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He G, Liu Z, Chen H, Wang Y, Huang W, Lu X, Tian Y, Liu H. Effects of different boiling processes on chemical compositions of Lilii Bulbus soup. Front Nutr 2022; 9:985105. [PMID: 36337618 PMCID: PMC9631303 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.985105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lilii Bulbus, an edible Chinese herbal medicine, has a long history in medicine. However, research on effectively boiling Lilii Bulbus is rare. To make the more nutritious Lilii Bulbus soup, the optimized boiling process, using an alternate heating mode by decoction pot carrying a mixture of water and Chinese liquor at the ration of 9:1, was established in this study. Compared to the soup prepared by the daily process, the polysaccharide amount improved by 54%, and the total heavy metals decreased by 33.5% using the optimized boiling process. In addition, the total saponins at 34.3 μg/g were determined in the soup prepared by the optimized process. Meanwhile, the colchicine content in the boiled Lilii Bulbus soup was undetectable using the optimized process. This research performs an optimized boiling process for making Lilii Bulbus soup, and provides a reference for generating high commercial value from Lilii Bulbus soup in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei He
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziying Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Tian,
| | - Huhu Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Huhu Liu,
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Ogunbiyi A, Enechukwu NA. African black soap: Physiochemical, phytochemical properties, and uses. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34:e14870. [PMID: 33571401 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The African black soap is popular for its cleansing and medicinal properties particularly amongst those of African descent. The "traditional" African black soap" refers to soaps made from the ash-derived alkali from agricultural waste and oil extracted from vegetable matter without the addition of cosmetic enhancing products. Production of black soap has been traced to west Africa especially Nigeria and Ghana. The raw materials are readily available in the region making the soap available and affordable for most in sub-Saharan Africa. It has been described as gentle, super fatted and hypoallergenic. It is advertised as antimicrobial, anti-acne, exfoliating, skin toning, scar fading, and having medicinal properties. It is popular for its management of skin diseases, although some of the claims remain anecdotal. Generations of Africans abroad continue to use modified versions of the soap and claim they are satisfied with the results obtained. However, in the management of patients with skin disorders, especially eczema, in sub-Saharan Africa, prescribing an ideal skin cleanser can be challenging as many cannot afford the imported nonsoap cleansers with skin friendly pH. Studies have shown that the traditional black soap does have antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcal and some Streptococcal organisms, which are commonly seen in the tropical climate. The recent ban of some antiseptics in popular antibacterial soaps in this environment, emphasizes the need for production of safer antimicrobials. The antimicrobial, physiochemical, and phytochemical properties of the African black soap suggest it may have beneficial effects on the overall skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebola Ogunbiyi
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Nkechi A Enechukwu
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria
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3
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Induction of apoptosis in activated RAW 264.7 cells and inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators in rat air pouch by ethylacetate fraction of Ocimum gratissimum leaves. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-021-00554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Zibaee E, Kamalian S, Tajvar M, Amiri MS, Ramezani M, Moghadam AT, Emami SA, Sahebkar A. Citrus species: A Review of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:44-97. [PMID: 31775593 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191127115601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Citrus species from family Rutaceae has worldwide applications such as cardiovascular and gastrointestinal problems. Phytochemical investigations have shown that these plants have constituents including flavonoids, limonoids and carotenoids. There are many reports on a wide range of activities such as antiinflammatory, anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, metabolic, cardiovascular and neuroprotective effects. In the current review, we discuss information regarding botany, phytochemistry, ethnobotany uses, traditional knowledge and pharmacological aspects of the Citrus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Zibaee
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Safa Kamalian
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Tajvar
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mahin Ramezani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali T Moghadam
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed A Emami
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Ezenyi IC, Verma V, Singh S, Okhale SE, Adzu B. Ethnopharmacology-aided antiplasmodial evaluation of six selected plants used for malaria treatment in Nigeria. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 254:112694. [PMID: 32092499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sub - Saharan Africa has a high malaria burden and Nigeria accounts for majority of malaria cases worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate selected plants extracts used against malaria in Nigeria for antiplasmodial activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ethnomedicinal based - approach by literature survey was used to identify plants used in the study. The parts of the plant used were collected and extracted with 70% v/v ethanol; a portion of each extract was used to prepare successive solvent and residual fractions. Chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) P. falciparum strain and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) were used for antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity screening respectively. Hemolysis assay was also carried out on red blood cells (RBCs). Test for in vivo efficacy of an active extract was conducted in a mouse model of established P. berghei ANKA-infection. RESULTS A total of six plants; Andropogon schirensis, Celtis durandii, Chasmanthera dependens, Daniellia ogea, Icacina trichantha and Triumfetta cordifolia were selected and screened. Triumfetta cordifolia leaf extract was observed to display moderate in vitro antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 48.09 μg/ml) and was non-toxic to HEK293 cells and erythrocytes. At a dose of 400 mg/kg, T. cordifolia significantly (p<0.001) suppressed parasitemia, significantly (p<0.001) inhibited RBC depletion and prolonged survival in infected mice. CONCLUSIONS T. cordifolia ethanol extract possesses antiplasmodial efficacy and this is the first report of its kind on the plant. It is a potential candidate for further studies to identify its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Ezenyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - V Verma
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - S Singh
- Special Center for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - S E Okhale
- Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - B Adzu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Idu, Abuja, Nigeria
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6
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Adewole KE. Nigerian antimalarial plants and their anticancer potential: A review. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2020; 18:92-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cock IE, Selesho MI, van Vuuren SF. A review of the traditional use of southern African medicinal plants for the treatment of malaria. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 245:112176. [PMID: 31446074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMALOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is one of the most prevalent and deadly parasitic diseases globally, with over 200 million new cases and nearly 500,000 deaths reported annually. It is estimated that approximately half of the world's population lives in malaria endemic areas. Malaria is substantially less prevalent in South Africa than in other African regions and the disease is limited to some regions of the Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. However, it still has a significant impact on the health of the populations living in those regions. Traditional medicines have long been used in South Africa by multiple ethic groups and many people continue to rely on these natural therapies for their healthcare. The usage of South African medicinal plants in several traditional healing systems to treat malaria have been documented (particularly for Zulu and Venda traditional medicine), although ethnobotanical investigations of other ethnic groups living in endemic malaria areas remains relatively neglected. AIM OF THE STUDY To document the use of South African medicinal plants known to be used traditionally to treat Plasmodium spp. infections. We also critically reviewed the literature on the therapeutic properties of these and other South African plants screened against Plasmodium spp. parasites with the aim of highlighting neglected studies and fostering future research in this area. MATERIALS AND METHODS Books and ethnobotanical reviews were examined for medicinal plants used specifically for fever. Exclusion criteria were studies not involving southern African medicinal plants. Furthermore, while fever is a common symptom of malaria, if not accompanied by the term "malaria" it was not considered. Databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar were used to source research relevant to southern African plants and malaria. Exclusion criteria were those publications where full articles could not be accessed. RESULTS Eighty South African plant species were identified as traditional therapies for malaria. The majority of these species were documented in Zulu ethnobotanical records, despite malaria occurring in only a relatively small portion of the Zulu's traditional territory. Surprisingly, far fewer species were reported to be used by Venda, Ndebele, northern Sotho, Tsonga, Tswana, and Pedi people, despite them living in endemic malaria areas. Interestingly many of the identified species have not been investigated further. This review summarises the available ethnobotanical and laboratory research in this field, with the aim of promoting and focusing research on priority areas. CONCLUSION Although malaria remains a serious disease affecting millions of people, medicinal plants while used extensively, have not been given the attention warranted for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Cock
- School of Environment and Science, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Rd, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - M I Selesho
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa
| | - S F van Vuuren
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Gauteng, 2193, South Africa.
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Roy A, Roy S. Assessment of Cytotoxic Effects of Aqueous and Methanolic Leaf Extracts of <i>Clerodendrum inerme</i> (L.) Gaertn. and <i>C. viscosum</i> Vent. Using <i>Allium</i> Test. CYTOLOGIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.84.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alokesh Roy
- Department of Botany, Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Plant Molecular Biology Section, University of Kalyani
| | - Sudipta Roy
- Department of Botany, Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Plant Molecular Biology Section, University of Kalyani
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Nelson EUE, Uko IJ. Ethnomedical Beliefs and Utilization of Alcohol Herbal Remedy for Malaria in South-Coastal Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION 2019; 39:119-126. [PMID: 30799761 DOI: 10.1177/0272684x18819978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We studied ethnomedical beliefs and utilization of alcohol herbal remedy for malaria in Uyo, south-coastal Nigeria. In-depth interviews were conducted with 213 respondents aged between 25 to 65 years, who were recruited through venue-based sampling. Malaria is recognized by its symptomatic presentations, which is reflected in different local names for the disease. Local etiological beliefs attribute malaria to mosquito bites, exposure to sunlight, fatigue, witchcraft, and excessive consumption of palm oil. There is a disease-specific preference for alcohol herbal remedies because they are accessible, affordable, and responsive to sociocultural realities. The therapy veils excessive consumption of alcohol with associated risks. Lack of quality control in production and dosage for the administration of these herbal remedies also put users at risk. Local beliefs should be integrated into malaria control programs to enhance community acceptance and participation. Herbal remedies should be subjected to regulation to ensure quality and minimize harms. Community health education should be mounted to improve knowledge of malarial transmission and promote utilization of appropriate health-care services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ifureuwem J Uko
- 2 Department of Physical and Health Education, University of Uyo, Nigeria
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10
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Abiodun OO, Rodríguez-Nogales A, Algieri F, Gomez-Caravaca AM, Segura-Carretero A, Utrilla MP, Rodriguez-Cabezas ME, Galvez J. Antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory activity of an ethanolic extract from the stem bark of Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae): In vitro and in vivo evidences. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 192:309-319. [PMID: 27452660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMOCOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Terminalia catappa Linn (Combretaceae) is a medicinal plant with anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrhoeal and antioxidant properties, frequently found in tropical regions. Considering its characteristics, it could be useful for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, which is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and an immune dysfunction. Thus this study evaluates the immunomodulatory properties and the intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of an ethanolic extract of the stem bark of T. catappa (ETCB) both in vitro (in RAW 264.7 macrophages) and in vivo, in the trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) model of rat colitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The phenolic compounds in ETCB were identified and quantified using HPLC-DAD-qTOF-MS. The immunomodulatory activity ETCB was tested in vitro by determining the macrophage production of IL-1β and nitrites. In vivo studies were performed in the TNBS model of rat colitis. ETCB was given (25, 50 and 100mg/kg/day) orally for two days prior to colitis induction and thereafter for 7 days. Response to treatment was assessed by scoring the gross appearance of the colon, and determining myeloperoxidase activity, gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-23 and IL-6, chemokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase and proteins crucial in the maintenance of the intestinal mucosal barrier integrity like mucins (MUC-2, MUC-3) and villin. RESULTS ETCB was able to inhibit IL-1β and nitrite production in vitro in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, treatment of TNBS colitic rats with ETCB resulted in a decreased colonic damage score and weight/length ratio. It also reduced the colonic neutrophil infiltration indicated by a lower myeloperoxidase activity and prevented the depletion of colonic glutathione levels in colitic rats. In addition, treatment with ETCB down-regulated the gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-23, IL-6 and CINC-1) and iNOS in colitic rats. Moreover, the gene expression of mucosal barrier proteins like MUC-2, MUC-3 and villin were up-regulated in colitic rats treated with ETCB. The dose of ETCB that produced the most significant beneficial effect was 100mg/kg. Regarding the chemical composition of ETCB, 31 phenolic compounds were identified, including ellagic acid, catalagin and gallic acid. CONCLUSION The beneficial effect of ETCB in the TNBS induced colitis in rats could be related to its antioxidant, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities, which could be attributed to the phenolic compounds identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyindamola O Abiodun
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Alba Rodríguez-Nogales
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francesca Algieri
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Maria Gomez-Caravaca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; Research and Development Centre for Functional Food (CIDAF), Health-Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; Research and Development Centre for Functional Food (CIDAF), Health-Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento 37, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - M Pilar Utrilla
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M Elena Rodriguez-Cabezas
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Julio Galvez
- CIBER-EHD, Department of Pharmacology, ibs.GRANADA, Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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11
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Falade CO, Ogundiran MO, Bolaji MO, Ajayi IO, Akinboye DO, Oladepo O, Adeniyi JD, Oduola AMJ. The Influence of Cultural Perception of Causation, Complications, and Severity of Childhood Malaria on Determinants of Treatment and Preventive Pathways. INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION 2016; 24:347-63. [PMID: 17686690 DOI: 10.2190/gn66-9447-3984-4064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A cluster sample of 2,052 mothers and other caregivers of children from southwest Nigeria was studied. Qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection were employed, including semi-structured questionnaires, focus groups, in-depth interviews, and parasitological investigation forms/blood smears. “Too much work” (17.7%) and “too much sun” (12.6%) were the two most-often mentioned causes of malaria. Malaria was not perceived as a serious disease. Convulsions and anemia are not perceived as complications of malaria and are preferentially treated by traditional healers. Fifty-eight and one-half percent of children with malaria were treated at home. Choice of drugs used was based on previous experience and advice from various members of the community. Fathers (53.5%) and mother (32.5%) decided on where ill children received treatment. Mothers (51.5%) paid for the drugs more often than fathers (44.6%). Symptoms described as “iba lasan,” which means “ordinary fever,” conform to the clinical case definition of malaria. Cultural practices that are likely to influence appropriate treatment-seeking include cultural perception of malaria as ordinary fever, wrong perceptions of severe malaria, and father's role as decision maker.
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12
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Idoh K, Agbonon A, Potchoo Y, Gbeassor M. Toxicological assessment of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of clerodendrum capitatum in Wistar rats. Pan Afr Med J 2016; 24:66. [PMID: 27642406 PMCID: PMC5012807 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2016.24.66.8771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clerodendrum capitatum (Willd) Schumach. & Thonn (Lamiaceae) is used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria, hypertension, obesity, jaundice and diabetes however there is lack of experimental data on its possible toxicity. This study investigated the acute and 28 days sub-chronic toxicity of C. capitatum in Wistar rats. Methods In acute toxicity tests, a single administration of the hydroethanolic C. capitatum leaf extract (5 g/kg) was given orally to 5 female rats. The general behavior, adverse effects and mortality were recorded for up to 14 days post treatment. On the 15th day, the rats were weighed and euthanized for necropsy. In sub-chronic toxicity tests, the extract (4, 8 and 16 g/kg/day) was given orally to both male and female rats for 28 days. The animal body weight was recorded throughout the experiment, while hematological and biochemical parameters of blood and relative organs weights were evaluated on the 29th day. Results Clerodendrum Capitatum did not cause any death or any hazardous symptoms of acute toxicity, showing an LD50 higher than 5 g/kg. Sub-chronic administration of C. capitatum resulted in no noticeable changes in weight gain and water or food consumption. White blood cells and hemoglobin increased while urea concentration, liver enzymes, total cholesterol and glucose concentrations significantly decreased in treated animals. No changes in macroscopical aspect of organs were observed in the animals. Conclusion These results showed that acute or sub-chronic oral administration of the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Clerodendrum capitatum may be considered as relatively free of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokou Idoh
- Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Amegnona Agbonon
- Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Yao Potchoo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Messanvi Gbeassor
- Laboratory of Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
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Komlaga G, Cojean S, Dickson RA, Beniddir MA, Suyyagh-Albouz S, Mensah MLK, Agyare C, Champy P, Loiseau PM. Antiplasmodial activity of selected medicinal plants used to treat malaria in Ghana. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:3185-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Dakuyo Z, Meda AL, Ollo D, Kiendrebeogo M, Traoré-Coulibaly M, Novak J, Benoit-Vical F, Weisbord E, Willcox M. SAYE: the story of an antimalarial phytomedicine from Burkina Faso. J Altern Complement Med 2015; 21:187-95. [PMID: 25826205 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2014.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Simoben CV, Ntie-Kang F, Lifongo LL, Babiaka SB, Sippl W, Mbaze LM. The uniqueness and therapeutic value of natural products from West African medicinal plants, part III: least abundant compound classes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, a continuation of our in-depth coverage of natural products derived from West African medicinal plants with diverse biological activities has been given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad V. Simoben
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Lydia L. Lifongo
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Smith B. Babiaka
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Buea
- Buea, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
- Halle, Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Luc Meva'a Mbaze
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Douala
- Douala, Cameroon
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16
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Igbeneghu OA. The antimicrobial assessment of some Nigerian herbal soap. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2013; 10:513-8. [PMID: 24311879 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v10i6.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Twenty samples of herbal soaps were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeast of significance in skin infections with the aim to provide some justification for the continued use of the soaps in the management of superficial skin infections. All the soaps were found to possess antimicrobial activity in a concentration and organism dependent manner. The soaps were more active against the gram positive organisms than the Gram negative organisms while none of the soaps had activity against the tested yeasts. Only 35% of the soaps were appropriately packaged with adequate directions for use and storage. The study showed that the tested soaps possessed antimicrobial properties and they can contribute to the treatment and management of skin infections caused by bacteria if well prepared with the appropriate plant materials to target specific causative organisms and packaged with appropriate directions for use and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Igbeneghu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife
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Arulogun OS, Adeniyi JD, Asa S, Adegbenro CA. Why actions for early treatment of febrile illnesses in children are delayed by caregivers. INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION 2013; 32:219-31. [PMID: 23353563 DOI: 10.2190/iq.32.3.e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The study explored why actions for early treatment of febrile illnesses in children are delayed by caregivers of children less than five years in five Local Government Areas (LGAs) of southwestern Nigeria using four indicators: caregivers' perception of illness, notion of causation and seriousness, belief in efficacy of selected pathway, and the decision making process. Seven types of febrile illnesses (yellow fever, typhoid fever, ordinary fever/malaria, hot body fever, rain fever, cold fever, and headache fever) were identified and yellow fever was perceived as the most severe type (60.8%). Only 24.2% correctly identified an infected mosquito bite as the cause of ordinary fever/malaria. Use of leftover drugs at home (55.6%) was the main action taken and fathers were the main decisionmakers in all cases. Empowerment of women for improved knowledge on causation, severity, and importance of prompt action for a healthy outcome is recommended.
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Colvin CJ, Smith HJ, Swartz A, Ahs JW, de Heer J, Opiyo N, Kim JC, Marraccini T, George A. Understanding careseeking for child illness in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and conceptual framework based on qualitative research of household recognition and response to child diarrhoea, pneumonia and malaria. Soc Sci Med 2013; 86:66-78. [PMID: 23608095 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Diarrhoea, pneumonia and malaria are the largest contributors to childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. While supply side efforts to deliver effective and affordable interventions are being scaled up, ensuring timely and appropriate use by caregivers remains a challenge. This systematic review synthesises qualitative evidence on the factors that underpin household recognition and response to child diarrhoea, pneumonia and malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. For this review, we searched six electronic databases, hand searched 12 journals from 1980 to 2010 using key search terms, and solicited expert review. We identified 5104 possible studies and included 112. Study quality was appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) tool. We followed a meta-ethnographic approach to synthesise findings according to three main themes: how households understand these illnesses, how social relationships affect recognition and response, and how households act to prevent and treat these illnesses. We synthesise these findings into a conceptual model for understanding household pathways to care and decision making. Factors that influence household careseeking include: cultural beliefs and illness perceptions; perceived illness severity and efficacy of treatment; rural location, gender, household income and cost of treatment. Several studies also emphasise the importance of experimentation, previous experience with health services and habit in shaping household choices. Moving beyond well-known barriers to careseeking and linear models of pathways to care, the review suggests that treatment decision making is a dynamic process characterised by uncertainty and debate, experimentation with multiple and simultaneous treatments, and shifting interpretations of the illness and treatment options, with household decision making hinging on social negotiations with a broad variety of actors and influenced by control over financial resources. The review concludes with research recommendations for tackling remaining gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Colvin
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Falmouth 5.49, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Malaria self medications and choices of drugs for its treatment among residents of a malaria endemic community in West Africa. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(11)60003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Adebayo JO, Krettli AU. Potential antimalarials from Nigerian plants: a review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:289-302. [PMID: 21093570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, is one of the leading infectious diseases in many tropical regions, including Nigeria, a West African country where transmission occurs all year round. Many of the inhabitants use plants as remedies against fever and other symptoms of acute malaria, as reported herein. Some of these plants have their antimalarial efficacies scientifically demonstrated and the active compounds isolated with their probable mechanisms of action studied. Medicinal plants are used to treat diseases also where the biodiversity of plants occur in parallel with endemic transmission of malaria. This review focuses on medicinal plants which are used to treat malaria in Nigeria, and on antimalarial testing of extracts and purified compounds from plants. Some show intense activity against malaria parasites in vitro and in experimentally infected mice. The search for new drugs based on plants is important due to the emergence and widespread of chloroquine-resistant and multiple drug-resistant malaria parasites, which require the development of new antimalarials. An acquaintance with antimalarial plants may be a springboard for new phytotherapies that could be affordable to treat malaria, especially among the less privileged native people living in endemic areas of the tropics, mostly at risk of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Adebayo
- Laboratorio de Malaria, Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil.
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21
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Temidayo SO, Olufunmilayo I, Babatunde IA, Olusegun A. Evaluation of in vivo Antiplasmodial Activities of extracts of Morinda morindiodes (Bak.) in the treatment of malaria in Ogun State. Malar J 2010. [PMCID: PMC2963294 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-s2-p51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Ogbole OO, Ajaiyeoba EO. Traditional management of tuberculosis in Ogun State of Nigeria: the practice and ethnobotanical survey. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2009; 7:79-84. [PMID: 21304616 PMCID: PMC3005385 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v7i1.57270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An ethnobotanical survey was conducted on plants used traditionally for the management of tuberculosis in five local government areas of Ogun State, Nigeria, in a bid to document herbs used in the management of tuberculosis with the aim of identifying possible drug lead from the phytomedicine of these communities. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain the required information on the use of herbal remedies for the management. A total of 50 respondents made up of herbalists (40.0%), herb sellers (52.0%) and traditional medicine practitioners (8.0%) were interviewed in the study. The dominant age of respondents was in the range of 21-40 years (72.0%). Duration of treatment of tuberculosis with herbs was between 2-12 weeks. A total of 36 plants belonging to 20 families were proffered for the management of tuberculosis. Eighty four percent (42%) of the 50 respondents interviewed said that their clients observed no side effects and that the herbs were either available in the forest or purchased from the markets. Cola acumminata (fruit), Garcinia kola (leaf), Vitallaria parodoxa (oil), Costus afer (stem), Pycnanthus angolensis (stem bark) and Aframomum melegueta (fruit) were the most frequently mentioned herbs. The ethnomedicines of the studied areas of Ogun State, Nigeria seem to have a high potential as a source of drug discovery of anti-tuberculosis. This is of utmost importance because people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are susceptible to tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omonike O Ogbole
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria
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23
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Batista R, de Jesus Silva Júnior A, de Oliveira AB. Plant-derived antimalarial agents: new leads and efficient phytomedicines. Part II. Non-alkaloidal natural products. Molecules 2009; 14:3037-72. [PMID: 19701144 PMCID: PMC6254980 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14083037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is still the most destructive and dangerous parasitic infection in many tropical and subtropical countries. The burden of this disease is getting worse, mainly due to the increasing resistance of Plasmodium falciparum against the widely available antimalarial drugs. There is an urgent need for new, more affordable and accessible antimalarial agents possessing original modes of action. Natural products have played a dominant role in the discovery of leads for the development of drugs to treat human diseases, and this fact anticipates that new antimalarial leads may certainly emerge from tropical plant sources. This present review covers most of the recently-published non-alkaloidal natural compounds from plants with antiplasmodial and antimalarial properties, belonging to the classes of terpenes, limonoids, flavonoids, chromones, xanthones, anthraquinones, miscellaneous and related compounds, besides the majority of papers describing antiplasmodial crude extracts published in the last five years not reviewed before. In addition, some perspectives and remarks on the development of new drugs and phytomedicines for malaria are succinctly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Batista
- Departamento de Estudos Básicos e Instrumentais, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia – UESB, BR 415, Km 03, s/nº, 45.700-000 Itapetinga, BA, Brazil; E-mail: (A.d.J.S.J.)
| | - Ademir de Jesus Silva Júnior
- Departamento de Estudos Básicos e Instrumentais, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia – UESB, BR 415, Km 03, s/nº, 45.700-000 Itapetinga, BA, Brazil; E-mail: (A.d.J.S.J.)
| | - Alaíde Braga de Oliveira
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; E-mail: (A.B.d.O.)
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Ajaiyeoba EO, Ashidi JS, Okpako LC, Houghton PJ, Wright CW. Antiplasmodial compounds from Cassia siamea stem bark extract. Phytother Res 2008; 22:254-5. [PMID: 17705142 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cassia siamea L. (Fabaceae) was identified from the southwest Nigerian ethnobotany as a remedy for febrile illness. This led to the bioassay-guided fractionation of stem bark of the plant extract, using the parasite lactate dehydrogenase assay and multi-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum (K1) for assessing the in vitro antimalarial activity. Emodin and lupeol were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction by a combination of chromatographic techniques. The structures of the compounds were determined by spectroscopy, co-spotting with authentic samples and comparison with literature data. Both compounds were found to be the active principles responsible for the antiplasmodial property with IC(50) values of 5 microg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Ajaiyeoba
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Nantulya FN, Kengeya-Kayondo JF, Ogundahunsi OAT. Research Themes and Advances in Malaria Research Capacity Made by the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007. [DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.77.6.suppl.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florence N. Nantulya
- Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Chemin du Joran, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Jane F. Kengeya-Kayondo
- Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Chemin du Joran, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Olumide A. T. Ogundahunsi
- Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Chemin du Joran, Nyon, Switzerland
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26
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Akinboro A, Bakare AA. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of five medicinal plants on Allium cepa Linn. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 112:470-5. [PMID: 17572030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of five medicinal plants: Azadirachta indica (A. Juss), Morinda lucida (Benth.), Cymbopogon citratus (DC Stapf.), Mangifera indica (Linn.) and Carica papaya (Linn.) was evaluated using the Allium cepa assay. The extracts were prepared with tap water as practised locally. Onion bulbs were exposed to 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50%; and 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% concentrations (v/v) of each of the extracts for macroscopic and microscopic analyses, respectively. There was concentration-dependent and statistically significant (P<0.05) inhibition of root growth by the extracts when compared with the control. The EC(50) obtained for decoctions of Azadirachta indica. Cymbopogon citratus, Mangifera indica and Carica papaya were 0.6, 3.0, 1.4 and 0.8%, respectively. It was 2.6 and 0.8% for the squeezed extracts of Azadirachta indica and Morinda lucida, respectively. All the tested extracts were observed to have mitodepressive effects on cell division and induced mitotic spindle disturbance in Allium cepa. These results suggest an inhibitory, mitodepressive and turbagenic activities of the aqueous extracts on Allium cepa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Akinboro
- Cell Biology & Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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27
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Doria MF, Abubakar I, Syed Q, Hughes S, Hunter PR. Perceived causes of sporadic cryptosporidiosis and their relation to sources of information. J Epidemiol Community Health 2007; 60:745-50. [PMID: 16905716 PMCID: PMC2566020 DOI: 10.1136/jech.2005.041731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of a person's perceptions about the causes of their disease has been emphasised by research on various diseases. Several studies have found perception may be linked to protective behaviours. OBJECTIVE This study intends to identify the main perceived causes of sporadic cryptosporidiosis, and to analyse some of the factors that may influence respondent's perception. The role of respondents' attributions, the scientific plausibility of perceptions, and the importance of specific information sources are also explored. DESIGN Quantitative and qualitative analyses of data from a case-control study. SETTING General population in Wales and north west England. PARTICIPANTS The study is based on a sample of 411 respondents from Wales and north west of England, whose cryptosporidiosis diagnosis was confirmed by a laboratory. RESULTS The results show that the most frequent perceived causes are water (by drinking it or swimming), contagion (mostly from children), and contaminated food. Perceived causes are qualitatively similar to the ones described in scientific literature, but some quantitative differences are evident. Respondents' certainty in relation to the cause of illness is directly related with plausibility. The most frequent information sources used by respondents were test stool results, environmental health officers, and doctors or nurses. Results suggest that information sources may influence the perception of the causes of cryptosporidiosis. Qualitative data provided a few clues about situations where sporadic and outbreak cases may be confused. CONCLUSION In contrast with outbreaks, various information sources in addition to the media are used by people with sporadic cryptosporidiosis that in turn affects the perception of aetiology. This has implications for the dissemination of information about control measures for cryptosporidiosis and surveillance activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel F Doria
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ
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Fawole OI, Akinboye DO, Falade CO, Arulogun OS, Adeniyi JD. Case management of childhood fever by traditional healers in southwest Nigeria: identification of training and collaborative needs. INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH EDUCATION 2007; 28:319-35. [PMID: 19193526 DOI: 10.2190/iq.28.4.e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Traditional healers play an important role in the provision of healthcare in many communities in Africa. This study aimed to improve home management of malaria in children by assessing the healer's knowledge and practice. A semi-structured questionnaire interview of 127 traditional healers selected by proportionate sampling technique from two rural and two urban local government areas (LGAs) of southwestern Nigeria was followed by a training program. Malaria ranked first (87%) among the illnesses managed by the healers. Diagnosis of fever was often (72%) based on client history, physical examination (24.4%), consulting oracles (18.9%), and interpretation of dreams (3.1%). Treatment of malaria was with boiled herbs ("agbo"; 72%), ground herbs ("agunmu"; 14%), and incisions and scarifications (3%). Forty-one (32.5%) healers had referred febrile children to a health facility. Younger healers and those who had at least a secondary education were more likely to refer patients (p < 0.05 in both cases). Thirty-six healers (28.4%) had previous formal training on management of fevers, most of whom were the younger (p < 0.05), educated healers (p > 0.05), with fewer years of practice (p > 0.05). Research into traditional herbs (48%), better acknowledgment by government (23.6%), and collaboration with other health sectors were suggestions to improve practice. Traditional healers, especially the older, less-educated, and long-practicing healers, urgently require formal training and collaboration with other healthcare providers to improve knowledge and promote early referral of children with fever.
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Ajaiyeoba EO, Abiodun OO, Falade MO, Ogbole NO, Ashidi JS, Happi CT, Akinboye DO. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of 20 plants used in Nigerian antimalarial ethnomedicine. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 13:295-8. [PMID: 16492535 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2005.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Twenty plants identified and selected from Southwest and Middle belt Nigerian antimalarial ethnopharmacology were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity using the brine shrimp lethality assay. The methanol extracts of 20 plant samples from 11 plant families were subjected to the assay. Of the studied plants, Lippia multiflora and Morinda lucida bark were found to be cytotoxic, with LC(50) values of 1.1 and 2.6 microg/ml, respectively. The least toxic plant extract was Bridelia micrantha (LC(50) value >9.0 x 10(6) microg/ml). Most of the plants were found to be relatively non-toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Ajaiyeoba
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Rodrigues E, Carlini EA. Ritual use of plants with possible action on the central nervous system by the Krahô Indians, Brazil. Phytother Res 2005; 19:129-35. [PMID: 15852494 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to document the use of plants, probably acting on the central nervous system (CNS), in rituals carried out by the Kraho Indians, who occupy the cerrado biome in the central region of Brazil. The 2 years of fieldwork were guided by methods of anthropology and botany. The local shamans have indicated 286 formulas, consisting of 138 plant species in 50 uses that could be associated with some type of action on the CNS; of which 98 formulas, 87 plants and 25 uses, appear to involve psychoactive properties, such as: 'to get slow', 'stimulant effect', 'to calm down', 'to enhance memory', 'to reduce anxiety' and 'to induce sleep'. Phytochemical and pharmacological literature data were queried to establish any correlation between indigenous knowledge and scientific indications, for each one of the 138 plant species. Studies were available for 11 of these plants; and for two of them, scientific data coincided with indigenous information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Rodrigues
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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31
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Arias BA, Ramón-Laca L. Pharmacological properties of citrus and their ancient and medieval uses in the Mediterranean region. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 97:89-95. [PMID: 15652281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Revised: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the pharmacological properties of Mediterranean-grown citrus species (Citrus L., Rutaceae), including citron (Citrus medica L.), lime (Citrus xauantiifolia [Christm.] Swingle), lemon (Citrus xlimon [L.] Osbeck), bitter orange (Citrus xaurantium L.) and pomelo (Citrus maxima [Burm.] Merr.), as referred to in ancient, medieval and 16th century sources. The virtues of the species reported in these texts were compared to those known to modern science. A much broader spectrum of pharmacological properties was recorded by these early writers than one might expect. The use of the citron and lemon as antidotes for 'poison and venom' is recorded in the very earliest material. According to modern scientific literature the citron and the bitter orange may possess anti-cancer activity, lime may have an immunomodulatory effect in humans, and the pomelo may be useful for treating circulatory problems. Lemons might even ease hangover symptoms. Research is required to confirm these properties.
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Rodrigues E, Carlini EA. Plants used by a Quilombola group in Brazil with potential central nervous system effects. Phytother Res 2004; 18:748-53. [PMID: 15478201 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on an ethnopharmacological survey among a group of Brazilian Quilombolas (descended from runaway slaves living in hideouts up-country) whose therapeutic practices involve a combination of healing ceremonies and prescription of medicinal plants consisting of the use of, at least, 48 plants with possible effect on the central nervous system (CNS), cited in 53 formulas prescribed for 17 therapeutic indications, the main ones being: to fortify the brain, for insomnia, as a sedative, for insanity, weight loss, and rejuvenation. The formulas consist of one to ten plants, and each plant may be recommended for up to seven different therapeutic indications, with evidence of non-specificity in the use of plants in this culture. Of these 48 plants, only 31 could be identified to the species level as belonging to 20 taxonomic families, with the Asteraceae, Malpighiaceae, Cyperaceae, and Myrtaceae as the most important families. Only eleven of these species have been previously studied and appear in scientific literature. Some of these plants are at present under study in the Department of Psychobiology of the Federal University of Sao Paulo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Rodrigues
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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