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Westwood S, Lippa K, Shimuzu Y, Lalerle B, Saito T, Duewer D, Dai X, Davies S, Ricci M, Baldan A, Lang B, Sarge S, Wang H, Pratt K, Josephs R, Mariassy M, Pfeifer D, Warren J, Bremser W, Ellison S, Toman B, Nelson M, Huang T, Fajgelj A, Gören A, Mackay L, Wielgosz R. Methods for the SI-traceable value assignment of the purity of organic compounds (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2020-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The “purity” of an organic compound typically refers, in practice, to an assignment of the mass fraction content of the primary organic component present in the material. The “purity” value of an organic primary calibrator material is the ultimate source of metrological traceability of any quantitative measurement of the content of that compound in a given matrix. The primary calibrator may consist of a Certified Reference Material (CRM) whose purity has been assigned by the CRM producer or a laboratory may choose to value-assign a material to the extent necessary for their intended application by using appropriately valid methods. This report provides an overview of the approach, performance and applicability of the principal methods used to determine organic purity including mass balance, quantitative NMR, thermal methods and direct-assay techniques. A statistical section reviews best practice for combination of data, value assignment as the upper limit values corresponding to 100 % purity are approached and how to report and propagate the standard uncertainty associated with the assigned values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Westwood
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) , Sèvres , France
| | - Katrice Lippa
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Beatrice Lalerle
- Laboratoire Nationale de Métrologie et d’Essais (LNE) , Paris , France
| | - Takeshi Saito
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - David Duewer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Xinhua Dai
- National Institute of Metrology (China) (NIM) , Beijing , China
| | - Stephen Davies
- National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA) , North Ryde , NSW , Australia
| | | | - Annarita Baldan
- Nederlands Metrologisch Instituut (VSL) , Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Brian Lang
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Stefan Sarge
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Haifeng Wang
- National Institute of Metrology (China) (NIM) , Beijing , China
| | - Ken Pratt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Ralf Josephs
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) , Sèvres , France
| | | | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM) , Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Bremser
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM) , Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Blaza Toman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Michael Nelson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Ting Huang
- National Institute of Metrology (China) (NIM) , Beijing , China
| | - Ales Fajgelj
- International Atomic Energy Agency , Vienna , Austria
| | - Ahmet Gören
- Kimya Bölümü, Gebze Teknik Üniversitesi , Gebze , Turkey
| | - Lindsey Mackay
- National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA) , North Ryde , NSW , Australia
| | - Robert Wielgosz
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) , Sèvres , France
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Adriano N, Ahearn C, Black C, Cracchiolo M, Ghere D, Nuñez A, Olivan L, Patel R, Saner S, Smith KR, Watkins B, Hare PM. Solvent- and Wavelength-Dependent Photolysis of Estrone. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:783-797. [PMID: 34664279 DOI: 10.1111/php.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The direct photolysis of estrone in solvents ranging from water to cyclohexane is reported. The photodegradation is dominated by lumiestrone, an epimer of estrone resulting from the inversion of the methyl group at carbon 13, regardless of solvent and photolysis wavelength in the range 254-320 nm. Solvent addition products are also observed in lesser amounts. The photodegradation rate in water is an order of magnitude slower than in nonaqueous solvents. Short wavelength excitation enhances photodegradation. Together, these results suggest complicated photophysics underlie the photochemistry with implications for the remediation of environmental estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Adriano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Ceilidh Ahearn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Cory Black
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Michael Cracchiolo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Daniel Ghere
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Alexandra Nuñez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Lars Olivan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Raj Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Stephanie Saner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Krista R Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Barbie Watkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Patrick M Hare
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
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3
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Chen X, Hou X, Feng T, Han N, Wang J, Chang G. Anti-fertility effect of levonorgestrel and/or quinestrol on striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius): evidence from both laboratory and field experiments. Integr Zool 2021; 17:1041-1052. [PMID: 34216194 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of combined levonorgestrel (P) and quinestrol (E) on the fertility of striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) has not been evaluated. We performed a series of experiments in both the laboratory and field to assess the effect of P and/or E on the fertility of A. agrarius. In the laboratory, to test the time-dependent anti-fertility effects of P and E, as well as their mixtures, 90 male striped field mice were randomly assigned to 6 treatment groups (n = 60), and a control group (n = 30). Mice in 3 treatment groups were administered 1 of the 3 compounds (1 mg⋅kg- 1 [body weight] EP-1, 0.34 mg⋅kg-1 E, 0.66 mg⋅kg-1 P) for 3 successive days (another half for 7 successive days) via oral gavage; mice were then sacrificed 15 and 45 days after initiating the gavage treatment. Our findings indicated that E and EP-1 treatment, but not P or control treatment, significantly decreased the sperm count in the caudal epididymis, as well as the weight of the testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles. Additionally, fertile female mice mated with E- and EP-1-treated males produced smaller pups. These data indicate that E and EP-1 can induce infertility in male A. agrarius. In the field, the population density of A. agrarius was significantly influenced by EP-1, and the rodent density in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group. Overall, our results indicate that EP-1 is an effective contraceptive in A. agrarius, a dominant rodent species in the farmland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiang Hou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, China
| | - Tuo Feng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, China
| | - Ning Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Chang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an, China
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4
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Boudissa F, Zekkari M, Arus VA, Ouargli-Saker R, Nabil B, Roy R, Azzouz A. Clay-catalyzed ozonation of endocrine-disrupting compounds in solvent-free media - to better understand soil catalytic capacity. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16693-16706. [PMID: 33073818 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02776f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An original approach never tackled so far allowed correlating the basicity and hydrophilic character of clay catalysts to surface interaction with 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) during ozonation in water. The clay catalysts were found to behave specifically according to their silica/alumina ratio like soils in natural oxidative processes. Acid-activated bentonites (HMt) and ion-exchanged montmorillonite (NaMt and Fe(ii)Mt) showed catalytic activity in the ozonation of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in aqueous media. In the absence of catalysts, the degradation of (EE2) reached 72% after one minute of ozonation and 99.5% after 60 minutes. In the presence of Fe(ii)Mt, EE2 degradation (96%) was achieved after only one minute of ozonation. Under similar conditions, almost total degradation to 99.99% was registered in 15 minutes of ozonation but without total mineralization of the intermediates. Moderately acid-activated bentonites exhibited higher activity affording total mineralization within a short period of ozonation. The catalytic activity of clay catalysts was found to correlate with their surface basicity and hydrophilic character. The results obtained herein allow understanding soil behavior in natural oxidative degradation of organic molecules and envisaging effective soil-based catalysts with surface properties judiciously tailored according to the nature of organic pollutants in solvent free media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Boudissa
- Nanoqam, Department of Chemistry, University of Quebec at Montreal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
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5
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Liu M, Luo R, Wang H, Cao G, Wang Y. Recovery of fertility in quinestrol-treated or diethylstilbestrol-treated mice: Implications for rodent management. Integr Zool 2017; 12:250-259. [PMID: 27611741 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fertility control is an alternative strategy to traditional culling for the management of rodent pests. Previous studies have demonstrated that quinestrol is a potential contraceptive for male rodents, but the recovery of fertility in quinestrol-treated rodents has not been evaluated. This study used C57BL/6J mice to evaluate the recovery rate of male fertility after the administration of quinestrol. Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a non-steroid estrogenic compound, was used for comparison. Different groups of mice were treated with 1 mg/kg quinestrol, 1 mg/kg DES, or castor oil separately for 7 days. These mice were then killed on days 8, 22 and 50 respectively. Our results indicated that the weight of epididymides and seminal vesicles decreased significantly on days 8 and 22 in quinestrol/DES-treated mice, with extensive histological changes in the seminiferous tubules. Sperm concentrations in the cauda epididymal fluid were significantly reduced on days 8 and 22 in both quinestrol and DES treatment groups and on day 50 for the DES, but not the quinestrol group. Further analysis revealed that DES-treated mice exhibited a higher proportion of abnormal sperm accumulation in the epididymis, indicating that the normal sperm transportation to the cauda epididymis was blocked. Our results indicate that the anti-fertility effects on male mice given quinestrol were of shorter duration than for those receiving DES at the dose of 1 mg/kg body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongcan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangming Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sun M, Xu D, Ji Y, Liu J, Ling W, Li S, Chen M. Using Fenton Oxidation to Simultaneously Remove Different Estrogens from Cow Manure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E917. [PMID: 27649223 PMCID: PMC5036750 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13090917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of estrogens in livestock excrement has raised concerns about their potential negative influence on animals and the overall food cycle. This is the first investigation to simultaneously remove estrogens, including estriol (E3), bisphenol A (BPA), diethylstilbestrol (DES), estradiol (E2), and ethinyl estradiol (EE2), from cow manure using a Fenton oxidation technique. Based on the residual concentrations and removal efficiency of estrogens, the Fenton oxidation reaction conditions were optimized as follows: a H₂O₂ dosage of 2.56 mmol/g, a Fe(II) to H₂O₂ molar ratio of 0.125 M/M, a solid to water mass ratio of 2 g/mL, an initial pH of 3, and a reaction time of 24 h. Under these conditions, the simultaneous removal efficiencies of E3, BPA, DES, E2, and EE2, with initial concentrations in cow manure of 97.40, 96.54, 100.22, 95.01, and 72.49 mg/kg, were 84.9%, 99.5%, 99.1%, 97.8%, and 84.5%, respectively. We clarified the possible Fenton oxidation reaction mechanisms that governed the degradation of estrogens. We concluded that Fenton oxidation technique could be effective for efficient removal of estrogens in livestock excrement. Results are of great importance for cow manure reuse in agricultural management, and can be used to reduce the threat of environmental estrogens to human health and ecological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Sun
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Defu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Juan Liu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wanting Ling
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Shunyao Li
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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7
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Roßteuscher-Carl K, Fricke S, Hacker MC, Schulz-Siegmund M. Influence of in line monitored fluid bed granulation process parameters on the stability of Ethinylestradiol. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:751-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Frontistis Z, Kouramanos M, Moraitis S, Chatzisymeon E, Hapeshi E, Fatta-Kassinos D, Xekoukoulotakis NP, Mantzavinos D. UV and simulated solar photodegradation of 17α-ethynylestradiol in secondary-treated wastewater by hydrogen peroxide or iron addition. Catal Today 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Normal phase-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure photoionization for the purity assessment of 17β-estradiol. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:3147-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Maggio RM, Calvo NL, Vignaduzzo SE, Kaufman TS. Pharmaceutical impurities and degradation products: uses and applications of NMR techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:102-22. [PMID: 24853620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current standards and regulations demand the pharmaceutical industry not only to produce highly pure drug substances, but to achieve a thorough understanding of the impurities accompanying their manufactured drug substances and products. These challenges have become important goals of process chemistry and have steadily stimulated the search of impurities after accelerated or forced degradation procedures. As a result, impurity profiling is one of the most attractive, active and relevant fields of modern pharmaceutical analysis. This activity includes the identification, structural elucidation and quantitative determination of impurities and degradation products in bulk drugs and their pharmaceutical formulations. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has evolved into an irreplaceable approach for pharmaceutical quality assessment, currently playing a critical role in unequivocal structure identification as well as structural confirmation (qualitative detection), enabling the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the formation of process and/or degradation impurities. NMR is able to provide qualitative information without the need of standards of the unknown compounds and multiple components can be quantified in a complex sample without previous separation. When coupled to separative techniques, the resulting hyphenated methodologies enhance the analytical power of this spectroscopy to previously unknown levels. As a result, and by enabling the implementation of rational decisions regarding the identity and level of impurities, NMR contributes to the goal of making better and safer medicines. Herein are discussed the applications of NMR spectroscopy and its hyphenated derivate techniques to the study of a wide range pharmaceutical impurities. Details on the advantages and disadvantages of the methodology and well as specific challenges with regards to the different analytical problems are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén M Maggio
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Natalia L Calvo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Silvana E Vignaduzzo
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina
| | - Teodoro S Kaufman
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR) and Área Análisis de Medicamentos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario S2002LRK, Argentina.
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11
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New oxidative decomposition mechanism of estradiol through the structural characterization of a minute impurity and its degradants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 78-79:183-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Singh S, Handa T, Narayanam M, Sahu A, Junwal M, Shah RP. A critical review on the use of modern sophisticated hyphenated tools in the characterization of impurities and degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:148-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Photocatalytic (UV-A/TiO2) degradation of 17α-ethynylestradiol in environmental matrices: Experimental studies and artificial neural network modeling. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Liu M, Wan X, Yin Y, Li YX, Sun F, Zhang Z, Wang YL. Subfertile effects of quinestrol and levonorgestrel in male rats. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 24:297-308. [PMID: 22281075 DOI: 10.1071/rd10221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The contraceptive regimen consisting of levonorgestrel and quinestrol (EP-1) has been shown to be effective in several types of wild rodents. In the present study, we investigated the effect of EP-1 and its two components on fertility and spermatogenesis to elucidate the mechanisms underlying its contraceptive effect. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 0.33 mgkg(-1) quinestrol (E group), 0.67 mgkg(-1) levonorgestrel (P group) or their combination (EP group) for 7 days and then killed on Days 21 or 42 after treatment for tissue analysis. On Day 21, the weight of the cauda epididymis decreased significantly, while the weight of the adrenal gland increased significantly in the E and EP groups compared with the weights in the control group. In addition, there was a significant decrease in sperm number in the E and EP groups compared with the control group and there was less staining for the androgen receptor and Wilms' tumour nuclear protein 1 in the E and EP groups. The primary defects in E- or EP-treated rats were abnormal spermiogenesis, lack of elongating spermatids, and pachytene spermatocyte arrest. Analysis of MutL homologue 1 revealed that EP treatment inhibited chromosome recombination during meiosis, but did not cause obvious genetic abnormalities. These data demonstrate that quinestrol, alone or in combination with levonorgestrel, induces subfertility in male rats mainly by interfering with germ cell differentiation. Thus, EP-1 or E alone may be effective contraceptive regimens for fertility control in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insets and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China
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15
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Liu M, Qu J, Yang M, Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z. Effects of quinestrol and levonorgestrel on populations of plateau pikas, Ochotona curzoniae, in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2012; 68:592-601. [PMID: 22232019 DOI: 10.1002/ps.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae, Hodgson, 1858) are viewed as a pest in the Tibetan Plateau meadow ecosystem when their population densities are high. Traditional culling using rodenticides often poses a high risk to non-target species and even to humans. In this study, an investigation was made of the infertility effects of quinestrol (E), levonorgestrel (P) and a combination of the two (EP, ratio E:P = 1:2) on plateau pikas during 2007 and 2008. RESULTS Treatment with E or EP significantly decreased the pregnancy rate of female pikas in 2007. In 2008, there was a cross-year effect that still suppressed male reproduction in treated groups. Treatment with E obviously reduced the reproduction of pikas but not their population abundance in 2007; the reduction in population size was significant in 2008. CONCLUSIONS Single baiting of quinestrol in early breeding season reduced the reproduction and population size of pikas throughout 2007. The effect of infertility lasted into the next breeding season through a cross-year effect, which resulted in a significant reduction of population size in 2008. Quinestrol is a very promising non-lethal approach to managing pika populations; however, several factors need to be investigated further to improve the practicality of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management on Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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16
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Chan KY, Gavaghan BM, Stoeckel AW, Irizarry K, Hare PM. Solvent effects on the steady state photophysics of estrone and 17β-estradiol. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:295-303. [PMID: 22191459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Absorption and emission yields for estrone and 17β-estradiol were measured in a variety of room temperature solvents. Molar extinction coefficients were found to not vary as a function of solvent, while fluorescence yields were found to be significantly affected by the polarity and hydrogen-bond accepting ability of the solvent, with the yield for 17β-estradiol being highest in nonpolar, hydrogen-bond donating solvents, and lowest in the nonpolar, hydrogen-bond accepting solvent ethyl acetate. Estrone's emission yield was found to be a factor of ten smaller than 17β-estradiol's. Strong solvent and excitation wavelength dependences were found for the relative amounts of emission between estrone's two emission bands, with increased relative emission occurring in nonpolar aprotic solvents, and under higher excitation energies. These results are interpreted with the aid of vertical excitation energies from time-dependent density functional calculations using both explicit and implicit solvation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Y Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY, USA
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Pereira RO, Postigo C, de Alda ML, Daniel LA, Barceló D. Removal of estrogens through water disinfection processes and formation of by-products. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:789-99. [PMID: 21087787 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens constitute a recognized group of environmental emerging contaminants which have been proven to induce estrogenic effects in aquatic organisms exposed to them. Low removal efficiency in wastewater treatment plants results in the presence of this type of contaminants in surface waters and also even in finished drinking water. This manuscript reviews the environmental occurrence of natural (estrone, estradiol and estriol) and synthetic (ethynyl estradiol) estrogens in different water matrices (waste, surface, ground and drinking water), and their removal mainly via chemical oxidative processes. Oxidative treatments have been observed to be very efficient in eliminating estrogens present in water; however, disinfection by-products (DBPs) are generated during the process. Characterization of these DBPs is essential to assess the risk that drinking water may potentially pose to human health since these DBPs may also have endocrine disrupting properties. This manuscript reviews the DBPs generated during oxidative processes identified so far in the literature and the estrogenicity generated by the characterized DBPs and/or by the applied disinfection technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Oliveira Pereira
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos Engineering School, São Paulo University, Brazil.
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Fernández-Alvarez P, Le Noir M, Guieysse B. Removal and destruction of endocrine disrupting contaminants by adsorption with molecularly imprinted polymers followed by simultaneous extraction and phototreatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 163:1107-1112. [PMID: 18768258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a method to regenerate molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) used for the selective removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from aqueous effluents. Regeneration was based on solvent extraction under UV irradiation to regenerate the polymer and the solvent while destroying the contaminants. Acetone was selected as the best solvent for irradiation of estrone (E1), 17beta-estradiol (E2) and ethinylestradiol (EE2) using either UVC (254 nm) or UV-vis. A MIP synthesized with E2 as template was then tested for the extraction of this compound from a 2 microg/L loaded aqueous solution. E2 was recovered by 73+/-11% and 46+/-13% from the MIPs and a non-imprinted control polymer synthesized under the same conditions, respectively, after a single step elution with acetone. The irradiated polymers and acetone were reused for an additional extraction-regeneration cycle and showed no capacity decrease.
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Identification of the transformation products of 17α-ethinylestradiol and 17β-estradiol by mass spectrometry and other instrumental techniques. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Mazellier P, Méité L, De Laat J. Photodegradation of the steroid hormones 17beta-estradiol (E2) and 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in dilute aqueous solution. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:1216-1223. [PMID: 18762316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical transformation of natural estrogenic steroid 17beta-estradiol (E2) and the synthetic oral contraceptive 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) has been studied in dilute non buffered aqueous solution (pH 5.5-6.0) upon monochromatic (254 nm) and polychromatic (lambda>290 nm) irradiation. Upon irradiation at 254 nm, the quantum yields of E2 and EE2 photolysis were similar and evaluated to be 0.067+/-0.007 and 0.062+/-0.007, respectively. Upon polychromatic excitation, and by using phenol as chemical actinometer, the photolysis efficiencies have been determined to be 0.07+/-0.01 and 0.08+/-0.01 for E2 and EE2, respectively. For both estrogens, photodegradation by-products were identified with GC/MS and LC/MS. In a first step, a model compound--5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthol (THN)--, which represents the photoactive phenolic group, was used to obtain basic photoproduct structural informations. Numerous primary and secondary products were observed, corresponding to hydroxylated phenolic- or quinone-type compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mazellier
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement, UMR CNRS 6008, Université de Poitiers ESIP, 40, Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France.
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Clouzot L, Marrot B, Doumenq P, Roche N. 17α-Ethinylestradiol: An endocrine disrupter of great concern. Analytical methods and removal processes applied to water purification. A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ep.10291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hwang S, Lee DI, Lee CH, Ahn IS. Oxidation of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol with Mn(III) and product identification. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2008; 155:334-41. [PMID: 18241984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.11.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With increasing concern about the contamination of aquatic environments by estrogenic pollutants, removal of synthetic estrogens such as 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) has been widely studied, especially with respect to the treatment methods. However, the degradation products have rarely been identified. The purpose of this study was to identify structurally the oxidation products of EE2. Mn(III) was used as an oxidizing agent. To obtain sufficient oxidation products for HPLC, LC-MS and NMR spectroscopy, a highly concentrated solution of EE2 (1mM) was prepared in a mixture of water and a water-miscible organic solvent. From HPLC of the reaction products, a single compound (I) was found to be predominant. From LC-MS, its molecular mass was found to be 294, and two hydrogens were believed to have been removed from EE2 (M.W. 296) to form a C=C . The structure of compound I (position of the double bond) was determined using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, H-H COSY, HSQC and HMBC. As minor products, isomeric dimers (M.W. 590) of EE2, as well as the products (M.W. 588) in which EE2 was coupled to compound I were also formed during the Mn(III)-mediated oxidation of EE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangpill Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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Auriol M, Filali-Meknassi Y, Tyagi RD. Présence et devenir des hormones stéroïdiennes dans les stations de traitement des eaux usées. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.7202/015739ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
RésuméDifférents produits chimiques naturels et d’origine industrielle présentent une activité endocrinienne. Ces composés sont susceptibles d’agir sur le système endocrinien des animaux et des êtres humains (altération ou déficiences des fonctions reproductrices, occurrence de tumeurs malignes, etc.). De nos jours, il reste de nombreuses questions en suspens (ampleur de la contamination, devenir dans l’environnement, etc.) et le caractère persistant de ces substances en fait un problème majeur pour les générations futures. De plus, plusieurs études ont montré que les estrogènes naturels (tels que l’estrone, le 17β‑estradiol et l’estriol) et l’estrogène synthétique (17α‑éthinylestradiol) sont les composés les plus oestrogéniques présents dans les effluents de stations de traitement des eaux usées. En conséquence, ces estrogènes peuvent rejoindre les eaux de surfaces et les contaminer. En effet, des concentrations aussi faibles que 0,1 ng/L peuvent provoquer des effets oestrogéniques chez les organismes aquatiques exposés. Cette revue s’est donc concentrée sur la présence de ces types de composé dans les eaux de surface et usées, et plusieurs procédés de traitement sont discutés par rapport à leur capacité d’enlèvement des estrogènes. Ainsi, le traitement primaire seul ne permet pas l’enlèvement des estrogènes des eaux usées, alors qu’un traitement secondaire à boue activée réduit généralement les quantités d’estrogènes. Les procédés dits avancés montrent un potentiel élevé pour l’enlèvement des estrogènes, bien qu’ils peuvent former des sous-produits oestrogéniques et/ou cancérigènes. Finalement, les systèmes enzymatiques pourraient être des procédés innovateurs pour le traitement des estrogènes, puisqu’ils montrent un potentiel élevé pour l’enlèvement des composés aromatiques dans les eaux usées.
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Gordon DA, Toth GP, Graham DW, Lazorchak JM, Reddy TV, Knapp CW, deNoyelles F, Campbell S, Lattier DL. Effects of eutrophication on vitellogenin gene expression in male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to 17alpha-ethynylestradiol in field mesocosms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 142:559-66. [PMID: 16413089 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/13/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of aquatic secondary nutrient supply levels (nitrogen and phosphorus) on the subcellular response of adult male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to a single nominal concentration of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2), a potent synthetic estrogen, under quasi-natural field conditions. Outdoor mesocosms were maintained under low, medium, and high nutrient supply conditions as categorized by total phosphorus (TP) level (nominal 0.012, 0.025, and 0.045 mg TP/L, respectively), and treated with EE2 with and without a carrier solvent. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction methods, vitellogenin gene (Vg) expression was determined in the fish collected at 0 h, 8 h, 24 h, 4 d, 7 d, and 14 d post-exposure. Induction of Vg was detected as early as 8h post-exposure, with and without the carrier solvent, and persisted through Day 14. Results showed Vg to be significantly greater at low nutrient levels (p<0.05), suggesting that EE2 bioavailability to the fish was likely greater under less-turbid water conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Gordon
- Molecular Indicators Research Branch, Ecological Exposure Research Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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Liu J, Carr S, Rinaldi K, Chandler W. Screening estrogenic oxidized by-products by combining ER binding and ultrafiltration. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 20:269-278. [PMID: 21783600 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation and chlorination of 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol A (BPA), and nonylphenol (NP) were performed to evaluate the estrogenic activity of the by-products of these endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). After 15min oxidation, samples were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges, and tested in vitro to measure the estrogenic activities of the oxidized products. MCF-7 cell proliferation assay showed that chlorinated BPA solution displayed slightly stronger estrogenicity than BPA, while chlorinated NP retained about one-tenth of its bioactivity. The estrogenic mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-ClBPAs and di-ClNP were screened out from the corresponding chlorinated products by a combined application of estrogen receptor (ER) binding with ultrafiltration and identified by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Ozonation of the above four estrogens and chlorination of E2 and EE2 significantly decreased their estrogenic activities under the applied conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Liu
- San Jose Creek Water Quality Control Laboratory, Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, 1965 Workman Mill Road, Whittier, CA 90601, USA
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27
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Collier A, Wang J, Diamond D, Dempsey E. Microchip micellar electrokinetic chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection for analysis of synthetic oestrogen mimicking compounds. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhou D, Wu F, Deng N. Fe(III)-oxalate complexes induced photooxidation of diethylstilbestrol in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 57:283-291. [PMID: 15312726 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Revised: 05/24/2004] [Accepted: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the photooxidation of diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic estrogen, was investigated in a concentric reactor under a 125 W high-pressure mercury lamp (lambda > or = 365 nm). The photooxidation efficiencies were dependent on the pH values and Fe(III)/oxalate ratios of the system, with higher efficiency at pH 3.50+/-0.05 and Fe(III)/oxalate ratio 10.0/120.0 micromol l(-1). The photooxidation reactions obeyed the law of pseudo-first-order reaction at the concentration over the range of 2.0-10.0 mg l(-1) of DES. The photooxidation rates decreased with increasing the initial concentrations of DES. For 2.0 mg l(-1) DES, the observed photooxidation rate coefficient (k(obs)) was 0.00622 min(-1). By using GC-MS and LC-MS techniques, the predominant photooxidation products DES-o-catechol ([M](+), m/z 284) and DES-4-semiquinone ([M](-), m/z 267) were respectively identified and the mechanisms for the oxidative degradation were proposed. When DES reacted with OH radicals, C atoms in 3-position were added with OH radicals to produce hydrolyzed DES radical followed by two oxidation pathways: (1) dehydrolyzing to produce DES-4-semiquinone which was oxidized further to DES-4,4'-quinone; (2) undergoing peroxidation by O(2) and getting rid of HO(2) radical to produce DES-o-catechol. After that, the two H atoms on the hydroxy group of the catechol were extracted in two individual steps to form intermediates semiquinone radical and o-quinone. The catechol intermediates underwent further oxidation, benzene ring cleavage and decarboxylation, up to mineralization ultimately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danna Zhou
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
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29
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Pezzella A, Lista L, Napolitano A, D'Ischia M. Oxidative Coupling of 17β-Estradiol: Inventory of Oligomer Products and Configuration Assignment of Atropoisomeric C4-Linked Biphenyl-Type Dimers and Trimers. J Org Chem 2004; 69:5652-9. [PMID: 15307736 DOI: 10.1021/jo0492665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation chemistry of 17beta-estradiol (1) is of central relevance to the nongenomic effects of estrogens and offers valuable prospects in the search for novel steroidal scaffolds of academic and industrial interest. Herein, we report the results of a detailed investigation into the nature of the oligomer products formed by phenolic oxidation of 1. Of the oxidants tested, the peroxidase/H2O2 system proved to be the most effective in inducing conversion of 1 to a complex mixture of oligomer species. Repeated chromatographic fractionation followed by extensive 2D NMR and mass spectrometric analysis allowed identification of a series of phenolic coupling products comprising, besides the C2-symmetric dimers 2 and 3, a 2,4' dimer (4), two O-linked dimers (5, 6), and the novel trimers 7-9. All 4-linked biphenyl-type oligomers, i.e., 3 and 7-9, occurred as couples of atropoisomers, reflecting steric hindrance at biphenyl linkages. For all atropoisomers, absolute configuration was established by the exciton chirality method and the interconversion energy was determined by dynamic NMR. These results provide the first systematic inventory of oxidative coupling products of 1 and lay the foundation for future studies aimed to develop novel estrogen derivatives based on oligomeric scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pezzella
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples "Federico II" Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
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Moriyama K, Matsufuji H, Chino M, Takeda M. Identification and behavior of reaction products formed by chlorination of ethynylestradiol. CHEMOSPHERE 2004; 55:839-847. [PMID: 15041288 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2003] [Revised: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Six products were formed by reaction of ethynylestradiol (EE2) with sodium hypochlorite in buffered solutions. 4-Chloroethynylestradiol (4-ClEE2) and 2,4-dichloroethynylestradiol (2,4-diClEE2) were identified as the two major reaction products, using preparative HPLC, MS, and NMR. When EE2 reacted with chlorine at different pHs (pH 5, 7, and 9) or chlorine concentrations (0.2, 1, 2, and 5 mmol/l, corresponding to molar ratios to EE2, 1, 5, 10, and 25, respectively), the formation of 4-ClEE2 and 2,4-diClEE2 was observed under the above conditions, and the highest yields were 20 and 52 mol%, respectively. EE2 was consumed almost completely within 5 min of chlorination by addition of chlorine of more than 1 mmol/l (molar ratio to EE2, 5). On the other hand, the two products existed in highly chlorinated solutions after 60 min (4ClEE2, 1-6 mol%; 2,4-diClEE2, 3-25 mol%). The estrogenic activities of 4-ClEE2 by estrogen receptor alpha or beta binding assay were similar to those of the parent EE2, and the activities of 2,4-diClEE2 were lower about 10 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Moriyama
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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Liu B, Liu X. Direct photolysis of estrogens in aqueous solutions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2004; 320:269-274. [PMID: 15016512 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2003] [Accepted: 08/13/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Direct photolysis of two estrogens 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) in aqueous solutions radiated by UV-light and UV-Vis-light was studied preliminarily. The results suggest that the photolysis of E2 in aqueous solutions occurs under irradiation with UV disinfection lamp (lambda = 254 nm, 30 W), while E1 can also undergo photolysis under irradiation with a high-pressure mercury lamp (lambda > or = 365 nm, 125 W). The photolysis reactions of E2 and E1 at the concentration of 3.0-20 mgl(-1) in aqueous solutions were all in accordance with pseudo-first-order law. The photolysis rate of estrogens in aqueous solutions reached the lowest value at pH approximately 5.0, while the highest at pH 8.0 over the range of 2.0-8.0. The higher the initial concentration of the two estrogens, the lower the rate of photolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Huangshi Polytechnic College, Huangshi, PR China.
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Photodegradation of 17α-ethynylestradiol in aqueous solution withNitzschia hantzschiana orChlorella vulgaris and Fe3+. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02912730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
The development during the last 15 years and the state-of-the-art in the analysis of bulk steroid hormone drugs and hormone-like structures and pharmaceutical formulations made thereof are summarized. Other steroids (sterols, bile acids, cardiac glycosides, vitamins D) as well as biological-clinical aspects and pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies are excluded from this review. The state-of-the-art is summarized based on comparisons of monographs in the latest editions of the European Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia and the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. This is followed by sections dealing with new developments in the methodology for the fields of spectroscopic and spectrophotometric, chromatographic, electrophoretic and hyphenated techniques as well electroanalytical methods. The review is terminated by two problem-oriented sections: examples on impurity and degradation profiling as well as enantiomeric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Görög
- Gedeon Richter Ltd., POB 27, H-1475 Budapest, Hungary.
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Liu B, Wu F, Deng NS. UV-light induced photodegradation of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol in aqueous solutions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2003; 98:311-316. [PMID: 12628795 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3894(02)00321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in aqueous solutions induced by UV-light was preliminarily studied in this paper by means of fluorescence, UV and infrared spectra. The result suggested that EE2 in aqueous solutions underwent photodegradation under irradiation with UV disinfection lamp (lambda = 254 nm, 30 W), but the photodegradation was not observed under high pressure mercury lamp (lambda > or = 365 nm, 250 W). The photodegradation of 1.6-20.0 mg/l EE2 in aqueous solutions at a given initial pH value of 6.8 was pseudo-first order reaction. Increasing the initial concentration of EE2 lowered the photodegradation rate. The photodegradation rate of EE2 reached the lowest value at pH about 5.0, higher pH values of 6.0-8.0 benefited the photodegradation. Ferric ions can promote the photodegradation of EE2 in aqueous solutions at pH value of 2.0-5.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Biomedical applications of directly-coupled chromatography–nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(03)80011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Liu XL, Wu F, Deng NS. Photodegradation of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol in aqueous solution exposed to a high-pressure mercury lamp (250 W). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2003; 126:393-398. [PMID: 12963302 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(03)00229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol (EE(2)) induced by high-pressure mercury lamp (lambda> or =313, 250 W) in aqueous solution of EE(2) was investigated initially. The affecting factors on the photodegradation were studied and described in details, such as EE(2) initial concentration, Fe(3+), algae, exposure time, and so on. The concentration of EE(2) in distilled water was mainly determined using fluorescence spectrophotometer. The photodegradation of EE(2) in aqueous solution exposed to high-pressure mercury lamp was evident and could be accelerated by Fe(3+) or algae (e.g. Anabaena cylindrica) in general. With the algae concentration increasing, photodegradation rate increased. In this paper, the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of EE(2) by Fe(3+) or algae is discussed primarily.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P.R. China.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:225-235. [PMID: 11345053 DOI: 10.1002/jms.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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