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Raut A, Sharma D, Suvarna V. A Status Update on Pharmaceutical Analytical Methods of Aminoglycoside Antibiotic: Amikacin. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:375-391. [PMID: 32781828 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1803042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Amikacin (AMK) is one of the commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotics, introduced for clinical use in patients suffering from bacterial infections especially life-threatening gram-negative infections. Due to lack of chromophore in the molecule, the detection of AMK during analysis is a challenge. Thus, pre and post-column derivatization techniques are generally used for AMK estimation. This review focuses on different analytical methods used for detection and quantification of AMK in pure or fixed dose combination pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. Various reported methods described in the literature include high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, pulsed electrochemical detection techniques, Chemiluminescence techniques, Capillary electrophoresis and immunological methods. High-performance-liquid-chromatography based methods with UV/Vis spectrophotometric, fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection are the most prevailing methods employed for the analysis of AMK. This review could be of significant importance in the area of future AMK analytical method development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adishri Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, SVKM Campus, Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Dhvani Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, SVKM Campus, Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Vasanti Suvarna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, SVKM Campus, Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
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2
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Mendu DR, Chou PP, Soldin SJ. An Improved Application for the Enzyme Multipled Immunoassay Technique for Caffeine, Amikacin, and Methotrexate Assays on the Dade-Behring Dimension RxL Max Clinical Chemistry System. Ther Drug Monit 2007; 29:632-7. [PMID: 17898655 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181570791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is widely used in children's hospitals to treat neonatal apnea. Amikacin is used for treating hospital-acquired infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria resistant to other aminoglycosides. The blood levels, however, have to be monitored carefully because of its ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Methotrexate (MTX) is used as a chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma as well as of certain solid tumors. Current enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) assays for caffeine, amikacin, and MTX lack low-end precision. In addition, the EMIT assays for MTX lack the sensitivity of reliable quantification to 0.05 micromol/L needed because of today's more rigorous requirements. The goal of the present study was to optimize the EMIT method parameters on the Dimension RxL Max, thereby providing applications with improved precision for all the three analytes and enhancing the sensitivity of the EMIT methotrexate assay. Serum samples were measured for caffeine, amikacin, and MTX by EMIT on the Dimension RxL Max and by EMIT (on the Olympus AU 600 for caffeine) and fluorescence polarization immunoassay [for MTX and amikacin (FPIA; TDx FLx)] at Quest Diagnostics. The new instrument method parameters that use larger sample volumes and longer observation of optical density changes (caffeine, MTX) provide improved sensitivity for MTX permitting reliable measurement at 0.05 micromol/L and improved precision for all three analytes. Within- and between-day imprecision were less than 6% for low to high concentrations of caffeine and amikacin controls and are less than 7.5% for MTX concentrations greater than 0.3 micromol/L and 12.3% at 0.06 micromol/L. The correlation coefficients for caffeine, amikacin, and MTX plotted for the Dimension RxL Max versus the methods used at Quest Diagnostics were 0.973, 0.986, and 0.992, respectively. These EMIT method applications now compare well with other established assays. The new Dimension RxL Max method parameters provide greatly improved precision and also meet today's clinical sensitivity guidelines (0.05 micromol/L) for MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damodara Rao Mendu
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University and Georgetown Clinical Research Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Feng CH, Lin SJ, Wu HL, Chen* SH. TRACE ANALYSIS OF AMIKACIN IN COMMERCIAL PREPARATION BY DERIVATIZATION AND HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100001341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsien Feng
- a School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Jin Lin
- a School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lung Wu
- a School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Su-Hwei Chen*
- a School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
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Sar F, Leroy P, Nicolas A, Archimbault P, Ambroggi G. Determination of Amikacin in Dog Plasma by Reversed-Phase Ion-Pairing Liquid Chromatography with Post-Column Derivatization. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719208016125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Nicoli S, Santi P. Assay of amikacin in the skin by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:994-7. [PMID: 16466885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Amikacin is used in the systemic treatment of serious infections, but also locally for the treatment of skin infections. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a simple procedure for amikacin determination inside the epidermal tissue: this implies a simple method for an efficient drug extraction from the skin and a clean and easy HPLC analysis. Amikacin was extracted from epidermis samples with 500 microl of a mixture methanol-water-0.05 M NaOH (5:5:2 v/v/v) at 60 degrees C for 1 h. After filtration, the obtained solution was derivatized (1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene at 90 degrees C for 10 min) and analyzed by HPLC, on a C18 microBondapack 300 mmx4.6 mm column thermostatted at 45 degrees C. The mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (47:53:0.1 v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min and the UV detector was set at 365 nm. The derivatization and HPLC analysis were validated in the concentration interval 1.64-49.21 microg/ml. The linearity resulted very good (R=0.9995); the R.S.D.% varied between 0.20% and 3.89% depending on the concentration and the ER% was included between 5.4 and 0.9. The extraction method used demonstrated to be specific and the recovery resulted about 93%. The extraction, derivatization and HPLC assay has good reproducibility, sensitivity and specificity resulting in a reliable method for biopharmaceutical studies of AK distribution in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nicoli
- Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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6
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Characterization of paromomycin sulfate by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection after pre-capillary derivatization. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Feng CH, Lin SJ, Wu HL, Chen SH. Trace analysis of amikacin in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Abstract
Several reviews have been published on high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods for the determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics (aminoglycosides) in biological fluids [e.g. Nilsson-Ehle, I. (1983). J. Liq. Chromat. 6: 251]. Of these, the paper by Maitra et al. [(1979a). Clin. Chem. 25: 1361.] briefly summarizes the early 2-3 years of experience on HPLC assaying of amikacin, gentamicin, netilmicin and tobramycin in body fluids. The reviews by Nilsson-Ehle, I. [(1983). J. Liq. Chromat. 6: 251] and by Miner, D. J. [(1985). Antibiotics. In Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology by Liquid Chromatography, (Wong S. H. Y., ed.), ch. 10, p. 269. Marcel Dekker, New York and Basel.] devoted to the monitoring of antibiotics, also evaluated the first 6-8 years of the application of HPLC assays for the aminoglycosides amikacin, gentamicin, netilmicin, sisomicin and tobramycin. This report presents a great majority of the HPLC assay methods published during the last two decades for determining practically a dozen different aminoglycoside antibiotics in body fluids, particularly in the serum or plasma, and in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Soltés
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Lu J, Cwik M, Kanyok T. Determination of paromomycin in human plasma and urine by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene derivatization. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 695:329-35. [PMID: 9300869 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of paromomycin in human plasma and urine was developed. Paromomycin was quantitated following pre-column derivatization with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). The chromatographic separation was carried out on a C18 column at 50 degrees C using a mobile phase consisting of 64% methanol in water adjusted to pH 3.0 with phosphoric acid. The eluents were monitored by UV detection at 350 nm. The linearity of response for paromomycin was demonstrated at concentrations from 0.5 to 50 microg/ml in plasma and 1 to 50 microg/ml in urine. The relative standard deviation of the assay procedure is less than 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lu
- Clinical Research Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612, USA
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Bethune C, Bui T, Liu ML, Kay MA, Ho RJ. Development of a high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for G418 sulfate (Geneticin). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:661-4. [PMID: 9056010 PMCID: PMC163768 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.3.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a chromatographic assay with high sensitivity and specificity to quantify G418 sulfate (Geneticin), an antibiotic used routinely in molecular genetics experiments for selecting eukaryotic transformants. With this method, G418 in tissues and plasma samples can be quantitated without the confounding factors often associated with biological assays. After removal of proteins in homogenized tissue or plasma samples with methanol (2:1, vol/vol), the amino group of G418 was derivatized with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB) to form the UV-visible G418-DNFB product. The DNFB-derivatized G418 was separated on a reversed-phase C18 column with an acetonitrile and water gradient as the mobile phase. Under these assay conditions, the detection limit for G418 sulfate in buffer, plasma, and tissues was recorded at 78 ng/ml and the linearity was recorded for concentrations up to 100 micrograms/ml. The data obtained from this analysis indicate that this assay can be used for the quantitative determination of G418 sulfate in plasma and tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bethune
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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Stead DA, Richards RM. Sensitive fluorimetric determination of gentamicin sulfate in biological matrices using solid-phase extraction, pre-column derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 675:295-302. [PMID: 8852718 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of gentamicin in bacterial culture medium or plasma with increased sensitivity and improved separation of the C1 component. Gentamicin was extracted from the biological matrix with high efficiency using carboxypropyl (CBA)-bonded silica. Derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) followed by C18 reversed-phase chromatography allowed the fluorimetric detection of gentamicins C1, C1a and C2. A fourth component, considered to be gentamicin C2a, was partially resolved from the C2 peak. Optimal conditions for the extraction and derivatization of gentamicin are described. The detection limit was below 50 micrograms/l, the assay was linear to 5 mg/l and showed good reproducibility. It is concluded that pre-column derivatization with FMOC-Cl substantially improves the analysis of gentamicin compared with present methods based on reaction with o-phthaldialdehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Stead
- School of Pharmacy, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
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12
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Development and optimization of a liquid chromatographic method for the determination of gentamicin in calf tissues. Anal Chim Acta 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(93)80304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Caturla M, Cusido E, Westerlund D. High-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of aminoglycosides based on automated pre-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde. J Chromatogr A 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)80268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Shaikh B, Jackson J, Guyer G, Ravis WR. Determination of neomycin in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Application to a preliminary pharmacokinetic study. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1991; 571:189-98. [PMID: 1810947 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80445-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the determination of neomycin in plasma and urine. The plasma was deproteinated with trichloroacetic acid and centrifuged. The supernatant was mixed with ion-pair concentrate and centrifuged again. The resultant supernatant was analyzed by HPLC. Urine was centrifuged to remove debris, if any, mixed with ion-pair concentrate and analyzed directly by HPLC. The HPLC conditions consisted of an ion-pairing mobile phase, a reversed-phase column, post-column derivatization with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) reagent and fluorescence detection. The overall average recovery of neomycin was 97 and 113% from plasma spiked at 0.25-1.0 micrograms/ml, using standard curves prepared in plasma extract and in water, respectively, and 94% for urine spiked at 1-10 micrograms/ml using a standard curve prepared in water. The method was used to detect neomycin in plasma and urine obtained from animals injected intramuscularly with neomycin. Various pharmacokinetic parameters of neomycin were also determined from its profile of plasma concentration versus time.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Shaikh
- Food and Drug Administration, BARC-East, Division of Veterinary Medical Research, Beltsville, MD 20705
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15
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Barends DM, Brouwers JC, Hulshoff A. Fast pre-column derivatization of aminoglycosides with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and its application to pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1987; 5:613-7. [PMID: 16867485 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(87)80073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/1986] [Revised: 07/01/1986] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Barends
- Department of Chemical Pharmacy, University of Utrecht, Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Catharijnesingel 60, 3511 GH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Barends D, Blauw J, Mijnsbergen C, Govers C, Hulshoff A. Pre-column derivatization of aminoglycosides with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. J Chromatogr A 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)97691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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