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Aleksandar T, Gordana Ž, Slavica S, Ivan M. Transplanted Kidney Increases Nitric Oxide Formation With Metabolic Acidosis Reduction. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2020; 18:450-457. [PMID: 32779559 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2020.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As a vasodilator, nitric oxide is considered to play a significant role in the homeostatic regulation of renal hemodynamics. To test the hypothesis that a kidney graft is capable of producing nitric oxide immediately after renal transplant surgery, we examined the possibility that it positively affects local metabolic acidosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In kidney transplant recipients, we analyzed renal vein and central vein blood samples, which reflect local and systemic metabolic alterations, respectively. Samples were taken immediately after kidney recirculation (that is, the first blood passing through after clamps are released) and at 5, 15, and 30 minutes thereafter. Levels of nitric oxide metabolites (nitrites, nitrates, and their sum), malondialdehyde (an indicator of oxidative damages), and parameters of acid-base balance (pH level, actual excess base, hemoglobin, actual bicarbonate, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, partial pressure of oxygen) were analyzed. Living kidney donors (the recipients' parents) were controls. RESULTS In renal vein samples, nitrates and the sum of nitrites and nitrates were significantly higher than that shown in control (P < .001) and central vein (P < .05) samples, suggesting an immediate increase in nitric oxide production in the transplanted organ. Metabolic acidosis occurred in both the renal and central vein, indicated by decreased pH and actual bicarbonate level as well as by negative actual base excess level. Only in the renal vein was an increased nitrite and nitrate associated with a reduction of negative actual excess base, thereby suggesting a decrease in anion formation. CONCLUSIONS Transplanted kidneys increase nitric oxide production immediately after organ transplant surgery, which positively affects local metabolic acidosis. The mechanism for this effect is likely local circulation improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomić Aleksandar
- From the Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
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2
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Kubáň P, Dvořák M, Kubáň P. Capillary electrophoresis of small ions and molecules in less conventional human body fluid samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1075:1-26. [PMID: 31196414 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, advances in sensitive analytical techniques have encouraged the analysis of various compounds in biological fluids. While blood serum, blood plasma and urine still remain the golden standards in clinical, toxicological and forensic science, analyses of other body fluids, such as breast milk, exhaled breath condensate, sweat, saliva, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, or capillary blood in form of dried blood spots are becoming more popular. This review article focuses on capillary electrophoresis and microchip electrophoresis of small ions and molecules (e.g. inorganic cations/anions, basic/acidic drugs, small acids/bases, amino acids, peptides and other low molecular weight analytes) in various less conventional human body fluids and hopes to stimulate further interest in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Dvořák
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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3
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Yan H, Zhuo X, Shen B, Xiang P, Shen M. Determination of Nitrite in Whole Blood by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection and a Case of Nitrite Poisoning. J Forensic Sci 2015; 61:254-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Science; Ministry of Justice; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine; 1347 Road Guangfu Xi Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Xiangyi Zhuo
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Science; Ministry of Justice; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine; 1347 Road Guangfu Xi Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Baohua Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Science; Ministry of Justice; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine; 1347 Road Guangfu Xi Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Science; Ministry of Justice; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine; 1347 Road Guangfu Xi Shanghai 200063 China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology; Institute of Forensic Science; Ministry of Justice; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine; 1347 Road Guangfu Xi Shanghai 200063 China
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Žunić G, Vučević D, Tomić A, Drašković-Pavlović B, Majstorović I, Spasić S. Renal transplantation promptly restores excretory function but disturbed L-arginine metabolism persists in patients during the early period after surgery. Nitric Oxide 2015; 44:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Alinat E, Delaunay N, Costanza C, Archer X, Gareil P. Determination of the nitrogen content of nitrocellulose by capillary electrophoresis after alkaline denitration. Talanta 2014; 125:174-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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6
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Sequential Determination of Inorganic Cations and Anions in Cerebrospinal Fluid by Microchip Electrophoresis. Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Žunić G, Tomić A, Spasić S. Unilateral nephrectomy causes an early abrupt decrease in plasma arginine and simultaneous reduction in glomerular filtration rate in living kidney donors. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1394-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Troška P, Chudoba R, Danč L, Bodor R, Horčičiak M, Tesařová E, Masár M. Determination of nitrite and nitrate in cerebrospinal fluid by microchip electrophoresis with microsolid phase extraction pre-treatment. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 930:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Shu-yu Z, Qing S, Li L, Xiao-hui F. A simple and accurate method to determine nitrite and nitrate in serum based on high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1547-53. [PMID: 23760922 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for accurate determination of nitrite and nitrate in serum was proposed to avoid the variation of nitrate reduction. For nitrite determination, serum samples were directly precipitated with methanol pre-nitrate conversion, and then the supernatant reacted with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) to form 2,3-naphthotriazole (NAT), which was quantitatively analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL). For nitrate determination, samples were firstly heated at 70°C for 10 min to inactivate endogenous reductase-inhibiting proteins, then nitrate in the samples was quantitatively reduced to nitrite by reductase added experimentally. The difference in total nitrite concentrations between pre- and post-nitrate conversion was used to calculate the amount of nitrate in the samples. In addition to good specificity, high sensitivity, satisfactory accuracy and reproducibility, our method is simple and suitable for the quantitative determination of nanomolar level of nitrite and nitrate in a large number of serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Shu-yu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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10
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Wang X, Masschelein E, Hespel P, Adams E, Van Schepdael A. Simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate in human plasma by on‐capillary preconcentration with field‐amplified sample stacking. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:402-5. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evi Masschelein
- Research Centre for Exercise and Health, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Research Centre for Exercise and Health, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erwin Adams
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Zunić G, Colić M, Vuceljić M. Nitrite to nitrate molar ratio is inversely proportional to oxidative cell damages and granulocytic apoptosis at the wound site following cutaneous injury in rats. Nitric Oxide 2009; 20:264-9. [PMID: 19232544 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) metabolism in response to the inflammatory cell infiltration and their apoptosis at the wound site, using a model of subcutaneously implanted sponges in Albino Oxford rats, were examined. The injured animals were sacrificed at days 1, 2 and 3 after the injury. Nitrites, nitrates (final products of NO metabolism), malondialdehyde (an indicator of oxidative cell damages), urea (product of arginase activity) and other parameters were measured both in plasma and wound fluid samples. Nitrite to nitrate molar ratio and sum of nitrites and nitrates (NO(x)) were calculated. The total cell numbers were at similar level throughout the examined period, but a gradual decrease of viable granulocytes, mainly due to the increased apoptosis, and the increase of monocyte-macrophage number occurred after the second day. A gradual increase of wound fluid nitrates, NO(x) and malondialdehyde suggested the increases of both NO and free oxygen radicals production. Interestingly, wound fluid nitrites peaked at the first day decreasing to the corresponding plasma levels thereafter. Wound fluid nitrite to nitrate molar ratio gradually decreased and negatively correlated both with the number of apoptotic cells (r= -0.752, p<0.05) and malondialdehyde (r= -0.694, p<0.05) levels. In conclusion, the inversely proportional relation between nitrite to nitrate molar ratio and both malondialdehyde and apoptotic cell number indicated a mutual relationship between NO metabolism, oxidative cell damages and cell apoptosis at the wound site early after the cutaneous wound. Moreover, the obtained findings suggest that measurement of both nitrites and nitrates contribute to better insight into overall wound NO metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Zunić
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, Belgrade, Serbia.
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12
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Zunić G, Supić G, Magić Z, Drasković B, Vasiljevska M. Increased nitric oxide formation followed by increased arginase activity induces relative lack of arginine at the wound site and alters whole nutritional status in rats almost within the early healing period. Nitric Oxide 2009; 20:253-8. [PMID: 19371593 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) production and free amino acid fluxes at the wound side during the first 3 days following cutaneous wound were investigated. Experiments were performed on Albino Oxford rats (n=18) underwent cutaneous implantation of polyvinyl sponges. Intact animals (n=6) were controls. Nitrites, nitrates, free amino acids and urea were measured both in plasma and wound fluids. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expressions at wound site were analyzed, too. The highest levels of both iNOS gene expression and its activity (increased wound fluid citrulline and nitrites) were at the first day. Wound fluid nitrates were significantly above plasma levels throughout the whole period, while molar nitrate to nitrite ratio steadily increased. It was associated with gradual increase of both ornithine and urea as well as steadily decreases of arginine and increases of phenylalanine at the wound site. Gradual decrease in glycine to branched-chain molar ratio was observed both in plasma and wound fluids. In conclusion, an early locally induced alterations in Arg metabolism, due to increased NO formation followed by increased arginase activity, produces relative lack of Arg at the wound site and disturbs nutritional status of the whole body almost within early healing period following cutaneous wound in rats. It is likely that NO autoxidation at the wound side is influenced by substrate availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Zunić
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, Belgrade, Serbia.
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13
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Žunić G, Spasić S. Capillary electrophoresis method optimized with a factorial design for the determination of glutathione and amino acid status using human capillary blood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 873:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Capillary electrophoresis analysis of biofluids with a focus on less commonly analyzed matrices. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 866:154-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Determination of nitrate by the IE-HPLC-UV method in the brain tissues of Wistar rats poisoned with paraquat. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2007. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc0704347c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This work was a part of an initial study regarding the involvement of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in paraquat (PQ) neurotoxicity. The nitrate concentration in the vulnerable regions of the brain (cortex, striatum and hippocampus) of Wistar rats was used as a measure of nitric oxide (NO) production or catabolism of the formed RNS. The tissue homogenates were deproteinized with acetonitrile and then centrifuged. Nitrate was measured in filtrated supernatants by simple and rapid isocratic ion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (IE-HPLC-UV) at 214 nm. The mobile phase (pH 8.5) consisted of borate buffer/gluconate concentrate, methanol, acetonitrile and deionized water (2:12:12:74, v/v/v/v), and the flow rate was 1.3 mL/min. Physiological nitrate levels (18.8 ? 6.1 nmol/mg of proteins), as well as a diverse range of nitrate concentrations could be determined with good precision (CV = 2.2 %) and accuracy (recovery of spiked samples was 99 ? 4%) in the brain tissue homogenates. Linearity was achieved in the range of nitrate from 0-80 ?M. The retention time of nitrate anion was 5.3 ? 0.3 min. .
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16
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Jobgen WS, Jobgen SC, Li H, Meininger CJ, Wu G. Analysis of nitrite and nitrate in biological samples using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 851:71-82. [PMID: 16904955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 07/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Various analytical techniques have been developed to determine nitrite and nitrate, oxidation metabolites of nitric oxide (NO), in biological samples. HPLC is a widely used method to quantify these two anions in plasma, serum, urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue extracts, and fetal fluids, as well as meats and cell culture medium. The detection principles include UV and VIS absorbance, electrochemistry, chemiluminescence, and fluorescence. UV or VIS absorbance and electrochemistry allow simultaneous detection of nitrite and nitrate but are vulnerable to the severe interference from chloride present in biological samples. Chemiluminescence and fluorescence detection improve the assay sensitivity and are unaffected by chloride but cannot be applied to a simultaneous analysis of nitrite and nitrate. The choice of a detection method largely depends on sample type and facility availability. The recently developed fluorometric HPLC method, which involves pre-column derivatization of nitrite with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) and the enzymatic conversion of nitrate into nitrite, offers the advantages of easy sample preparation, simple derivatization, stable fluorescent derivatives, rapid analysis, high sensitivity and specificity, lack of interferences, and easy automation for determining nitrite and nitrate in all biological samples including cell culture medium. To ensure accurate analysis, care should be taken in sample collection, processing, and derivatization as well as preparation of reagent solutions and mobile phases, to prevent environmental contamination. HPLC methods provide a useful research tool for studying NO biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan S Jobgen
- Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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17
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Gáspár A, Juhász P, Bágyi K. Application of capillary zone electrophoresis to the analysis and to a stability study of nitrite and nitrate in saliva. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1065:327-31. [PMID: 15782979 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of capillary zone electrophoresis for the determinations of nitrite and nitrate was studied. Using direct UV detection the limit of detection values of the analytes were 0.14 and 0.21 microg/mL, respectively. The developed method was found to be useful to directly determine nitrite, nitrate and thiocyanate in saliva. It was found that adjusting the pH of the sample to 11 and storing the saliva at 4 degrees C was adequate to make constant the nitrite/nitrate ratio in saliva samples at least 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Gáspár
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Zunić G, Romić P, Vueljić M, Jovanikić O. Very early increase in nitric oxide formation and oxidative cell damage associated with the reduction of tissue oxygenation is a trait of blast casualties. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2005; 62:273-80. [PMID: 15889591 DOI: 10.2298/vsp0504273z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. In our previous experimental studies, we found evidence for the increase of nitric oxide (NO) formation immediately after blast injury. In the present study we investigated whether NO overproduction was a trait for the period immediately after blast injury in humans. Concomitant metabolic disturbances were also studied, and compared to the alterations in other traumatized patients. Methods. Blast casualties (group B, n = 13), surgical patients with the hip replacement or fractures, not exposed to blast effects (group S, n = 7) and healthy volunteers as controls (group C, n = 10), were examined. Both arterial and venous blood samples were taken within 6 hours, and 24 hours after blast injuries or surgical procedures, respectively. Plasma levels of nitrite/nitrate (NOx), superoxyde anion (O2.-), sulfhydrils (SH), malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as acid-base status and other biochemical parameters (glucose, urea, creatinine, total proteins, albumin) were measured. Results. Significant, but transient increase in plasma NOx levels occurred only in group B. It was associated with the significant increase of hemoglobin oxygen (sO2) saturation of the venous blood and the concomitant decrease of its arterial - venous difference. In group S the venous sO2 decreased, its arterial - venous difference increased, while NOx levels were within the control limits. In both groups, other parameters of arterial acid-base status were kept within the control limits throughout the examined period. The decrease of SH levels were similar in the examined groups, while the increase of O2 .- was greater in group B. Conclusion. Early NO overproduction was a trait of blast injuries in humans, contributing to the reduction of tissue the oxygenation and intensifying the oxidative cell damage that had to be considered in the therapy of casualties with blast injuries. These alterations were different from those observed in other surgical patients without blast injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Zunić
- Military Medical Academy, Institute for Medical Research, Belgrade
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Liu L, Yan Y, Zeng M, Zhang J, Hanes MA, Ahearn G, McMahon TJ, Dickfeld T, Marshall HE, Que LG, Stamler JS. Essential roles of S-nitrosothiols in vascular homeostasis and endotoxic shock. Cell 2004; 116:617-28. [PMID: 14980227 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2003] [Revised: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current perspective of NO biology is formulated predominantly from studies of NO synthesis. The role of S-nitrosothiol (SNO) formation and turnover in governing NO-related bioactivity remains uncertain. We generated mice with a targeted gene deletion of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), and show that they exhibit substantial increases in whole-cell S-nitrosylation, tissue damage, and mortality following endotoxic or bacterial challenge. Further, GSNOR(-/-) mice have increased basal levels of SNOs in red blood cells and are hypotensive under anesthesia. Thus, SNOs regulate innate immune and vascular function, and are cleared actively to ameliorate nitrosative stress. Nitrosylation of cysteine thiols is a critical mechanism of NO function in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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20
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Zunić G. [Capillary electrophoresis--a new method for analysis of molecules and a challenge for biochemists]. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2004; 60:733-9. [PMID: 14737894 DOI: 10.2298/vsp0306733z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Zunić
- Vojnomedicinska akademija, Institut za medicinska istrazlvanja, Beograd
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Abstract
Despite the availability of commercial capillary electrophoresis systems for over ten years, where quantitative analysis is required, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has often failed to replace ion chromatography as the method of choice for a large number of analytes, not least inorganic anions. To investigate the reasons for this apparent failing, a review is presented of work that has been carried out to-date involving the quantitative application of CZE to the determination of inorganic anions in industrial and environmental samples. This review summarizes work both investigating and improving the quantitative aspects of the CZE of inorganic anions. A complete survey of how CZE has been applied to the determination of inorganic anions in real samples is given, including what, if any, analytical performance parameters were investigated and quoted, and if quality assurance data and validation methods were briefly considered, thoroughly investigated or simply ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Paull
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
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22
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García A, Barbas C. Capillary electrophoresis for the determination of organic acidurias in body fluids: a review. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41:755-61. [PMID: 12880138 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2003.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A systematic review of the literature on capillary electrophoresis applied to short chain organic acid analysis in body fluids has been conducted with special interest on those acids related to inborn errors of metabolism. The technique is briefly described, as well as the choice of the main analytical parameters: sample pre-treatment, polarity, capillary type, background electrolyte, and detection. The applications described in the literature are listed and the main features of the technique are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia García
- Facultad de CC Experimentales y de la Salud, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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Kikura-Hanajiri R, Martin RS, Lunte SM. Indirect measurement of nitric oxide production by monitoring nitrate and nitrite using microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Anal Chem 2002; 74:6370-7. [PMID: 12510761 DOI: 10.1021/ac0204000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An indirect method for monitoring nitric oxide (NO) by determining nitrate and nitrite using microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) with electrochemical (EC) detection has been developed. This method combines determination of nitrite by direct amperometric detection following a microchip-based CE separation and conversion of nitrate to nitrite by chemical reduction using Cu-coated Cd granules. The amount of nitrate is quantified by calculating the difference in the amount of nitrite in the sample before and after the reduction of nitrate. Optimization of the separation, injection, detection, and reduction reaction conditions, as well as studies involving integration of the reduction reaction onto the microchip, are described. It was found that nitrite can be separated and detected in approximately 45 s by microchip CEEC. The reduction reaction was successfully integrated on-chip and carried out in approximately 1 min following activation of the Cd granules. The usefulness of this device was demonstrated by monitoring the amount of nitrate and nitrite produced from 3-morpholinosydnonimine, a NO-releasing compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Jedlicková V, Paluch Z, Alusík S. Determination of nitrate and nitrite by high-performance liquid chromatography in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 780:193-7. [PMID: 12383495 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A new, accurate, fast and simple method has been implemented by which nitrite and nitrate ions, as stable forms of nitric oxide production were studied. A study of these two ions was carried out by a sensitive and accurate HPLC method with two detectors. The most important advantages of the reported method are: short time of analysis, minimal sample pre-treatment, long life of the analytical column and stable eluent solution. The photodiode array UV-Vis detector detected nitrite and nitrate ions at an absorbance of 212 nm. Much more sensitive electrochemical detection with a WE (glassy carbon) electrode was used for the detection of nitrite ions. An analytical chromatographic column was formed by a sorbent, containing strong base anion-exchange groups bound in Cl(-) form in the hydrophilic hydroxyethyl methacrylate matrix. The anions were analysed in human plasma without deproteinization using 0.02 M sodium perchlorate monohydrate as eluent solution at pH 3.9. At this pH organic substances do not affect the analysis. The retention times for nitrite and nitrate were 3.62 and 3.72 min (by electrochemical detection) and 4.44 min, respectively. The method was linear (r=0.9992, 0.9998, 0.996) within a 1-100 (nitrate), 1-20 micro mol/l (nitrite) concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Jedlicková
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education and Thomayer's Hospital, Vídenská 800, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Tagliaro F, Bortolotti F, Manetto G, Pascali VL, Marigo M. Dermal nitrate: an old marker of firearm discharge revisited with capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:278-82. [PMID: 11840536 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200202)23:2<278::aid-elps278>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes a capillary electrophoretic method for nitrite and nitrate determination to be used as a screening tool for investigating the residues of firearm discharge. The use of capillary electrophoresis allowed the rapid determination of nitrite and nitrate, which are major inorganic components of gunshot residues, offering a quantitative and selective alternative to the traditional paraffin test (dermal nitrate test). The method is simpler, cheaper, and faster than the modern approaches to gunshot residue analysis based on the determination of barium, lead and antimony by using flameless absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), or scanning electron microscopy. The analysis was carried out in a bare fused-silica capillary (75 microm inner diameter) with a 100 mM borate buffer (pH 9.24). The detection was by UV absorption at 214 nm. Separation took place under reversed voltage of 15 kV. Bromide was used as the internal standard. Sensitivity was about 1 mM for both nitrite and nitrate. Reproducibility (intraday and day-to-day) was also good with relative standard deviations (RSDs) < 1.0% for relative migration times and < 4.5% for peak areas in both standard solutions and real matrix. Hair and skin samples from a victim shot in the head were successfully analyzed for the presence of nitrite and nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Tagliaro
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Thormann W, Lurie IS, McCord B, Marti U, Cenni B, Malik N. Advances ofcapillary electrophoresis in clinical and forensic analysis (1999-2000). Electrophoresis 2001; 22:4216-43. [PMID: 11824639 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200111)22:19<4216::aid-elps4216>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, capillary electrophoresis in clinical and forensic analysis is reviewed on the basis of the literature of 1999, 2000 and the first papers in 2001. An overview of progress relevant examples for each major field of application, namely (i) analysis of drug seizures, explosives residues, gunshot residues and inks, (ii) monitoring of drugs, endogenous small molecules and ions in biofluids and tissues, (iii) general screening for serum proteins and analysis of specific proteins (carbohydrate deficient transferrin, alpha1-antitrypsin, lipoproteins and hemoglobins) in biological fluids, and (iv) analysis of nucleic acids and oligonucleotides in biological samples, including oligonucleotide therapeutics, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Thormann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Govindaraju K, Toporsian M, Ward ME, Lloyd DK, Cowley EA, Eidelman DH. Capillary electrophoresis analysis of nitrite and nitrate in sub-microliter quantities of airway surface liquid. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 762:147-54. [PMID: 11678374 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We developed a simple capillary electrophoresis (CE) method to measure nitrite and nitrate concentrations in submicroliter samples of rat airway surface liquid (ASL), a thin (10-30 microm) layer of liquid covering the epithelial cells lining the airways of the lung. The composition of ASL has been poorly defined, in large part because of the small sample volume (approximately 1-3 microl per cm2 of epithelium) and difficulty of harvesting ASL. We have used capillary tubes for ASL sample collection, with microanalysis by CE using a 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3), with 0.5 mM spermine as a dynamic flow modifier, and direct UV detection at 214 nm. The limit of detections (LODs), under conditions used, for ASL analysis were 10 microM for nitrate and 30 microM for nitrite (SIN= 3). Nitrate and nitrite were also measured in rat plasma. The concentration of nitrate was 102+/-12 microM in rat ASL and 70+/-1.0 microM in rat plasma, whereas nitrite was 83+/-28 microM in rat ASL and below the LOD in rat plasma. After instilling lipopolysaccharide intratracheally to induce increased NO production, the nitrate concentration in ASL increased to 387+/-16 microM, and to 377+/-88 microM in plasma. The concentration of nitrite increased to 103+/-7.0 microM for ASL and 138+/-17 microM for plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Govindaraju
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Tunçel M, Dogrukol-Ak D, Erkasap N. Modified method for the determination of capillary electrophoresis nitric oxide-correlated nitrate in tissue homogenates. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 751:257-63. [PMID: 11236081 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A modified capillary electrophoretic method for the determination of nitric oxide correlated nitrate in several tissue homogenates is described in this study. The method was developed using a running buffer consisting of 200 mM lithium chloride and 10 mM borate buffer at pH 8.5, in a fused-silica column total 82 cm, effective 43 cm length and 75 microm I.D. The signal was measured at 214 nm and controlled current of 200 microA (equivalent to 12.7 kV) was applied in the reversed polarity direction. The sample was injected by vacuum pressure 50 ms (25 nl). In these conditions, bromide as internal standard and nitrate appeared at 7.2 and 8.9 min, respectively. Whole validation procedures were applied and satisfactory results were obtained. The nitrate levels of the tissue homogenates of control and L-NAME applied (heart, brain, kidney, stomach, lung, testis and liver) were monitored by the present method and it was decided that the method is precise and accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tunçel
- University of Anadolu, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Eskişehir, Turkey.
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