1
|
Fanciotti MN, Tejerina M, Benítez-Ahrendts MR, Audisio MC. Honey yield of different commercial apiaries treated with Lactobacillus salivarius A3iob, a new bee-probiotic strain. Benef Microbes 2017; 9:291-298. [PMID: 29264964 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to determine the impact of Lactobacillus salivarius A3iob, a honey bee gut-associated strain (GenBank code access KX198010), on honey yield. Independent assays were conducted from May to September 2014 and 2015, in three commercial apiaries: Tilquiza, El Carmen and Yala, all located in north-western Argentina. Local Apis mellifera L. bees were kept in standard Langstroth hives; treated hives were fed once a month with 1×105 cfu/ml viable Lactobacillus cells, administered to the bees through a Doolittle-type feeder in 125 g/l sucrose syrup. Control hives were only given the syrup mixed with MRS sterile broth. The main honey harvest was done in December in all groups and we found that there was an overall increase in honey yield from the treated hives. In 2014, all treated hives produced between 2.3 to 6.5 times more honey than the controls. However, in 2015, higher honey average yields in the treated hives at El Carmen and Yala were obtained, yet not at Tilquiza, because of a slight mishap. They experienced the swarming of several bee colonies due to a higher number of bees without appropriate management, which caused the control group to yield more honey compared to the hives fed with Lactobacillus. Interestingly, at El Carmen, two honey harvests were recorded: one in winter and another in summer (July and December 2015, respectively). This unexpected result arose from the particular flora of the region, mainly Tithonia tubaeformis, which blooms in winter. L. salivarius A3iob cells prove to be a natural alternative that will positively impact the beekeepers' economy by providing a higher honey yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Novicov Fanciotti
- 1 Department of Applied Bacteriology, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - M Tejerina
- 2 Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNJu, Alberdi 47, Barrio Los Naranjos, Jujuy 4600, Argentina
| | - M R Benítez-Ahrendts
- 2 Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNJu, Alberdi 47, Barrio Los Naranjos, Jujuy 4600, Argentina
| | - M C Audisio
- 1 Department of Applied Bacteriology, Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química (INIQUI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina.,3 Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa), Av. Bolivia 5150, A4402FDC Salta, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gajera HP, Savaliya DD, Hirapara DG, Patel SV, Golakiya BA. Biocontrol Mechanism of Bacillus for Fusarium Wilt Management in Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27312-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
3
|
Gong AD, Li HP, Yuan QS, Song XS, Yao W, He WJ, Zhang JB, Liao YC. Antagonistic mechanism of iturin A and plipastatin A from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S76-3 from wheat spikes against Fusarium graminearum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116871. [PMID: 25689464 PMCID: PMC4331432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling toxigenic Fusarium graminearum (FG) is challenging. A bacterial strain (S76-3, identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) that was isolated from diseased wheat spikes in the field displayed strong antifungal activity against FG. Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analyses revealed that S76-3 produced three classes of cyclic lipopeptides including iturin, plipastatin and surfactin. Each class consisted of several different molecules. The iturin and plipastatin fractions strongly inhibited FG; the surfactin fractions did not. The most abundant compound that had antagonistic activity from the iturin fraction was iturin A (m/z 1043.35); the most abundant active compound from the plipastatin fraction was plipastatin A (m/z 1463.90). These compounds were analyzed with collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry. The two purified compounds displayed strong fungicidal activity, completely killing conidial spores at the minimal inhibitory concentration range of 50 µg/ml (iturin A) and 100 µg/ml (plipastatin A). Optical and fluorescence microscopy analyses revealed severe morphological changes in conidia and substantial distortions in FG hyphae treated with iturin A or plipastatin A. Iturin A caused leakage and/or inactivation of FG cellular contents and plipastatin A caused vacuolation. Time-lapse imaging of dynamic antagonistic processes illustrated that iturin A caused distortion and conglobation along hyphae and inhibited branch formation and growth, while plipastatin A caused conglobation in young hyphae and branch tips. Transmission electron microscopy analyses demonstrated that the cell walls of conidia and hyphae of iturin A and plipastatin A treated FG had large gaps and that their plasma membranes were severely damaged and separated from cell walls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An-Dong Gong
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - He-Ping Li
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing-Song Yuan
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Shi Song
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Yao
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jie He
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Bo Zhang
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Cai Liao
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory of Triticeae Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aouadhi C, Maaroufi A, Mejri S. Incidence and characterisation of aerobic spore-forming bacteria originating from dairy milk in Tunisia. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chedia Aouadhi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Microbiology; Bacteriology and Biotechnology development Groups; Pasteur Institute of Tunisia (IPT); University Manar; BP 74 13 place Pasteur Belvédère 1002 Tunis Tunisia
- Laboratory of Animal Resources and Food Technology; National Institute of Agronomy Tunis (INAT); University Carthage; 43 Rue Charles Nicole Cité Mahrajène Le Belvédère 1082 Tunis Tunisia
| | - Abderrazak Maaroufi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Microbiology; Bacteriology and Biotechnology development Groups; Pasteur Institute of Tunisia (IPT); University Manar; BP 74 13 place Pasteur Belvédère 1002 Tunis Tunisia
| | - Slah Mejri
- Laboratory of Animal Resources and Food Technology; National Institute of Agronomy Tunis (INAT); University Carthage; 43 Rue Charles Nicole Cité Mahrajène Le Belvédère 1082 Tunis Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vardhan S, Kaushik R, Saxena AK, Arora DK. Restriction analysis and partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene as index for rapid identification of Bacillus species. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2010; 99:283-96. [PMID: 20694833 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-010-9487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Restriction fragment length analysis of PCR amplified 16S rDNA with AluI revealed the presence of a 265 bp fragment in all species of Bacillus with the exception of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis, which contains two restriction sites within this fragment which results in three smaller fragments totalling to 265 bp. Some distant species of Bacillus with no evidence of this fragment could be delineated into other genera based on phenotypic and genotypic parameters. BLAST search for homologous sequences of individual species revealed that it is a highly conserved region. Multiple alignment of the fragment suggests that a region between 160 and 265 bp of the 265 bp fragment was a hypervariable region and were highly species-specific. A set of primers was designed for amplification of this hypervariable region. Partial sequencing of the hypervariable region within the 265 bp fragment seems an index for identification of Bacillus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Vardhan
- National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kusmaur, Mau Nath Bhanjan, UP, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang Q, Zhang J, Zhu K, Zhang H. Influence of oxytetracycline on the structure and activity of microbial community in wheat rhizosphere soil. J Environ Sci (China) 2009; 21:954-959. [PMID: 19862962 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The microbial community composition in wheat rhizosphere was analyzed by detecting colony forming units (CFUs) in agar plates. The total CFUs in rhizosphere were 1.04 x 10(9)/g soil with 9.0 x 10(8)/g bacteria, 1.37 x 10(8)/g actinomyces and 3.6 x 10(6)/g fungi. The 10 dominant bacteria were isolated from wheat rhizosphere and were grouped into genus Bacillus according to their full length 16S rRNA gene sequences. Although belonging to the same genus, the isolated strains exhibited different sensitivities to oxytetracycline. When a series of the rhizosphere soil was exposed under various concentrations of oxytetracycline, the microbial community structure was highly affected with significant decline of CFUs of bacteria and actinomyces (22.2% and 31.7% at 10 mg/kg antibiotic, respectively). This inhibition was clearly enhanced with the increase exposure dosage of antibiotic and could not be eliminated during 30 d incubation. There was no obvious influence of this treatment on fungi population. Among the four soil enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, acidic phosphatase, dehydrogenase and urease), only alkaline phosphatase was sensitive to oxytetracycline exposure with 41.3% decline of the enzyme activity at 10 mg/kg antibiotic and further decrease of 64.3%-80.8% when the dosage over 30 mg/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Scheldeman P, Herman L, Foster S, Heyndrickx M. Bacillus sporothermodurans and other highly heat-resistant spore formers in milk. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 101:542-55. [PMID: 16907805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A recent example of a micro-organism causing undesired growth in consumer milk is Bacillus sporothermodurans producing highly heat-resistant spores (HRS) which may survive ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment or industrial sterilization. Molecular typing showed a heterogeneous group of farm isolates (non-HRS strains), but a clonal group of UHT isolates from diverse European countries and other continents (HRS-clone) suggesting a common source. During a survey of Belgian dairy farms for the presence of potentially highly heat-resistant spore formers, high numbers of these spores were detected in filter cloth, green crop and fodder samples. The strain collection showed a high taxonomic diversity with 18 potentially new species and with Bacillus licheniformis and Geobacillus pallidus as predominating species overall. Seventeen B. sporothermodurans isolates were identified, mainly originating from feed concentrate. Heat resistance studies showed the UHT resistance of B. sporothermodurans spores present in industrially contaminated UHT milk, but a lower heat resistance of laboratory-grown strains (HRS and non-HRS). Hydrogen peroxide, used as sanitizer in the dairy industry, was found to induce higher heat resistance of laboratory-grown B. sporothermodurans strains to a certain level. This indicates that sublethal stress conditions may affect the heat resistance. By transmission electron microscopy, structural differences at the spore level were found between HRS and non-HRS strains. The data indicate that the attainment of extreme heat resistance is rather multifactorial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Scheldeman
- Department for Animal Product Quality, Center for Agricultural Research, Ministry of the Flemish Community, Melle, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Scheldeman P, Pil A, Herman L, De Vos P, Heyndrickx M. Incidence and diversity of potentially highly heat-resistant spores isolated at dairy farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:1480-94. [PMID: 15746351 PMCID: PMC1065131 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.3.1480-1494.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of highly heat-resistant spores of Bacillus sporothermodurans in ultrahigh-temperature or sterilized consumer milk has emerged as an important item in the dairy industry. Their presence is considered undesirable since they hamper the achievement of commercial sterility requirements. By using a selective 30-min heat treatment at 100 degrees C, 17 Belgian dairy farms were screened to evaluate the presence, sources, and nature of potentially highly heat-resistant spores in raw milk. High numbers of these spores were detected in the filter cloth of the milking equipment and in green crop and fodder samples. About 700 strains were isolated after the selective heating, of which 635 could be screened by fatty acid methyl ester analysis. Representative strains were subjected to amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, percent G+C content, and DNA-DNA reassociations for further identification. The strain collection showed a remarkable diversity, with representatives of seven aerobic spore-forming genera. Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pallidus were the most predominant species overall. Twenty-three percent of the 603 spore-forming isolates proved to belong to 18 separate novel species. These findings suggest that the selective heating revealed a pool of unknown organisms with a higher heat-resistant character. This study showed that high spore counts can occur at the dairy farm and that feed and milking equipment can act as reservoirs or entry points for potentially highly heat-resistant spores into raw milk. Lowering this spore load by good hygienic measures could probably further reduce the contamination level of raw milk, in this way minimizing the aerobic spore-forming bacteria that could lead to spoilage of milk and dairy products. Assessment and characterization of this particular flora are of great importance to allow the dairy or food industry to adequately deal with newly arising microbiological problems.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacillus/chemistry
- Bacillus/genetics
- Bacillus/isolation & purification
- Belgium
- Cattle
- Colony Count, Microbial
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- Dairying
- Fatty Acids/analysis
- Female
- Food Microbiology
- Genes, Bacterial
- Hot Temperature
- Milk/microbiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Species Specificity
- Spores, Bacterial/chemistry
- Spores, Bacterial/genetics
- Spores, Bacterial/isolation & purification
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patsy Scheldeman
- Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Montanari G, Borsari A, Chiavari C, Ferri G, Zambonelli C, Grazia L. Morphological and phenotypical characterization of Bacillus sporothermodurans. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 97:802-9. [PMID: 15357730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Enumeration of resistant bacteria in ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated milk; morphological characterization and phenotyping of resistant strains by traditional and nontraditional methods and their identification by molecular biology. METHODS AND RESULTS Modified standard plate count agar (PCA) and modified brain-heart infusion (BHI) agar were used for colony counts. Physiological culture traits were determined as suggested by Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology or in modified J-broth or in modified BHI agar. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for microscopic examination. Strain identification was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 125 (62.81% of 199) samples were positive and the bacterial load was higher than 10(5) CFU ml(-1) in 46 samples (28.80% of 125). The 16S rRNA sequence of bacterial cultures obtained from UHT-treated milk was similar to that of Bacillus sporothermodurans M215 type strain((T)) and different biotypes were found by analysis of colony appearance, cell morphology and physiological traits. CONCLUSIONS Bacillus sporothermodurans was the predominant sporigenous micro-organisms in UHT milk. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY BHI agar is more suitable than PCA for quality control of milk after UHT treatment. Modified J-broth medium is useful to determine selected physiological traits of B. sporothermodurans. The strains characterized and identified as B. sporothermodurans were significantly different compared with the type strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Montanari
- DIPROVAL, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Scheldeman P, Rodríguez-Díaz M, Goris J, Pil A, De Clerck E, Herman L, De Vos P, Logan NA, Heyndrickx M. Bacillus farraginis sp. nov., Bacillus fortis sp. nov. and Bacillus fordii sp. nov., isolated at dairy farms. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004; 54:1355-1364. [PMID: 15280314 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-eight bacterial strains were isolated at dairy farms from raw milk, the milking apparatus, green fodder or feed concentrate after a heat treatment of 30 min at 100 °C. In this way, spore-forming bacteria with a very high intrinsic heat resistance were selected for. The aerobic spore-forming isolates were subjected to a polyphasic taxonomical study, including repetitive element sequence-based PCR typing, whole-cell protein profiling, 16S rDNA sequence analysis, DNA–DNA hybridizations, DNA base composition, fatty acid analysis, and morphological and biochemical characteristics. A comparison of the REP- and (GTG)5-PCR and whole-cell protein SDS-PAGE profiles resulted in three clusters of similar strains. Analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences and DNA–DNA relatedness data showed that these clusters represented three novel species. The highest 16S rDNA similarity to a recognized species found for the three groups was around 94 % with Bacillus lentus and Bacillus sporothermodurans. Further phenotypic characterization supported the proposal of three novel species in the genus Bacillus, Bacillus farraginis, Bacillus fortis and Bacillus fordii. The respective type strains are R-6540T (=LMG 22081T=DSM 16013T), R-6514T (=LMG 22079T=DSM 16012T) and R-7190T (=LMG 22080T=DSM 16014T); their G+C DNA base contents are 43·7, 44·3 and 41·9 mol%, respectively. Although in variable amounts, a predominance of the branched fatty acids iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0 was observed in all three novel species.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aerobiosis
- Animal Feed/microbiology
- Animals
- Bacillus/classification
- Bacillus/cytology
- Bacillus/isolation & purification
- Bacillus/physiology
- Bacterial Proteins/analysis
- Bacterial Proteins/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Typing Techniques
- Base Composition
- DNA Fingerprinting
- DNA, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- Dairying
- Equipment Contamination
- Fatty Acids/analysis
- Genes, rRNA
- Hot Temperature
- Milk/microbiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Phylogeny
- Proteome
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology
- Spores, Bacterial/cytology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patsy Scheldeman
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Centre for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Marina Rodríguez-Díaz
- Glasgow Caledonian University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Johan Goris
- Ghent University, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology (WE10), K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Centre for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Annelies Pil
- Ghent University, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology (WE10), K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Centre for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Elke De Clerck
- Ghent University, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology (WE10), K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Lieve Herman
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Centre for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Paul De Vos
- Ghent University, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology (WE10), K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Niall A Logan
- Glasgow Caledonian University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Centre for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reva ON, Dixelius C, Meijer J, Priest FG. Taxonomic characterization and plant colonizing abilities of some bacteria related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2004; 48:249-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.femsec.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
12
|
Xu D, Côté JC. Phylogenetic relationships between Bacillus species and related genera inferred from comparison of 3' end 16S rDNA and 5' end 16S-23S ITS nucleotide sequences. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2003; 53:695-704. [PMID: 12807189 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of the 3' end of the 16S rDNA and the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of 40 Bacillaceae species were determined. These included 21 Bacillus, 9 Paenibacillus, 6 Brevibacillus, 2 Geobacillus, 1 Marinibacillus and 1 Virgibacillus species. Comparative sequence analysis of a 220 bp region covering a highly conserved 150 bp sequence located at the 3' end of the 16S rRNA coding region and a conserved 70 bp sequence located at the 5' end of the 16S-23S ITS of the 40 species and six sequences available in GenBank were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships between all 46 taxa. When a maximal distance (D(max), where D refers to the number of nucleotide substitutions per site) of 0.31 was introduced as a threshold to determine groupings, 10 phylogenetically distinct clusters were revealed. Twenty-six Bacillus species were separated in seven groups (I, II, III, IV, V, VI and X), but Bacillus circulans remained ungrouped. All six Brevibacillus species under study were in Group VII. The nine Paenibacillus species fell into two distinct groups (VIII and IX). Species with D(max) values within 0.05 were considered to be very closely related. These were Bacillus psychrophilus and Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus in Group II; 'Bacillus maroccanus' and Bacillus simplex in Group II; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus mojavensis and Bacillus subtilis in Group VI; Bacillus fusiformis and Bacillus sphaericus in Group VI; Brevibacillus brevis and Brevibacillus formosus in Group VII; Paenibacillus gordonae and Paenibacillus validus in Group VIII; and Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides and Bacillus thuringiensis in Group X. The phylogenetic classification presented here is, in general, in agreement with current classifications based on phenotypic and molecular data. Our findings suggest, however, that in some cases, further divisions or, conversely, further groupings might be warranted. Should current classifications be re-examined in the light of our results, D(max) values of 0.31 and 0.05, as exemplified here, may prove useful threshold values for the grouping of Bacillaceae into taxa akin to genera and species, respectively. These D(max) thresholds may also reveal, in a different way, bacterial species for which further characterization might be warranted for proper classification and/or reassignment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre, 430 Gouin Blvd, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada J3B 3E6
| | - Jean-Charles Côté
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre, 430 Gouin Blvd, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada J3B 3E6
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guillaume-Gentil O, Scheldeman P, Marugg J, Herman L, Joosten H, Heyndrickx M. Genetic heterogeneity in Bacillus sporothermodurans as demonstrated by ribotyping and repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR fingerprinting. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:4216-24. [PMID: 12200268 PMCID: PMC124129 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.9.4216-4224.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-eight strains of Bacillus sporothermodurans isolated from ultra-high-temperature (UHT)-treated milk or sterilized milk (UHT isolates) and from animal feed or raw milk (farm isolates) were characterized by automated ribotyping and by repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP)-PCR fingerprinting. By investigating the genetic relationships among isolates from these various sources, the relative importance of different contamination sources could be evaluated. The results of the separate clustering analyses of the PvuII and EcoRI ribopatterns and the REP-PCR patterns were largely consistent with each other and revealed the existence of two main clusters; there was one homogeneous group containing all (REP-PCR) or most (ribotyping) of the UHT isolates, and there was a second more diverse group comprising the farm isolates. A combined three-dimensional analysis of all data showed that three German UHT isolates did not belong to the compact group containing the majority of the UHT isolates. These results demonstrate that B. sporothermodurans is more heterogeneous than previously assumed and that most of the UHT isolates form a genetically distinct subgroup and are capable of producing highly heat-resistant spores. The close genetic relationship of these UHT isolates suggests a clonal origin of a few predominant strains of B. sporothermodurans that can be found in UHT-treated or sterilized milk products.
Collapse
|
14
|
Scheldeman P, Herman L, Goris J, De Vos P, Heyndrickx M. Polymerase chain reaction identification of Bacillus sporothermodurans from dairy sources. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 92:983-91. [PMID: 11972705 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A new polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the identification of Bacillus sporothermodurans strains from sterilized or ultrahigh temperature-treated milk and milk products and from other non-milk sources and environments, including the dairy farm. METHODS AND RESULTS Two strains from raw milk and feed concentrate could be allocated to B. sporothermodurans based on 16S rDNA sequencing and DNA-DNA hybridization results. Two specific PCR primers were derived from the 16S rRNA gene of B. sporothermodurans. CONCLUSIONS The PCR identification method was validated using a collection of B. sporothermodurans strains from different sources and on a large collection of dairy and non-dairy Bacillus spp. and other relevant taxa. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This PCR method was used as a screening method for strains with very heat-resistant endospores, isolated at the dairy farm level after heat treatment for 30 min at 100 degrees C. Seventeen strains isolated at the dairy farm were identified as B. sporothermodurans. They originated mainly from feed concentrate and also from soy, pulp and silage. The PCR identification method described here can, therefore, contribute to a better understanding of the route by which B. sporothermodurans contaminates raw and/or heat-treated milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Scheldeman
- Centre for Agricultural Research - Ghent, Department of Animal Product Quality and Transformation Technology (DVK), Melle, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vaerewijck MJ, De Vos P, Lebbe L, Scheldeman P, Hoste B, Heyndrickx M. Occurrence of Bacillus sporothermodurans and other aerobic spore-forming species in feed concentrate for dairy cattle. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 91:1074-84. [PMID: 11851816 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the aerobic spore composition and presence of Bacillus sporothermodurans spores in feed concentrate for dairy cattle. METHODS AND RESULTS Six feed concentrate samples from five different farms were analysed. High levels of spores (up to 10(6) spores g(-1)) were found. Identification of 100 selected isolates was obtained by a combination of fatty acid methyl esters analysis, amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis and 16S rDNA sequencing. Ninety-seven isolates could be identified to the species level or assigned to a phylogenetic species group. Most of the isolates obtained after a heat treatment of 10 min at 80 degrees C were identified as members of the B. subtilis group (32 isolates), B. pumilus (25 isolates), B. clausii (eight isolates) and B. licheniformis (eight isolates). The isolates with very heat-resistant spores, obtained after a heat treatment of 30 min at 100 degrees C, were identified as members of the B. subtilis group (five isolates), B. sporothermodurans (three isolates), B. amyloliquefaciens (one isolate), B. oleronius (one isolate) and B. pallidus (one isolate). Bacillus cereus was present in each feed concentrate sample and was isolated using a selective mannitol egg yolk polymyxin agar medium. CONCLUSIONS Feed concentrate for dairy cattle contains known as well as as yet unknown species of Bacillus and related genera with properties relevant to the dairy sector. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results formulate the hypothesis that feed concentrate can be a contamination source of spores, including those of B. sporothermodurans, for raw milk at the farm level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Vaerewijck
- Center for Agricultural Research-Ghent, Department for Animal Product Quality and Transformation Technology, Melle, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Simpson KL, Pettersson B, Priest FG. Characterization of lactobacilli from Scotch malt whisky distilleries and description of Lactobacillus ferintoshensis sp. nov., a new species isolated from malt whisky fermentations. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:1007-1016. [PMID: 11283296 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-4-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-four strains of Lactobacillus were isolated from fermentation samples from 23 malt whisky distilleries located in the major whisky producing regions of Scotland. The strains were assigned to 26 ribotype patterns. Strains of some ribotype patterns were widely distributed and recovered from distilleries throughout Scotland, while strains representing other ribotypes were particular to a specific region or even a certain distillery. Repeated sampling of a single distillery over a 12 month period showed that the range of bacteria present, as indicated by ribotyping, was stable, but was influenced by changes in malt supply and the period of closure for annual maintenance. Partial 16S rDNA sequence analysis of ribotype representatives revealed Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus pentosus as the major species present in the distilleries; however, four isolates could not be identified by this procedure. Determination of the full 16S rDNA gene sequence from one of these isolates (strain R7-84) revealed >98.5% similarity to Lactobacillus buchneri and its phylogenetic neighbours. DNA from two other strains showed greater than 70% hybridization to DNA from R7-84 under non-stringent renaturation conditions and DNA from strain R7-84 shared less than 65% hybridization with members of the L. buchneri group. It is proposed that these three strains should be placed in a new species for which the name Lactobacillus ferintoshensis represented by the type strain R7-84(T) is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten L Simpson
- International Centre for Brewing & Distilling, Department of Biological Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK1
| | - Bertil Pettersson
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology,S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden2
| | - Fergus G Priest
- International Centre for Brewing & Distilling, Department of Biological Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK1
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dees PM, Ghiorse WC. Microbial diversity in hot synthetic compost as revealed by PCR-amplified rRNA sequences from cultivated isolates and extracted DNA. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2001; 35:207-216. [PMID: 11295460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
High-temperature (>/=60 degrees C) synthetic food waste compost was examined by cultivation-dependent and -independent methods to determine predominant microbial populations. Fluorescent direct counts totaled 6.4 (+/-2.5)x10(10) cells gdw(-1) in a freeze-dried 74 degrees C compost sample, while plate counts for thermophilic heterotrophic aerobes averaged 2.6 (+/-1.0)x10(8) CFU gdw(-1). A pre-lysis cell fractionation method was developed to obtain community DNA and a suite of 16S and 18S rDNA-targeted PCR primers was used to examine the presence of Bacteria, Archaea and fungi. Bacterial 16S rDNA, including a domain-specific 1500-bp fragment and a 300-bp fragment specific for Actinobacteria, was amplified by PCR from all compost samples tested. Archaeal rDNA was not amplified in any sample. Fungal 18S rDNA was only amplified from a separate dairy manure compost that reached a peak temperature of 50 degrees C. Amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) was used to screen isolated thermophilic bacteria and a clone library of full-length rDNA fragments. ARDRA screening revealed 14 unique patterns among 63 isolates, with one pattern accounting for 31 of the isolates. In the clone library, 52 unique patterns were detected among 70 clones, indicating high diversity of uncultivated bacteria in hot compost. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two most abundant isolates belonged in the genera Aneurinibacillus and Brevibacillus, which are not commonly associated with hot compost. With the exception of one Lactobacillus-type sequence, the clone library contained only sequences that clustered within the genus Bacillus. None of the isolates or cloned sequences could be assigned to the group of obligate thermophilic Bacillus spp. represented by B. stearothermophilus, commonly believed to dominate high-temperature compost. Amplified partial fragments from Actinobacteria, spanning the V3 variable region (Neefs et al. (1990) Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 2237-2242), included sequences related to the genera Saccharomonospora, Gordonia, Rhodococcus and Corynebacterium, although none of these organisms were detected among the isolates or full-length cloned rDNA sequences. All of the thermophilic isolates and sequenced rDNA fragments examined in this study were from Gram-positive organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M. Dees
- Department of Microbiology, Wing Hall, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|