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Németh T, Lévai S, Kormos A, Kupai J, Tóth T, Balogh GT, Huszthy P. Preparation and Studies of Chiral Stationary Phases Containing Enantiopure Acridino-18-Crown-6 Ether Selectors. Chirality 2014; 26:651-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Németh
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Budapest Hungary
| | - Sándor Lévai
- Compound Profiling Laboratory; Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter Plc.; Budapest Hungary
| | - Attila Kormos
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Budapest Hungary
| | - József Kupai
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Budapest Hungary
| | - Tünde Tóth
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Budapest Hungary
| | - György Tibor Balogh
- Compound Profiling Laboratory; Chemical Works of Gedeon Richter Plc.; Budapest Hungary
| | - Péter Huszthy
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics; Budapest Hungary
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2
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Kurzfassungen der Diskussions- und Postervorträge. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.2503240917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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3
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Lau YY. Determination of Ibuprofen Enantiomers in Human Plasma by Derivatization and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079608017147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yau Yi Lau
- a Department of Biopharmaceutics , Corning Hazleton Inc. , 3301 Kinsman, Boulevard Madison, WI, 53704, USA
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4
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Augusti DV, Augusti R. Determination of the enantiomeric composition of ibuprofen solutions via a rapid and sensitive mass spectrometry method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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5
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Toyo'oka T. Resolution of chiral drugs by liquid chromatography based upon diastereomer formation with chiral derivatization reagents. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2002; 54:25-56. [PMID: 12543490 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(02)00127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chiral derivatization reagents for resolution of biologically important compounds, such as chiral drugs by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), based upon pre-column derivatization and diastereomer formation, are reviewed. The derivatization reagents for various functional groups, i.e., amine, carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl and thiol, are evaluated in terms of reactivity, stability, wavelength, handling, versatility, sensitivity, and selectivity. The applicability of the reagents to the analyses of drugs and bioactive compounds are included in the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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6
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Toyo’oka T. Fluorescent tagging of physiologically important carboxylic acids, including fatty acids, for their detection in liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Bauza R, Rı́os A, Valcárcel M. Supercritical fluid extraction with in situ chiral derivatization for the enantiospecific determination of ibuprofen in urine samples. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01383-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Vermeulen B, Remon JP. Validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of ibuprofen enantiomers in plasma of broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 749:243-51. [PMID: 11145061 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To characterise the pharmacokinetic properties of each enantiomer of ibuprofen in broiler chickens, a stereospecific HPLC method based on a alpha1-acid glycoprotein bonded chiral stationary phase has been validated. S-(+)-naproxen was used as internal standard. Enantiomers of ibuprofen and S-(+)-naproxen were baseline separated using a mobile phase consisting of 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH = 7 and 0.4% 2-propanol. The method is precise, specific, accurate and reproducible. Recoveries were higher than 80% and the limits of quantification for R-(-)- and S-(+)-ibuprofen were 1.16 and 1.37 microg ml(-1), respectively. The method seemed suitable for the pharmacokinetic studies of ibuprofen in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vermeulen
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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9
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Canaparo R, Muntoni E, Zara GP, Della Pepa C, Berno E, Costa M, Eandi M. Determination of Ibuprofen in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography: validation and application in pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2000; 14:219-26. [PMID: 10861732 DOI: 10.1002/1099-0801(200006)14:4<219::aid-bmc969>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A specific method for the simultaneous determination of S-(+)Ibuprofen and R-(-)Ibuprofen enantiomers in human plasma is described. Adopting a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system with spectrofluorometer detector, the compounds were extracted from plasma in alcohol medium and were separated on C18 column, using a solution of acetonitrile-water-acetic acid-triethylamine as mobile phase. The limit of quantitation was 0.1 microg/mL for both compounds. The method was validated by intra-day assays at three concentration levels and was used in a kinetic study in healthy volunteers. During the study we carried out inter-day assays to confirm the feasibility of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Canaparo
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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10
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Abstract
Ibuprofen is one of the most effective and widely used non-steroidal analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. It is marketed as a racemic mixture though it is known that the pharmacological activity resides in the (S)-(+)-enantiomer only. Several direct/indirect liquid chromatographic methods involving a variety of chiral/achiral phases along with their possible role in resolution, chiral and achiral agents used for derivatisation have been discussed with special reference to ibuprofen, and mentioning their application to the resolution of other 2-aryl-propionic acids/profens.
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11
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Ravisankar S, Vasudevan M, Gandhimathi M, Suresh B. Reversed-phase HPLC method for the estimation of acetaminophen, ibuprofen and chlorzoxazone in formulations. Talanta 1998; 46:1577-81. [DOI: 10.1016/s0039-9140(98)00043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/1997] [Revised: 01/12/1998] [Accepted: 01/13/1998] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Santa T, Luo J, Lim CK, Imai K. Enantiomeric separation and detection by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of 2-arylpropionic acids derivatized with benzofurazan fluorescent reagents. Biomed Chromatogr 1998; 12:73-7. [PMID: 9568274 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0801(199803/04)12:2<73::aid-bmc725>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The enantiomneric separation and the detection of 2-arylpropionic acids after derivatization with the fluorescent reagents with a benzofurazan structure, (S)-(+)-4-(N,N- dimethylaminosulphonyl)-7-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2,1,3-ben zoxadiazole ((S)-DBD-Apy), (R)-(-)-4-nitro-7-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2,1,3- benzoxadiazole ((R)-NBD-Apy), 4-N,N-dimethylaminosulphonyl-7-piperazino-2,1,3-benzoxadi zole (DBD-PZ) and N-hydrazinoformylmethyl-N-methylamino-4,4- N,N-dimethylaminosulphonyl-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD-CO-Hz) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) were examined. The diastereomeric derivatization with (S)-DBD-Apy or (R)-NBD-Apy and the separation on the reversed phase column afforded the high sensitivity. The separation on chiral stationary phase after non-chiral derivatization with DBD-PZ or DBD-CO-Hz provided less sensitivity. The signal-to-noise ratio of (S)-DBD-Apy-(S)-ketoprofen of 200:1 was observed for 12.5 picomole (pmol) injection and selected ion monitoring (SIM) of the quasi-molecular ion after splitting 1:7 before entering into the electrospray ion sources. As a result, the usefulness of these reagents for MS detection has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Santa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Tesarvá E, Gilar M, Jegorov A, Uhrová M, Deyl Z. Chiral resolution of flobufen by high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Biomed Chromatogr 1997; 11:321-4. [PMID: 9376718 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0801(199709)11:5<321::aid-bmc710>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The enantiomeric separation of an anti-inflammatory drug flobufen was performed on various chiral columns in liquid chromatography and by reversed phase chromatography and by capillary electrophoresis with beta-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector in the mobile phase and background electrolyte, respectively. The elution order of individual enantiomers is discussed with respect to the absolute chirality of (+/-)-flobufen determined by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tesarvá
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Enantiospecific analysis of ibuprofen by high performance liquid chromatography: Determination of free and total drug enantiomer concentrations in serum and urine. Chromatographia 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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al-Kindy S, Santa T, Fukushima T, Homma H, Imai K. 1-(5-Dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulphonyl)-(S)-3-aminopyrrolidine (DNS-Apy) as a fluorescence chiral labelling reagent for carboxylic acid enantiomers. Biomed Chromatogr 1997; 11:137-42. [PMID: 9192105 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0801(199705)11:3<137::aid-bmc648>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
1-(5-Dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulphonyl)-(S)-3-aminopyrrolidi ne (DNS-Apy) has been synthesized for the separation of carboxylic acid enantiomers by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and sensitive detection. The reagent reacts with carboxylic acids at room temperature in the presence of activation agents 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide (DPDS) and triphenylphosphine (TPP). The maximum emission of the diastereomeric amide derived from (S)-phenylpropionic acid and ketoprofen derivatives of DNS-Apy was at 530 nm with excitation at 340 nm. The emission wavelength shifted towards the blue and the fluorescence intensities increased with increasing acetonitrile concentration in the medium. The diastereomers derived from anti-inflammatory drugs were efficiently resolved with a reverse-phase column using water:acetonitrile mixture as mobile phase. All of the racemate of arylpropionic acid derivatives gave equal fluorescence intensity of the two enantiomers with the exception of ketoprofen derivatives where the intensity of the first eluting enantiomer was half that of the second.
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Affiliation(s)
- S al-Kindy
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Davies NM. Methods of analysis of chiral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 691:229-61. [PMID: 9174260 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the analysis of the enantiomers of chiral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been carried out for over 20 years, there often remains a deficit within the pharmaceutical and medical sciences to address this issue. Hence, despite world-wide therapeutic use of chiral NSAIDs the importance of stereoselectivity in pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and pharmacological activity and disposition has often been ignored. This review presents both the general principles that allow separation of chiral NSAID enantiomers, and discusses both the advantages and disadvantages of the available chromatographic assay methods and procedures used to separately quantify NSAID enantiomers in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Davies
- University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Alb., Canada
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17
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Toyo'oka T. Recent progress in liquid chromatographic enantioseparation based upon diastereomer formation with fluorescent chiral derivatization reagents. Biomed Chromatogr 1996; 10:265-77. [PMID: 8949907 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0801(199611)10:6<265::aid-bmc602>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Techniques for the resolution by liquid chromatography of racemic compounds based upon diastereomer formation with a fluorescent chiral reagent are outlined in this review. The tagging reagents for various functional groups, i.e. amine, carboxyl, hydroxyl and thiol, are evaluated in terms of optical purity, handling, flexibility, stability, sensitivity and selectivity. The applicabilities of the reagents to drugs and biologically important substances are included in the text. This review is limited to reagents with fluorophores and reagents that exhibit fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Toyo'oka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan
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18
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Shah AK, Wei G, Lanman RC, Bhargava VO, Weir SJ. Percutaneous absorption of ketoprofen from different anatomical sites in man. Pharm Res 1996; 13:168-72. [PMID: 8668669 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016014308638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the percutaneous absorption of ketoprofen applied topically to different anatomical sites on the body. METHODS The study design was a randomized, four-way crossover in 24 healthy male subjects. One gram of ketoprofen 3% gel (30 mg dose) was applied every six hours for 25 doses over a 100 cm2 of the back, arm, and knee. A 0.5 ml of ketoprofen solution (60 mg/ml) was applied to the back as a reference treatment. Plasma and urine samples were obtained for the assay of racemic ketoprofen and ketoprofen enantiomers (S and R), respectively. RESULTS The relative bioavailabilities of ketoprofen gel were 0.90 +/- 0.50, 1.08 +/- 0.63, and 0.74 +/- 0.38 when applied to the back, arm, and knee, respectively. The plasma ketoprofen C(max) for gel applied to the back and arm are similar (p > 0.05) but C(max) was lower when applied to the knee (p < 0.05). The time to C(max) ranged from 2.7 to 4.0 hours and was similar for gel treatments on the back and arm, but no longer for the knee treatment. The fraction of dose excreted in urine as total S and R enantiomers ranged from 5.41 to 9.10%. CONCLUSIONS The percutaneous absorption of ketoprofen was similar when applied to either the back or arm but was lower when applied to the knee.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Shah
- Pfizer Inc., Central Research Division, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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19
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Aberg G, Ciofalo VB, Pendleton RG, Ray G, Weddle D. Inversion of (R)- to (S)-ketoprofen in eight animal species. Chirality 1995; 7:383-7. [PMID: 7495642 DOI: 10.1002/chir.530070513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The (R)-enantiomer of the NSAID ketoprofen was administered orally at 20 mg/kg to a series of 8 animal species. In all species, a highly significant degree of inversion occurred after 1 h which varied from 27% (gerbil) to 73% (dog) and persisted or increased in plasma samples obtained 3 h after drug administration. Although the (R)-enantiomer was inactive as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, the analgesic effects of that isomer was almost the same as the (S)-isomer in animal analgesic assays, following oral administration of the drugs to mice and rats. Taken together, the present results suggest that (R)-ketoprofen administered alone functioned primarily as a prodrug for (S)-ketoprofen under the experimental conditions of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aberg
- Sepracor, Inc., Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
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20
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Rey E, Pariente-Khayat A, Gouyet L, Vauzelle-Kervroëdan F, Pons G, D'Athis P, Dubois MC, Murat I, Lassale C, Goehrs M. Stereoselective disposition of ibuprofen enantiomers in infants. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 38:373-5. [PMID: 7833229 PMCID: PMC1364783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1994.tb04369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of ibuprofen were investigated after oral administration of a single 7.6 +/- 0.3 mg kg-1 dose of the racemate in 11 infants. Mean (+/- s.d.) half-lives were 1.6 +/- 0.5 h for S(+) and 1.5 +/- 0.5 h for R(-) and mean (+/- s.d.) AUC values were 31.5 +/- 14.3 mg l-1 h for S(+) and 36.6 +/- 13.8 mg l-1 h for R(-). Since plasma concentrations of the active S(+)-isomer were lower than those reported in adults, a higher dosage might be required in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rey
- Département de Pharmacologie Périnatale et Pédiatrique, Hôpital Saint-Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
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Van Overbeke A, Baeyens W, Van den Bossche W, Dewaele C. Separation of 2-arylpropionic acids on a cellulose based chiral stationary phase by RP-HPLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1994; 12:901-9. [PMID: 7981319 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(94)e0019-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The enantiomers of eight 2-arylpropionic acids, a group of chiral non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, were resolved as their benzylamide derivatives on a high-performance liquid chromatographic chiral stationary phase consisting of a covalently bound tris (4-methylbenzoate) cellulose layer on silica gel. The column was used under reversed-phase conditions using methanol as the main mobile phase component, with a perchlorate buffer pH 2.0. A compromise for derivatization with a water soluble carbodiimide and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole of a group of eight analytes was obtained. The derivatives were identified by IR- and MS-spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van Overbeke
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Hutt AJ, Hadley MR, Tan SC. Enantiospecific analysis: applications in bioanalysis and metabolism. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1994; 19:241-51. [PMID: 7867667 DOI: 10.1007/bf03188927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Enantiospecific analysis has a significant role in modern drug development from discovery-chemistry to the clinical evaluation of novel compounds. Chromatographic techniques, involving the use of either chiral derivatizing agents or chiral stationary phases, represent the most commonly used approaches to enantiospecific analysis. The advantages and limitations of these two techniques are examined using the analysis of the enantiomers of the 2-arylpropionic acids (tiaprofenic acid and ibuprofen) and the chiral N-oxides of N-ethyl-N-methylaniline and pargyline, as representative examples for each approach. The potential of biosensors in enantiospecific analysis is addressed and some preliminary results on the development of an enantioselective biosensor for the analysis of (S)-warfarin are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hutt
- Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, UK
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23
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Kondo J, Suzuki N, Naganuma H, Imaoka T, Kawasaki T, Nakanishi A, Kawahara Y. Enantiospecific determination of ibuprofen in rat plasma using chiral fluorescence derivatization reagent, (-)-2-[4-(1-aminoethyl)phenyl]-6- methoxybenzoxazole. Biomed Chromatogr 1994; 8:170-4. [PMID: 7812120 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1130080405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of the enantiomeric composition of ibuprofen in rat plasma is described. The method is based on the resolution of the diastereomeric amides formed on reaction of the ibuprofen enantiomers with (-)-2-[4-(1-aminoethyl)phenyl]-6-methoxybenzoxazole ((-)-APMB) in the presence of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulphide (DPDS) and triphenylphosphine (TPP) in dichloromethane. The reaction mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 5 min, and the reaction was completed by evaporation with a stream of nitrogen at 40 degrees C. The minimum quantifiable concentrations were 0.2 microgram/mL and 0.4 microgram/mL for S-ibuprofen and R-ibuprofen, respectively, in a 10 microL injection volume. The method was applied to the determination of enantiomeric ibuprofen in plasma after oral administration to rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kondo
- Product Development Laboratories, Sankyo Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Van Overbeke A, Baeyens W, Van den Bossche W, Dewaele C. Enantiomeric separation of amide derivatives of some 2-arylpropionic acids by HPLC on a cellulose-based chiral stationary phase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1994; 12:911-6. [PMID: 7981320 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(94)e0012-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of the R- and S-enantiomers of ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, ketoprofen and tiaprofenic acid. Separation has been achieved using a tris(4-methylbenzoate)cellulose phase after derivatization into their amides. Flurbiprofen could also be partially resolved into its enantiomers without prior derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Van Overbeke
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ghent, Belgium
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25
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Zhao MJ, Peter C, Holtz MC, Hugenell N, Koffel JC, Jung L. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of ibuprofen enantiomers in human plasma using R(-)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol as derivatizing reagent. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 656:441-6. [PMID: 7987500 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(94)80107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A relatively rapid, inexpensive, sensitive and stereospecific gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method was developed for the quantification of S(+) and R(-)-ibuprofen in human plasma. This method uses a commercially available internal standard and has no interference from endogenous substances nor metabolites. The method involves derivatization of ibuprofen enantiomers with optically active R(-)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl)ethanol using oxalyl chloride as the coupling reagent. The subsequently formed diastereoisomers are separated by gas chromatography and analysed by mass spectrometry using selected-ion monitoring. The assay is successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study. The simplicity, sensitivity and precision of the method make it convenient for the quantification of ibuprofen enantiomers in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Zhao
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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26
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de Vries JX, Schmitz-Kummer E, Siemon D. The Analysis of Ibuprofen Enantiomers in Human Plasma and Urine by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography on an α1-Acid Glycoprotein Chiral Stationary Phase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079408013536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cheng H, Rogers JD, Demetriades JL, Holland SD, Seibold JR, Depuy E. Pharmacokinetics and bioinversion of ibuprofen enantiomers in humans. Pharm Res 1994; 11:824-30. [PMID: 7937520 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018969506143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An open, randomized, six-way crossover study was conducted in 12 healthy males to assess pharmacokinetics and bioinversion of ibuprofen enantiomers. The mean plasma terminal half-life (t1/2) of R(-)ibuprofen was 1.74 hr when intravenously infused as a racemic mixture and was 1.84 hr when intravenously infused alone. The mean t1/2 of S(+)ibuprofen was 1.77 hr when dosed as S(+)ibuprofen. Examination of values of both the absorption and disposition parameters of R(-)ibuprofen revealed that the kinetics of R(-)ibuprofen were not altered by concurrent administration of S(+)ibuprofen. In this study, there was little or no presystemic inversion of R(-)ibuprofen to its S(+)isomer. Also, 69% of the intravenous dose of R(-)ibuprofen was systemically inverted and 57.6% of the oral dose of R(-)ibuprofen lysinate was bioavailable as S(+)ibuprofen. These results indicate that the bioinversion of R(-)ibuprofen administered orally is mainly systemic. Because bioinversion of R(-)ibuprofen is not complete, S(+)ibuprofen produced higher bioavailability of S(+)ibuprofen (92.0%) than either racemic ibuprofen (70.7%) or R(-)ibuprofen (57.6%). However, bioavailability of R(-)ibuprofen (83.6%) when dosed alone was not significantly different from when dosed as racemic mixture (80.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cheng
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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28
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Naidong W, Lee JW. Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of ibuprofen enantiomers in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1994; 12:551-6. [PMID: 7918771 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(94)80033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A method for the quantitation of ibuprofen enantiomers in human plasma has been developed and validated. Separation of R- and S-ibuprofen was achieved on a silica-bonded beta-cyclodextrin column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.02% (v/v) triethylamine in water adjusted to pH 4.0 with glacial acetic acid in water (60:40, v/v). The UV detection was performed at 220 nm. The established linearity range was 1-25 micrograms ml-1 (r > 0.99). The limit of quantitation was designed as 1 microgram ml-1 for each enantiomer. Interday precision and accuracy for the standards were 2.2-5.9% relative standard deviation (RSD) and -2.9(-)+3.5% relative error for R-ibuprofen, and 1.9-6.3% RSD and -7.1(-)+4.4% relative error for S-ibuprofen. Interday precision and accuracy for quality controls at 2.5, 7.5 and 17.5 micrograms ml-1 were 6.1-6.4% RSD and -1.4(-)+0.8% relative error for R-ibuprofen, and 5.7-5.9% RSD and -1.2(-)+2.8% relative error for S-ibuprofen. p-Isopropylbenzoic acid was used as an internal standard. The run time was 26 min. Interference from various lots of human plasma were not observed. Stability results of on-system, re-injection, bench-top, freeze-thaw cycles and sample storage were established.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Naidong
- Harris Laboratories Inc., Lincoln, NE 68501
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29
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Ahn HY, Shiu GK, Trafton WF, Doyle TD. Resolution of the enantiomers of ibuprofen; comparison study of diastereomeric method and chiral stationary phase method. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 653:163-9. [PMID: 8205243 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)e0425-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an indirect diastereomeric method and a direct method utilizing a chiral stationary phase (CSP) were investigated for the resolution of ibuprofen enantiomers. In the indirect method, ethylchloroformate (ECF) and 2-ethoxy-1-1-ethoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) were utilized as first-step derivatizing reagents in acetonitrile or toluene. In the direct CSP method, ibuprofen enantiomers were derivatized to p-nitrobenzyl ureides and then resolved on an (R)-(-)-(1-naphthyl)ethylurea CSP column. The derivatization procedure took place in 10 min with an overall inversion efficiency of 90.3%. Racemization was not observed under the derivatization conditions used. The HPLC-CSP method was utilized to study the pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen enantiomers in dog plasma after a single oral administration of 200 mg of ibuprofen racemate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Ahn
- Biopharmaceutic Research Branch, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20204
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30
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Lemko CH, Caillé G, Foster RT. Stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of ibuprofen: improved sensitivity and sample processing efficiency. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 619:330-5. [PMID: 8263108 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80126-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay suitable for the analysis of the enantiomers of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen (IB) in plasma was developed. Following the addition of racemic fenoprofen as internal standard (I.S.), samples are acidified and extracted with a mixture of isooctane-isopropanol (95:5, v/v). After evaporation of the organic layer, the drug and I.S. are derivatized with S-(-)-1(1-naphthyl)ethylamine (S-NEA) after addition of ethyl chloroformate as the coupling reagent. Ethanolamine is added 3 min after the addition of S-NEA to react with the excessive ethyl chloroformate. The resultant diastereomers corresponding to IB and I.S. were chromatographed at ambient temperature on a 100 mm x 4.6 mm I.D. C18 reversed-phase column using acetonitrile-water-acetic acid-triethylamine (60:40:0.1:0.02) as the mobile phase pumped at a flow-rate of 1.2 ml/min. Detection of the fluorescent chromophore was at 280 and 320 nm for excitation and emission, respectively. The suitability of the assay for clinical pharmacokinetic studies of IB was determined by the analysis of plasma samples obtained from a healthy volunteer, following administration of a single 400-mg oral dose of racemic IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Lemko
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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31
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Kondo J, Imaoka T, Kawasaki T, Nakanishi A, Kawahara Y. Fluorescence derivatization reagent for resolution of carboxylic acid enantiomers by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80619-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Wright MR, Jamali F. Limited extent of stereochemical conversion of chiral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induced by derivatization methods employing ethyl chloroformate. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 616:59-65. [PMID: 8376493 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80471-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A potential problem with chiral derivatization is the possibility of stereochemical conversion during the derivatization reaction. This possibility has been examined using the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen, ketoprofen, etodolac and flurbiprofen. To avoid possible interference from stereochemical impurities, male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed intraperitoneally with the S enantiomer (100 mg/kg) of each drug and the R enantiomer of etodolac. Blood samples were taken 4 h afterwards. The plasma samples were analyzed using published stereospecific methods involving chiral derivatization with ethyl chloroformate followed by either R-(+)-alpha-phenylethylamine or L-leucinamide. For all the drugs examined, the percentage of formation of the antipode was between 1.0 and 5.8%. In vitro studies of the R and S enantiomers demonstrate that the apparent extent of conversion is inversely related to the concentration of ethyl chloroformate present during the derivatization reaction for ibuprofen, ketoprofen and flurbiprofen but not for etodolac. However, both the R and S enantiomers appear to be inverted to the same extent in the presence of ethyl chloroformate. These results suggest that the degree of stereochemical conversion induced by these assay procedures is small and would not contribute significantly to analytical error in the absence of a large difference in concentrations of the enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Wright
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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33
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Direct high-performance liquid chromatographic resolution of 2-aryl- and 2-heteroarylpropionic acids on a chiral stationary phase containing the N,N′-dinitrobenzoyl derivative of (1R,2R)-diaminocyclohexane. J Chromatogr A 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)83140-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Hutt AJ, Kooloobandi A, Hanlon GW. Microbial metabolism of 2-arylpropionic acids: chiral inversion of ibuprofen and 2-phenylpropionic acid. Chirality 1993; 5:596-601. [PMID: 8305287 DOI: 10.1002/chir.530050806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of (R,S)-ibuprofen has been investigated in 24 microbial cultures. Of these Cunninghamella elegans, Mucor hiemalis, and Verticillium lecanii catalyzed the oxidation of the drug to 2-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propionic acid, a known mammalian metabolite. The extent of metabolism was greatest with V. lecanii, with some 47% of the substrate being consumed over a 7-day incubation period. Enantiomeric analysis indicated stereoselective metabolism of (R)-ibuprofen, the enantiomeric composition of the residual substrate being R/S = 0.25. Following a preparative scale incubation of (R,S)-ibuprofen with V. lecanii, in which the reaction was allowed to go to completion, the metabolite was found to be predominantly of the S-configuration (S/R = 2.1), suggesting that chiral inversion of either the drug and/or the metabolite had taken place. Analysis of extracts following incubation of (R,S)-, (R)-, and (S)-2-phenylpropionic acid with V. lecanii, for 21 days, indicated that chiral inversion of the (R)-enantiomer to its optical antipode had taken place. The results of these investigations indicate that microorganisms, in addition to mammals, are able to mediate the chiral inversion of 2-arylpropionic acids. This observation may have implications for the preparation of optically pure 2-arylpropionic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hutt
- Department of Pharmacy, King's College London, United Kingdom
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35
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Jack DS, Rumble RH, Davies NW, Francis HW. Enantiospecific gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedure for the determination of ketoprofen and ibuprofen in synovial fluid and plasma: application to protein binding studies. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 584:189-97. [PMID: 1484103 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80575-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A method for the enantiospecific quantitation of two commonly prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ketoprofen and ibuprofen) is described. The method involves formation of a mixed anhydride of the drug with ethylchloroformate and subsequent conversion to an amide by reaction with optically active amphetamine. The subsequently formed diastereomers are separated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using selected-ion monitoring. The assay is capable of quantifying ketoprofen (2 ng/ml) and ibuprofen (3 ng/ml) enantiomers from a 200-microliters sample of synovial fluid or plasma and is particularly suitable for protein binding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Jack
- School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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36
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Wright MR, Sattari S, Brocks DR, Jamali F. Improved high-performance liquid chromatographic assay method for the enantiomers of ibuprofen. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 583:259-65. [PMID: 1478991 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, inexpensive and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of ibuprofen enantiomers from a variety of biological fluids is reported. This method uses a commercially available internal standard and has significantly less interference from endogenous co-extracted solutes than do previously reported methods. The method involves the acid extraction of drug and internal standard [(+/-)-fenoprofen] from the biological fluid with isooctane-isopropanol (95:5) followed by evaporation and derivatization with ethylchloroformate and R-(+)-alpha-phenylethylamine. Excellent linearity was observed between the peak-area ratio and enantiomer concentration (r > 0.99) over a concentration range of 0.25-50 micrograms/ml. This method is suitable for the quantitation of ibuprofen from single-dose pharmacokinetic studies involving either rats or humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Wright
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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37
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Oliary J, Tod M, Nicolas P, Petitjean O, Caillé G. Pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen enantiomers after single and repeated doses in man. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1992; 13:337-44. [PMID: 1498267 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2510130505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic parameters of ibuprofen enantiomers after a single 600 mg dose and repeated 3 x 400 mg doses of Nurofen were determined in 12 healthy volunteers. Terminal half-lives were similar for both enantiomers, but plasma levels of S-ibuprofen were higher than those of R-ibuprofen, due to the chiral inversion and differences in distribution and metabolism. Comparison of maximal concentrations and areas under the concentration vs time curves between the first and last doses for each enantiomer indicated linear pharmacokinetics with no time-dependency. A large inter-individual variability in the ratio of S- to R-ibuprofen average concentrations at steady-state was observed (mean +/- SD 1.89 +/- 0.89) and probably accounts for the known lack of correlation between racemic ibuprofen concentrations and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Oliary
- Département de Pharmacologie hospitalière, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
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38
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Jeffrey P, Tucker GT, Bye A, Crewe HK, Wright PA. The site of inversion of R(-)-ibuprofen: studies using rat in-situ isolated perfused intestine/liver preparations. J Pharm Pharmacol 1991; 43:715-20. [PMID: 1682447 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1991.tb03464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The site of metabolic inversion of R(-)-ibuprofen to the pharmacologically active S(+)-enantiomer has been investigated using an array of in-situ rat perfused organ preparations allowing vascular perfusion (55-60 min) of the separate or combined intestine and liver. After addition of R(-)-ibuprofen (20 mg kg-1 body weight) to the closed (static) lumen of isolated 25 cm lengths of duodenum, jejunum or ileum, and single-pass vascular perfusion, both isomers were measured in the lumen and in vascular perfusate plasma (mean plasma AUC values (+/- s.d., micrograms mL-1 min, n = 5) R(-)-ibuprofen: 1669 +/- 115 (duodenum), 1687 +/- 203 (jejunum), 2061 +/- 188 (ileum); S(+)-ibuprofen: 23 +/- 6 (duodenum), 14 +/- 5 (jejunum), 26 +/- 1 (ileum]. Addition of the same dose of S(+)-ibuprofen to the jejunum (n = 5) resulted in AUC values of 1864 +/- 238 for S(+)-ibuprofen and 6 +/- 3 for R(-)-ibuprofen. After addition of R(-)-ibuprofen (30 micrograms mL-1) to the recirculating vascular perfusate (100 mL) of the entire small intestine (n = 6) AUC values were 1647 +/- 34 for R(-)-ibuprofen and 13 +/- 3 for S(-)-ibuprofen. The same dose of R(-)-ibuprofen to combined intestine/liver (n = 6) and liver only preparations (n = 6) gave AUC values of 1011 +/- 25 and 1021 +/- 49 for R(-)-ibuprofen and 220 +/- 28 and 238 +/- 22 for S(+)-ibuprofen, respectively. In all experiments, except those involving perfusion of the combined intestine/liver and the liver, the concentrations of the isomer opposite to that administered could be accounted for solely by the level of enantiomeric impurity (1.3% for R(-)-ibuprofen and 0.6% for S(+)-ibuprofen). We conclude that inversion of R(-)-ibuprofen to the S(+) antipode occurs in the liver but does not occur on either mucosal or serosal sides of the small intestine of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jeffrey
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, UK
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39
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40
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Avgerinos A, Noormohammadi A, Hutt A. Disposition of ibuprofen enantiomers following the oral administration of a novel controlled release formulation to healthy volunteers. Int J Pharm 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(91)90131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Mayer S, Mutschler E, Spahn-Langguth H. Pharmacokinetic studies with the lipid-regulating agent beclobrate: enantiospecific assay for beclobric acid using a new fluorescent chiral coupling component (S-FLOPA). Chirality 1991; 3:35-42. [PMID: 2039683 DOI: 10.1002/chir.530030108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The major biotransformation pathway for the chiral lipid-regulating agent beclobrate is conversion to the corresponding carboxylic acid, which is then metabolized to the acyl glucuronide. An enantiospecific assay for biological material was developed that is based on chiral derivatization with N-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDAC) and the primary amine S-FLOPA, a new chiral coupling component for carboxylic acids derived from the 2-arylpropionic acid S-flunoxaprofen. Conversion of beclobric acid to the acyl chloride prior to coupling with the amine is also feasible. From plasma or urine beclobric acid was extracted into n-hexane/ethanol (9:1) at pH 4 after addition of sodium chloride. Clofibric acid was used as internal standard. Derivatization with EDAC/FLOPA was performed under addition of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole in anhydrous dichloromethane containing trace amounts of pyridine (ambient temperature/2 h reaction time). The chromatographic separation was performed on a silica gel stationary phase (Zorbax Sil) using n-hexane-chloroform-ethanol (100:10:0.75, by vol) as mobile phase [flow rate, 2 ml/min; fluorescence detection, 305/355 nm; elution order of the derivatives, (-) before (+)]. Coefficients of variation were between 1.3 and 9.3% for both plasma and urine. Limit of quantification was 20-25 ng/ml for plasma based on a sample volume of 0.2 ml. Application of the assay in a pilot pharmacokinetic study showed significant differences between the kinetics of the two enantiomers. In plasma and urine, the concentrations of the dextrorotatory enantiomer exceeded those of the levorotatory enantiomer significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mayer
- Department of Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Federal Republic of Germany
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43
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Peng GW, Chiou WL. Analysis of drugs and other toxic substances in biological samples for pharmacokinetic studies. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1990; 531:3-50. [PMID: 2258421 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the role of analysis of drugs and other toxic substances in biological samples (bioanalysis) in medicine, toxicology, pharmacology, forensic science, environmental research and other biomedical disciplines is self-evident. Among these disciplines, bioanalysis plays a special pivotal role in pharmacokinetics. The pharmacokinetic parameters, such as half-life, volume of distribution, clearance and bioavailability, of drugs and other compounds are derived from the concentrations of these analytes assayed in the biological samples collected at specified time points. The capability of analysts to develop sensitive and specific analytical methods for the assay of low concentrations of drugs and other toxic compounds in small amounts of biological samples has contributed significantly to the theoretical advances in pharmacokinetics and its applications in clinical pharmacology and the management of drug therapy in patients. The increased demands for pharmacokinetic applications in turn have stimulated the innovation and improvement in bioanalytical technologies. The reliability of the pharmacokinetic conclusions depends on the accuracy and precision of the analytical methods employed to assay the biological samples. Factors that affect the integrity of the bioanalytical data should therefore be controlled in analysis of biological samples for pharmacokinetics studies. The biological samples for drug concentration determination should be collected as specified in the study protocol with respect to the time and site of sampling. These samples should be processed to avoid extraneous interactions between the analytes and sampling devices or additives resulting in the redistribution of the analytes between components of the biological samples, such as displacement of drug binding and changes in the distribution of the analytes between plasma and red blood cells. The stability of the drugs and other analytes in the samples should also be evaluated to establish the conditions suitable for the transportation and storage of the samples to avoid chemical, photochemical and enzymatic degradation of the analytes. Various technologies have been utilized to assay biological samples for pharmacokinetic studies. The most frequently used are chromatography (high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and thin-layer chromatography), immunoassays and mass spectrometry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Peng
- Drug Metabolism Research, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, MI 49001
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44
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Shinohara Y, Kirii N, Tamaoki H, Magara H, Baba S. Determination of the enantiomers of suprofen and [2H3]suprofen in plasma by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1990; 525:93-104. [PMID: 2338451 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A method for the stereoselective assay of the (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of suprofen and [2H3]suprofen in human plasma was developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected-ion monitoring. (+/-)-[2H7]Suprofen was used as an internal standard. The method involved diethyl ether extraction and chiral derivatization with S-(-)-1-(naphthyl)ethylamine to form diastereomeric amide. The diastereoisomers were separated on a capillary gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Quantitation was achieved by selected-ion monitoring of the quasi-molecular ions of the diastereoisomers. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and reproducibility of the method were demonstrated to be satisfactory for application to pharmacokinetic studies of suprofen enantiomers.
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45
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Avgerinos A, Hutt AJ. Interindividual variability in the enantiomeric disposition of ibuprofen following the oral administration of the racemic drug to healthy volunteers. Chirality 1990; 2:249-56. [PMID: 2083147 DOI: 10.1002/chir.530020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The plasma disposition of the enantiomers of ibuprofen has been investigated following the oral administration of the racemic drug (400 mg) to 24 healthy male volunteers. The plasma elimination of (R)-ibuprofen was found to be more rapid than that of the S-enantiomer [plasma half-life: (R) 2.03 h; (S) 3.05 h; 2P less than 0.001], resulting in a progressive enrichment in the plasma content of this isomer, some 64% of the total area under the plasma concentration time curves (AUC) being due to the pharmacologically active enantiomer. The influence of dose on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the enantiomers of ibuprofen, over the range 200-800 mg, was investigated in three subjects. Examination of dose-normalized AUC values and oral clearance indicate the dose dependence of (R)-ibuprofen disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Avgerinos
- Department of Pharmacy, Brighton Polytechnic, Moulsecoomb, United Kingdom
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46
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Geisslinger G, Dietzel K, Loew D, Schuster O, Rau G, Lachmann G, Brune K. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of ibuprofen, its metabolites and enantiomers in biological fluids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 491:139-49. [PMID: 2793968 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method to determine racemic ibuprofen (assay I) and its major metabolites (assay II) in biological fluids (plasma, urine, bile) using a conventional reversed-phase column is described. A third assay using beta-cyclodextrin as stationary phase (Cyclobond I) for the separation of the ibuprofen enantiomers is also described. A wavelength of 220 nm was used to monitor the substances. The sensitivity of the method was 0.1 microgram/ml for all three assays. The method was demonstrated to be suitable for stereoselective pharmacokinetic studies of ibuprofen in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Geisslinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, F.R.G
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47
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Nicoll-Griffith DA, Inaba T, Tang BK, Kalow W. Method to determine the enantiomers of ibuprofen from human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1988; 428:103-12. [PMID: 3170663 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)83894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
By means of ethyl chloroformate, ibuprofen enantiomers were coupled to 4-methoxyaniline. The resulting amides were resolved from each other and from urinary constituents on a Pirkle column using an isocratic mobile phase with ultraviolet detection at 254 nm. Applicability of this method for the determination of inter-individual differences in urinary metabolic profiles of ibuprofen enantiomers is demonstrated. The chromatographic behavior of the corresponding amide derivatives of two ibuprofen metabolites is also described.
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48
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Mehvar R, Jamali F, Pasutto FM. Rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of tiaprofenic acid enantiomers in human plasma and urine. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1988; 425:135-42. [PMID: 3360864 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(88)80013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of tiaprofenic acid (TA) enantiomers in human plasma and urine was developed. The biological specimens are acidified, and the drug and internal standard, (+/-)-2-(4-benzoylphenyl)butyric acid, extracted with an isooctane-isopropanol (95:5) mixture (plasma) or chloroform (urine), followed by sequential reaction of the enantiomers with trichloroethyl chloroformate and L-leucinamide. The reactions were complete at ambient temperature in less than 3 min. The diastereoisomers of TA and internal standard were then extracted into chloroform. The organic layer was evaporated, and the reconstituted residue chromatographed at ambient temperature on a C18 reversed-phase column with a mobile phase consisting of 0.06 M monopotassium phosphate-acetonitrile-triethylamine (65:35:0.02) at a flow-rate of 1 ml/min. The TA diastereoisomers were detected at 310 nm, free of interfering peaks, with a resolution factor of 2.1. Within the examined plasma and urine enantiomeric concentration ranges of 0.2-20 and 10-100 mg/l, respectively, an excellent linear relationship was obtained between the peak-area ratios and the corresponding concentrations. The assay was reproducible and sufficiently accurate to be applied to the stereoselective pharmacokinetic analysis of TA enantiomers in plasma and urine following administration of therapeutic doses of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mehvar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Spahn H. Formation of diastereomeric derivatives of 2-arylpropionic acids using L-leucinamide. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 423:334-9. [PMID: 3443669 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H Spahn
- Pharmakologisches Institut für Naturwissenschaftler, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/M, F.R.G
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