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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang L, Li W, Hou L. Identification and control of gas-producing bacteria isolated from the swollen bagged soy sauce. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 407:110396. [PMID: 37734207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The swelling of soy sauce bags seriously affects product quality and causes food safety problems, which has become an urgent problem to solve in the condiment industry. Here, gas-producing bacteria in the swollen bagged soy sauce were isolated and identified to provide an effective control method for inhibiting their growth and solving the swelling of soy sauce bags. It was found that three gas-producing bacteria isolated from the swollen bagged soy sauce were confirmed as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (G1), Bacillus sp. (G2) and Bacillus subtilis (P3) using 16S rDNA analysis. The strains' morphologies, growth rates, and physiological and biochemical characteristics were also compared. Further studies yielded the optimal growth time, temperature and pH for the three gas-producing bacteria (B. amyloliquefacien: 24 h, 37 °C, and pH 7; Bacillus sp.: 18 h, 30 °C, and pH 6.5-7.5; B. subtilis: 36 h, 30 °C, and pH 8). Bacillus sp. was more salt tolerant than the other two. Then the antibacterial effect of the combination was tested by the physicochemical index. The results showed that filtering through a 0.22 μm inorganic micro-filtration membrane, sterilizing at 121 °C for 2 min, and adding 1 g/kg potassium sorbate was effective methods to inhibit three gas-producing bacteria and control the swelling of soy sauce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology. No. 29, 13th. Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuxiu Zhang
- Tianjin Agricultural Center of Eco-Environment Monitoring and Agro-Product Quality Testing, No. 50th Xihu Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology. No. 29, 13th. Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wanning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology. No. 29, 13th. Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lihua Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology. No. 29, 13th. Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Qian C, Murphy SI, Lott TT, Martin NH, Wiedmann M. Development and deployment of a supply-chain digital tool to predict fluid-milk spoilage due to psychrotolerant sporeformers. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8415-8433. [PMID: 37641253 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Psychrotolerant sporeformers pose a challenge to maintaining fluid milk quality. Dynamic temperature changes along the supply chain can favor the germination and growth of these bacteria and lead to fluid milk spoilage. In this study, we aim to expand on our previous work on predicting milk spoilage due to psychrotolerant sporeformers. The key model innovations include (1) the ability to account for changing temperatures along the supply chain, and (2) a deployed user-friendly interface to allow easy access to the model. Using the frequencies and concentrations of 8 Bacillales subtypes specific to fluid milk collected in New York, the model simulated sporeformer growth in half-gallons of high-temperature, short-time (HTST) pasteurized fluid milk transported from processing facility to retail store and then to consumer. The Monte Carlo simulations predicted that 44.3% of half-gallons of milk were spoiled (defined as having a bacterial concentration >20,000 cfu/mL, a conservative estimate that represents the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance regulatory limit) after 21 d of refrigerated storage at consumer's home. Model validations showed that the model was the most accurate in predicting the mean sporeformer concentration at low temperatures (i.e., at 3°C and 4°C; compared with higher temperatures at 6°C and 10°C) within the first 21 d of consumer storage, with a root mean square error of 0.29 and 0.34 log10 cfu/mL, respectively. Global sensitivity analyses indicated that home storage temperature, facility-to-retail transportation temperature, and initial spore concentration were the 3 most influential factors for predicting milk spoilage on d 21 of shelf life. What-if scenarios indicated that microfiltration was predicted to be the most effective strategy to reduce spoilage. The implementation of this strategy (assumed to reduce initial spore concentration by 2.2 log10 cfu/mL) was predicted to reduce the percentage of spoiled milk by 17.0 percentage points on d 21 of storage and could delay the date by which 50% of half-gallons of milk were spoiled, from d 25 to 35. Overall, the model is readily deployed as a digital tool for assessing fluid milk spoilage along the supply chain and evaluating the effectiveness of intervention strategies, including those that target storage temperatures at different supply chain stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Qian
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S I Murphy
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - T T Lott
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - N H Martin
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M Wiedmann
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Cull C, Singu VK, Cull BJ, Lechtenberg KF, Amachawadi RG, Schutz JS, Bryan KA. Efficacy of Two Probiotic Products Fed Daily to Reduce Clostridium perfringens-Based Adverse Health and Performance Effects in Dairy Calves. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1513. [PMID: 36358168 PMCID: PMC9686916 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium which produces toxins and exoenzymes that cause disease in calves, especially necro-hemorrhagic enteritis-associated diarrhea often resulting in death. Clostridium infections are currently being treated with antibiotics, but even with the prudent administration of antibiotics, there are significant rates of recurrence. Probiotics, an alternative to antibiotics, are commonly employed to prevent clostridial infections. The objectives of our study were to demonstrate that two commercially available products, when used as daily, direct-fed microbials, are effective in reducing adverse effects of an experimentally induced C. perfringens infection in dairy calves. We conducted a single site efficacy study with masking using a randomized design comprising 10 calves allocated to 3 treatment groups (probiotic 1, probiotic 2, and control). The procedures such as general health scores, body weight, blood samples, and fecal sample collections were done followed by experimental challenge of calves with C. perfringens. Daily feeding of L. animalis LA51 and P. freudenreichii PF24 without or with Bacillus lichenformis CH200 and Bacillus subtilis CH201, before, during and after an oral challenge of C. perfringens significantly reduced the incidence and severity of diarrhea while improving general impression and appearance scores of calves. Most notably, survival of calves in the two probiotic-fed groups was significantly higher than for control calves and further substantiates the potential economic and health benefits of feeding effective probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charley Cull
- Midwest Veterinary Services, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA
- Central States Research Centre, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA
| | - Vijay K. Singu
- Central States Research Centre, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA
| | - Brooke J. Cull
- Midwest Veterinary Services, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA
- Central States Research Centre, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA
| | - Kelly F. Lechtenberg
- Midwest Veterinary Services, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA
- Central States Research Centre, Inc., Oakland, NE 68045, USA
| | - Raghavendra G. Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Alonso VPP, de Oliveira Morais J, Kabuki DY. Incidence of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus sporothermodurans and Geobacillus stearothermophilus in ultra-high temperature milk and biofilm formation capacity of isolates. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 354:109318. [PMID: 34246014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of mesophilic and thermophilic spore-forming bacteria in UHT milk, as well as biofilm formation in dairy plants, are concerning. The current study explored the spore-forming bacilli diversity in 100 samples of UHT milk (skimmed and whole). Through this work, a total of 239 isolates from UHT milk samples were obtained. B. cereus s.s. was isolated from 7 samples, B. sporothermodurans from 19 and, G. stearothermophilus from 25 samples. Genes encoding hemolysin (HBL), and non-hemolytic (NHE) enterotoxins were detected in B. cereus s.s. isolates. All isolates of B. cereus s.s. (12) B. sporothermodurans (38), and G. stearothermophilus (47) were selected to verify the ability of biofilm formation in microtiter plates. The results showed all isolates could form biofilms. The OD595 values of biofilm formation varied between 0.14 and 1.04 for B. cereus, 0.20 to 1.87 for B. sporothermodurans, and 0.49 to 2.77 for G. stearothermophilus. The data highlights that the dairy industry needs to reinforce control in the initial quality of the raw material and in CIP cleaning procedures; avoiding biofilm formation and consequently a persistent microbiota in processing plants, which can shelter pathogenic species such as B. cereus s.s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Pereira Perez Alonso
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica de Oliveira Morais
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Dirce Yorika Kabuki
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Fiedler G, Herbstmann AD, Doll E, Wenning M, Brinks E, Kabisch J, Breitenwieser F, Lappann M, Böhnlein C, Franz CMAP. Taxonomic Evaluation of the Heyndrickxia (Basonym Bacillus) sporothermodurans Group ( H. sporothermodurans, H. vini, H. oleronia) Based on Whole Genome Sequences. Microorganisms 2021; 9:246. [PMID: 33530338 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic heterogeneity of Heyndrickxia sporothermodurans (formerly Bacillussporothermodurans) was evaluated using whole genome sequencing. The genomes of 29 previously identified Heyndrickxiasporothermodurans and two Heyndrickxia vini strains isolated from ultra-high-temperature (UHT)-treated milk were sequenced by short-read (Illumina) sequencing. After sequence analysis, the two H. vini strains could be reclassified as H. sporothermodurans. In addition, the genomes of the H.sporothermodurans type strain (DSM 10599T) and the closest phylogenetic neighbors Heyndrickxiaoleronia (DSM 9356T) and Heyndrickxia vini (JCM 19841T) were also sequenced using both long (MinION) and short-read (Illumina) sequencing. By hybrid sequence assembly, the genome of the H. sporothermodurans type strain was enlarged by 15% relative to the short-read assembly. This noticeable increase was probably due to numerous mobile elements in the genome that are presumptively related to spore heat tolerance. Phylogenetic studies based on 16S rDNA gene sequence, core genome, single-nucleotide polymorphisms and ANI/dDDH, showed that H. vini is highly related to H. sporothermodurans. When examining the genome sequences of all H.sporothermodurans strains from this study, together with 4 H. sporothermodurans genomes available in the GenBank database, the majority of the 36 strains examined occurred in a clonal lineage with less than 100 SNPs. These data substantiate previous reports on the existence and spread of a genetically highly homogenous and heat resistant spore clone, i.e., the HRS-clone.
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Wu H, Gu Q, Xie Y, Lou Z, Xue P, Fang L, Yu C, Jia D, Huang G, Zhu B, Schneider A, Blom J, Lasch P, Borriss R, Gao X. Cold-adapted Bacilli isolated from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau are able to promote plant growth in extreme environments. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:3505-3526. [PMID: 31233661 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 1400 Bacillus strains growing in the plant rhizosphere were sampled from different sites on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Forty-five of the isolates, selected due to their biocontrol activity, were genome-sequenced and their taxonomic identification revealed that they were representatives of the Bacillus subtilis species complex (20) and the Bacillus cereus group (9). Majority of the remaining strains were found closely related to Bacillus pumilus, but their average nucleotide identity based on BLAST and electronic DNA/DNA hybridization values excluded closer taxonomic identification. A total of 45 different gene clusters involved in synthesis of secondary metabolites were detected by mining the genomes of the 45 selected strains. Except eight mesophilic strains, the 37 remaining strains were found either cold-adapted or psychrophilic, able to propagate at 10°C and below (Bacillus wiedmannii NMSL88 and Bacillus sp. RJGP41). Pot experiments performed at 10°C with winter wheat seedlings revealed that cold-adapted representatives of B. pumilus, B. safensis and B. atrophaeus promoted growth of the seedlings under cold conditions, suggesting that these bacilli isolated from a cold environment are promising candidates for developing of bioformulations useful for application in sustainable agriculture under environmental conditions unfavourable for the mesophilic bacteria presently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongli Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Lou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengqi Xue
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenjie Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Jia
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guochao Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bichun Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Andy Schneider
- Proteomics and Spectroscopy Unit (ZBS6) at the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Lasch
- Proteomics and Spectroscopy Unit (ZBS6) at the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Borriss
- Nordreet UG, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V. (IMaB), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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López AC, Alippi AM. Feasibility of using RFLP of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene(s) for rapid differentiation of isolates of aerobic spore-forming bacteria from honey. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 165:105690. [PMID: 31425714 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the feasibility of using RFLP of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene (s) by using universal primers 27f/1492r and a combination of three restriction enzymes, AluI, CfoI, and TaqI, for a low-cost, rapid screen for a primarily differentiation of isolates of the complex of aerobic spore-forming bacteria commonly found in honey samples. The described method produced unique and distinguishable patterns to differentiate among 80 isolates belonging to 26 different species of Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Lysinibacillus, Rummeliibacillus, and Paenibacillus reported in honey and other apiarian sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C López
- Unidad de Bacteriología, Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, cc 31, calle 60 y 119, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Adriana M Alippi
- Unidad de Bacteriología, Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, cc 31, calle 60 y 119, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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Skeie SB, Håland M, Thorsen IM, Narvhus J, Porcellato D. Bulk tank raw milk microbiota differs within and between farms: A moving goalpost challenging quality control. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:1959-1971. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Buehler A, Martin N, Boor K, Wiedmann M. Psychrotolerant spore-former growth characterization for the development of a dairy spoilage predictive model. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6964-6981. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pereira APM, Sant’Ana AS. Diversity and fate of spore forming bacteria in cocoa powder, milk powder, starch and sugar during processing: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Masiello SN, Kent D, Martin NH, Schukken YH, Wiedmann M, Boor KJ. Longitudinal assessment of dairy farm management practices associated with the presence of psychrotolerant Bacillales spores in bulk tank milk on 10 New York State dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8783-8795. [PMID: 28865849 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of certain spore-forming bacteria in the order Bacillales (e.g., Bacillus spp., Paenibacillus spp.) to survive pasteurization in spore form and grow at refrigeration temperatures results in product spoilage and limits the shelf life of high temperature, short time (HTST)-pasteurized fluid milk. To facilitate development of strategies to minimize contamination of raw milk with psychrotolerant Bacillales spores, we conducted a longitudinal study of 10 New York State dairy farms, which included yearlong monthly assessments of the frequency and levels of bulk tank raw milk psychrotolerant spore contamination, along with administration of questionnaires to identify farm management practices associated with psychrotolerant spore presence over time. Milk samples were first spore pasteurized (80°C for 12 min) and then analyzed for sporeformer counts on the initial day of spore pasteurization (SP), and after refrigerated storage (6°C) for 7, 14, and 21 d after SP. Overall, 41% of samples showed sporeformer counts of >20,000 cfu/mL at d 21, with Bacillus and Paenibacillus spp. being predominant causes of high sporeformer counts. Statistical analyses identified 3 management factors (more frequent cleaning of the bulk tank area, the use of a skid steer to scrape the housing area, and segregating problem cows during milking) that were all associated with lower probabilities of d-21 Bacillales spore detection in SP-treated bulk tank raw milk. Our data emphasize that appropriate on-farm measures to improve overall cleanliness and cow hygiene will reduce the probability of psychrotolerant Bacillales spore contamination of bulk tank raw milk, allowing for consistent production of raw milk with reduced psychrotolerant spore counts, which will facilitate production of HTST-pasteurized milk with extended refrigerated shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Masiello
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D Kent
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - N H Martin
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Y H Schukken
- Quality Milk Production Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M Wiedmann
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - K J Boor
- Milk Quality Improvement Program, Department of Food Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Kmiha S, Aouadhi C, Klibi A, Jouini A, Béjaoui A, Mejri S, Maaroufi A. Seasonal and regional occurrence of heat-resistant spore-forming bacteria in the course of ultra-high temperature milk production in Tunisia. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:6090-6099. [PMID: 28571988 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Spore-forming bacteria, principally Bacillus species, are important contaminants of milk. Because of their high heat resistance, Bacillus species spores are capable of surviving the heat treatment process of milk and lead to spoilage of the final product. To determine the factors influencing the contamination of milk, spore-forming bacteria occurrence throughout the UHT milk production line during winter, spring, and summer was studied. The obtained results confirm that the total viable rate decreases rapidly throughout the production line of UHT milk showing the efficiency of thermal treatments used. However, the persistent high rate of spore-forming bacteria indicates their high heat resistance, especially in spring and summer. In addition, a significant variation of the quality of raw milk according to the location of the collecting centers was revealed. The molecular identification showed a high degree of diversity of heat-resistant Bacillus species, which are isolated from different milk samples. The distribution of Bacillus species in raw milk, stored milk, bactofuged milk, pasteurized milk, and UHT milk were 28, 10, 16, 13, and 33%, respectively. Six Bacillus spp. including Bacillus licheniformis (52.38%), Bacillus pumilus (9.52%), Bacillus sp. (4.76%), Bacillus sporothermodurans (4.76%), Terribacillus aidingensis (4.76%), and Paenibacillus sp. (4.76%) were identified in different milk samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kmiha
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Tunisia (IPT), University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - C Aouadhi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Tunisia (IPT), University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - A Klibi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Tunisia (IPT), University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Jouini
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Tunisia (IPT), University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Béjaoui
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Tunisia (IPT), University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - S Mejri
- Laboratory of Animal Resources and Food, National Institute of Agronomy, University of Carthage, Tunis (INAT) Tunisia, 43, Rue Charles Nicole, Cité Mahrajène, Le Belvédère, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Maaroufi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, Group of Bacteriology and Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Tunisia (IPT), University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
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Owusu-Darko R, Allam M, Mtshali S, Ismail A, Buys EM. Draft genome sequence of Bacillus oleronius DSM 9356 isolated from the termite Reticulitermes santonensis. Genom Data 2017; 12:76-78. [PMID: 28386530 PMCID: PMC5374852 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus oleronius strain DSM 9356 isolated from the termite Reticulitermes santonensis was sequenced to gain insights in relation to its closest phylogenetic neighbor Bacillus sporothermodurans. The draft genome of strain DSM 9356 contains 5,083,966 bp with an estimated G + C content of 35%, 4899 protein-coding genes, 116 tRNAs and 18 rRNAs. The RAST annotation assigned these genes into 462 subsystems, with the maximum number of genes associated with amino acids and derivatives metabolism (14.84%), followed by carbohydrates (13.89%) and protein metabolism subsystems (9.10%). The draft genome sequence and annotation has been deposited at NCBI under the accession number MTLA00000000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Owusu-Darko
- Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mushal Allam
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Senzo Mtshali
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elna Maria Buys
- Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Corresponding author.
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Piktel E, Pogoda K, Roman M, Niemirowicz K, Tokajuk G, Wróblewska M, Szynaka B, Kwiatek WM, Savage PB, Bucki R. Sporicidal activity of ceragenin CSA-13 against Bacillus subtilis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44452. [PMID: 28294162 DOI: 10.1038/srep44452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spore-forming bacteria are a class of microorganisms that possess the ability to survive in extreme environmental conditions. Morphological features of spores assure their resistance to stress factors such as high temperature, radiation, disinfectants, and drying. Consequently, spore elimination in industrial and medical environments is very challenging. Ceragenins are a new class of cationic lipids characterized by a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity resulting from amphipathic nature and membrane-permeabilizing properties. To assess the impact of ceragenin CSA-13 on spores formed by Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051), we performed the series of experiments confirming that amphipathic and membrane-permeabilizing properties of CSA-13 are sufficient to disrupt the structure of B. subtilis spores resulting in decreased viability. Raman spectroscopy analysis provided evidence that upon CSA-13 treatment the number of CaDPA-positive spores was clearly diminished. As a consequence, a loss of impermeability of the inner membranes of spores, accompanied by a decrease in spore resistance and killing take place. In addition to their broad antimicrobial spectrum, ceragenins possess great potential for development as new sporicidal agents.
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Pinto CLO, Souza LV, Meloni VAS, Batista CS, Silva R, Martins EMF, Cruz AG, Martins ML. Microbiological quality of Brazilian UHT milk: Identification and spoilage potential of spore-forming bacteria. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L O Pinto
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais - EPAMIG/UREZM; Vila Giannetti Viçosa 36570-000 Brazil
| | - Luana V Souza
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos; Instituto Federal de Educação; Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas Gerais; Av. Dr. José Sebastião da Paixão s/n, Lindo Vale Rio Pomba 36180-000 Brazil
| | - VinÍcius A S Meloni
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos; Instituto Federal de Educação; Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas Gerais; Av. Dr. José Sebastião da Paixão s/n, Lindo Vale Rio Pomba 36180-000 Brazil
| | - Cleiton S Batista
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos; Instituto Federal de Educação; Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas Gerais; Av. Dr. José Sebastião da Paixão s/n, Lindo Vale Rio Pomba 36180-000 Brazil
| | - Ramon Silva
- Instituto Federal de Educação; Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ); Mestrado Profissional em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (PGCTA); Rua Senador Furtado, 171, Maracanã Rio de Janeiro 20270-021 Brazil
| | - Eliane M F Martins
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos; Instituto Federal de Educação; Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas Gerais; Av. Dr. José Sebastião da Paixão s/n, Lindo Vale Rio Pomba 36180-000 Brazil
| | - Adriano Gomes Cruz
- Instituto Federal de Educação; Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ); Mestrado Profissional em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (PGCTA); Rua Senador Furtado, 171, Maracanã Rio de Janeiro 20270-021 Brazil
| | - Maurilio L Martins
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos; Instituto Federal de Educação; Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas Gerais; Av. Dr. José Sebastião da Paixão s/n, Lindo Vale Rio Pomba 36180-000 Brazil
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Abouelnaga M, Lamas A, Miranda J, Osman M, Cepeda A, Franco C. Development of a real-time PCR assay for direct detection and quantification of Bacillus sporothermodurans in ultra-high temperature milk. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7864-7871. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rascovan N, Carbonetto B, Perrig D, Díaz M, Canciani W, Abalo M, Alloati J, González-Anta G, Vazquez MP. Integrated analysis of root microbiomes of soybean and wheat from agricultural fields. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28084. [PMID: 27312589 PMCID: PMC4911569 DOI: 10.1038/srep28084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Root associated bacteria are critical for plant growth and health. Understanding the composition and role of root microbiota is crucial toward agricultural practices that are less dependent on chemical fertilization, which has known negative effects on the environment and human health. Here we analyzed the root-associated microbiomes of soybean and wheat under agricultural field conditions. We took samples from 11 different production fields across a large geographic area. We used 16S rRNA pyrosequencing to explore root microbial communities and also obtained 2,007 bacterial isolates from rhizospheres, which were tested for the presence of plant growth promoting (PGP) traits in-vitro. We observed that pH and nitrate content correlated with beta diversity variability of rhizospheric bacterial communities despite the variable field conditions. We described the dominant bacterial groups associated to roots from both crops at a large geographic scale and we found that a high proportion of them (60-70%) showed more than 97% similarity to bacteria from the isolated collection. Moreover, we observed that 55% of the screened isolates presented PGP activities in vitro. These results are a significant step forward in understanding crop-associated microbiomes and suggest that new directions can be taken to promote crop growth and health by modulating root microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Rascovan
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología de Rosario (INDEAR), Ocampo 210 bis (2000), Predio CCT Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Belén Carbonetto
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología de Rosario (INDEAR), Ocampo 210 bis (2000), Predio CCT Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego Perrig
- Rizobacter Argentina S. A, Argentina, Avda. Pte. Dr. Arturo Frondizi No. 1150-Calle No. 1, Parque Industrial, CP B2702HDA-Pergamino (Bs.As), Argentina
| | - Marisa Díaz
- Rizobacter Argentina S. A, Argentina, Avda. Pte. Dr. Arturo Frondizi No. 1150-Calle No. 1, Parque Industrial, CP B2702HDA-Pergamino (Bs.As), Argentina
| | - Wilter Canciani
- Rizobacter Argentina S. A, Argentina, Avda. Pte. Dr. Arturo Frondizi No. 1150-Calle No. 1, Parque Industrial, CP B2702HDA-Pergamino (Bs.As), Argentina
| | - Matías Abalo
- Rizobacter Argentina S. A, Argentina, Avda. Pte. Dr. Arturo Frondizi No. 1150-Calle No. 1, Parque Industrial, CP B2702HDA-Pergamino (Bs.As), Argentina
| | - Julieta Alloati
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología de Rosario (INDEAR), Ocampo 210 bis (2000), Predio CCT Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gustavo González-Anta
- Rizobacter Argentina S. A, Argentina, Avda. Pte. Dr. Arturo Frondizi No. 1150-Calle No. 1, Parque Industrial, CP B2702HDA-Pergamino (Bs.As), Argentina
| | - Martín P. Vazquez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología de Rosario (INDEAR), Ocampo 210 bis (2000), Predio CCT Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Gopal N, Hill C, Ross PR, Beresford TP, Fenelon MA, Cotter PD. The Prevalence and Control of Bacillus and Related Spore-Forming Bacteria in the Dairy Industry. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1418. [PMID: 26733963 PMCID: PMC4685140 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk produced in udder cells is sterile but due to its high nutrient content, it can be a good growth substrate for contaminating bacteria. The quality of milk is monitored via somatic cell counts and total bacterial counts, with prescribed regulatory limits to ensure quality and safety. Bacterial contaminants can cause disease, or spoilage of milk and its secondary products. Aerobic spore-forming bacteria, such as those from the genera Sporosarcina, Paenisporosarcina, Brevibacillus, Paenibacillus, Geobacillus and Bacillus, are a particular concern in this regard as they are able to survive industrial pasteurization and form biofilms within pipes and stainless steel equipment. These single or multiple-species biofilms become a reservoir of spoilage microorganisms and a cycle of contamination can be initiated. Indeed, previous studies have highlighted that these microorganisms are highly prevalent in dead ends, corners, cracks, crevices, gaskets, valves and the joints of stainless steel equipment used in the dairy manufacturing plants. Hence, adequate monitoring and control measures are essential to prevent spoilage and ensure consumer safety. Common controlling approaches include specific cleaning-in-place processes, chemical and biological biocides and other novel methods. In this review, we highlight the problems caused by these microorganisms, and discuss issues relating to their prevalence, monitoring thereof and control with respect to the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Gopal
- Teagasc Food Research CentreCork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology, University College CorkCork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome InstituteCork, Ireland
| | - Paul R. Ross
- College of Science, Engineering and Food Science, University College CorkCork, Ireland
| | | | | | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research CentreCork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome InstituteCork, Ireland
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Zargari S, Ramezani A, Ostvar S, Rezaei R, Niazi A, Ayatollahi S. Isolation and characterization of gram-positive biosurfactant-producing halothermophilic bacilli from Iranian petroleum reservoirs. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e10981. [PMID: 25485045 PMCID: PMC4255207 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.10981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Petroleum reservoirs have long been known as the hosts of extremophilic microorganisms. Some of these microorganisms are known for their potential biotechnological applications, particularly production of extra and intracellular polymers and enzymes. Objectives: Here, 14 petroleum liquid samples from southern Iranian oil reservoirs were screened for presence of biosurfactant‐producing halothermophiles. Materials and Methods: Mixture of the reservoir fluid samples with a minimal growth medium was incubated under an N2 atmosphere in 40°C; 0.5 mL samples were transferred from the aqueous phase to agar plates after 72 hours of incubation; 100 mL cell cultures were prepared using the MSS-1 (mineral salt solution 1) liquid medium with 5% (w/v) NaCl. The time-course samples were analyzed by recording the absorbance at 600 nm using a spectrophotometer. Incubation was carried out in 40°C with mild shaking in aerobic conditions. Thermotolerance was evaluated by growing the isolates at 40, 50, 60 and 70°C with varying NaCl concentrations of 5% and 10% (w/v). Halotolerance was evaluated using NaCl concentrations of 5%, 10%, 12.5% and 15% (w/v) and incubating them at 40°C under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Different phenotypic characteristics were evaluated, as outlined in Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology. Comparing 16S rDNA sequences is one of the most powerful tools for classification of microorganisms. Results: Among 34 isolates, 10 demonstrated biosurfactant production and growth at temperatures between 40°C and 70°C in saline media containing 5%‐15% w/v NaCl. Using partial 16S rDNA sequencing (and amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis [ARDRA]) and biochemical tests (API tests 20E and 50 CHB), all the 10 isolates proved to be facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive moderate thermohalophiles of the genus Bacillus (B. thermoglucosidasius, B. thermodenitrificans, B. thermoleovorans, B. stearothermophilus and B. licheniformis), exhibiting surface-active behaviors. Conclusions: General patterns include decreasing the thermotolerance with increasing the salt concentrations and also more halotolerance in the aerobic environment compared with anaerobic conditions. The results demonstrated that Iranian petroleum reservoirs enjoy a source of indigenous extremophilic microorganisms with potential applications in microbial enhanced oil recovery and commercial enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Zargari
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Colorado, USA
| | - Amin Ramezani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Sassan Ostvar
- School of Chemical, Oregon State University, Corvallis Oregon, USA
| | - Rasool Rezaei
- Biotechnology Institute, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Ali Niazi
- Biotechnology Institute, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Ali Niazi, Biotechnology Institute, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-7116138125, Fax: +98- 7112272805, E-mail:
| | - Shahab Ayatollahi
- Enhanced Oil Recovery Research Center, School of Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IR Iran
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Angelidis AS, Kalamaki MS, Georgiadou SS. Identification of non-Listeria spp. bacterial isolates yielding a β-D-glucosidase-positive phenotype on Agar Listeria according to Ottaviani and Agosti (ALOA). Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 193:114-29. [PMID: 25462931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Agar Listeria according to Ottaviani and Agosti (ALOA) is the mandatory medium used for the detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes in foods according to the official International Organization for Standardization (ISO) methods. On ALOA, Listeria spp. appear as bluish-green colonies due to the production of β-D-glucosidase, an enzyme that cleaves 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, a chromogenic substrate included in the formulation of the medium. The present work reports on bacterial isolates (n=64) from ready-to-eat soft cheeses, which are able to grow on ALOA, forming bluish-green colonies and therefore phenotypically resemble Listeria spp. All isolates were also capable of growing on the selective media PALCAM and RAPID L'mono. The isolates were characterised with biochemical tests including those specified in the ISO standards for the confirmation of Listeria spp. and identified via partial sequencing of their 16S rRNA gene. According to sequencing results the isolates represented 12 different bacterial species or species-groups belonging to seven different genera: Bacillus spp. (B. circulans, B. clausii, B. licheniformis and B. oleronius), Cellulosimicrobium spp. (C. funkei), Enterococcus spp. (E. faecalis, E. faecium/durans), Kocuria spp. (K. kristinae), Marinilactibacillus spp. (M. psychrotolerans), Rothia spp. (R. terrae) and Staphylococcus spp. (S. sciuri and S. saprophyticus subsp. saprophyticus/xylosus). Cellulosimicrobium spp. have never been previously isolated from foods. These results significantly extend the list of bacteria previously known as capable of growing on ALOA as bluish-green colonies and suggest that there may be room for further improvement in the medium's inhibitory properties towards non-Listeria spp., Gram-positive bacteria present in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos S Angelidis
- Laboratory of Milk Hygiene and Technology, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Mary S Kalamaki
- Laboratory of Milk Hygiene and Technology, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia S Georgiadou
- Laboratory of Milk Hygiene and Technology, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Adewumi GA, Oguntoyinbo FA, Romi W, Singh TA, Jeyaram K. Genome Subtyping of AutochthonousBacillusSpecies Isolated fromIru, a FermentedParkiabiglobosaSeed. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2014.931866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Singh NK, Kaur C, Kumar N, Velmurugan S, Citarasu T, Mayilraj S. Bacillus aequororis sp. nov., Isolated From Marine Sediment. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:758-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Masiello S, Martin N, Watters R, Galton D, Schukken Y, Wiedmann M, Boor K. Identification of dairy farm management practices associated with the presence of psychrotolerant sporeformers in bulk tank milk. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4083-96. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nair AV, Pradeep MA, Vijayan KK. Molecular approach for the rapid detection of Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera—dominant antagonistic groups—from diverse ecological niches using colony multiplex PCR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:1085-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Bacillus and Pseudomonas are the dominant groups of bacteria known for their antagonistic potential against many plant and animal pathogens. Presently, exploration of these genera with antagonistic property for disease management of aquaculture system is gaining more importance to overcome the use of antibiotics and related resistance issues. Rapid screening and identification of these genera from diverse bacterial populations by conventional methods is laborious, cost-intensive, and time-consuming. To overcome these limiting factors, in the present study, a colony multiplex PCR (cmPCR) method was developed and evaluated for the rapid detection of Bacillus and Pseudomonas. The technique amplifies the partial 16S rRNA gene of Bacillus and Pseudomonas with a product size of ~1,100 and ~375 bp, respectively, using single forward (BSF2) and two reverse primers (PAGSR and BK1R). Reliability of the cmPCR method was confirmed by screening 472 isolates obtained from ten different eco-stations, of which 133 isolates belonged to Bacillus and 32 to Pseudomonas. The cmPCR method also helped to identify six different Pseudomonas spp. and 14 different Bacillus spp. from environmental samples. Of the total 472 isolates studied, 46 showed antagonistic activity, among which 63 % were Bacillus and 17.4 % were Pseudomonas. Thus, the newly developed molecular approach provides a quick, sensitive, and potential screening tool to detect novel, antagonistically important Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera for their use in aquaculture. Further, it can also act as a taxonomic tool to understand the distribution of these genera from wide ecological niches and their exploitation for diverse biotechnological applications.
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Cheng L, Lin W, Li P, Huang J, Luo L. Comparison of microbial communities between normal and swollen canned soy sauces using nested PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, HPLC and plate techniques. Int J Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cheng
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Weifeng Lin
- School of Food and Biotechnology; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Pan Li
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jianfei Huang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Lixin Luo
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
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Aouadhi C, Simonin H, Maaroufi A, Mejri S. Optimization of nutrient-induced germination of Bacillus sporothermodurans spores using response surface methodology. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:320-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Aouadhi C, Maaroufi A, Mejri S. Incidence and characterisation of aerobic spore-forming bacteria originating from dairy milk in Tunisia. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chedia Aouadhi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Microbiology; Bacteriology and Biotechnology development Groups; Pasteur Institute of Tunisia (IPT); University Manar; BP 74 13 place Pasteur Belvédère 1002 Tunis Tunisia
- Laboratory of Animal Resources and Food Technology; National Institute of Agronomy Tunis (INAT); University Carthage; 43 Rue Charles Nicole Cité Mahrajène Le Belvédère 1082 Tunis Tunisia
| | - Abderrazak Maaroufi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Microbiology; Bacteriology and Biotechnology development Groups; Pasteur Institute of Tunisia (IPT); University Manar; BP 74 13 place Pasteur Belvédère 1002 Tunis Tunisia
| | - Slah Mejri
- Laboratory of Animal Resources and Food Technology; National Institute of Agronomy Tunis (INAT); University Carthage; 43 Rue Charles Nicole Cité Mahrajène Le Belvédère 1082 Tunis Tunisia
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Postollec F, Mathot AG, Bernard M, Divanac'h ML, Pavan S, Sohier D. Tracking spore-forming bacteria in food: From natural biodiversity to selection by processes. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 158:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ivy RA, Ranieri ML, Martin NH, den Bakker HC, Xavier BM, Wiedmann M, Boor KJ. Identification and characterization of psychrotolerant sporeformers associated with fluid milk production and processing. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:1853-64. [PMID: 22247129 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.06536-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychrotolerant spore-forming bacteria represent a major challenge to the goal of extending the shelf life of pasteurized dairy products. The objective of this study was to identify prominent phylogenetic groups of dairy-associated aerobic sporeformers and to characterize representative isolates for phenotypes relevant to growth in milk. Analysis of sequence data for a 632-nucleotide fragment of rpoB showed that 1,288 dairy-associated isolates (obtained from raw and pasteurized milk and from dairy farm environments) clustered into two major divisions representing (i) the genus Paenibacillus (737 isolates, including the species Paenibacillus odorifer, Paenibacillus graminis, and Paenibacillus amylolyticus sensu lato) and (ii) Bacillus (n = 467) (e.g., Bacillus licheniformis sensu lato, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus weihenstephanensis) and genera formerly classified as Bacillus (n = 84) (e.g., Viridibacillus spp.). When isolates representing the most common rpoB allelic types (ATs) were tested for growth in skim milk broth at 6°C, 6/9 Paenibacillus isolates, but only 2/8 isolates representing Bacillus subtypes, grew >5 log CFU/ml over 21 days. In addition, 38/40 Paenibacillus isolates but only 3/47 Bacillus isolates tested were positive for β-galactosidase activity (including some isolates representing Bacillus licheniformis sensu lato, a common dairy-associated clade). Our study confirms that Paenibacillus spp. are the predominant psychrotolerant sporeformers in fluid milk and provides 16S rRNA gene and rpoB subtype data and phenotypic characteristics facilitating the identification of aerobic spore-forming spoilage organisms of concern. These data will be critical for the development of detection methods and control strategies that will reduce the introduction of psychrotolerant sporeformers and extend the shelf life of dairy products.
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Jeyaram K, Romi W, Singh TA, Adewumi GA, Basanti K, Oguntoyinbo FA. Distinct differentiation of closely related species of Bacillus subtilis group with industrial importance. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 87:161-4. [PMID: 21889958 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene by universal primers followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using RsaI, CfoI and HinfI endonucleases, distinctly differentiated closely related Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pumilus from Bacillus subtilis sensu stricto. This simple, economical, rapid and reliable protocol could be an alternative to misleading phenotype-based grouping of these closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaraswamy Jeyaram
- Microbial Resources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Takyelpat Institutional Area, Imphal-795001, Manipur, India.
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Reginensi SM, González MJ, Olivera JA, Sosa M, Juliano P, Bermúdez J. RAPD-based screening for spore-forming bacterial populations in Uruguayan commercial powdered milk. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 148:36-41. [PMID: 21565415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of spore-forming bacteria in powdered milk is of concern to the dairy industry due to potential deleterious effects including those resulting from proteolytic and lipolytic activities. Twenty-two powdered milk samples representative of spring and summer production obtained from Uruguayan retail stores were analyzed for type and number of thermophilic and spore-forming bacterial species. Bacillus licheniformis isolates were found to be the most prominent milk powder contaminant followed by Anoxybacillus flavithermus representing 71.5 to 84% of the total microflora. Geobacillus stearothermophilus, however, was not found. B. licheniformis strains F and G were both found in this study but strain F was the prevalent isolate representing 98.9% of the total isolates of this species. A. flavithermus isolates corresponded to strain C in accordance with 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, however, in contrast with other reports, the RAPD profiles showed three characteristic bands at approximately 650, 1000 and 1650 bp, but lacking a band at 1250 bp. A third group of isolates was identified corresponding to members of a Bacillus subtilis group and Bacillus megaterium. Isolates designated B. licheniformis, A. flavithermus, B. megaterium and the B. subtilis group represented 89.1 to 93.6% of those analyzed, and depended on previous heat treatment and incubation temperatures of the plates. The remaining isolates were Bacillus pumilus and unidentified spore-formers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella M Reginensi
- Unidad de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Heyndrickx M, Coorevits A, Scheldeman P, Lebbe L, Schumann P, Rodríguez-Diaz M, Forsyth G, Dinsdale A, Heyrman J, Logan NA, De Vos P. Emended descriptions of Bacillus sporothermodurans and Bacillus oleronius with the inclusion of dairy farm isolates of both species. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2011; 62:307-314. [PMID: 21398506 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.026740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus sporothermodurans is an industrially important micro-organism because of its ability to produce endospores which resist ultra-high temperature (UHT) and industrial sterilization processes. It was described by Pettersson et al. (1996) [Pettersson, B., Lembke, F., Hammer, P., Stackebrandt, E. & Priest, F. G. (1996). Int J Syst Bacteriol 46, 759-764] based on seven genetically homogeneous isolates all from UHT milk. Bacillus oleronius, the closest phylogenetic neighbour of B. sporothermodurans, was described by Kuhnigk et al. (1995) [Kuhnigk, T., Borst, E.-M., Breunig, A., König, H., Collins, M. D., Hutson, R. A. & Kämpfer, P. (1995). Can J Microbiol 41, 699-706] based on a single strain, isolated from the hindgut of the termite Reticulitermes santonensis. A polyphasic study of a heterogeneous collection of B. sporothermodurans and B. oleronius strains isolated from various sources and geographical origins led to an emended description of both species. Additional data presented are the results of fatty acid, quinone and/or cell wall (polar lipid) analyses. DNA-DNA hybridization confirmed 3 subgroups of strains obtained after SDS-PAGE analysis of cellular proteins as B. sporothermodurans. One named B. sporothermodurans strain (R-7489) was reclassified as a Bacillus fordii strain. The phenotypic profiles of both species were rather heterogeneous, sometimes different from the original descriptions and did not differ in a large number of characteristics, although B. oleronius generally gave stronger reactions in its positive tests than did B. sporothermodurans; the variable and weak reactions for both organisms with some substrates blurred the distinction between the two. However, differences in polar lipid, SDS-PAGE and menaquinone profiles clearly allow distinction between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Heyndrickx
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - An Coorevits
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Brewing, Faculty of Applied Engineering Sciences, University College Ghent, Schoonmeerstraat 52, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Vakgroep BFM WE10V, Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patsy Scheldeman
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Lebbe
- Vakgroep BFM WE10V, Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Schumann
- DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikro-organismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marína Rodríguez-Diaz
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Gillian Forsyth
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Anna Dinsdale
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Jeroen Heyrman
- Vakgroep BFM WE10V, Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niall A Logan
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Paul De Vos
- Vakgroep BFM WE10V, Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Iyer R, Anand SK, Dang AK. Incidence of Microbiological Hazards in Organized and Peri Urban Dairy Farms and Single Animal Holdings in a Tropical Environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/rjdsci.2010.23.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Bacillus represents microbes of high economic, medical and biodefense importance. Bacillus strain identification based on 16S rRNA sequence analyses is invariably limited to species level. Secondly, certain discrepancies exist in the segregation of Bacillus subtilis strains. In the RDP/NCBI databases, out of a total of 2611 individual 16S rDNA sequences belonging to the 175 different species of the genus Bacillus, only 1586 have been identified up to species level. 16S rRNA sequences of Bacillus anthracis (153 strains), B. cereus (211 strains), B. thuringiensis (108 strains), B. subtilis (271 strains), B. licheniformis (131 strains), B. pumilus (83 strains), B. megaterium (47 strains), B. sphaericus (42 strains), B. clausii (39 strains) and B. halodurans (36 strains) were considered for generating species-specific framework and probes as tools for their rapid identification. Phylogenetic segregation of 1121, 16S rDNA sequences of 10 different Bacillus species in to 89 clusters enabled us to develop a phylogenetic frame work of 34 representative sequences. Using this phylogenetic framework, 305 out of 1025, 16S rDNA sequences presently classified as Bacillus sp. could be identified up to species level. This identification was supported by 20 to 30 nucleotides long signature sequences and in silico restriction enzyme analysis specific to the 10 Bacillus species. This integrated approach resulted in identifying around 30% of Bacillus sp. up to species level and revealed that B. subtilis strains can be segregated into two phylogenetically distinct groups, such that one of them may be renamed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Porwal
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), CSIR, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Pune, Pune, India
| | - Sadhana Lal
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), CSIR, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
| | - Simrita Cheema
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), CSIR, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
| | - Vipin Chandra Kalia
- Microbial Biotechnology and Genomics, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), CSIR, Delhi University Campus, Delhi, India
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Ki JS, Zhang W, Qian PY. Discovery of marine Bacillus species by 16S rRNA and rpoB comparisons and their usefulness for species identification. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 77:48-57. [PMID: 19166882 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Systematic studies of the Bacillus group have been biased towards terrestrial and pathogenic isolates, and relatively few studies have examined Bacillus species from marine environments. Here we took twenty Bacillus strains from diverse marine environments and sequenced their 16S rRNA. Using molecular comparisons, we separated the strains into thirteen Bacillus genotypes and identified 9 species: B. aquaemaris. B. badius, B. cereus group, B. firmus, B. halmapalus, B. hwajinpoensis, B. litoralis, B. sporothermodurans, B. vietnamensis, and three indistinguishable Bacilli. In addition, we sequenced the DNA-directed RNA polymerase beta subunit (rpoB) gene and assessed its discriminative power in identifying Bacilli. Phylogenetic trees of Bacillus rpoB genes separated each Bacillus according to their taxonomic positions and were supported statistically. The resolution of Bacillus on the rpoB phylogenetic tree was approximately 4.5 times greater than on the 16S rRNA phylogenetic tree. These results demonstrate that the polymorphism of the Bacillus rpoB gene can be used to identify Bacillus species, providing an improved identification scheme for Bacillus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Seu Ki
- Department of Biology, Coastal Marine Laboratory, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Coorevits A, De Jonghe V, Vandroemme J, Reekmans R, Heyrman J, Messens W, De Vos P, Heyndrickx M. Comparative analysis of the diversity of aerobic spore-forming bacteria in raw milk from organic and conventional dairy farms. Syst Appl Microbiol 2008; 31:126-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jeyaram K, Mohendro Singh W, Premarani T, Devi AR, Chanu KS, Talukdar NC, Singh MR. Molecular identification of dominant microflora associated with 'Hawaijar' - a traditional fermented soybean (Glycine max (L.)) food of Manipur, India. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 122:259-68. [PMID: 18281117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The dominant microorganisms in 'Hawaijar', a traditional non-salted fermented soybean (Glycine max (L.)) food of Manipur, India, were isolated and identified by molecular techniques. Bacillus spp. were the predominant microorganisms in 'Hawaijar'. A total of 274 isolates were obtained from forty-one 'Hawaijar' samples collected from household preparations and markets of valley districts of Manipur. Phenotypic grouping followed by Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Digestion Analysis (ARDRA), PCR amplification of 16S-23S rDNA region, RFLP by Hae III and Hind III double digest (by comparing MTCC type strains) and sequencing of 9-1514 region of 16S rDNA resulted in three major phylogenic groups. Bacillus subtilis group comprising B. subtilis and B. licheniformis representing 112 isolates, B. cereus group representing of 128 isolates and Staphylococcus spp. group comprising S. aureus and S. sciuri representing 23 isolates. A few bacterial isolates belongs to Alkaligenes spp. and Providencia rettgeri were also found. Genetic diversity of B. subtilis phylogenic group was investigated by RAPD-PCR. Eighty-two strains of B. subtilis phylogenic group were identified using RAPD-PCR using OPA-18 and OPA-20 primers. These strains will be investigated for potential starter culture selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jeyaram
- Microbial Resources Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Takyelpat Institutional Area, Imphal-795001, Manipur, India.
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Abstract
The contamination of raw milk with Bacillus cereus spores was studied during the indoor confinement of dairy cattle. The occurrence of spores in fresh and used bedding material, air samples, feed, feces, and the rinse water from milking equipment was compared with the spore level in bulk tank milk on 2 farms, one of which had 2 different housing systems. A less extensive study was carried out on an additional 5 farms. High spore concentrations of >100 spores/L in the raw milk were found on 4 of the farms. The number of spores found in the feed, feces, and air was too small to be of importance for milk contamination. Elevated spore contents in the rinse water from the milking equipment (up to 322 spores/L) were observed and large numbers of spores were found in the used bedding material, especially in free stalls with >5 cm deep sawdust beds. At most, 87,000 spores/g were found in used sawdust bedding. A positive correlation was found between the spore content in used bedding material and milk (r = 0.72). Comparison of the genetic fingerprints obtained by the random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR of isolates of B. cereus from the different sources indicated that used bedding material was the major source of contamination. A separate feeding experiment in which cows were experimentally fed B. cereus spores showed a positive relationship between the number of spores in the feed and feces and in the feces and milk (r = 0.78). The results showed that contaminated feed could be a significant source of spore contamination of raw milk if the number of spores excreted in the feces exceeded 100,000/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Magnusson
- Department of Agricultural Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53 Alnarp, Sweden.
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Abstract
AIMS To determine the identity and composition of mesophilic Bacillus spp. in faeces sampled from feedlot cattle. METHODS AND RESULTS Faecal samples from 10 feedlot cattle were analysed. The total aerobic spore count increased from 4.6 x 10(4) CFU g(-1) (before feedlotting, day 0) to 1.6 x 10(6) CFU g(-1) (feedlot for day 76). A total of 150 randomly selected spore isolates (60 each from days 0 and 76 cattle, 30 from feed) were speciated using a Bacillus group-specific PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis technique (Wu et al. 2006). At day 0, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus predominated with a prevalence of 58.3% and 26.7%, respectively, whereas three species, B. subtilis (50.0%), Bacillus licheniformis (27.6%) and Bacillus clausii (20.0%) predominated in day 76 faecal samples. Of these, only the first two species were present in feed samples at a frequency of 70% and 30% respectively. All B. cereus isolates on day 0, possessed at least one of three enterotoxin genes (nheA, nheB and nheC) but these were completely eliminated after a period of feedlotting. All isolates of B. licheniformis were genotypically heterogeneous according to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. CONCLUSIONS Cattle faeces contain large numbers of Bacillus spores representing different mesophilic species. Stable faecal populations of particular Bacillus spp. mimicking those found in feed, were subsequently established by feedlotting. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results obtained and methods used in this study will help to investigate the indigenous Bacillus composition in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle and will further guide the administration of Bacillus probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-Y Wu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Camden, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
A recent example of a micro-organism causing undesired growth in consumer milk is Bacillus sporothermodurans producing highly heat-resistant spores (HRS) which may survive ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment or industrial sterilization. Molecular typing showed a heterogeneous group of farm isolates (non-HRS strains), but a clonal group of UHT isolates from diverse European countries and other continents (HRS-clone) suggesting a common source. During a survey of Belgian dairy farms for the presence of potentially highly heat-resistant spore formers, high numbers of these spores were detected in filter cloth, green crop and fodder samples. The strain collection showed a high taxonomic diversity with 18 potentially new species and with Bacillus licheniformis and Geobacillus pallidus as predominating species overall. Seventeen B. sporothermodurans isolates were identified, mainly originating from feed concentrate. Heat resistance studies showed the UHT resistance of B. sporothermodurans spores present in industrially contaminated UHT milk, but a lower heat resistance of laboratory-grown strains (HRS and non-HRS). Hydrogen peroxide, used as sanitizer in the dairy industry, was found to induce higher heat resistance of laboratory-grown B. sporothermodurans strains to a certain level. This indicates that sublethal stress conditions may affect the heat resistance. By transmission electron microscopy, structural differences at the spore level were found between HRS and non-HRS strains. The data indicate that the attainment of extreme heat resistance is rather multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Scheldeman
- Department for Animal Product Quality, Center for Agricultural Research, Ministry of the Flemish Community, Melle, Belgium
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Wu XY, Walker MJ, Hornitzky M, Chin J. Development of a group-specific PCR combined with ARDRA for the identification of Bacillus species of environmental significance. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 64:107-19. [PMID: 15979744 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Revised: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A group-specific primer pair was designed to amplify the 16S rRNA gene of representative reference strains from environmentally sourced, mesophilic aerobic spore-forming Bacillus taxa. The PCR generated a 1114 bp amplicon but did not do so with DNA extracted from 16 other Eubacterial species. When amplicons were digested with restriction enzymes AluI or TaqI, different profiles containing between 2 and 5 fragments ranging in size from 76 to 804 base pairs were seen with different Bacillus species. This procedure, known otherwise as amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis or ARDRA, produced unique and distinguishable patterns to differentiate between 15 ATCC reference strains (10 Bacillus, 3 Paenibacillus and 2 Brevibacillus member species) as well as 3 misidentified Bacillus probiotic strains in a commercial collection. Our simplified PCR-ARDRA protocol provides a facile method for the identification of most environmentally important species of Bacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yang Wu
- Immunology and Microbiology, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture Institute, NSW DPI, PMB 8, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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Scheldeman P, Pil A, Herman L, De Vos P, Heyndrickx M. Incidence and diversity of potentially highly heat-resistant spores isolated at dairy farms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:1480-94. [PMID: 15746351 PMCID: PMC1065131 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.3.1480-1494.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of highly heat-resistant spores of Bacillus sporothermodurans in ultrahigh-temperature or sterilized consumer milk has emerged as an important item in the dairy industry. Their presence is considered undesirable since they hamper the achievement of commercial sterility requirements. By using a selective 30-min heat treatment at 100 degrees C, 17 Belgian dairy farms were screened to evaluate the presence, sources, and nature of potentially highly heat-resistant spores in raw milk. High numbers of these spores were detected in the filter cloth of the milking equipment and in green crop and fodder samples. About 700 strains were isolated after the selective heating, of which 635 could be screened by fatty acid methyl ester analysis. Representative strains were subjected to amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, percent G+C content, and DNA-DNA reassociations for further identification. The strain collection showed a remarkable diversity, with representatives of seven aerobic spore-forming genera. Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus pallidus were the most predominant species overall. Twenty-three percent of the 603 spore-forming isolates proved to belong to 18 separate novel species. These findings suggest that the selective heating revealed a pool of unknown organisms with a higher heat-resistant character. This study showed that high spore counts can occur at the dairy farm and that feed and milking equipment can act as reservoirs or entry points for potentially highly heat-resistant spores into raw milk. Lowering this spore load by good hygienic measures could probably further reduce the contamination level of raw milk, in this way minimizing the aerobic spore-forming bacteria that could lead to spoilage of milk and dairy products. Assessment and characterization of this particular flora are of great importance to allow the dairy or food industry to adequately deal with newly arising microbiological problems.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacillus/chemistry
- Bacillus/genetics
- Bacillus/isolation & purification
- Belgium
- Cattle
- Colony Count, Microbial
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- Dairying
- Fatty Acids/analysis
- Female
- Food Microbiology
- Genes, Bacterial
- Hot Temperature
- Milk/microbiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Species Specificity
- Spores, Bacterial/chemistry
- Spores, Bacterial/genetics
- Spores, Bacterial/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Patsy Scheldeman
- Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
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44
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Abstract
AIMS Enumeration of resistant bacteria in ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated milk; morphological characterization and phenotyping of resistant strains by traditional and nontraditional methods and their identification by molecular biology. METHODS AND RESULTS Modified standard plate count agar (PCA) and modified brain-heart infusion (BHI) agar were used for colony counts. Physiological culture traits were determined as suggested by Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology or in modified J-broth or in modified BHI agar. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for microscopic examination. Strain identification was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 125 (62.81% of 199) samples were positive and the bacterial load was higher than 10(5) CFU ml(-1) in 46 samples (28.80% of 125). The 16S rRNA sequence of bacterial cultures obtained from UHT-treated milk was similar to that of Bacillus sporothermodurans M215 type strain((T)) and different biotypes were found by analysis of colony appearance, cell morphology and physiological traits. CONCLUSIONS Bacillus sporothermodurans was the predominant sporigenous micro-organisms in UHT milk. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY BHI agar is more suitable than PCA for quality control of milk after UHT treatment. Modified J-broth medium is useful to determine selected physiological traits of B. sporothermodurans. The strains characterized and identified as B. sporothermodurans were significantly different compared with the type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Montanari
- DIPROVAL, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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45
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De Clerck E, Vanhoutte T, Hebb T, Geerinck J, Devos J, De Vos P. Isolation, characterization, and identification of bacterial contaminants in semifinal gelatin extracts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:3664-72. [PMID: 15184171 PMCID: PMC427776 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.6.3664-3672.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial contamination of gelatin is of great concern. Indeed, this animal colloid has many industrial applications, mainly in food and pharmaceutical products. In a previous study (E. De Clerck and P. De Vos, Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 25:611-618), contamination of a gelatin production process with a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was demonstrated. In this study, bacterial contamination of semifinal gelatin extracts from several production plants was examined. Since these extracts are subjected to harsh conditions during production and a final ultrahigh-temperature treatment, the bacterial load at this stage is expected to be greatly reduced. In total, 1,129 isolates were obtained from a total of 73 gelatin batches originating from six different production plants. Each of these batches was suspected of having bacterial contamination based on quality control testing at the production plant from which it originated. For characterization and identification of the 1,129 bacterial isolates, repetitive-element PCR was used to obtain manageable groups. Representative strains were identified by means of 16S rRNA gene sequencing, species-specific gyrB PCR, and gyrA and rpoB sequencing and were tested for gelatinase activity. The majority of isolates belonged to members of Bacillus or related endospore-forming genera. Representative strains were identified as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus fumarioli, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus sonorensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus gelatini, Bacillus thermoamylovorans, Anoxybacillus contaminans, Anoxybacillus flavithermus, Brevibacillus agri, Brevibacillus borstelensis, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus. The majority of these species include strains exhibiting gelatinase activity. Moreover, some of these species have known pathogenic properties. These findings are of great concern with regard to the safety and quality of gelatin and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clerck
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Scheldeman P, Goossens K, Rodriguez-Diaz M, Pil A, Goris J, Herman L, De Vos P, Logan NA, Heyndrickx M. Paenibacillus lactis sp. nov., isolated from raw and heat-treated milk. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004; 54:885-891. [PMID: 15143040 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02822-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endospore-forming bacteria were recovered from individual packages from different processing lines in a dairy plant during a tenacious periodical contamination of their UHT-milk production. Two colony types were seen, one of which was identified as Bacillus sporothermodurans. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of the second colony type placed these isolates within the genus Paenibacillus, with Paenibacillus lautus as the closest known relative. Moreover, over 99 % similarity was observed to the 16S rDNA sequence of MB 2035, a strain isolated previously from raw milk during a survey at dairy farms for very heat-resistant spore-forming bacteria. Nine other potentially closely related strains among the dairy farm isolates were found using rep-PCR typing. The taxonomic positions of these 19 isolates were further investigated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and DNA-DNA hybridizations of representative strains. All 19 isolates shared a high degree of phenotypic similarity and were easily distinguished from closely related members of the genus. Anteiso-C(15 : 0), C(16 : 0) and iso-C(15 : 0) were among the major fatty acids and the genomic DNA G+C content was 51.6-51.7 mol%. Therefore, based on their phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic distinctiveness, these 19 strains, isolated from both raw and heat-treated milk, are placed in the genus Paenibacillus as Paenibacillus lactis sp. nov. The type strain is MB 1871(T) (=LMG 21940(T)=DSM 15596(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patsy Scheldeman
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Centre for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Karen Goossens
- Universiteit Gent, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology (WE10V), K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Centre for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Marina Rodriguez-Diaz
- Glasgow Caledonian University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Annelies Pil
- Universiteit Gent, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology (WE10V), K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Centre for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Johan Goris
- Universiteit Gent, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology (WE10V), K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Lieve Herman
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Centre for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Paul De Vos
- Universiteit Gent, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology (WE10V), K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Niall A Logan
- Glasgow Caledonian University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Centre for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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Scheldeman P, Rodríguez-Díaz M, Goris J, Pil A, De Clerck E, Herman L, De Vos P, Logan NA, Heyndrickx M. Bacillus farraginis sp. nov., Bacillus fortis sp. nov. and Bacillus fordii sp. nov., isolated at dairy farms. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2004; 54:1355-1364. [PMID: 15280314 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-eight bacterial strains were isolated at dairy farms from raw milk, the milking apparatus, green fodder or feed concentrate after a heat treatment of 30 min at 100 °C. In this way, spore-forming bacteria with a very high intrinsic heat resistance were selected for. The aerobic spore-forming isolates were subjected to a polyphasic taxonomical study, including repetitive element sequence-based PCR typing, whole-cell protein profiling, 16S rDNA sequence analysis, DNA–DNA hybridizations, DNA base composition, fatty acid analysis, and morphological and biochemical characteristics. A comparison of the REP- and (GTG)5-PCR and whole-cell protein SDS-PAGE profiles resulted in three clusters of similar strains. Analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences and DNA–DNA relatedness data showed that these clusters represented three novel species. The highest 16S rDNA similarity to a recognized species found for the three groups was around 94 % with Bacillus lentus and Bacillus sporothermodurans. Further phenotypic characterization supported the proposal of three novel species in the genus Bacillus, Bacillus farraginis, Bacillus fortis and Bacillus fordii. The respective type strains are R-6540T (=LMG 22081T=DSM 16013T), R-6514T (=LMG 22079T=DSM 16012T) and R-7190T (=LMG 22080T=DSM 16014T); their G+C DNA base contents are 43·7, 44·3 and 41·9 mol%, respectively. Although in variable amounts, a predominance of the branched fatty acids iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0 was observed in all three novel species.
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MESH Headings
- Aerobiosis
- Animal Feed/microbiology
- Animals
- Bacillus/classification
- Bacillus/cytology
- Bacillus/isolation & purification
- Bacillus/physiology
- Bacterial Proteins/analysis
- Bacterial Proteins/isolation & purification
- Bacterial Typing Techniques
- Base Composition
- DNA Fingerprinting
- DNA, Bacterial/analysis
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/isolation & purification
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- Dairying
- Equipment Contamination
- Fatty Acids/analysis
- Genes, rRNA
- Hot Temperature
- Milk/microbiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Phylogeny
- Proteome
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology
- Spores, Bacterial/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Patsy Scheldeman
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Centre for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Marina Rodríguez-Díaz
- Glasgow Caledonian University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Johan Goris
- Ghent University, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology (WE10), K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Centre for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Annelies Pil
- Ghent University, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology (WE10), K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Centre for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Elke De Clerck
- Ghent University, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology (WE10), K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Lieve Herman
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Centre for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Paul De Vos
- Ghent University, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology (WE10), K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Niall A Logan
- Glasgow Caledonian University, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Ministry of the Flemish Community, Centre for Agricultural Research, Department of Animal Product Quality, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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De Clerck E, De Vos P. Genotypic diversity among Bacillus licheniformis strains from various sources. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 231:91-8. [PMID: 14769472 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2003] [Revised: 11/27/2003] [Accepted: 12/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis is exploited industrially for the production of enzymes and has been shown to exhibit pathogenic properties. Because of these divergent characteristics, questions arise concerning intraspecies diversity. A comparative study by means of combined repetitive polymerase chain reaction, rpoB and gyrA sequencing, 16S rDNA targeted probe analysis, DNA-DNA hybridizations, gelatinase tests and antibiotic susceptibility tests was performed on a set of strains from diverse sources, including strains with pathogenic potential. B. licheniformis was found to consist of two lineages that are distinguished genotypically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke De Clerck
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Microbiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Guillaume-Gentil O, Scheldeman P, Marugg J, Herman L, Joosten H, Heyndrickx M. Genetic heterogeneity in Bacillus sporothermodurans as demonstrated by ribotyping and repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR fingerprinting. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:4216-24. [PMID: 12200268 PMCID: PMC124129 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.9.4216-4224.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-eight strains of Bacillus sporothermodurans isolated from ultra-high-temperature (UHT)-treated milk or sterilized milk (UHT isolates) and from animal feed or raw milk (farm isolates) were characterized by automated ribotyping and by repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP)-PCR fingerprinting. By investigating the genetic relationships among isolates from these various sources, the relative importance of different contamination sources could be evaluated. The results of the separate clustering analyses of the PvuII and EcoRI ribopatterns and the REP-PCR patterns were largely consistent with each other and revealed the existence of two main clusters; there was one homogeneous group containing all (REP-PCR) or most (ribotyping) of the UHT isolates, and there was a second more diverse group comprising the farm isolates. A combined three-dimensional analysis of all data showed that three German UHT isolates did not belong to the compact group containing the majority of the UHT isolates. These results demonstrate that B. sporothermodurans is more heterogeneous than previously assumed and that most of the UHT isolates form a genetically distinct subgroup and are capable of producing highly heat-resistant spores. The close genetic relationship of these UHT isolates suggests a clonal origin of a few predominant strains of B. sporothermodurans that can be found in UHT-treated or sterilized milk products.
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Abstract
AIMS A new polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the identification of Bacillus sporothermodurans strains from sterilized or ultrahigh temperature-treated milk and milk products and from other non-milk sources and environments, including the dairy farm. METHODS AND RESULTS Two strains from raw milk and feed concentrate could be allocated to B. sporothermodurans based on 16S rDNA sequencing and DNA-DNA hybridization results. Two specific PCR primers were derived from the 16S rRNA gene of B. sporothermodurans. CONCLUSIONS The PCR identification method was validated using a collection of B. sporothermodurans strains from different sources and on a large collection of dairy and non-dairy Bacillus spp. and other relevant taxa. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This PCR method was used as a screening method for strains with very heat-resistant endospores, isolated at the dairy farm level after heat treatment for 30 min at 100 degrees C. Seventeen strains isolated at the dairy farm were identified as B. sporothermodurans. They originated mainly from feed concentrate and also from soy, pulp and silage. The PCR identification method described here can, therefore, contribute to a better understanding of the route by which B. sporothermodurans contaminates raw and/or heat-treated milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Scheldeman
- Centre for Agricultural Research - Ghent, Department of Animal Product Quality and Transformation Technology (DVK), Melle, Belgium.
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