence of anti-Yersinia antibodies in contrast to only approximately 100 reported yersiniosis cases per year points to the fact that the majority of infections is either subclinical or mild.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tomaso
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany.
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Thirumalapura NR, Morton RJ, Ramachandran A, Malayer JR. Lipopolysaccharide microarrays for the detection of antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2005; 298:73-81. [PMID: 15847798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major component of Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane. LPS are immunogenic and show species/strain specificity. The demonstration of anti-LPS antibodies in clinical samples is of diagnostic value in certain Gram-negative bacterial infections. In the present study we explored the possibility of immobilizing LPS isolated from different bacteria in a microarray format for the detection of anti-LPS antibodies. LPS was successfully immobilized on nitrocellulose-coated glass slides, preserving the accessibility of epitopes for antibody binding. Specificity of the LPS arrays was established using four different monoclonal antibodies specific for Escherichia coli O111, E. coli O157, Francisella tularensis and Salmonella typhimurium O-antigens and a panel of LPS preparations. The detection limit of antibodies was found to be 10 ng/ml, which is about a 100-fold greater sensitivity compared to conventional immunofluorescence assays. Furthermore, using LPS arrays, tularemia positive canine serum samples could be differentiated from negative samples based on the presence of significantly higher levels of anti-F. tularensis LPS antibodies in positive samples. LPS arrays will facilitate simultaneous screening of samples against multiple antigens and are expected to find applications in diagnostics and seroepidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Thirumalapura
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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