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Squires RA, Crawford C, Marcondes M, Whitley N. 2024 guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats - compiled by the Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA). J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:277-316. [PMID: 38568777 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Squires
- Formerly, Discipline of Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia
| | - C Crawford
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - M Marcondes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University, Rua Sergipe 575, ap. 32, São Paulo, 01243-001, SP, Brazil
| | - N Whitley
- Internal Medicine, Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, SG5 3HR, UK
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2
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Di Azevedo MIN, Aymée L, Borges ALDSB, Lilenbaum W. Molecular Epidemiology of Pathogenic Leptospira spp. Infecting Dogs in Latin America. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2422. [PMID: 37570231 PMCID: PMC10417440 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine leptospirosis is a bacterial disease caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira. Infections can vary from asymptomatic and chronic infections to clinical acute diseases. The disease is endemic in tropical areas, such as Latin American countries, but a broad understanding of the dynamics of circulation of strains, based on molecular data, has not yet been performed. Based on in silico analyses, the present study aims to analyze the genetic diversity and circulation patterns of haplotypes from pathogenic leptospires infecting dogs in Latin America. DNA sequences were obtained from GenBank platform, curated, and aligned. Genetic distances were calculated, and a maximum likelihood tree and haplotype network were constructed. According to the inclusion criteria adopted, a total of 148 sequences were identified. Most of the records were from Brazil, including sequences from L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. Phylogenetic analysis showed a genetically closely related cluster, consisting of a larger haplogroup that includes the reference strain Fiocruz L1-130, known to be the major circulating strain in humans. Moreover, no genetic variations were observed according to clinical history and/or geographical localization. We described the molecular epidemiology of leptospires circulating among dogs in Latin America and demonstrated a very genetically homogeneous group, elucidating its ubiquitous circulation pattern and drawing attention to the important role of dogs in the One Health transmission dynamics of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24020-150, Brazil; (M.I.N.D.A.); (L.A.); (A.L.d.S.B.B.)
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Novak A, Hindriks E, Hoek A, Veraart C, Broens EM, Ludwig I, Rutten V, Sloots A, Broere F. Cellular and humoral immune responsiveness to inactivated Leptospira interrogans in dogs vaccinated with a tetravalent Leptospira vaccine. Vaccine 2023; 41:119-129. [PMID: 36411135 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is commonly used to protect dogs against leptospirosis, however, memory immune responses induced by canine Leptospira vaccines have not been studied. In the present study, antibody and T cell mediated responses were assessed in dogs before and 2 weeks after annual revaccination with a commercial tetravalent Leptospira vaccine containing serogroups Canicola and Australis. Vaccination significantly increased average log2 IgG titers from 6.50 to 8.41 in year 1, from 5.99 to 7.32 in year 2, from 5.32 to 8.32 in year 3 and from 5.32 to 7.82 in year 4. The CXCL-10 levels, induced by in vitro stimulation of PBMC with Canicola and Australis, respectively, significantly increased from 1039.05 pg/ml and 1037.38 pg/ml before vaccination to 2547.73 pg/ml and 2730.38 pg/ml after vaccination. IFN-γ levels increased from 85.60 pg/ml and 178.13 pg/ml before vaccination to 538.62 pg/ml and 210.97 pg/ml after vaccination. The percentage of proliferating CD4+ T cells in response to respective Leptospira strains significantly increased from 1.43 % and 1.25 % before vaccination to 24.11 % and 14.64 % after vaccination. Similar responses were also found in the CD8+ T cell subset. Vaccination also significantly enhanced the percentages of central memory CD4+ T cells from 12 % to 26.97 % and 27.65 %, central memory CD8+ T cells from 3 % to 9.47 % and 7.55 %, and effector CD8+ T cells from 3 % to 7.6 % and 6.42 %, as defined by the expression of CD45RA and CD62L, following stimulation with Canicola and Australis, respectively. Lastly, enhanced expression of the activation marker CD25 on T cells after vaccination was found. Together, our results show that next to IgG responses, also T cell responses are induced in dogs upon annual revaccination with a tetravalent Leptospira vaccine, potentially contributing to protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Novak
- Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Intravacc, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Hindriks
- Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Aad Hoek
- Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Claire Veraart
- Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Els M Broens
- Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Irene Ludwig
- Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Rutten
- Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Femke Broere
- Division Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Division Internal Medicine of Companion Animals, Department Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
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4
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Immune response at a vaccine-challenge study using beagle dogs and locally isolated Leptospira spp. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 255:110522. [PMID: 36481533 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the immune response of dogs by measuring the antibody levels (utilizing MAT) and levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4 and IFN-γ) post-vaccination with locally produced killed whole-celled Leptospiral vaccine and post-challenge with a locally isolated Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae Copenhageni strain. For assessment of immunity of the vaccine serum antibodies were detected before and after vaccination and challenge in three studies. The effects of the challenge were determined by a variety of parameters including reisolation of the challenge Leptospira spp. via blood, urine, and kidney samples. The challenge strain did not produce generalised infection but elevated circulating antibody levels in both the control and vaccinated dogs in any of the three studies, however leptospires were reisolated from the urine of the control dogs but not the vaccinated dogs. Cytokine levels (TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-4) were detected post-challenge in the vaccinated dogs to determine the immune profile response. The whole-killed cell vaccine in this study did not prevent leptospireamia but prevented leptospiruria in vaccinated dogs after a challenge with a live Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiea Copenhageni. The vaccine-challenge showed increased antibody (MAT) levels due to vaccination and infection (through challenge). Cytokine production (TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-4) by the host immune system was observed post-challenge with live leptospires.
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Smith AM, Stull JW, Moore GE. Potential Drivers for the Re-Emergence of Canine Leptospirosis in the United States and Canada. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:377. [PMID: 36422928 PMCID: PMC9694660 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7110377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease in many countries. This review examines potential drivers for increased diagnoses of canine leptospirosis in the United States and Canada, using the epidemiologic triad of agent-environment-host as a template. Leptospira spp. are classified into more than 250 serovars, but in many laboratories only 6 are routinely tested for in serologic agglutination tests of canine sera. Leptospiral infections in dogs may potentially go undetected with unemployed or currently employed diagnostic methods. Disease transmission from infected reservoir hosts usually occurs via urine-contaminated environmental sources such as water. Direct contact between infected and susceptible individuals, environmental factors such as climate changes in temperature and/or rainfall, and increasing number and urbanization of reservoir hosts may greatly increase dog exposure risks. A dog's lifestyle may influence exposure risk to leptospirosis, but vaccination based on proper identification of circulating serogroups dramatically reduces post-exposure infections. Regrettably, resistance to vaccination by veterinarians and dog owners leaves a large number of dogs at risk for this zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Smith
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jason W. Stull
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE CIA 4P3, Canada
| | - George E. Moore
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Ellis J, Marziani E, Aziz C, Brown CM, Cohn LA, Lea C, Moore GE, Taneja N. 2022 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2022; 58:213-230. [PMID: 36049241 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-canine-vaccination-guidelines] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines are an update and extension of previous AAHA peer-reviewed canine vaccination guidelines published in 2017. Vaccination is a cornerstone of canine preventive healthcare and one of the most cost-effective ways of maintaining a dog's health, longevity, and quality of life. Canine vaccination also serves a public health function by forming a barrier against several zoonotic diseases affecting dogs and humans. Canine vaccines are broadly categorized as containing core and noncore immunizing antigens, with administration recommendations based on assessment of individual patient risk factors. The guidelines include a comprehensive table listing canine core and noncore vaccines and a recommended vaccination and revaccination schedule for each vaccine. The guidelines explain the relevance of different vaccine formulations, including those containing modified-live virus, inactivated, and recombinant immunizing agents. Factors that potentially affect vaccine efficacy are addressed, including the patient's prevaccination immune status and vaccine duration of immunity. Because animal shelters are one of the most challenging environments for prevention and control of infectious diseases, the guidelines also provide recommendations for vaccination of dogs presented at or housed in animal shelters, including the appropriate response to an infectious disease outbreak in the shelter setting. The guidelines explain how practitioners can interpret a patient's serological status, including maternally derived antibody titers, as indicators of immune status and suitability for vaccination. Other topics covered include factors associated with postvaccination adverse events, vaccine storage and handling to preserve product efficacy, interpreting product labeling to ensure proper vaccine use, and using client education and healthcare team training to raise awareness of the importance of vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ellis
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (J.E.)
| | | | - Chumkee Aziz
- Association of Shelter Veterinarians, Houston, Texas (C.A.)
| | - Catherine M Brown
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts (C.M.B.)
| | - Leah A Cohn
- University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (L.A.C.)
| | | | - George E Moore
- Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana (G.E.M.)
| | - Neha Taneja
- A Paw Partnership, Veterinary Well-being Advocate, Centreville, Virginia (N.T.)
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Novak A, Pennings JLA, van der Maas L, Meiring HD, Ludwig I, Verkoeijen S, Rutten V, Broere F, Sloots A. Transcriptome and proteome analysis of innate immune responses to inactivated Leptospira and bivalent Leptospira vaccines in canine 030-D cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13418. [PMID: 35927283 PMCID: PMC9352656 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandatory potency testing of Leptospira vaccine batches relies partially on in vivo procedures, requiring large numbers of laboratory animals. Cell-based assays could replace in vivo tests for vaccine quality control if biomarkers indicative of Leptospira vaccine potency are identified. We investigated innate immune responsiveness induced by inactivated L. interrogans serogroups Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae, and two bivalent, non-adjuvanted canine Leptospira vaccines containing the same serogroups. First, the transcriptome and proteome analysis of a canine monocyte/macrophage 030-D cell line stimulated with Leptospira strains, and vaccine B revealed more than 900 DEGs and 23 DEPs in common to these three stimuli. Second, comparison of responses induced by vaccine B and vaccine D revealed a large overlap in DEGs and DEPs as well, suggesting potential to identify biomarkers indicative of Leptospira vaccine quality. Because not many common DEPs were identified, we selected seven molecules from the identified DEGs, associated with pathways related to innate immunity, of which CXCL-10, IL-1β, SAA, and complement C3 showed increased secretion upon stimulation with both Leptospira vaccines. These molecules could be interesting targets for development of biomarker-based assays for Leptospira vaccine quality control in the future. Additionally, this study contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms by which Leptospira vaccines induce innate immune responses in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Novak
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Intravacc, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Irene Ludwig
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saertje Verkoeijen
- Research Centre Healthy and Sustainable Living, Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor Rutten
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Femke Broere
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Internal Medicine of Companion Animals, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Sant’Anna da Costa R, Di Azevedo MIN, dos Santos Baptista Borges AL, Aymée L, Martins G, Lilenbaum W. Effect of Vaccination against Leptospira on Shelter Asymptomatic Dogs Following a Long-Term Study. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141788. [PMID: 35883334 PMCID: PMC9311912 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Vaccination of dogs against leptospirosis is of paramount importance, as they ideally must provide not only long-term protection, but also against the renal carrier state of leptospires. This study assessed the post-vaccine humoral response against Leptospira in naturally exposed dogs and effects on renal carrier status. (2) Methods: A total of 118 dogs were studied for 365 days, separated into Group A (vaccinated, n = 94) and Group B (non-vaccinated, n = 24). Group A was subdivided into three groups: A1 with 32 dogs immunized with the vaccine #1; A2 by 32 dogs with #2; and A3 30 dogs with #3. Serology (MAT and IgG-ELISA) and urinary PCR were conducted. (3) Results: Seroreactivity increased at D15 post-vaccination and, regardless of vaccine brand, remained high up to D180, with antibody switch to IgG after D30. A total of 46.8% of animals from Group A were PCR-positive at least once, in contrast to 75% in Group B, regardless of vaccine brand (p < 0.05; OR: 0.3). (4) Conclusions: All commercial vaccines succeeded at eliciting a long-term IgG-based response and were partially effective at protecting against kidney infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Sant’Anna da Costa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil; (R.S.d.C.); (M.I.N.D.A.); (A.L.d.S.B.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Maria Isabel N. Di Azevedo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil; (R.S.d.C.); (M.I.N.D.A.); (A.L.d.S.B.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Ana Luiza dos Santos Baptista Borges
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil; (R.S.d.C.); (M.I.N.D.A.); (A.L.d.S.B.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Luíza Aymée
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil; (R.S.d.C.); (M.I.N.D.A.); (A.L.d.S.B.B.); (L.A.)
| | - Gabriel Martins
- Centro Universitário Arthur Sá Earp Neto, Petrópolis 25680-120, Brazil;
| | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24210-130, Brazil; (R.S.d.C.); (M.I.N.D.A.); (A.L.d.S.B.B.); (L.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-26292435
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Novak A, Pupo E, Van't Veld E, Rutten VPMG, Broere F, Sloots A. Activation of Canine, Mouse and Human TLR2 and TLR4 by Inactivated Leptospira Vaccine Strains. Front Immunol 2022; 13:823058. [PMID: 35386703 PMCID: PMC8978998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.823058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine Leptospira vaccines contain inactivated strains of pathogenic Leptospira, the causative agents of leptospirosis. For an effective response to vaccination, activation of the innate immune system via pattern recognition receptors such as TLRs is crucial. However, it is not known which TLRs are activated by Leptospira in dogs. To investigate the involvement of canine TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 in the recognition of Leptospira, we stimulated canine moDC and reporter cells expressing canine TLR2 with either whole-inactivated bacteria or purified LPS of Leptospira strains, representing the serogroups generally used in canine leptospirosis vaccines. Using the endotoxin neutralizing reagent polymyxin B and TLR4 antagonist RS-LPS, we demonstrate that Leptospira LPS and canine TLR4 are involved in IL-1β production as well as in the uptake of inactivated Leptospira in canine moDC. Furthermore, polymyxin B only partially inhibited IL-1β production induced by inactivated Leptospira, suggesting that next to TLR4, also other TLRs may be involved. The observed activation of canine TLR2-expressing reporter cells by inactivated Leptospira strains indicates that TLR2 could be one of these TLRs. Next, we analyzed TLR2 and TLR4 activating capabilities by the same Leptospira strains using human and mouse TLR-expressing reporter cells. Inactivated Leptospira and leptospiral LPS activated not only mouse, but also human TLR4 and this activation was shown to be LPS dependent in both cases. Additionally, inactivated Leptospira activated mouse and human TLR2-expressing reporter cell lines. In our study, we could not identify significant species differences in the recognition of Leptospira by TLR2 and TLR4 between dog, human and mouse. Lastly, we show that these inactivated Leptospira strains are recognized by both mouse and human TLR5 reporter cells only after exposure to additional heat-treatment. Unfortunately, we were not able to confirm this in the canine system. Our data show that TLR2 and TLR4 are involved in the recognition of Leptospira strains used in the production of canine Leptospira vaccines. This study contributes to the understanding of Leptospira-induced innate immune responses in dogs, humans, and mice. Future studies are needed to further explore the role of canine TLR2, TLR4 and TLR5 in the induction of vaccine-mediated immunity against Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Novak
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Product Characterization and Formulation, Intravacc, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Elder Pupo
- Department of Product Characterization and Formulation, Intravacc, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Esther Van't Veld
- Center for Cell Imaging (CCI), Division Cell Biology, Metabolism and Cancer, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Victor P M G Rutten
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Femke Broere
- Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Division Internal Medicine of Companion Animals, Department Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arjen Sloots
- Department of Product Characterization and Formulation, Intravacc, Bilthoven, Netherlands
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Bergmann Esteves S, Moreira Santos C, Ferreira Salgado F, Paldês Gonçales A, Gil Alves Guilloux A, Marinelli Martins C, Kuribaiashi Hagiwara M, Alonso Miotto B. Efficacy of commercially available vaccines against canine leptospirosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2022; 40:1722-1740. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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11
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Athapattu T, Fernando R, Abayawansha R, Fernando P, Fuward M, Samarakoon N, Koizumi N, Gamage C. Carrier Status of Leptospira spp. in Healthy Companion Dogs in Sri Lanka. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:93-100. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tarindi Athapattu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Ruchika Fernando
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Roshan Abayawansha
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Palika Fernando
- Division of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Nishanthi Samarakoon
- Division of Bacteriology, Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chandika Gamage
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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12
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Anti-Leptospira immunoglobulin profiling in mice reveals strain specific IgG and persistent IgM responses associated with virulence and renal colonization. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008970. [PMID: 33705392 PMCID: PMC8007020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans is a pathogenic spirochete responsible for leptospirosis, a neglected, zoonotic reemerging disease. Humans are sensitive hosts and may develop severe disease. Some animal species, such as rats and mice can become asymptomatic renal carriers. More than 350 leptospiral serovars have been identified, classified on the basis of the antibody response directed against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Similarly to whole inactivated bacteria used as human vaccines, this response is believed to confer only short-term, serogroup-specific protection. The immune response of hosts against leptospires has not been thoroughly studied, which complicates the testing of vaccine candidates. In this work, we studied the immunoglobulin (Ig) profiles in mice infected with L. interrogans over time to determine whether this humoral response confers long-term protection after homologous challenge six months post-infection. Groups of mice were injected intraperitoneally with 2×107 leptospires of one of three pathogenic serovars (Manilae, Copenhageni or Icterohaemorrhagiae), attenuated mutants or heat-killed bacteria. Leptospira-specific immunoglobulin (IgA, IgM, IgG and 4 subclasses) produced in the first weeks up to 6 months post-infection were measured by ELISA. Strikingly, we found sustained high levels of IgM in mice infected with the pathogenic Manilae and Copenhageni strains, both colonizing the kidney. In contrast, the Icterohaemorrhagiae strain did not lead to kidney colonization, even at high dose, and triggered a classical IgM response that peaked at day 8 post-infection and disappeared. The virulent Manilae and Copenhageni serovars elicited high levels and similar profiles of IgG subclasses in contrast to Icterohaemorrhagiae strains that stimulated weaker antibody responses. Inactivated heat-killed Manilae strains elicited very low responses. However, all mice pre-injected with leptospires challenged with high doses of homologous bacteria did not develop acute leptospirosis, and all antibody responses were boosted after challenge. Furthermore, we showed that 2 months post-challenge, mice pre-infected with the attenuated M895 Manilae LPS mutant or heat-killed bacterin were completely protected against renal colonization. In conclusion, we observed a sustained IgM response potentially associated with chronic leptospiral renal infection. We also demonstrated in mice different profiles of protective and cross-reactive antibodies after L. interrogans infection, depending on the serovar and virulence of strains. Leptospira interrogans is a pathogenic spirochete responsible for leptospirosis, a neglected zoonotic reemerging disease. The immune response of hosts against these bacteria has not been thoroughly studied. Here, we studied over 6 months the antibody profiles in mice infected with L. interrogans and determined whether this humoral response confers long-term protection after homologous challenge six months after primary infection. Groups of mice were infected intraperitoneally with 2×107 bacteria of one of three different pathogenic serovars (Manilae, Copenhageni and Icterohaemorrhagiae) and some corresponding attenuated avirulent mutants. We measured by ELISA each type of Leptospira-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) (IgA, IgM, IgG and 4 subclasses) produced in the first weeks up to 6 months post-infection and studied their cross-reactivities among serovars. We showed different profiles of antibody response after L. interrogans challenge in mice, depending on the serovar and virulence of strains. However, all infected mice, including the ones harboring low antibody levels, like mice vaccinated with an inactivated, heat-killed strain, were protected against leptospirosis after challenge. Notably, we also showed an unusual sustained IgM response associated with chronic leptospiral colonization. Altogether, this long-term immune protection is different from what is known in humans and warrants further investigation.
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Detection of New Leptospira Genotypes Infecting Symptomatic Dogs: Is a New Vaccine Formulation Needed? Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060484. [PMID: 32570803 PMCID: PMC7350335 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis in dogs has been largely described worldwide, and epidemiological studies have been mainly based on serological data. This study aims to detect and genotype leptospires affecting symptomatic dogs in Northeast Italy between 2013 and 2019. Overall, 1631 dogs were tested using real-time PCR, and leptospires from 193 dogs were subjected to Multilocus Sequence Typing and a Multiple Loci Variable-number Tandem Repeat Analysis. Leptospires were successfully isolated from 15 symptomatic dogs. Six distinct Sequence Types (STs) were found for 135 leptospires, with 3 STs characterizing Leptospira interrogans (ST17, ST198 and ST24), 2 STs characterizing Leptospira kirschneri (ST117 and ST289) and 1 ST characterizing Leptospira borgpetersenii (ST155), revealing the circulation of the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Australis, Sejroe and Pomona. The Multiple Loci Variable-number Tandem Repeat Analysis of 17 samples did not result in any additional discrimination. Genotypes were compared with those of strains present in the historical internal database, and possible transmission chains were identified from rat, mouse, hedgehog and pig. This work highlights the importance of molecular methods in revealing and identifying circulating Leptospira strains, and it also encourages the evaluation of the ability of commercially available vaccines to reduce the disease burden among dogs.
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Prevalence of leptospirosis in vaccinated working dogs and humans with occupational risk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 40:62-75. [PMID: 32463609 PMCID: PMC7449099 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Introducción. Los perros de trabajo pueden infectarse con diversas serovariedades de Leptospira que se mantienen en sus túbulos renales e intersticios por mucho tiempo, por lo que se convierten en portadores y fuentes de infección para otros huéspedes. Objetivo. Establecer la prevalencia de Leptospira spp. en perros de trabajo vacunados y en población humana con riesgo ocupacional de seis unidades policiales en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Mediante tres instrumentos estructurados, se evaluaron 92 perros de trabajo con inmunización previa contra Leptospira spp. (65 machos y 27 hembras) y 69 personas de seis unidades policiales de los municipios de Manizales, Pereira, Armenia, Ibagué, Tuluá y Cali. Se obtuvieron muestras sanguíneas de las personas y de los perros, las cuales se evaluaron mediante la prueba de microaglutinación (Microscopic Agglutination Test, MAT) en 24 serogrupos. Se hizo un examen clínico de los perros y se obtuvieron muestras de orina para urocultivo. Resultados. La seroprevalencia de leptospirosis en las personas fue de 2,9 % (n=2) y en los perros de 57,61 % (n=53). Los serogrupos más prevalentes en los perros fueron Leptospira canicola y L. panama. El urocultivo fue positivo en 58,7 % (54/92) de las muestras y se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la edad de los perros (≥10 años; p=0,043) y la ubicación de la unidad policial (p=0,016). Conclusión. Las características epidemiológicas de la leptospirosis en los perros sugieren una presentación endémica de la infección. Se requieren algoritmos diagnósticos sensibles y específicos para investigar la leptospirosis canina y diferenciar los anticuerpos vacunales de la infección natural.
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Cariou C, Herbet G, Ripart P, Martin-Cagnon N, Bouvet J, Schneider M, Guiot AL, Cupillard L. Development of antibody ELISA specific of Leptospira interrogans serovar Grippotyphosa, Canicola, and Icterohaemorrhagiae to monitor vaccine immunogenicity. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 219:109960. [PMID: 31760236 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The antibody response after primary vaccination and annual revaccination with a multivalent DAPPi-L vaccine was assessed respectively in SPF dogs and in client owned dogs against the Grippotyphosa (Lg), Canicola (Lc) and Icterohaemorrhagiae (Li) Leptospira serovars. To overcome limitations of the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), we developed serovar-specific and sensitive blocking ELISA assays. Serovar-specific antibodies against Lg, Lc and Li were detected in 100%, 45% and 91% of dogs, respectively, after the first dose of vaccine, and in 100% of dogs for all serovars after the second dose. In addition, mean ELISA antibody titers increased 14 days after annual revaccination with most dogs remaining ELISA antibody positive against Lg (85.3%), Lc (90%) and Li (100%). Parallel testing of sera from the annual revaccination study in the MAT and ELISA assays resulted in an overall agreement of 72%, 67%, 77% of samples for Lg, Lc and Li serovars, respectively. More sera tested positive by ELISA than by MAT, suggesting that the ELISA assay is more sensitive than the MAT. These three new antibody-based assays are the first suitable and reliable ELISA assays for the assessment of the canine antibody response following vaccination and an attractive alternative to the MAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Cariou
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 813 cours du 3ème millénaire, 69800 Saint Priest, France.
| | - Gaëtan Herbet
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 813 cours du 3ème millénaire, 69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - Prescillia Ripart
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 813 cours du 3ème millénaire, 69800 Saint Priest, France
| | | | - Jérôme Bouvet
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Centre de Recherche de Saint-Vulbas, Parc Industriel de la Plaine de l'Ain, Allée des Cyprès, 01150 Saint-Vulbas, France
| | - Michèle Schneider
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 813 cours du 3ème millénaire, 69800 Saint Priest, France
| | - Anne-Laure Guiot
- CPB, Place des Quatre Vierges, 69110 Sainte Foy Les Lyon, France
| | - Lionel Cupillard
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 813 cours du 3ème millénaire, 69800 Saint Priest, France
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McCallum KE, Constantino-Casas F, Cullen JM, Warland JH, Swales H, Linghley N, Kortum AJ, Sterritt AJ, Cogan T, Watson PJ. Hepatic leptospiral infections in dogs without obvious renal involvement. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:141-150. [PMID: 30499209 PMCID: PMC6335520 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reports of chronic hepatitis in dogs caused by Leptospira spp. are confined to small case series. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) allows the identification of spirochetes in liver samples. Consequently, this technique may help elucidate the role of Leptospira spp. in cases of chronic hepatitis. Objectives To describe cases of hepatic leptospirosis in dogs diagnosed by FISH and subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) speciation, with the absence of clinically relevant renal involvement. Animals Ten client‐owned dogs. Methods Retrospective case series from the University of Cambridge presented between 2013 and 2016 or cases consulted by telephone advice during this time period. Cases were selected based on histopathologically confirmed granulomatous hepatitis and leptospiral organisms identified by FISH and PCR speciation (Leptospira interrogans/kirschneri). Results All cases had increased liver enzyme activities, and FISH in combination with PCR speciation‐confirmed infection with L. interrogans/kirschneri. Four dogs underwent repeat liver biopsy, FISH and PCR speciation 4‐15 months after initial presentation and doxycycline treatment with 1 dog undergoing repeat sampling at necropsy. Three dogs that underwent repeat biopsy remained positive for L. interrogans/kirschneri infection. Six dogs were alive at the time of manuscript preparation and 4 dogs were euthanized as a result of progressive liver disease. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The presence of hepatic leptospiral organisms may be associated with chronic granulomatous hepatitis without clinical evidence of renal involvement. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the etiological role of these organisms in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E McCallum
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - John M Cullen
- North Carolina State College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - James H Warland
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, NHS Blood & Transplant Donor Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Swales
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Wirral, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andre J Kortum
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex J Sterritt
- Highcroft Veterinary Group, Whitchurch Veterinary Centre, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Penny J Watson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Hsu CH, Liu IL, Liu CC, Liu BH, Pan MJ, Lin CS. SEROEPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEY OF CANINE LEPTOSPIROSIS IN NORTHERN TAIWAN DURING 2008–2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1682648518500038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important infectious zoonosis that may cause life-threatening illness in both humans and animals. This study aimed to identify the serovars of Leptospira using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and the effect of season on serum-positive cases detected in National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital from August 2008 to September 2015. This study also compared the characteristics of serum-positive and serum-negative cases. Among 159 suspected cases, 78 serum-positive (MAT titer [Formula: see text]) and 81 serum-negative cases were identified. In serum-positive cases, the most common pathogenic serovars were Canicola (18.2%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (23.6%), and Shermani (20.0%). Significantly more serum-positive cases were identified in fall (September to November) than other seasons ([Formula: see text]). Dogs aged 1–5 years (odds ratio [Formula: see text] 1.7) were more likely to be identified as being serum-positive cases of canine leptospirosis than serum-negative cases. However, no significant difference was observed regarding breed, gender, and regional distribution. The serum concentrations of liver enzymes, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were elevated in both serum-positive and serum-negative cases, with no significance. White blood cell (WBC) counts of serum-positive cases were statistically higher than those of serum-negative cases ([Formula: see text]). In conclusion, more precaution must be taken with dogs aged 1–5 years because of their higher risk of leptospirosis; additionally, significantly elevated WBC count may be a suitable indicator in suspected cases of canine leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsin Hsu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Li Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chi Liu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Hung Liu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jeng Pan
- Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Si Lin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Grosenbaugh DA, Pardo MC. Fifteen-month duration of immunity for the serovar Grippotyphosa fraction of a tetravalent canine leptospirosis vaccine. Vet Rec 2018; 182:665. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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19
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Lau SF, Wong JY, Khor KH, Roslan MA, Abdul Rahman MS, Bejo SK, Radzi R, Bahaman AR. Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis in Working Dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2017. [PMID: 29525230 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Working dogs are canine animals that have been trained to assist human beings in carrying out various tasks. They help in guarding property, performing rescues, assisting the visually impaired or physically handicapped, searching for drugs, explosives, and others. Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases in the world and a commonly occurring disease of the tropics and subtropics. In Malaysia, all working dogs are normally vaccinated with serovars, Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, and Grippotyphosa based on protocols recommended from other countries. The duration of immunity in vaccinated dogs for Leptospira can last up to 13 months; however, there is no full crossprotection between the different serovars. Five representative canine units from different government agencies in Malaysia (n = 96 dogs) were recruited in this study. For detection, the microscopic agglutination test was performed by incubating the serum from dogs with various serovars of leptospires, namely, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Australis, Bataviae, Javanica, Tarassovi, Hebdomadis, Lai, and Pyrogenes. The plasma obtained was used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, for the detection of 16S rRNA, and lipL 32 genes of Leptospira. Out of the 96 dogs sampled, only 3 dogs were positive toward serovars, Australis, Bataviae, and Javanica, based on the cutoff point at 1:80. The seroprevalence of canine leptospirosis in this population was 3.1% (n = 3/96). However, all 96 blood samples of working dogs tested negative for both pathogenic and nonpathogenic Leptospira genes. The results revealed that, by vaccination alone, working dogs were not fully protected against leptospirosis and could pose a risk to dog handlers. A preventative and control protocol for leptospirosis is warranted, and its implementation should be monitored and improved accordingly from time to time, in order to maintain a healthy condition in both working dogs and their handlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Lau
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia.
| | - J Y Wong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - K H Khor
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - M A Roslan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - M S Abdul Rahman
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - S K Bejo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - R Radzi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - A R Bahaman
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
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White AM, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Allen T, Rostal MK, Wright AK, Ball EC, Daszak P, Karesh WB. Hotspots of canine leptospirosis in the United States of America. Vet J 2017; 222:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Efficacy of a multivalent DAPPi-Lmulti canine vaccine against mortality, clinical signs, infection, bacterial excretion, renal carriage and renal lesions caused by Leptospira experimental challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vacrep.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Day MJ, Horzinek MC, Schultz RD, Squires RA. WSAVA Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:E1-E45. [PMID: 26780857 PMCID: PMC7166872 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.2_12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Day
- University of Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M C Horzinek
- (Formerly) University of Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R D Schultz
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - R A Squires
- James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
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Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread emerging bacterial zoonosis. As the transmission is believed to be predominantly waterborne, human incidence is expected to increase in conjunction with global climate change and associated extreme weather events. Providing more accurate predictions of human leptospirosis requires more detailed information on animal reservoirs that are the source of human infection. We evaluated the prevalence of Leptospira in vertebrates worldwide and its association with taxonomy, geographic region, host biology, ambient temperature, and precipitation patterns. A multivariate regression analysis with a meta-analysis-like approach was used to analyze compiled data extracted from 300 Leptospira-related peer reviewed papers. A fairly uniform Leptospira infection prevalence of about 15% was found in the majority of mammalian families. Higher prevalence was frequently associated with species occupying urban habitats, and this may explain why climatic factors were not significantly correlated with prevalence as consistently as expected. Across different approaches of the multiple regression analyses, the variables most frequently correlated with Leptospira infection prevalence were the host's ability to swim, minimum ambient temperature, and methodologic quality of the study. Prevalence in carnivores was not associated with any climatic variable, and the importance of environmental risk factors were indicated to be of lesser consequence in nonhuman mammals. The dataset is made available for further analysis.
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Schuller S, Francey T, Hartmann K, Hugonnard M, Kohn B, Nally JE, Sykes J. European consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:159-79. [PMID: 25754092 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution affecting most mammalian species. Clinical leptospirosis is common in dogs but appears to be rare in cats. Both dogs and cats, however, can shed leptospires in the urine. This is problematic as it can lead to exposure of humans. The control of leptospirosis, therefore, is important not only from an animal but also from a public health perspective. The aim of this consensus statement is to raise awareness of leptospirosis and to outline the current knowledge on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic tools, prevention and treatment measures relevant to canine and feline leptospirosis in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schuller
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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25
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Jensen PM, Magnussen E. Is it too cold for Leptospira interrrogans transmission on the Faroese Islands? Infect Dis (Lond) 2015; 48:156-60. [PMID: 26442766 DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2015.1092579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans is a bacterium that can infect most mammal species. Brown rats are considered to be one of the most important reservoirs of Leptospira because they frequently are infected and live in close proximity to humans. Past studies of prevalence of Leptospira in brown rats indicate that temperature--both high and low--may negatively affect the prevalence rate in rats, so that Leptospira is rare or even absent at temperatures below 7-8 °C. Here we investigated the prevalence of infection in brown rats on the Faroese Islands (mean temperature of 6.5 °C) and did not find any infected animals in a sample of 95 animals. We propose that prevalence rates of Leptospira are very low in rural brown rats in the cooler Scandinavian regions, even though urban/sewer rats might be highly infected in the same regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per M Jensen
- a Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg , Denmark and
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26
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Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Leptospira interrogans Isolated from Canis familiaris in Southern Brazil. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:496-500. [PMID: 26100241 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes from the genus Leptospira, which includes 20 species and more than 300 serovars. Canines are important hosts of pathogenic leptospires and can transmit the pathogen to humans via infected urine. Here, we report the phenotypic and molecular characterization of Leptospira interrogans isolated from Canis familiaris in Southern Brazil. The isolated strain was characterized by variable-number tandem-repeats analysis as L. interrogans, serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae. In addition, the isolate was recognized by antibodies from human and canine serum samples previously tested by microscopic agglutination test. Ultimately, the expression of membrane-associated antigens (LipL32 and leptospiral immunoglobulin-like proteins) from pathogenic leptospires using monoclonal antibodies was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay. In conclusion, identification of new strains of Leptospira can help in the diagnosis and control of leptospirosis.
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Eric Klaasen HL, Adler B. Recent advances in canine leptospirosis: focus on vaccine development. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2015; 6:245-260. [PMID: 30101111 PMCID: PMC6067773 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s59521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a global infection of humans and animals caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. Leptospirosis is a major zoonosis, with infection acquired from wild and domestic animals. It is also a significant cause of morbidity, mortality, and economic loss in production and companion animals. Leptospirosis in dogs is prevalent worldwide and as well as a cause of canine disease, it presents a zoonotic risk to human contacts. Canine leptospirosis does not differ greatly from the syndromes seen in other animal species, with hepatic, renal, and pulmonary involvement being the main manifestations. While the pathogenesis of disease is well documented at the whole animal level, the cellular and molecular basis remains obscure. Killed, whole-cell bacterin vaccines are licensed worldwide and have not changed greatly over the past several decades. Vaccine-induced immunity is restricted to serologically related serovars and is generally short-lived, necessitating annual revaccination. The appearance of new serovars as causes of canine leptospirosis requires constant epidemiological surveillance and tailoring of vaccines to cover emerging serovars. At the present time, there is no realistic prospect of alternative, non-bacterin vaccines in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henricus Lbm Eric Klaasen
- Global Companion Animals Research and Development, Merck Sharp and Dohme Animal Health, Boxmeer, the Netherlands,
| | - Ben Adler
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Martin LER, Wiggans KT, Wennogle SA, Curtis K, Chandrashekar R, Lappin MR. Vaccine-associated Leptospira antibodies in client-owned dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:789-92. [PMID: 24597674 PMCID: PMC4895462 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long‐term microscopic agglutination test (MAT) results after vaccination with 4‐serovar Leptospira vaccines are not available for all vaccines used in client‐owned dogs. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine antibody responses of client‐owned dogs given 1 of 4 commercially available Leptospira vaccines. Animals Healthy client‐owned dogs (n = 32) with no history of Leptospira vaccination for at least the previous year. Methods Dogs were given 1 of 4 Leptospira vaccines on week 0 and then approximately on week 3 and week 52. Sera were collected before vaccine administration on week 0 and then within 3 days of week 3, within 2 days of week 4, and approximately on weeks 7, 15, 29, 52, and 56. Antibody titers against Leptospira serovars bratislava, canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohemorrhagiae, and pomona and were determined by MAT. Results When compared among vaccines, MAT results varied in maximal titers, the serovars inducing maximal titers, and the time required to reach maximal titers. Each vaccine induced at least some MAT titers ≥1 : 800. Most dogs were negative for antibodies against all serovars 1 year after vaccination, and anamnestic responses were variable. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dogs vaccinated with Leptospira vaccines have variable MAT titers over time, and antibodies should not be used to predict resistance to Leptospira infection. MAT titers ≥1 : 800 can develop after Leptospira spp. vaccination, which can complicate the clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E R Martin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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Vaccination with leptospiral outer membrane lipoprotein LipL32 reduces kidney invasion of Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola in hamsters. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:546-51. [PMID: 24521782 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00719-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Leptospira interrogans vaccines currently available are serovar specific and require regular booster immunizations to maintain protection of the host. In addition, a hamster challenge batch potency test is necessary to evaluate these vaccines prior to market release, requiring the use of a large number of animals, which is ethically and financially undesirable. Our previous work showed that the N terminus of the outer membrane protein LipL32 was altered in Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola vaccines that fail the hamster challenge test, suggesting that it may be involved in the protective immune response. The aim of this study was to determine if vaccination with LipL32 protein alone could provide a protective response against challenge with L. interrogans serovar Canicola to hamsters. Recombinant LipL32, purified from an Escherichia coli expression system, was assessed for protective immunity in five groups of hamsters (n = 5) following a challenge with the virulent L. interrogans serovar Canicola strain Kito as a challenge strain. However, no significant survival against the L. interrogans serovar Canicola challenge was observed compared to that of unvaccinated negative controls. Subsequent histological analysis revealed reduced amounts of L. interrogans in the kidneys from the hamsters vaccinated with recombinant LipL32 protein prior to challenge; however, no significant survival against the L. interrogans serovar Canicola challenge was observed compared to that of unvaccinated negative controls. This finding corresponded to a noticeably reduced severity of renal lesions. This study provides evidence that LipL32 is involved in the protective response against L. interrogans serovar Canicola in hamsters and is the first reported link to LipL32-induced protection against kidney invasion.
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Cave NJ, Harland AL, Allott SK. The serological response of working farm dogs to a vaccine containing Leptospira interrogans serovars Copenhageni and Pomona, and L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo. N Z Vet J 2013; 62:87-90. [PMID: 24228620 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2013.845072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the serological response in dogs to a commercial vaccine for use in cattle containing cultured strains of Leptospira interrogans serovars Copenhageni and Pomona, and L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 67 working farm dogs on 12 farms, and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was used to measure titres to the Leptospira spp. serovars Pomona, Hardjo, and Copenhageni. Samples with a titre of <1:25 were defined as seronegative. Dogs that were seronegative to both Pomona and Hardjo (n=33) were randomised to either the vaccination (n=20) or control (n=13) groups. Seven of these dogs were seropositive to Copenhageni. Vaccinated dogs were given the three-component vaccine subcutaneously on two occasions, 4 weeks apart. MAT titres were measured again in both groups 2 weeks after the second vaccination. RESULTS Of the vaccinated dogs, 20/20 (100%) developed titres to serovar Pomona, and 16/20 (80%) had titres >100; for serovar Hardjo, 19/20 (95%) dogs had titres, with 18/20 (90%) being >100; and for serovar Copenhageni, 15/17 (88%) dogs that were initially seronegative had titres, with 6/17 (35%) being >100. The median titres for Pomona and Hardjo (200 (95% CI=179-359) and 200 (95% CI=176-379), respectively) were lower than for Copenhageni (50 (95% CI=26-124)) in dogs originally seronegative (p<0.001). There was no association between titres to the different serovars. Of the 13 unvaccinated dogs, two developed titres to serovar Pomona, and three to Hardjo. All titres were <100. CONCLUSIONS The tested vaccine was effective in raising antibodies to the three serovars, although the titres do not guarantee protection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE There has been a recent increase in cases of leptospirosis attributed to the serovar Pomona in dogs in New Zealand, but the vaccines licensed for use in dogs in New Zealand for the prevention of leptospirosis only protect against Copenhageni/Icterohaemorrhagiae. The vaccine tested in this study produced titres to Pomona and Hardjo that suggest the vaccine could be useful for reducing disease caused by these serovars in working dogs in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Cave
- a Institute of Veterinary , Animal, and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University , Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442 , New Zealand
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Klaasen HLBM, van der Veen M, Sutton D, Molkenboer MJCH. A new tetravalent canine leptospirosis vaccine provides at least 12 months immunity against infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 158:26-9. [PMID: 24054091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A key success factor in the vaccination of dogs against leptospirosis is long term protection against establishment of the renal carrier state, in order to protect other dogs, as well as humans, against this re-emerging zoonotic disease. In this paper, we describe the ability of a new European tetravalent vaccine containing antigen from Leptospira interrogans (sensu lato) serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Grippotyphosa and Australis to control infection and renal excretion in dogs at 12 months after vaccination. In order to demonstrate the efficacy of all four vaccine components, four separate challenge studies were performed. For each study two groups of dogs were used (a group receiving the leptospirosis vaccine and a control group). Twelve months after the second vaccination all dogs in the vaccine and control groups were challenged, both intraperitoneally and conjunctivally, using a pathogenic challenge strain from one of four serogroups. Parameters recorded post-challenge were: clinical signs of disease, change in body temperature, total leucocyte count, thrombocyte count, presence of challenge organisms in blood, urine and kidney tissue, and evidence of interstitial nephritis at necropsy four weeks after challenge. The vaccine was able to either prevent or significantly reduce infection following challenge with the strains of all four serogroups. The vaccine was also able to prevent or significantly reduce renal infection following Canicola and Icterohaemorrhagiae challenge, and there was a trend of reduction of renal infection with Australis (serovar Bratislava). In the case of the Grippotyphosa study, challenge led to no detectable renal infection in any dog of the control group. In conclusion, in this study significant protective immunity was achieved in dogs 12 months after a basic vaccination schedule of two doses against strains of serogroups Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa and Australis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L B M Klaasen
- Department of Microbiological R&D, MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, The Netherlands.
| | - M van der Veen
- Department of Microbiological R&D, MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - D Sutton
- Global Marketing Department, MSD Animal Health, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - M J C H Molkenboer
- Department of Global Regulatory Affairs Immunologicals, MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
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Senthil NR, Palanivel KM, Rishikesavan R. Seroprevalence of Leptospiral Antibodies in Canine Population in and around Namakkal. J Vet Med 2013; 2013:971810. [PMID: 26464917 PMCID: PMC4590886 DOI: 10.1155/2013/971810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a reemerging and a complex zoonotic bacterial disease, caused by pathogenic serovars of Leptospira interrogans. A total of 124 sera samples of dogs belonging to different categories like vaccinated, unvaccinated-semiowned, and stray dogs were subjected to sampling. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was conducted by using Leptospira culture. Out of 42 vaccinated dogs, 24 (57%) were positive to one or more serovars. Of the 24, 22 (52.3%), 11 (26.19%), 4 (9.5%), 1 (3%), and 2 (4.7%) were positive to icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, pomona, grippotyphosa, and autumnalis, respectively. Of the 48 unvaccinated semiowned dogs, 10 (28.8%) showed positive agglutination to one or more serovars. Of the 10 samples, 7 (14.5%), 2 (4.1%), 3 (6.2%), 3 (6.2%), and 5 (10.2%) were positive to icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, pomona, grippotyphosa, and autumnalis, respectively. Among the 34 stray dogs, 12 showed positive agglutination to one or more leptospiral antibodies. Of the 12 samples, 6 (17.6%) showed positive agglutination to icterohaemorrhagiae, 2 (5.8%) to canicola, 5 (14.7%) to pomona, 7 (20.5%) to grippotyphosa, and 5 (4.7%) to autumnalis. This study emphasized the changing trends in the epidemiology of leptospirosis with higher prevalence of serovar L. grippotyphosa in street dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. R. Senthil
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary College and Research Institute and Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Tamilnadu, Namakkal 637 002, India
| | - K. M. Palanivel
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary College and Research Institute and Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Tamilnadu, Namakkal 637 002, India
| | - R. Rishikesavan
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary College and Research Institute and Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Tamilnadu, Namakkal 637 002, India
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Wilson S, Stirling C, Thomas A, King V, Plevová E, Chromá L, Siedek E, Illambas J, Salt J, Sture G. A new multivalent (DHPPi/L4R) canine combination vaccine prevents infection, shedding and clinical signs following experimental challenge with four Leptospira serovars. Vaccine 2013; 31:3131-4. [PMID: 23707447 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although effective vaccines have been developed against the common Leptospira serovars, they are still reported in clinical cases, while others are increasingly prevalent. The results from four challenge studies following vaccination of dogs with a new combination vaccine (DHPPi/L4R) containing inactivated L. serovars, L. canicola, L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. bratislava and L. grippotyphosa conducted to satisfy the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia monograph (01/2008:0447), are reported. Six week old dogs received two vaccinations, three weeks apart, and were challenged 25 days later with different isolates of the L. serovars. Clinical observations were recorded, and blood, urine and tissue samples were collected for analysis. Following challenge, non-vaccinated dogs demonstrated various clinical signs, while no vaccinated dogs were affected; significant differences in mean clinical scores were observed. Measurable antibody titres to each Leptospira antigen were seen in vaccinated dogs 21 days following the first vaccination, with further increases in antibody titres observed following challenge with the respective Leptospira strain. Non-vaccinated dogs remained seronegative until challenge. Leptospira were re-isolated from the blood, urine, kidney and liver of all non-vaccinated dogs following challenge. In contrast no vaccinated dogs had Leptospira re-isolated from the same tissues. Significant differences were seen in number of days with positive isolation (blood and urine) and in number of dogs with positive samples (kidney and liver). In conclusion, vaccination of dogs with the new vaccine induces protective immunity 25 days after second vaccination with protection against infection, renal infection and clinical signs following challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wilson
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 1930 Zaventem, Belgium.
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Duration of immunity of a multivalent (DHPPi/L4R) canine vaccine against four Leptospira serovars. Vaccine 2013; 31:3126-30. [PMID: 23707443 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite effective vaccines against common Leptospira serovars, the development of new products with long duration of immunity is still important to protect dogs against leptospirosis. The results from four challenge studies performed one year after vaccination of dogs with a multivalent vaccine containing four Leptospira antigens are reported. Six week old dogs received two vaccinations, three weeks apart, and were challenged 367 days later. Clinical observations were recorded, while blood (culture, biochemistry and haematology), urine (culture) and liver and kidney (culture) samples were collected throughout the study or at necropsy. All control dogs remained seronegative until challenge, when they seroconverted. Antibody titres to Leptospira antigens were seen in vaccinated dogs 21 days after first vaccination and peaked three to six weeks after the second vaccination. Titres decreased in all studies over the following 12 months, until challenge when anamnestic responses were observed. In all studies control dogs demonstrated various abnormal clinical signs, while no vaccinated dogs were affected; differences between groups were only significant following L. bratislava challenge. Analysis of blood cultures showed all control and five of the 24 vaccinated dogs were Leptospira positive after challenge; all studies showed significant differences between treatment groups in mean number of days with positive cultures. Significant differences between vaccinated and control groups in mean number of days with positive urine cultures were also observed, with all non-vaccinated and one vaccinated dog Leptospira positive. The urine culture positive vaccinated dog also gave positive culture from kidney and liver samples. All except one control dog also showed positive Leptospira isolation from kidney or liver, with significant differences between vaccinated and control groups observed. The results demonstrate that administration of a new vaccine to six week old puppies induces immunity which is still effective up to one year later as demonstrated by challenge.
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Klaasen HLBM, van der Veen M, Molkenboer MJCH, Sutton D. A novel tetravalent Leptospira bacterin protects against infection and shedding following challenge in dogs. Vet Rec 2013; 172:181. [PMID: 23180149 PMCID: PMC3582088 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence based on the current epidemiological situation suggests that vaccines against canine leptospirosis in Europe should be directed against infection with Leptospira interrogans (sensu lato) serogroups Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa and Australis. In the eight studies presented here, dogs were vaccinated with Nobivac L4 (MSD Animal Health), a new tetravalent inactivated vaccine containing antigen from four strains representing these four serogroups. The dogs were then challenged, together with unvaccinated control dogs, using heterologous strains from the same four serogroups. In four of the studies, pups without agglutinating antibodies against the four serogroups were vaccinated with Nobivac L4 vaccine. In a further four studies, Nobivac L4 vaccine was given 48 hours after administration of antiserum from vaccinated dogs designed to mimic the serological status of pups with maternally derived antibodies against these serogroups. In all eight studies, vaccine efficacy was assessed in terms of antibody response, clinical signs, fever, thrombocyte count, frequency of positive isolation of challenge organisms from blood, urine and kidney and frequency of interstitial nephritis. The results demonstrate that Nobivac L4 vaccine induces sterile immunity against leptospiraemia and renal infection with strains of serogroups Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Grippotyphosa, and induces sterile immunity against leptospiraemia with a strain of serogroup Australis. Since sterile immunity was achieved in pups pretreated with antiserum as well, it can be concluded that this vaccine is also likely to be efficacious in the face of maternally derived antibodies in pups from the age of six weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L B M Klaasen
- Department of Microbiological R&D, MSD Animal Health, Wim de Körverstraat 35, Boxmeer 5831 AN, The Netherlands.
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Harland AL, Cave NJ, Jones BR, Benschop J, Donald JJ, Midwinter AC, Squires RA, Collins-Emerson JM. A serological survey of leptospiral antibodies in dogs in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2012; 61:98-106. [PMID: 23013160 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2012.719212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the prevalence of titres to four endemic leptospiral serovars in dog sera from the lower half of the North Island, and the South Island of New Zealand submitted to diagnostic laboratories, and to explore the association between the prevalence of seropositive samples to leptospirosis and breed group, age group and sex. METHODS Serum samples from 655 dogs residing in the central and lower North Island and from the South Island of New Zealand were sourced from the Massey University Veterinary Teaching Hospital and from submissions to New Zealand Veterinary Pathology in 2005. They were screened by the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) against Leptospira interrogans serovars Copenhageni and Pomona and L. borgpetersenii serovars Hardjo and Ballum. Titres greater or equal to 96 were considered positive. Variables investigated for their association with the prevalence of seropositive samples to leptospirosis included serovar, breed, North vs. South Island, age and sex. RESULTS Positive MAT titres to Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni were found in 10.3 % of dogs (95% CI=8.1-12.9), and were more common than positive titres to other leptospiral serovars. Small breeds did not have a lower prevalence of Copenhageni titres than other breeds. Positive titres to Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo were associated with breeds of dogs used as farm working dogs. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of positive leptospiral titres between dogs from the North or South Islands. Dogs greater than 12 years of age were less likely to have positive titres to Leptospira than younger dogs. No association was found between positive titres and sex. CONCLUSIONS Breeds of dogs used as farm working were at greater risk of exposure to Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo. Small breeds did not have a lower risk of seropositivity to Copenhageni than farm working breeds. Further study should be undertaken to confirm the prevalence of positive titres to leptospirosis in farm dogs and dogs resident in the South Island. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The risk of dogs being exposed to Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni, and requirement for vaccination against serovar Copenhageni, cannot be determined by geographical location or breed group. Vaccination against Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo is likely to be beneficial in working dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Harland
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Analysis of multiple Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola vaccine proteomes and identification of LipL32 as a biomarker for potency. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:587-93. [PMID: 22323560 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05622-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The current batch potency test for Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola vaccines requires the use of a large number of hamsters and has severe effects (i.e., hepatic and renal failure resulting in death); while this vaccine is effective, a safer, cheaper, more ethical replacement is desired. The aim of this study was to analyze vaccine proteomes and identify target molecules common to all L. interrogans serovar Canicola vaccines which could be used to design an in vitro potency test. Initial analysis of L. interrogans serovar Canicola vaccines (A to E) from different manufacturers, using the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay and silver-stained sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, indicated that lipopolysaccharide was not present in all vaccines, preventing it from being a suitable target molecule. The protein contents of vaccines A to E were therefore determined by two-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry ([2D-LC/MS] 221 ± 31, 9 ± 8, 34 ± 4, 21 ± 5, and 34 ± 17 proteins [mean ± 1 standard deviation] found, respectively). The outer membrane protein LipL32 was established to be common to all and to be present at a significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) relative spectral abundance in a batch of vaccine which passed the in vivo potency test than in one which had failed. Further analysis using multiple reaction monitoring revealed that the concentration of the N terminus of LipL32 was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.01) in failed batches (n = 2) of vaccine than in passed batches (n = 2); the concentration of the C terminus between the two batches was approximately the same. An in vitro Leptospira vaccine potency test, based on N-terminal amino acid quantification of LipL32, was subsequently developed.
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Ahmed A, L. B. M. Klaasen H, van der Veen M, van der Linden H, G. A. Goris M, A. Hartskeerl R. Evaluation of Real-Time PCR and Culturing for the Detection of Leptospires in Canine Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2012.22021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Determination of an infectious dose of Leptospira for the performance of challenge test in assessing the efficacy of Leptospira vaccines. ACTA VET BRNO 2011. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201180030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of vaccines against leptospiral disease can be determined objectively by challenge test in experimental animals. Selection of suitable leptospiral challenge strains and determination of an optimal challenge dose to prove exactly that the given vaccine Leptospira serotype induces protective immunity in vaccinated dogs is a critical point in performing challenge experiments. The aim of our study was to verify and determine an appropriate challenge dose for efficacy tests in dogs for the following Leptospira serovars: L. grippotyphosa, L. icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola. The appropriate challenge dose was determined on the basis of pathognomonic symptoms of infection, Leptospira capture at cultivation and pathological changes in dogs infected experimentally with various doses (5 × 104 - 5 × 108) of Leptospira serovars. A dose of 5 × 106 of each respective serovar administered intraperitoneally was determined to be a suitable challenge dose. The dogs infected with the selected dose showed the typical symptoms of the disease and met the requirements of an objective and standard evaluation of the vaccine efficacy according to the pharmacopoeial monograph. A study of such extent was done for the first time in the Czech Republic.
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Barmettler R, Schweighauser A, Bigler S, Grooters AM, Francey T. Assessment of exposure to Leptospira serovars in veterinary staff and dog owners in contact with infected dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238:183-8. [PMID: 21235371 DOI: 10.2460/javma.238.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess patterns of seroreactivity to Leptospira serovars in veterinary professional staff and dog owners exposed to dogs with acute leptospirosis and to contrast these patterns in people with those observed in dogs. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION Human subjects consisted of 91 people (50 veterinarians, 19 technical staff, 9 administrative personnel, and 13 dog owners) exposed to dogs with leptospirosis. Canine subjects consisted of 52 dogs with naturally occurring leptospirosis admitted to the University of Bern Vetsuisse Faculty Small Animal Clinic in 2007 and 2008. PROCEDURES People were tested for seroreactivity to regionally prevalent Leptospira serovars by use of a complement fixation test. A questionnaire designed to identify risk factors associated with seropositivity was used to collect demographic information from each study participant. Dogs were tested for seroreactivity to Leptospira serovars by use of a microscopic agglutination test. RESULTS On the basis of microscopic agglutination test results, infected dogs were seropositive for antibodies against Leptospira serovars as follows (in descending order): Bratislava (43/52 [83%]), Australis (43/52 [83%]), Grippotyphosa (18/52 [35%]), Pomona (12/52 [23%]), Autumnalis (6/52 [12%]), Icterohemorrhagiae (4/52 [8%]), Tarassovi (2/52 [4%]), and Canicola (1/52 [2%]). All 91 people were seronegative for antibodies against Leptospira serovars. Therefore, statistical evaluation of risk factors and comparison of patterns of seroreactivity to Leptospira serovars between human and canine subjects were limited to theoretical risks. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Seroreactivity to Leptospira serovars among veterinary staff adhering to standard hygiene protocols and pet owners exposed to dogs with acute leptospirosis was uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Barmettler
- Small Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3027 Bern, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Leptospirosis is a common zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution. Dogs become infected by exposure to contaminated urine from shedding wild animals. The bacteria penetrate mucus membranes, causing endothelial damage and damage to organs, such as the liver and kidneys. The clinical signs and clinicopathologic data are nonspecific and a high index of suspicion is needed by the practitioner. Testing today is highly based on serology (microscopic agglutination test) and perhaps polymerase chain reaction. Treatment of leptospirosis involves supportive care and antibiotics, and prevention includes environmental steps and annual vaccination of dogs at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Goldstein
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Sykes JE, Hartmann K, Lunn KF, Moore GE, Stoddard RA, Goldstein RE. 2010 ACVIM small animal consensus statement on leptospirosis: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 25:1-13. [PMID: 21155890 PMCID: PMC3040842 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This report offers a consensus opinion on the diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of leptospirosis in dogs, an important zoonosis. Clinical signs of leptospirosis in dogs relate to development of renal disease, hepatic disease, uveitis, and pulmonary hemorrhage. Disease may follow periods of high rainfall, and can occur in dogs roaming in proximity to water sources, farm animals, or wildlife, or dogs residing in suburban environments. Diagnosis is based on acute and convalescent phase antibody titers by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), with or without use of polymerase chain reaction assays. There is considerable interlaboratory variation in MAT results, and the MAT does not accurately predict the infecting serogroup. The recommended treatment for optimal clearance of the organism from renal tubules is doxycycline, 5 mg/kg PO q12h, for 14 days. Annual vaccination can prevent leptospirosis caused by serovars included in the vaccine and is recommended for dogs at risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Sykes
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Abstract
AbstractConcerns about possible adverse effects from annual vaccination have prompted the reanalysis of vaccine protocols for cats and dogs. In the last decade, several veterinary advisory groups have published protocols that recommend extended revaccination intervals for certain ‘core’ vaccines. In addition, practicing veterinarians have been asked to consider vaccination as an individualized medical procedure, based on an analysis of risks and benefits for each vaccine in an individual animal. The calls for extended revaccination intervals prompted considerable debate in USA and internationally. Areas of concern include the amount of evidence to support prolonged immunity from various vaccines, the risk of poor responses in individual animals and the possible effects on population immunity. This review examines how the duration of immunity (DOI) to a vaccine is established in animals and humans. It reviews factors that can affect the DOI in an individual animal, including the types of immune defenses stimulated by the pathogen, and the vaccine, host factors such as age and the level of exposure to the pathogen. In addition, it examines DOI studies that were published for canine and feline core vaccines.
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Abstract
Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis in the world. Humans become infected through contact with the urine of carrier animals, directly or via contaminated environments. This review reports available data on animal leptospirosis in ten tropical islands: Barbados, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Grenada, Trinidad, New Caledonia, Hawaii, French Polynesia, La Réunion and Mayotte. Leptospirosis is endemic in these insular wild and domestic fauna. Each island presents a specific panel of circulating serovars, closely linked with animal and environmental biodiversity, making it epidemiologically different from the mainland. Rats, mongooses and mice are proven major renal carriers of leptospires in these areas but dogs also constitute a significant potential reservoir. In some islands seroprevalence of leptospirosis in animals evolves with time, inducing changes in the epidemiology of the human disease. Consequently more investigations on animal leptospirosis in these ecosystems and use of molecular tools are essential for prevention and control of the human disease.
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Minke JM, Bey R, Tronel JP, Latour S, Colombet G, Yvorel J, Cariou C, Guiot AL, Cozette V, Guigal PM. Onset and duration of protective immunity against clinical disease and renal carriage in dogs provided by a bi-valent inactivated leptospirosis vaccine. Vet Microbiol 2009; 137:137-45. [PMID: 19179023 PMCID: PMC7117247 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Protection against clinical disease and prevention of the renal carrier state remain the key objectives of vaccination against leptospirosis in the dog. In the present paper, groups of dogs were vaccinated twice with a commercial bacterin (EURICAN® L) containing Leptospira interrogans serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola and challenged with heterologous representatives of both serovars at 2 weeks (onset of immunity) or 14 months (duration of immunity) after the second vaccination. Control dogs were not vaccinated against leptospirosis and kept with the vaccinated dogs. The challenges, irrespective of the serovar, reliably produced clinical signs consistent with Leptospira infection in the control pups with up to 60% mortality. As expected clinical disease in the adult controls was less severe, but we were able to induce morbidity and mortality as well. Under these extreme challenge conditions, clinical signs in the vaccinated dogs were rare, and when observed, mild and transient in nature. Following experimental infection, 100% of the control pups and 83% of the adult controls became renal carriers. Despite the heavy challenges, none of the 18 vaccinated puppies (onset of immunity studies) and only 2 out of the 16 vaccinated adult dogs (duration of immunity studies) developed a renal carrier state. These results show that a primary course of two doses of EURICAN® L provided quick onset and long-term protection against both clinical leptospirosis and the renal carrier stage. This vaccine should provide veterinarians with a powerful tool to prevent clinical disease in dogs and zoonotic transmission of leptospirosis to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Minke
- MERIAL S.A.S., 254 rue Marcel Mérieux, 69007 Lyon, France.
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IWAMOTO E, WADA Y, FUJISAKI Y, UMEKI S, JONES MY, MIZUNO T, ITAMOTO K, MAEDA K, IWATA H, OKUDA M. Nationwide Survey of Leptospira Antibodies in Dogs in Japan: Results from Microscopic Agglutination Test and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:1191-9. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emiko IWAMOTO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Yuko WADA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Yuka FUJISAKI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Saori UMEKI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | | | - Takuya MIZUNO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Kazuhito ITAMOTO
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Ken MAEDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Hiroyuki IWATA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Masaru OKUDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
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Davis MA, Evermann JF, Petersen CR, VancerSchalie J, Besser TE, Huckabee J, Daniels JB, Hancock DD, Leslie M, Baer R. Serological survey for antibodies to Leptospira in dogs and raccoons in Washington State. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55:436-42. [PMID: 18631236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A high number of reported canine leptospirosis cases occurred in Washington State from 2004 to 2006. This prompted a serosurvey of healthy dogs from around the state to determine the distribution of exposure risk and to provide insight into serovar epidemiology in the region. In addition, a convenience sample of sera from injured raccoons was also tested, and clinical serological data from the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory were examined. The proportion of dogs with an antibody titre (>or=1:100) to any serovar was 27/158 (17.1%, 95% CI 11.6-23.9), and that proportion among raccoons was 22/115 (19.1%, 95% CI 12.4-27.5) suggesting that the potential for exposure in Washington state is not uncommon. The most frequently detected serovars in healthy dogs were Autumnalis, Icterohemorrhagiae and Canicola, in clinical canine samples Autumnalis, Bratislava and Pomona were more frequent and in sick or injured raccoons Autumnalis, and Pomona were most frequently detected. Clinical canine serology demonstrated a late summer-fall seasonality that was consistent with other reports. An outbreak of canine leptospirosis occurred during 2004-2006 and was located primarily in western Washington counties, as were three reported human cases in 2005. Canine leptospirosis surveillance is an important tool for detecting human risk of exposure and may provide insights into which serovars are currently of clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Davis
- Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
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van de Maele I, Claus A, Haesebrouck F, Daminet S. Leptospirosis in dogs: a review with emphasis on clinical aspects. Vet Rec 2008; 163:409-13. [PMID: 18836154 DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.14.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease affecting several mammalian species, including human beings. In dogs, it is spread mainly by rodents that act as a maintenance host for several Leptospira serovars. Until recently, the most common signs observed in affected dogs consisted of icterus and haemorrhagic diathesis, but today the most prevalent clinical signs are attributed to acute renal failure. The current literature gives a good review of leptospirosis in dogs in the USA and Canada, but less information is available about its occurrence in Europe. This review considers the clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this emerging zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- I van de Maele
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Abstract
Leptospirosis is a serious infection disease caused by pathogenic strains of the Leptospira spirochetes, which affects not only humans but also animals. It has long been expected to find an effective vaccine to prevent leptospirosis through immunization of high risk humans or animals. Although some leptospirosis vaccines have been obtained, the vaccination is relatively unsuccessful in clinical application despite decades of research and millions of dollars spent. In this review, the recent advancements of recombinant outer membrane protein (OMP) vaccines, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) vaccines, inactivated vaccines, attenuated vaccines and DNA vaccines against leptospirosis are reviewed. A comparison of these vaccines may lead to development of new potential methods to combat leptospirosis and facilitate the leptospirosis vaccine research. Moreover, a vaccine ontology database was built for the scientists working on the leptospirosis vaccines as a starting tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wang
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, PR China.
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