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Huang T, Zhao K, Song X, Song T, Wang X, Zhang X, Yue B, Chu Y. Heterologous Prime-Boost Immunization with DNA Vaccine and Modified Recombinant Proteins Enhances Immune Response against Trueperella pyogenes in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060839. [PMID: 35746448 PMCID: PMC9230664 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes) is a crucial opportunistic pathogen normally causing mastitis, abscesses and pneumonia in economically important ruminants. Although only one commercial vaccine of T. pyogenes is currently obtainable, its immunoprotective effect is limited. Pyolysin (PLO) is the most predominant virulence factor highly expressed in T. pyogenes and is an excellent target for the development of novel vaccines against T. pyogenes. In this study, we designed a heterologous prime-boost vaccination scheme combining a DNA vaccine pVAX1-PLO and a subunit vaccine His-PLO to maximize host responses in mice. Humoral and cellular immune responses and protective effects were evaluated in mice to compare the immunogenicity induced by different immunization schemes. Compared to the PBS-control group, in vivo immunization results showed that better immune responses of mice immunized with the pVAX1-PLO plasmids and His-PLO proteins were induced. The residual bacterial burdens from the liver and peritoneal fluid were remarkably decreased in the immunized mice compared with the PBS group. Notably, the heterologous prime-boost vaccination groups significantly enhanced host humoral and cellular immune responses and protected mice from different virulent T. pyogenes strains infection. Conclusively, this study provides a favorable strategy for the further development of next-generation vaccines against T. pyogenes infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-Evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China; (K.Z.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (Y.C.)
| | - Kelei Zhao
- Antibiotics Research and Re-Evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China; (K.Z.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xuhao Song
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China;
| | - Tao Song
- Antibiotics Research and Re-Evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China; (K.Z.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinrong Wang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-Evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China; (K.Z.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.Z.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bisong Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.Z.); (B.Y.)
| | - Yiwen Chu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-Evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China; (K.Z.); (T.S.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (Y.C.)
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Trueperella pyogenes pyolysin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in endometrium stromal cells via autophagy- and ATF6-dependent mechanism. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:939-952. [PMID: 33454924 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes) is a common opportunistic pathogen of many livestock and play an important regulation role during multibacterial infection and interaction with the host by its primary virulence factor pyolysin (PLO). The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulation role of PLO which serve as a combinational pathogen with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during endometritis. In this study, the expression of bioactive recombinant PLO (rPLO) in a prokaryotic expression system and its purification are described. Moreover, we observed that rPLO inhibited the innate immune response triggered by LPS and that methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBCD) abrogated this inhibitory effect in goat endometrium stromal cells (gESCs). Additionally, we show from pharmacological and genetic studies that rPLO-induced autophagy represses gene expression by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Importantly, this study reported that ATF6 serves as a primary regulator of the cellular inflammatory reaction to rPLO. Overall, these observations suggest that T. pyogenes PLO could create an immunosuppressive environment for other pathogens invasion by regulating cellular signaling pathways.
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Pathogenicity and Virulence of Trueperella pyogenes: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112737. [PMID: 31167367 PMCID: PMC6600626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria from the species Trueperella pyogenes are a part of the biota of skin and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory, gastrointestinal, or urogenital tracts of animals, but also, opportunistic pathogens. T. pyogenes causes a variety of purulent infections, such as metritis, mastitis, pneumonia, and abscesses, which, in livestock breeding, generate significant economic losses. Although this species has been known for a long time, many questions concerning the mechanisms of infection pathogenesis, as well as reservoirs and routes of transmission of bacteria, remain poorly understood. Pyolysin is a major known virulence factor of T. pyogenes that belongs to the family of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins. Its cytolytic activity is associated with transmembrane pore formation. Other putative virulence factors, including neuraminidases, extracellular matrix-binding proteins, fimbriae, and biofilm formation ability, contribute to the adhesion and colonization of the host tissues. However, data about the pathogen–host interactions that may be involved in the development of T. pyogenes infection are still limited. The aim of this review is to present the current knowledge about the pathogenic potential and virulence of T. pyogenes.
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Griffin S, Preta G, Sheldon IM. Inhibiting mevalonate pathway enzymes increases stromal cell resilience to a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17050. [PMID: 29213055 PMCID: PMC5719056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal health depends on the ability of immune cells to kill invading pathogens, and on the resilience of tissues to tolerate the presence of pathogens. Trueperella pyogenes causes tissue pathology in many mammals by secreting a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, pyolysin (PLO), which targets stromal cells. Cellular cholesterol is derived from squalene, which is synthesized via the mevalonate pathway enzymes, including HMGCR, FDPS and FDFT1. The present study tested the hypothesis that inhibiting enzymes in the mevalonate pathway to reduce cellular cholesterol increases the resilience of stromal cells to PLO. We first verified that depleting cellular cholesterol with methyl-β-cyclodextrin increased the resilience of stromal cells to PLO. We then used siRNA to deplete mevalonate pathway enzyme gene expression, and used pharmaceutical inhibitors, atorvastatin, alendronate or zaragozic acid to inhibit the activity of HMGCR, FDPS and FDFT1, respectively. These approaches successfully reduced cellular cholesterol abundance, but mevalonate pathway enzymes did not affect cellular resilience equally. Inhibiting FDFT1 was most effective, with zaragozic acid reducing the impact of PLO on cell viability. The present study provides evidence that inhibiting FDFT1 increases stromal cell resilience to a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sholeem Griffin
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Giulio Preta
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom.,Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Iain Martin Sheldon
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom.
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5
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A combined Clostridium perfringens/Trueperella pyogenes inactivated vaccine induces complete immunoprotection in a mouse model. Biologicals 2017; 47:1-10. [PMID: 28427828 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes) are two bacterial pathogens frequently associated with wound infections and following lethal complications in livestock. However, prudent use of antimicrobial agents is highly required given the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of both bacteria and need for food safety. In the current study, a combined vaccine, composed of inactivated C. perfringens and T. pyogenes, was prepared. The amount of formaldehyde being used to inactivate two bacteria was optimized to retain the immunogenicity of antigens. Three adjuvants were tested for their potency in improving specific immune responses against the candidate antigens. Then inactivated combined C. perfringens/T. pyogenes vaccine was prepared using inactive cultures of two organisms. The ratio of inactive cultures of two organisms for preparation of combined vaccine was optimized to gain effective protective immunity against the two pathogens. Results revealed that combined C. perfringens/T. pyogenes inactive vaccine can elicit high level of exotoxins and cell-associated antigen-specific antibodies and induce complete protection against C. perfringens and T. pyogenes infections in mice. The combined vaccine could be used as an alternative of antibiotics for prevention of C. perfringens and T. pyogenes infections in animals.
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Holm TH, Isaksen TJ, Glerup S, Heuck A, Bøttger P, Füchtbauer EM, Nedergaard S, Nyengaard JR, Andreasen M, Nissen P, Lykke-Hartmann K. Cognitive deficits caused by a disease-mutation in the α3 Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase isoform. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31972. [PMID: 27549929 PMCID: PMC4994072 DOI: 10.1038/srep31972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+/K+-ATPases maintain Na+ and K+ electrochemical gradients across the plasma membrane, a prerequisite for electrical excitability and secondary transport in neurons. Autosomal dominant mutations in the human ATP1A3 gene encoding the neuron-specific Na+/K+-ATPase α3 isoform cause different neurological diseases, including rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism (RDP) and alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) with overlapping symptoms, including hemiplegia, dystonia, ataxia, hyperactivity, epileptic seizures, and cognitive deficits. Position D801 in the α3 isoform is a mutational hotspot, with the D801N, D801E and D801V mutations causing AHC and the D801Y mutation causing RDP or mild AHC. Despite intensive research, mechanisms underlying these disorders remain largely unknown. To study the genotype-to-phenotype relationship, a heterozygous knock-in mouse harboring the D801Y mutation (α3+/D801Y) was generated. The α3+/D801Y mice displayed hyperactivity, increased sensitivity to chemically induced epileptic seizures and cognitive deficits. Interestingly, no change in the excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons in the α3+/D801Y mice was observed. The cognitive deficits were rescued by administration of the benzodiazepine, clonazepam, a GABA positive allosteric modulator. Our findings reveal the functional significance of the Na+/K+-ATPase α3 isoform in the control of spatial learning and memory and suggest a link to GABA transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hellesøe Holm
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Toke Jost Isaksen
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon Glerup
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Heuck
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Pernille Bøttger
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Steen Nedergaard
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Randel Nyengaard
- Stereology and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Center for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mogens Andreasen
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul Nissen
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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7
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Hu Y, Zhang W, Bao J, Wu Y, Yan M, Xiao Y, Yang L, Zhang Y, Wang J. A chimeric protein composed of the binding domains of Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C and Trueperella pyogenes pyolysin induces partial immunoprotection in a mouse model. Res Vet Sci 2016; 107:106-115. [PMID: 27473983 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Trueperella pyogenes and Clostridium perfringens are two kinds of conditional pathogens frequently associated with wound infections and succeeding lethal complications in various economic livestock. Pyolysin (PLO) and phospholipase C (PLC) are the key virulence factors of these two pathogens, respectively. In our study, a chimeric protein called rPC-PD4, which is composed of the binding regions of PLO and PLC, was synthesized. The toxicity of rPC-PD4 was evaluated. Results revealed that rPC-PD4 is a safe chimeric molecule that can be used to develop vaccines. Immunizing BALB/c mice with rPC-PD4 induced high titers of serum antibodies that could efficiently neutralize the hemolytic activity of recombinant PLO and PLC. After the challenge with T. pyogenes or C. perfringens was performed through the intraperitoneal route, we observed that rPC-PD4 immunization could provide partial immunoprotection and reduce lung, intestine, and liver tissue damage to mice. This work demonstrated the efficacy of the rationally designed rPC-PD4 chimeric protein as a potential vaccine candidate against C. perfringens and T. pyogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Hu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P. R. China; National Food Safety and Nutrition Collaborative Innovation Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yuhong Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Yan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P. R. China
| | - Ya Xiao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P. R. China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P. R. China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P. R. China; National Food Safety and Nutrition Collaborative Innovation Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
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8
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Huang T, Zhao K, Zhang Z, Tang C, Zhang X, Yue B. DNA vaccination based on pyolysin co-immunized with IL-1β enhances host antibacterial immunity against Trueperella pyogenes infection. Vaccine 2016; 34:3469-77. [PMID: 27091688 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Trueperella pyogenes is a commensal and opportunistic pathogen normally causes mastitis, liver abscesses and pneumonia of economically important livestock. To date, no specific control measure was reported to prevent T. pyogenes infections. In this study, we first constructed a recombinant plasmid pVAX1-PLO based on the main virulent factor pyolysin gene as DNA vaccine against T. pyogenes infection. Subsequently, transient expression of pVAX1-PLO and pcDNA3.1/V5-fIL-1β were identified in Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) by immunofluorescence assay. Humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated in mice to compare the immunogenicity between different immunized groups. The results showed that the successful expression of PLO or fIL-1β protein was detected by confocal microscopy for cells transfected with plasmid pVAX1-PLO and/or pcDNA3.1/V5-fIL-1β. The mice immunized with pVAX1-PLO elicited a higher titer of PLO-specific antibody than the control group. The levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 were significantly increased in the pVAX1-PLO immunized mice, while the expression level of IL-4 was slightly increased but not significant. These findings suggested that the DNA vaccine pVAX1-PLO can primarily induce Th1 immune response. The residual Colony-Forming Units (CFUs) from the liver and peritoneal fluid were decreased obviously in the pVAX1-PLO treated mice compared with the control. Importantly, co-immunization with pcDNA3.1/V5-fIL-1β and pVAX1-PLO could enhance host humoral and cellular immune responses and significantly protect mouse from T. pyogenes infection. In conclusion, our study provides a promising strategy against T. pyogenes infections and implies the potential clinical application of combined DNA vaccines in diseases control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kelei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ce Tang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical American Cockroach, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Draft Genome Sequence of Trueperella pyogenes, Isolated from the Infected Uterus of a Postpartum Cow with Metritis. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/2/e00194-14. [PMID: 24762932 PMCID: PMC3999489 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00194-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Trueperella pyogenes is a common commensal bacterium and an opportunistic pathogen associated with chronic purulent disease, particularly in ruminants. We report here the genome sequence of a T. pyogenes isolate from a severe case of bovine metritis. This is the first full record of a T. pyogenes genome.
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10
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Rampersaud R, Planet PJ, Randis TM, Kulkarni R, Aguilar JL, Lehrer RI, Ratner AJ. Inerolysin, a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin produced by Lactobacillus iners. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:1034-41. [PMID: 21169489 PMCID: PMC3067590 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00694-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus iners is a common constituent of the human vaginal microbiota. This species was only recently characterized due to its fastidious growth requirements and has been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. Here we present the identification and molecular characterization of a protein toxin produced by L. iners. The L. iners genome encodes an open reading frame with significant primary sequence similarity to intermedilysin (ILY; 69.2% similarity) and vaginolysin (VLY; 68.4% similarity), the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins from Streptococcus intermedius and Gardnerella vaginalis, respectively. Clinical isolates of L. iners produce this protein, inerolysin (INY), during growth in vitro, as assessed by Western analysis. INY is a pore-forming toxin that is activated by reducing agents and inhibited by excess cholesterol. It is active across a pH range of 4.5 to 6.0 but is inactive at pH 7.4. At sublytic concentrations, INY activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and allows entry of fluorescent phalloidin into the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Unlike VLY and ILY, which are human specific, INY is active against cells from a broad range of species. INY represents a new target for studies directed at understanding the role of L. iners in states of health and disease at the vaginal mucosal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Rampersaud
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, Department of Medicine, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Paul J. Planet
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, Department of Medicine, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Tara M. Randis
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, Department of Medicine, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Ritwij Kulkarni
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, Department of Medicine, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Jorge L. Aguilar
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, Department of Medicine, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Robert I. Lehrer
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, Department of Medicine, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Adam J. Ratner
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, Department of Medicine, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
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11
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Harris JR, Lewis RJ, Baik C, Pokrajac L, Billington SJ, Palmer M. Cholesterol microcrystals and cochleate cylinders: attachment of pyolysin oligomers and domain 4. J Struct Biol 2010; 173:38-45. [PMID: 20682347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Using an established organic solvent injection procedure for the preparation of aqueous cholesterol microcrystal suspensions, it has now been shown that a new, hollow, cylindrical, tightly-coiled, multi-bilayer form of cholesterol can be generated, termed the cochleate cylinder. Cholesterol cochleate cylinders are formed in larger numbers at intermediate temperatures (40-75°C) but are not formed at 100°C. The structure of the cholesterol microcrystals and cochleate cylinders is shown in negatively stained electron micrographs. Oligomerization and attachment of pyolysin to cholesterol microcrystals and cochleate cylinders is shown, as is the attachment of the pyolysin "cholesterol-binding" domain 4 (D4) fragment. The bound D4 domain forms a linear array on the two planar surfaces and edges of the cholesterol microcrystals and a quasi helical array on the surface of the cochleate cylinders. Little evidence has been obtained to support the possibility that interaction or hetero-oligomerization can occur between intact pyolysin and the pyolysin D4 fragment on the surface of cholesterol microcrystals. Using immobilized cholesterol crystals attached to a carbon support film, single-sided linear labelling of the cholesterol surface with pyolysin D4 has been achieved, which correlates well with the images from the microcrystal suspensions and our earlier data using non-cytolytic streptolysin O mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Robin Harris
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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12
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Heuck AP, Moe PC, Johnson BB. The cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family of gram-positive bacterial toxins. Subcell Biochem 2010; 51:551-577. [PMID: 20213558 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8622-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are a family of beta-barrel pore-forming toxins secreted by Gram-positive bacteria. These toxins are produced as water-soluble monomeric proteins that after binding to the target cell oligomerize on the membrane surface forming a ring-like pre-pore complex, and finally insert a large beta-barrel into the membrane (about 250 A in diameter). Formation of such a large transmembrane structure requires multiple and coordinated conformational changes. The presence of cholesterol in the target membrane is absolutely required for pore-formation, and therefore it was long thought that cholesterol was the cellular receptor for these toxins. However, not all the CDCs require cholesterol for binding. Intermedilysin, secreted by Streptoccocus intermedius only binds to membranes containing a protein receptor, but forms pores only if the membrane contains sufficient cholesterol. In contrast, perfringolysin O, secreted by Clostridium perfringens, only binds to membranes containing substantial amounts of cholesterol. The mechanisms by which cholesterol regulates the cytolytic activity of the CDCs are not understood at the molecular level. The C-terminus of perfringolysin O is involved in cholesterol recognition, and changes in the conformation of the loops located at the distal tip of this domain affect the toxin-membrane interactions. At the same time, the distribution of cholesterol in the membrane can modulate toxin binding. Recent studies support the concept that there is a dynamic interplay between the cholesterol-binding domain of the CDCs and the excess of cholesterol molecules in the target membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro P Heuck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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13
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Gouletsou P, Fthenakis G, Tzora A, Cripps P, Saratsis P. Isolation of Arcanobacterium pyogenes from the scrotal skin and the prepuce of healthy rams or from rams with testicular abnormalities. Small Rumin Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gouletsou PG, Fthenakis GC, Cripps PJ, Papaioannou N, Lainas T, Psalla D, Amiridis GS. Experimentally induced orchitis associated with Arcanobacterium pyogenes: clinical, ultrasonographic, seminological and pathological features. Theriogenology 2004; 62:1307-28. [PMID: 15325557 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2003] [Revised: 10/31/2003] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to describe the features of experimentally induced orchitis associated with Arcanobacterium pyogenes and confirm the pathogenicity of the organism for the ovine testicle. One testicle of each of nine rams was inoculated with 1.3 +/- 10(4) colony-forming-units of an A. pyogenes isolate and regular clinical, ultrasonographic, bacteriological and seminological examinations were carried out up to 204 days after challenge. The rams were sequentially euthanatized 3, 6, 9, 18, 30, 50, 71, 113 and 204 days after challenge and a gross- and histopathological examination of their testicles was performed. All rams developed clinical orchitis and general signs. The initial ultrasonographic findings were changes of size and echogenicity of the genitalia, whilst in the long-standing phase they were wider appearance of the mediastinum testis, presence of hyperechogenic foci, changes of echogenicity of the genitalia and increased echogenicity of the scrotum and tunics. The following changes in semen evaluation parametres were recorded: the pH, the percentage of dead sperms, the percentage of abnormal sperms and the number of nonsperm round cells increased, whilst the mass motility, the individual motility and the sperm concentration decreased; the following sperm defects were observed: misshapen or piriform heads, sperms with coiled tails, sperms without tail and sperms with proximal cytoplasmic droplet; at the early stages neutrophils were the prevailing nonsperm round cell type, later the proportion of immature germ cells increased and in the long-standing phase there were enlogated spermatids and leucocytes; it is noteworthy that semen evaluation parametres were restored to normal at the late stages of the disease. A. pyogenes was consistently isolated from the semen samples after challenge, as well as from the dissected genitalia. The salient post-mortem findings were: initially, subcutaneous oedema, fluid into the vaginal cavity, congested and distended vessels, increased size of the genitalia and a hard dark area inside the testicles; subsequently, there were changes of size of the genitalia, thickening of scrotum and tunics and presence of fibrin on the testicular surface; in the long-standing phase of the disorder, there were induration of scrotum and tunics with adhesion between the tunics and discolouration of the surface of the genitalia. The prominent histopathological changes were observed in the inoculated testicles; milder changes were seen in the respective epididymides; interstitial oedema, diffuse neutrophilic infiltration and extravasation were observed in the early stages after challenge; lymphocytic infiltration with concurrent fibrosis, mineralization and inspissation of the tubular elements of the seminiferous tubules and presence of vacuolated Sertoli cells were seen later; finally, regeneration of the epithelium and presence of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia with various degrees of spermatogenic activity were evident. These findings, allied to the isolation of A. pyogenes from field cases of ovine orchitis, provide clear evidence that A. pyogenes is pathogenic for the ovine genitalia; however, the mechanisms of transition of the organism from commensal to pathogenic state are not clear. It is also noteworthy that some degree of fertility was restored in the late stages of the disorder. Ultrasonography appeared to be useful for the diagnosis of intra-scrotal abnormalities, especially during investigation of the long-standing stage of the disease, after clinical findings have subsided.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Gouletsou
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, P.O. Box 199, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
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Shannon JG, Ross CL, Koehler TM, Rest RF. Characterization of anthrolysin O, the Bacillus anthracis cholesterol-dependent cytolysin. Infect Immun 2003; 71:3183-9. [PMID: 12761097 PMCID: PMC155736 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.6.3183-3189.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the expression of a putative toxin of Bacillus anthracis, a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family, which includes listeriolysin O, perfringolysin O, and streptolysin O. We named this cytotoxin anthrolysin O (ALO). Although B. anthracis expresses minimal hemolytic activity in clinical settings, we show that Sterne strain 7702 expresses hemolytic activity when grown in brain heart infusion broth or in other rich bacteriologic media, but it secretes barely detectable amounts of hemolysin when grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth. Glucose supplementation of LB broth increases the amount of secreted hemolytic activity. Expression of hemolytic activity is maximal during mid- to late-log phase and decreases in the stationary phase. These observations are supported, in part, by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR of alo mRNA. Hemolytic activity in growth supernatants was increased in the presence of reducing agent and almost totally inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by cholesterol; both of these activities are characteristic of a CDC toxin. A mutant of Sterne strain 7702, strain UT231, in which the alo gene was deleted and replaced by a kanamycin cassette, secreted barely detectable hemolytic activity into the growth medium. When strain UT231 was complemented in trans with native alo on a low-copy-number plasmid [strain UT231(pUTE554)], it regained the ability to secrete hemolytic activity, indicating that ALO is the major hemolysin secreted by this strain of B. anthracis in rich media in vitro. To further support the alo gene product being a hemolysin, recombinant B. anthracis ALO (rALO) purified from Escherichia coli was extremely active against washed human erythrocytes, with complete hemolysis detected at approximately 30 molecules of rALO per erythrocyte. Considering the virulence roles of CDCs for other gram-positive bacteria, we speculate that ALO may have a role in anthrax virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Shannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
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Imaizumi K, Matsunaga K, Higuchi H, Kaidoh T, Takeuchi S. Effect of amino acid substitutions in the epitope regions of pyolysin from Arcanobacterium pyogenes. Vet Microbiol 2003; 91:205-13. [PMID: 12458169 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(02)00299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pyolysin (PLO), secreted by Arcanobacterium pyogenes, is a novel member of the thiol-activated cytolysin (TACY, cholesterol-dependent cytolysin) family of bacterial toxins. Recently, we demonstrated that the epitopes of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) S, H, C, and G lie in the regions of amino acids regions 55-73, 123-166, 482-506, and 482-506 of PLO, respectively, by the reaction of mAbs with truncated PLOs. In this study, we substituted the amino acids in these epitope regions of PLO by site-directed mutagenesis and examined the effect of these amino acid substitutions. Mutants I70S/R71A/L73S, Y131S/P132S, and L163S/P164S for mAbs H or S completely lost the hemolytic activity of the proteins, but these mutants still bound to erythrocyte membranes. Mutants L495S/W497S and W500S/W501S for mAbs C and G also completely lost their hemolytic activity, but still bound to erythrocyte membranes. In the undecapeptide region of PLO, the cysteine residue required for thiol activation is replaced with alanine. Therefore, we substituted Ala-492 of the undecapeptide region for Cys. The hemolytic activity of this mutant A492C decreased by adding hydrogen peroxide or storing at 4 degrees C, and the decreased hemolytic activity was restored by adding L-cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Imaizumi
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Kenjyojima, Matsuoka, 910-1195, Fukui, Japan
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