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Zhang Y, Liu SJ. Cordyceps as potential therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 22:102-114. [PMID: 38494355 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite the challenges in managing atherosclerosis, researchers continue to investigate new treatments and complementary therapies. Cordyceps is a traditional Chinese medicine that has recently gained attention as a potential therapeutic agent for atherosclerosis. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of cordyceps in treating atherosclerosis through various pharmacological actions, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, lowering cholesterol, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and modulating apoptosis or autophagy in vascular endothelial cells. Notably, the current misuse of the terms cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps sinensis has caused confusion among researchers, and complicated the current academic research on cordyceps. This review focuses on the chemical composition, pharmacological actions, and underlying mechanisms contributing to the anti-atherosclerotic effects of cordyceps and the mycelium of Ophiocordyceps spp. This review provides a resource for the research on the development of new drugs for atherosclerosis from cordyceps. Please cite this article as: Zhang Y, Liu SJ. Cordyceps as potential therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis. J Integr Med. 2024; 22(2): 102-114.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Marxism, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Si-Jing Liu
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases with Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China.
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2
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Huang G, Ding Q, Xie D, Cai Z, Zhao Z. Technical challenges in defining RNA modifications. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 127:155-165. [PMID: 34838434 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that DNA base modifications play a key role in gene regulation during development and in response to environmental stress. This type of epigenetic control of development and environmental responses has been intensively studied over the past few decades. Similar to DNA, various RNA species also undergo modifications that play important roles in, for example, RNA splicing, protein translation, and the avoidance of immune surveillance by host. More than 160 different types of RNA modifications have been identified. In addition to base modifications, RNA modification also involves splicing of pre-mRNAs, leading to as many as tens of transcript isoforms from a single pre-RNA, especially in higher organisms. However, the function, prevalence and distribution of RNA modifications are poorly understood. The lack of a suitable method for the reliable identification of RNA modifications constitutes a significant challenge to studying their functions. This review focuses on the technologies that enable de novo identification of RNA base modifications and the alternatively spliced mRNA transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiutao Ding
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongying Xie
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhongying Zhao
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Das G, Shin HS, Leyva-Gómez G, Prado-Audelo MLD, Cortes H, Singh YD, Panda MK, Mishra AP, Nigam M, Saklani S, Chaturi PK, Martorell M, Cruz-Martins N, Sharma V, Garg N, Sharma R, Patra JK. Cordyceps spp.: A Review on Its Immune-Stimulatory and Other Biological Potentials. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:602364. [PMID: 33628175 PMCID: PMC7898063 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.602364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, interest in the Cordyceps genus has amplified due to its immunostimulatory potential. Cordyceps species, its extracts, and bioactive constituents have been related with cytokine production such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, phagocytosis stimulation of immune cells, nitric oxide production by increasing inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, and stimulation of inflammatory response via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Other pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-cancer, antihyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, vasorelaxation, anti-depressant, aphrodisiac, and kidney protection, has been reported in pre-clinical studies. These biological activities are correlated with the bioactive compounds present in Cordyceps including nucleosides, sterols, flavonoids, cyclic peptides, phenolic, bioxanthracenes, polyketides, and alkaloids, being the cyclic peptides compounds the most studied. An organized review of the existing literature was executed by surveying several databanks like PubMed, Scopus, etc. using keywords like Cordyceps, cordycepin, immune system, immunostimulation, immunomodulatory, pharmacology, anti-cancer, anti-viral, clinical trials, ethnomedicine, pharmacology, phytochemical analysis, and different species names. This review collects and analyzes state-of-the-art about the properties of Cordyceps species along with ethnopharmacological properties, application in food, chemical compounds, extraction of bioactive compounds, and various pharmacological properties with a special focus on the stimulatory properties of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitishree Das
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María L. Del Prado-Audelo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Hernán Cortes
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yengkhom Disco Singh
- Department of Post-Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, India
| | - Manasa Kumar Panda
- Environment and Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Sarla Saklani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | | | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vineet Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
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Woolley VC, Teakle GR, Prince G, de Moor CH, Chandler D. Cordycepin, a metabolite of Cordyceps militaris, reduces immune-related gene expression in insects. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 177:107480. [PMID: 33022282 PMCID: PMC7768946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
High doses of cordycepin are lethal to G. mellonella. Cordycepin interacts with EPF to increase the rate of G. mellonella mortality. Cordycepin reduces immune-related gene expression in G. mellonella and S2r+ cells.
Hypocrealean entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) are natural regulators of insect populations in terrestrial environments. Their obligately-killing life-cycle means that there is likely to be strong selection pressure for traits that allow them to evade the effects of the host immune system. In this study, we quantified the effects of cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine), a secondary metabolite produced by Cordyceps militaris (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae), on insect susceptibility to EPF infection and on insect immune gene expression. Application of the immune stimulant curdlan (20 µg ml−1, linear beta-1,3-glucan, a constituent of fungal cell walls) to Drosophila melanogaster S2r+ cells resulted in a significant increase in the expression of the immune effector gene metchnikowin compared to a DMSO-only control, but there was no significant increase when curdlan was co-applied with 25 µg ml−1 cordycepin dissolved in DMSO. Injection of cordycepin into larvae of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) resulted in dose-dependent mortality (LC50 of cordycepin = 2.1 mg per insect 6 days after treatment). Incubating conidia of C. militaris and Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae; an EPF that does not synthesize cordycepin) with 3.0 mg ml−1 cordycepin had no effect on the numbers of conidia germinating in vitro. Co-injection of G. mellonella with a low concentration of cordycepin (3.0 mg ml−1) plus 10 or 100 conidia per insect of C. militaris or B. bassiana caused a significant decrease in insect median survival time compared to injection with the EPF on their own. Analysis of predicted vs. observed mortalities indicated a synergistic interaction between cordycepin and the EPF. The injection of C. militaris and B. bassiana into G. mellonella resulted in increased expression of the insect immune effector genes lysozyme, IMPI and gallerimycin at 72 h post injection, but this did not occur when the EPF were co-injected with 3.0 mg ml−1 cordycepin. In addition, we observed increased expression of IMPI and lysozyme at 48 h after injection with C. militaris, B. bassiana and sham injection (indicating a wounding response), but this was also prevented by application of cordycepin. These results suggest that cordycepin has potential to act as a suppressor of the immune response during fungal infection of insect hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Woolley
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK.
| | - Graham R Teakle
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Gillian Prince
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
| | - Cornelia H de Moor
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - David Chandler
- Warwick Crop Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, UK
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A Comparative Study on 5hmC Targeting Regulation of Neurons in AD Mice by Several Natural Compounds. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5016706. [PMID: 32802849 PMCID: PMC7426765 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5016706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of studies have confirmed that DNA methylation disorder (5mC/5hmC) is closely related to the occurrence and development of some diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aims at discovering natural compounds that could adjust and control 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) levels and improve Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuronal status. Cordycepin and cordycepic acid were selected as research materials, with resveratrol as positive control. The results of Dot Blot indicated that cordycepin, cordycepic acid, and resveratrol significantly increased the expression level of 5hmC. Combined with qPCR results, it was revealed that cordycepin increased the expression of ten-eleven translocation (TETs) mRNA compared with the abovementioned cordycepic acid and resveratrol. Besides, cordycepin dramatically reduced the transcription level of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), suggesting that cordycepin might hinder the formation of NFTs (neurofibrillary tangles) and the accumulation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the brain by reducing the expression of ApoE, resulting in affecting the progression of AD. Meanwhile, the immunofluorescence (IF) staining results demonstrated that the percentage of differentiation of SHSY-5Y cells reasonably increased after the treatment of cordycepin and cordycepic acid. Simultaneously, the length of axons and the number of dendritic branches in mouse primary neurons were substantially increased by cordycepin. The screening results illustrated that cordycepin had a positive influence on the level of 5hmC and the morphology of neurons, and most of the effects were better compared to the positive control (resveratrol). It indicated that cordycepin delayed the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. However, the specific mechanism of action still needs to be further investigated. Our research provided a foundation for further discussion about the influence of cordycepin on AD and a new idea for the pathological study of related diseases.
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Guan H, Qi S, Liu W, Ma C, Wang C. A rapid assay to screen adenosine deaminase inhibitors from Ligustri Lucidi Fructus against metabolism of cordycepin utilizing ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4779. [PMID: 31845520 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cordycepin has recently received increased attention owing to its extensive pharmacological activity. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is widely distributed in mammalian blood and tissues; as a result, cordycepin is quickly metabolized upon entering into the body and converted into the inactive metabolite 3'-deoxyinosine, thus limiting its activity when administered alone. We herein present a novel ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for screening ADA inhibitors against the metabolism of cordycepin. Cordycepin and 3'-deoxyinosine were chosen as substrate and product, respectively. A proper separation was achieved for all analytes within 3 min. 3'-Deoxyinosine was quantified in the presence or absence of potential ADA inhibitors to evaluate ADA activity. The assay can simultaneously determine substrate and product, with the endogenous substance and ADA inhibitors added not interfering in its activity. After optimizing the enzymatic incubation and UHPLC-MS/MS conditions, Km and Vmax values for ADA deamination of cordycepin were 95.18 ± 7.85 μm and 363.90 ± 12.16 μmol/min/unit, respectively. Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid from Ligustri Lucidi Fructus were chosen as ADA inhibitors with half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 21.82 ± 0.39 and 18.41 ± 0.14 μm, respectively. A non-competitive inhibition model was constructed and this assay can be used to screen other potential ADA inhibitors quickly and accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huida Guan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenglan Qi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, China
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Su Y, Li P, Zhang H, Lin M, Liu W, Xu R, Hu H, Liu YM. Simultaneous Quantification of Adenosine and Deoxyadenosine Isomers in Foods with High Sensitivity. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2019; 11:4946-4950. [PMID: 32632347 PMCID: PMC7337225 DOI: 10.1039/c9ay01735f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous quantification of adenosine and deoxyadenosine isomers, including 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA) and 3'-deoxyadenosine (cordycepin, COR) is a challenge because they are very similar in chemical structure. In some previous studies on food ingredients, adenine and dA might be mistakenly detected as COR that has been shown to have multiple health benefits. In this work, we developed a novel HPLC method with fluorescence detction (HPLC-FD) to simultaneously quantify COR, adenosine and dA. Pre-column derivatization with chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) was deployed. The proposed method has a limit of detection at the nM level for COR and adenosine, and is far more sensitive than the methods previously deveopled for COR determination. Using the present method, caterpillar fungi were analyzed as model food samples. The analysis revealed that COR was present in cordyceps militaris and cordyceps flowers in a concentration range from 0.314 to 0.735 mg/g, but not in cordyceps sinensis (C. sinensis), a natural and the priciest caterpillar fungus. These results suggest that the profile of active ingredients in C. sinensis has been wrongly claimed for many years. This finding was also supported by the results from further HPLC-MS/MS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxia Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St. Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St. Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Huaisheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St. Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Manting Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weizhi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St. Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Hankun Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Rd, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St. Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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Wellham PAD, Kim DH, Brock M, de Moor CH. Coupled biosynthesis of cordycepin and pentostatin in Cordyceps militaris: implications for fungal biology and medicinal natural products. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:S85. [PMID: 31576294 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.04.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Matthias Brock
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Cornelia H de Moor
- School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Meng C, Han Q, Wang X, Liu X, Fan X, Liu R, Wang Q, Wang C. Determination and Quantitative Comparison of Nucleosides in two Cordyceps by HPLC-ESI-MS-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 57:426-433. [PMID: 30796779 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid quadruple linear ion trap liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) analytical method has been developed for simultaneous determination of 13 nucleosides from Cordyceps cicadae and Cordyceps sinensis for assessing whether C. cicadae can become a substitute for C. sinensis, based on that C. cicadae has in common with C. sinensis for treating chronic diseases. Among the 13 compounds, three compounds including cytidine, hypoxanthine and 2'-deoxyguanosine were firstly identified and quantified in C. cicadae. Ideal separation was achieved in one single LC-MS-MS run of 12 min by optimized chromatographic conditions. The identification and quantification analysis of target compounds were performed in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of detection and quantity for 13 compounds were <42.0 and 84.2 ng/mL, respectively. The determination results of 12 batches of C. sinensis and 20 batches of C. cicadae were then analyzed and classified by multivariate statistical analysis. C. cicadae contained a relatively higher level of three nucleosides (cytidine, uracil and 2'-deoxyuridine) than those in C. sinensis. The results of this study provided the theoretical basis for the substitution of C. sinensis with C. cicadae. The optimized method could be used for the quality control and investigate bioactive compound variation of Cordyceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Meng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis Research, College of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Qingjie Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis Research, College of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis Research, College of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis Research, College of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Xueyan Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis Research, College of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Ruina Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis Research, College of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis Research, College of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Chunying Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis Research, College of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, PR China
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Ge M, Guo R, Lou HX, Zhang W. Extract of Paecilomyces hepiali mycelia induces lipolysis through PKA-mediated phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase and ERK-mediated downregulation of perilipin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Altern Ther Health Med 2018; 18:326. [PMID: 30526586 PMCID: PMC6286538 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2389-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Cordyceps sinensis has been used for centuries in China as one of the most valued herbal medicine and tonic food. Paecilomyces hepiali, a fungal strain isolated from natural C. sinensis, has been used widely as a substitute of C. sinensis in medicine and health food. P. hepiali has been reported to have various pharmaceutical benefits, including triglyceride-lowing activity. However, its effects on triglyceride metabolism in adipocytes remain unknown. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of P. hepiali mycelia on adipocyte lipolysis and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. Methods The fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with methanol extract of Paecilomyces hepiali mycelia (PHME). Contents of glycerol released into the culture medium and intracellular triglyceride were measured as indices of lipolysis using glycerol assay kit and Oil red O staining, respectively. Then, effects of PHME on the main lipases or kinases involved in lipolysis regulation were investigated. Protein expression of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and perilipin, as well as phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were determined by western blotting. Moreover, nucleosides, important constituents of PHME, were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results Treatment with PHME led to a significant increase in glycerol release thereby reduced intracellular triglyceride accumulation in fully differentiated adipocytes. PHME upregulated protein kinase (PK) A-mediated phosphorylation of HSL at serine residues of 563 and 660. Meanwhile, PHME treatment also upregulated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and downregulated the protein level of perilipin. Pretreatment with the PKA inhibitor, H89, blunted the PHME-induced lipolysis and the phosphorylation of HSL (Ser 563 and 660). Moreover, pretreatment with ERK inhibitor, PD98059, weakened the PHME-caused glycerol release and downregulation of perilipin expression. HPLC analysis indicated there were adenosine, cordycepin, uridine and vernine in PHME. Conclusions Our results showed that PHME significantly induced lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which is mainly mediated by activation of HSL through PKA pathway and by downregulation of perilipin through activation of ERK pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2389-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kwon HW, Shin JH, Lim DH, Ok WJ, Nam GS, Kim MJ, Kwon HK, Noh JH, Lee JY, Kim HH, Kim JL, Park HJ. Antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects of cordycepin-enriched WIB-801CE from Cordyceps militaris ex vivo, in vivo, and in vitro. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:508. [PMID: 27927214 PMCID: PMC5142411 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A species of the fungal genus Cordyceps has been used as a complementary and alternative medicine of traditional Chinese medicine, and its major component cordycepin and cordycepin-enriched WIB-801CE are known to have antiplatelet effects in vitro. However, it is unknown whether they have also endogenous antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects. In this study, to resolve these doubts, we prepared cordycepin-enriched WIB-801CE, an ethanol extract from Cordyceps militaris-hypha, then evaluated its ex vivo, in vivo, and in vitro antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects. METHODS Ex vivo effects of WIB-801CE on collagen- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation, serotonin release, thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production and its associated activities of enzymes [cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), TXA2 synthase (TXAS)], arachidonic acid (AA) release and its associated phosphorylation of phospholipase Cβ3, phospholipase Cγ2 or cytosolic phospholipase A2, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [p38 MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)], and blood coagulation time in rats were investigated. In vivo effects of WIB-801CE on collagen plus epinephrine-induced acute pulmonary thromboembolism, and tail bleeding time in mice were also inquired. In vitro effects of WIB-801CE on cytotoxicity, and fibrin clot retraction in human platelets, and nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells or free radical scavenging activity were studied. RESULTS Cordycepin-enriched WIB-801CE inhibited ex vivo platelet aggregation, TXA2 production, AA release, TXAS activity, serotonin release, and p38 MAPK and ERK2 phosphorylation in collagen- and ADP-activated rat platelets without affecting blood coagulation. Furthermore, WIB-801CE manifested in vivo inhibitory effect on collagen plus epinephrine-induced pulmonary thromboembolism mice model. WIB-801CE inhibited in vitro NO production and fibrin clot retraction, but elevated free radical scavenging activity without affecting cytotoxicity against human platelets. CONCLUSION WIB-801CE inhibited collagen- and ADP-induced platelet activation and its associated thrombus formation ex vivo and in vivo. These were resulted from down-regulation of TXA2 production and its related AA release and TXAS activity, and p38MAPK and ERK2 activation. These results suggest that WIB-801CE has therapeutic potential to treat platelet activation-mediated thrombotic diseases in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Woo Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, 197, Inje-ro, Gyungnam, Gimhae, 50834, Korea
| | - Jung-Hae Shin
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, 197, Inje-ro, Gyungnam, Gimhae, 50834, Korea
| | - Deok Hwi Lim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, 197, Inje-ro, Gyungnam, Gimhae, 50834, Korea
| | - Woo Jeong Ok
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, 197, Inje-ro, Gyungnam, Gimhae, 50834, Korea
| | - Gi Suk Nam
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, 197, Inje-ro, Gyungnam, Gimhae, 50834, Korea
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, 197, Inje-ro, Gyungnam, Gimhae, 50834, Korea
| | - Ho-Kyun Kwon
- Central Research Center, Whanin Pharm. Co., Ltd., 107, Gwanggyo-ro, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Noh
- Central Research Center, Whanin Pharm. Co., Ltd., 107, Gwanggyo-ro, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Korea
| | - Je-Young Lee
- Central Research Center, Whanin Pharm. Co., Ltd., 107, Gwanggyo-ro, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Korea
| | - Hyun-Hong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, 197, Inje-ro, Gyungnam, Gimhae, 50834, Korea
| | - Jong-Lae Kim
- Central Research Center, Whanin Pharm. Co., Ltd., 107, Gwanggyo-ro, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Korea.
| | - Hwa-Jin Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, 197, Inje-ro, Gyungnam, Gimhae, 50834, Korea.
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Imamura K, Asai M, Sugamoto K, Matsumoto T, Yamasaki Y, Kamei I, Hattori T, Kishimoto M, Niisaka S, Kubo M, Nishiyama K, Yamasaki M. Suppressing effect of cordycepin on the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1021-5. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1008977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, we focused on the anti-inflammatory effect of cordycepin, 3′-deoxyadenosine. Cordycepin potently suppressed nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in an adenosine receptor-independent manner. In addition, inhibitors for adenosine kinase and nucleoside transporter abrogated the action of cordycepin. Thus, we considered that intracellular metabolism cordycepin is important for the anti-inflammatory effect of cordycepin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Imamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Momoko Asai
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tomoko Matsumoto
- Center for Collaborative Research & Community Cooperation, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamasaki
- Center of Community Organization, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kamei
- Department of Forest and Environmental Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Seiji Niisaka
- Agriculture Division, Shinseikosan.Co., Ltd, Miyakonojo, Japan
| | - Masaomi Kubo
- Agriculture Division, Shinseikosan.Co., Ltd, Miyakonojo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nishiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masao Yamasaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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13
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The Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Actions of Cordyceps sinensis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:575063. [PMID: 25960753 PMCID: PMC4415478 DOI: 10.1155/2015/575063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis, also called DongChongXiaCao (winter worm, summer grass) in Chinese, is becoming increasingly popular and important in the public and scientific communities. This study summarizes the chemical constituents and their corresponding pharmacological actions of Cordyceps sinensis. Many bioactive components of Cordyceps sinensis have been extracted including nucleoside, polysaccharide, sterol, protein, amino acid, and polypeptide. In addition, these constituents' corresponding pharmacological actions were also shown in the study such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumour, antiapoptosis, and immunomodulatory actions. Therefore can use different effects of C. sinensis against different diseases and provide reference for the study of Cordyceps sinensis in the future.
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14
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Kim WY, Hanigan MD, Lee SJ, Lee SM, Kim DH, Hyun JH, Yeo JM, Lee SS. Effects of Cordyceps militaris on the growth of rumen microorganisms and in vitro rumen fermentation with respect to methane emissions. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:7065-75. [PMID: 25200786 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of different concentrations (0.00, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 g/L) of dried Cordyceps militaris mushroom on in vitro anaerobic ruminal microbe fermentation and methane production using soluble starch as a substrate. Ruminal fluids were collected from Korean native cattle, mixed with phosphate buffer (1:2), and incubated anaerobically at 38 °C for 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. The addition of C. militaris significantly increased total volatile fatty acid and total gas production. The molar proportion of acetate was decreased and that of propionate was increased, with a corresponding decrease in the acetate:propionate ratio. As the concentration of C. militaris increased from 0.10 to 0.30 g/L, methane and hydrogen production decreased. The decrease in methane accumulation relative to the control was 14.1, 22.0, 24.9, 39.7, and 40.9% for the 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 g/L treatments, respectively. Ammonia-N concentration and numbers of live protozoa decreased linearly with increasing concentrations of C. militaris. The pH of the medium significantly decreased at the highest level of C. militaris compared with the control. In conclusion, C. militaris stimulated mixed ruminal microorganism fermentation and inhibited methane production in vitro. Therefore, C. militaris could be developed as a novel compound for antimethanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Kim
- Department of Beef and Dairy Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Hwaseong, 445-893, Korea
| | - M D Hanigan
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - S J Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, IALS, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - S M Lee
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Association, Suwon, 441-706 Korea
| | - D H Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Association, Suwon, 441-706 Korea
| | - J H Hyun
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, IALS, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - J M Yeo
- Department of Beef and Dairy Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Hwaseong, 445-893, Korea
| | - S S Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, IALS, Jinju, 660-701, Korea,.
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15
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Lee DH, Kwon HW, Kim HH, Lim DH, Nam GS, Shin JH, Kim YY, Kim JL, Lee JJ, Kwon HK, Park HJ. Cordycepin-enriched WIB801C from Cordyceps militaris inhibits ADP-induced [Ca(2+)] i mobilization and fibrinogen binding via phosphorylation of IP 3R and VASP. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:81-97. [PMID: 25001901 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of cordycepin-enriched (CE)-WIB801C from Cordyceps militaris on ADP (20 µM)-stimulated platelet aggregation. CE-WIB801C dose-dependently inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation, and its IC50 value was 18.5 μg/mL. CE-WIB801C decreased TXA2 production, but did not inhibit the activities of COX-1 and thromboxane synthase (TXAS) in ADP-activated platelets, which suggests that the inhibition of TXA2 production by CE-WIB801C is not resulted from the direct inhibition of COX-1 and TXAS. CE-WIB801C inhibited ATP release and [Ca(2+)]i mobilization, and increased cAMP level and IP3RI (Ser(1756)) phosphorylation in ADP-activated platelets. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase) inhibitor Rp-8-Br-cAMPS increased CE-WIB801C-inhibited [Ca(2+)]i mobilization, and strongly inhibited CE-WIB801C-increased IP3RI (Ser(1756)) phosphorylation. CE-WIB801C elevated the phosphorylation of VASP (Ser(157)), an A-kinase substrate, but inhibited fibrinogen binding to αIIb/β3. These results suggest that CE-WIB801C-elevated cAMP involved in IP3RI (Ser(1756)) phosphorylation to inhibit [Ca(2+)]i mobilization and, VASP (Ser(157)) phosphorylation to inhibit αIIb/β3 activation. Therefore, in this study, we demonstrate that CE-WIB801C may have a preventive or therapeutic potential for platelet aggregation-mediated diseases, such as thrombosis, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ha Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, 197, Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyungnam, 621-749, Republic of Korea
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16
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Zeng WB, Yu H, Ge F, Yang JY, Chen ZH, Wang YB, Dai YD, Adams A. Distribution of nucleosides in populations of Cordyceps cicadae. Molecules 2014; 19:6123-41. [PMID: 24830714 PMCID: PMC6271799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19056123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid HPLC method had been developed and used for the simultaneous determination of 10 nucleosides (uracil, uridine, 2'-deoxyuridine, inosine, guanosine, thymidine, adenine, adenosine, 2'-deoxyadenosine and cordycepin) in 10 populations of Cordyceps cicadae, in order to compare four populations of Ophicordyceps sinensis and one population of Cordyceps militaris. Statistical analysis system (SAS) 8.1 was used to analyze the nucleoside data. The pattern of nucleoside distribution was analyzed in the sampled populations of C. cicadae, O. sinensis and C. militaris, using descriptive statistical analysis, nested analysis and Q cluster analysis. The total amount of the 10 nucleosides in coremium was 1,463.89–5,678.21 µg/g in 10 populations of C. cicadae, 1,369.80–3,941.64 µg/g in sclerotium. The average contents of the 10 analytes were 4,392.37 µg/g and 3,016.06 µg/g in coremium and sclerotium, respectively. The coefficient of variation (CV) of nucleosides ranged from 8.36% to 112.36% in coremium of C. cicadae, and from 10.77% to 155.87% in sclerotium of C. cicadae. The CV of the nucleosides was wide within C. cicadae populations. The nested variation analysis by the nine nucleosides’ distribution indicated that about 42.29% of the nucleoside variability in coremium was attributable to the differentiation among populations, and the remaining 57.71% resided in the populations. It was also shown that about 28.94% of the variation in sclerotium was expressed between populations, while most of the variation (71.06%) corresponded to the populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Zeng
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, Institute of Herb Biotic Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, Institute of Herb Biotic Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
| | - Feng Ge
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jun-Yuan Yang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, Institute of Herb Biotic Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
| | - Zi-Hong Chen
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, Institute of Herb Biotic Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yuan-Bing Wang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, Institute of Herb Biotic Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yong-Dong Dai
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, Institute of Herb Biotic Resources, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China.
| | - Alison Adams
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Engineering, Forestry and Natural Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5640, USA.
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17
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Chen LH, Yang MJ, Guan YM, Zhu WF, Huang HL. Identification of Nucleosides and Nucleobases from Cultured Cordyceps militaris. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Four nucleosides and seven nucleobases were isolated from the BuOH subfraction of the extract of cultured Cordyceps militaris; one of them, 6-acetylpurine (1) is a new natural compound. The structure of 1 was determined on the basis of HR-ESI-MS, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330004, P. R. China
| | - Min-juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330004, P. R. China
| | - Yong-mei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330004, P. R. China
| | - Wei-feng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330004, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Lian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Nanchang 330004, P. R. China
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18
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Evaluation of triple stage mass spectrometry as a robust and accurate diagnostic tool for determination of free cordycepin in designer egg. Food Chem 2014; 150:213-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Lee SG, Hyun SH, Sung GH, Choi HK. Simple and Rapid Determination of Cordycepin in Cordyceps militarisFruiting Bodies by Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.862625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of Cordyceps with special reference to Cordycepin. 3 Biotech 2014; 4:1-12. [PMID: 28324458 PMCID: PMC3909570 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-013-0121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An entomopathogenic fungus, Cordyceps sp. has been known to have numerous pharmacological and therapeutic implications, especially, in terms of human health making it a suitable candidate for ethno-pharmacological use. Main constituent of the extract derived from this fungus comprises a novel bio-metabolite called as Cordycepin (3′deoxyadenosine) which has a very potent anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The current review discusses about the broad spectrum potential of Cordycepin including biological and pharmacological actions in immunological, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular systems as well as an anti-cancer agent. The article also reviews the current efforts to delineate the mechanism of action of Cordycepin in various bio-molecular processes. The study will certainly draw the attention of scientific community to improve the bioactivity and production of Cordycepin for its commercial use in pharmacological and medical fields.
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Szterk A, Roszko M. SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF FREE AMINO ACIDS, L-CARNOSINE, PURINE, PYRIMIDINE, AND NUCLEOSIDES IN MEAT BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/SINGLE QUADRUPOLE MASS SPECTROMETRY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.758136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Szterk
- a Department of Functional Food and Commodities Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences , Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Marek Roszko
- b Department of Food Analysis , Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology , Warsaw , Poland
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22
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Wang XY, Ma XH, Li W, Chu Y, Guo JH, Zhou SP, Zhu YH. Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of Six Active Components in Traditional Chinese Medicinal Preparation Cerebralcare Granule(R) by RP-HPLC Coupled with Diode Array Detection for Quality Control. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:814-7. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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23
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Li F, Yang FQ, Xia ZN. Simultaneous Determination of Ten Nucleosides and Related Compounds by MEEKC with [BMIM]PF6 as Oil Phase. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2507-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Wang Z, Li N, Wang M, Wang Y, Du L, Ji X, Yu A, Zhang H, Qiu F. Simultaneous determination of nucleosides and their bases in Cordyceps sinensis
and its substitutes by matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction and HPLC. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2348-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Wang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Lin Du
- College of Chemistry and Life Science; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Ji
- College of Chemistry and Life Science; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Aimin Yu
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Hanqi Zhang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Fangping Qiu
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science; Changchun University of Technology; Changchun P. R. China
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Ma B, Zhong Z, Hu H, Li H, Zhao C, Xie X, She X. Concise Enantioselective Synthesis of Cephalosporolide B, (4R)-4-OMe-Cephalosporolide C, and (4S)-4-OMe-Cephalosporolide C. Chem Asian J 2013; 8:1391-4. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201300332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Pharmacological Effects of Cordyceps and Its Bioactive Compounds. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59603-1.00013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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27
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Bioactive polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis: Isolation, structure features and bioactivities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Yin Y, Yu G, Chen Y, Jiang S, Wang M, Jin Y, Lan X, Liang Y, Sun H. Genome-wide transcriptome and proteome analysis on different developmental stages of Cordyceps militaris. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51853. [PMID: 23251642 PMCID: PMC3522581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cordyceps militaris, an ascomycete caterpillar fungus, has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for many years owing to its anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. Currently, artificial culturing of this beneficial fungus has been widely used and can meet the market, but systematic molecular studies on the developmental stages of cultured C. militaris at transcriptional and translational levels have not been determined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We utilized high-throughput Illumina sequencing to obtain the transcriptomes of C. militaris mycelium and fruiting body. All clean reads were mapped to C. militaris genome and most of the reads showed perfect coverage. Alternative splicing and novel transcripts were predicted to enrich the database. Gene expression analysis revealed that 2,113 genes were up-regulated in mycelium and 599 in fruiting body. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed to analyze the genes with expression differences. Moreover, the putative cordycepin metabolism difference between different developmental stages was studied. In addition, the proteome data of mycelium and fruiting body were obtained by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1-DGE) coupled with nano-electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nESI-LC-MS/MS). 359 and 214 proteins were detected from mycelium and fruiting body respectively. GO, KEGG and Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG) analysis were further conducted to better understand their difference. We analyzed the amounts of some noteworthy proteins in these two samples including lectin, superoxide dismutase, glycoside hydrolase and proteins involved in cordycepin metabolism, providing important information for further protein studies. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results reveal the difference in gene expression between the mycelium and fruiting body of artificially cultivated C. militaris by transcriptome and proteome analysis. Our study provides an effective resource for the further developmental and medicinal research of this promising fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guojun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianqing Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Yue K, Ye M, Zhou Z, Sun W, Lin X. The genus Cordyceps: a chemical and pharmacological review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 65:474-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Natural remedies are becoming increasingly popular and important in the public and scientific communities. Historically, natural remedies have been shown to present interesting biological and pharmacological activity and are used as chemotherapeutic agents. For centuries Cordyceps, which is a genus of more than 400 species in the family Clavicipitaceae, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. This study highlights the chemistry and pharmacology of Cordyceps, especially Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. and C. militaris (Fr.) L. Information was obtained from Google Scholar and the journal databases PubMed and Scopus.
Key findings
Many bioactive components of Cordyceps have been extracted, such as cordycepin, cordycepic acid, ergosterol, polysaccharides, nucleosides and peptides. Studies show that Cordyceps and its active principles possess a wide range of pharmacological actions, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumour, antihyperglycaemic, antiapoptosis, immunomodulatory, nephroprotective, and hepatoprotective.
Summary
More research is required to discover the full extent of the activity of Cordyceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yue
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Meng Ye
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zuji Zhou
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Wen Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Qi W, Yan YB, Lei W, Wu ZX, Zhang Y, Liu D, Shi L, Cao PC, Liu N. Prevention of disuse osteoporosis in rats by Cordyceps sinensis extract. Osteoporos Int 2012; 23:2347-57. [PMID: 22159671 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-011-1842-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cordyceps sinensis has been known as a traditional medicine in China, and C. sinensis plus strontium could prevent osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. The present study shows that daily oral administration of C. sinensis at higher doses in adult hind limb suspension rats can prevent disuse-induced bone loss and deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture. INTRODUCTION Cordyceps sinensis induces estradiol production and prevents osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats. This study was to examine whether C. sinensis can prevent disuse-induced osteoporosis. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into six groups, and five groups were treated with hind limb suspension (HLS). One HLS group received alendronate (2.0 mg/kg/day) orally, and to the three other HLS groups to each group, a different amount of C. sinensis (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg/day) was orally administered for 8 weeks before and after HLS. The remaining HLS group was set as a control without treatment. Each group consisted of 10 males and females. The body weights, biochemical parameters in serum and urine, bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), mechanical testing, and bone microarchitecture were examined. RESULTS Treatments with higher C. sinensis dosage (300 and 500 mg/kg/day) or alendronate had a positive effect on body weights, mechanical strength, BMD, and BMC compared to the other HLS groups. C. sinensis decreased markers of bone turnover dose dependently and increased the osteocalcin levels in HLS rats. The result of micro-CT analysis from the L4 vertebra showed that C. sinensis (500 mg/kg) significantly prevented the reduction of the bone volume fraction, connectivity density, trabeculae number, and thickness as well as improved the trabeculae separation and structure model index in HLS rats. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that administration of C. sinensis at higher doses over an 8-week period can prevent the disuse osteoporosis in rats. It implies that C. sinensis might be an alternative therapy for prevention of disuse-induced osteoporosis also in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No 15 Changle West Road, Xi'an, China
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Lee KH, Morris-Natschke SL, Yang X, Huang R, Zhou T, Wu SF, Shi Q, Itokawa H. Recent progress of research on medicinal mushrooms, foods, and other herbal products used in traditional Chinese medicine. J Tradit Complement Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Chen P, Li W, Li Q, Wang Y, Li Z, Ni Y, Koike K. Identification and quantification of nucleosides and nucleobases in Geosaurus and Leech by hydrophilic-interaction chromatography. Talanta 2011; 85:1634-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhao H, Chen J, Shi Q, Li X, Zhou W, Zhang D, Zheng L, Cao W, Wang X, Sen-Chun Lee F. Simultaneous determination nucleosides in marine organisms using ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2594-601. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sharma K, Singh R, Giri S, Rajagopal S, Mullangi R. Highly sensitive method for the determination of adenosine by LC-MS/MS-ESI: method validation and scope of application to a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:81-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Sharma
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Jubilant Biosys Ltd; Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur; Bangalore; 560 022; India
| | - Radheraman Singh
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Jubilant Biosys Ltd; Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur; Bangalore; 560 022; India
| | - Sanjeev Giri
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Jubilant Biosys Ltd; Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur; Bangalore; 560 022; India
| | - Sriram Rajagopal
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Jubilant Biosys Ltd; Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur; Bangalore; 560 022; India
| | - Ramesh Mullangi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Jubilant Biosys Ltd; Industrial Suburb, Yeshwanthpur; Bangalore; 560 022; India
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Wu G, Li L, Sung GH, Kim TW, Byeon SE, Cho JY, Park CW, Park HJ. Inhibition of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis by topical application of the butanol extract of Cordyceps bassiana in NC/Nga mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:504-509. [PMID: 21184821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The Cordyceps species are insect-borne mushrooms that have been ethnopharmacologically used for skin diseases such as eczema and dermatitis. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we investigated the curative effects of the butanol fraction (CBBF) of Cordyceps bassiana on atopic dermatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dermatitis was induced by repeated application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) in NC/Nga mice. After a topical application of CBBF on the skin lesions, the dermatitis score, epidermal thickness, mast cell number, and interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-γ, as well as the levels of histamine and immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the serum, were measured. Moreover, effect of CBBF on histamine release was examined using RBL-2H3 under stimulation with 2,4-dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA). RESULTS CBBF inhibited atopic dermatitis symptoms and signs in the DNFB-treated NC/Nga mice. The suppressive activity of topically applied CBBF may be due to the dose-dependent blockade of a series of immunopathological events, including the release of histamine, the production of IgE, and the secretion of IL-4 and IFN-γ. However, this extract did not directly suppress the degranulation process, assessed by measuring β-hexosaminidase release. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that CBBF can be applied as an effective herbal remedy to treat atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, 39 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 200-702, Republic of Korea
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Nie SP, Cui SW, Phillips AO, Xie MY, Phillips GO, Al-Assaf S, Zhang XL. Elucidation of the structure of a bioactive hydrophilic polysaccharide from Cordyceps sinensis by methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Zhang Z, Wang X, Zhang Y, Ye G. Effect of Cordyceps sinensis on renal function of patients with chronic allograft nephropathy. Urol Int 2011; 86:298-301. [PMID: 21335937 DOI: 10.1159/000323655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Cordyceps sinensis (Bailing capsule, fermented agent of C. sinensis) on renal function of patients with chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). METHODS A total of 231 CAN patients who underwent transplantation between 2005 and 2008 and experienced chronic graft dysfunction were randomly divided into 2 groups. Patients in group A (n = 122) were treated with immunosuppressive agents and C. sinensis (2.0 g/day, 3 times a day), while patients in group B (n = 109) were treated with traditional immunosuppressive drugs. Serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine clearance rate (C(Cr)) and urinary protein in 24 h (24-hour Upro) of all patients were measured before and after treatment. Urinary concentrations of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β(1), retinol-binding protein (RBP) and β(2)-microglobulin (β(2)-MG) were detected at the same time. RESULTS After 6-month treatment with C. sinensis, SCr and C(Cr) in group A were significantly improved (p < 0.05), while there was no significant improvement observed for group B. There was no significant change in BUN in groups A and B (p > 0.05). 24-hour Upro, RBP and β(2)-MG were lower in group A after treatment with C. sinensis (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01), and urinary TGF-β(1) in group A was significantly lower than the values before C. sinensis treatment (p < 0.05), but showed no change in patients of group B. In group A, renal function had improved in 72 cases, stabilized in 38 cases, and worsened in 12 cases. In group B, renal function had improved in 14 cases, stabilized in 50 cases, and worsened in 45 cases (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION C. sinensis therapy is advantageous in improving renal function of CAN patients by retarding CAN progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing, China
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Shin S, Park Y, Kim S, Oh HE, Ko YW, Han S, Lee S, Lee CK, Cho K, Kim K. Cordyceps militaris Enhances MHC-restricted Antigen Presentation via the Induced Expression of MHC Molecules and Production of Cytokines. Immune Netw 2010; 10:135-43. [PMID: 20844738 PMCID: PMC2939358 DOI: 10.4110/in.2010.10.4.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cordyceps militarys water extract (CME) has been reported to exert antitumor and immunomodulatory activities in vivo and in vitro. However, the therapeutic mechanism has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we examined the effects of CME on the antigen presenting function of antigen presenting cells (APCs). Methods Dendritic cells (DCs) were cultured in the presence of CME, and then allowed to phagocytose microspheres containing ovalbumin (OVA). After washing and fixing the efficacy of OVA, peptide presentation by DCs were evaluated using CD8 and CD4 T cells. Also, we confirmed the protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines through western blot analysis. Results CME enhanced both MHC class I and class II-restricted presentation of OVA in DCs. In addition, the expression of both MHC class I and II molecules was enhanced, but there was no changes in the phagocytic activity of exogenous OVA. Furthermore, CME induced the protein levels of iNOS, COX-2, proinflammatory cytokines, and nuclear p65 in a concentration-dependent manner, as determined by western blot. Conclusion These results provide an understanding of the mechanism of the immuno-enhancing activity of CME on the induction of MHC-restricted antigen presentation in relation to their actions on APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulmee Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, Seoul 139-742, Korea
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Das SK, Masuda M, Sakurai A, Sakakibara M. Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: current state and prospects. Fitoterapia 2010; 81:961-8. [PMID: 20650308 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is a potential harbour of bio-metabolites for herbal drugs and evidences are available about its applications for revitalization of various systems of the body from ancient times. Amongst all the species, C. militaris is considered as the oldest source of some useful chemical constituents. Besides their popular applications for tonic medicine by the all stairs of the community, the constituents of C. militaris are now used extensively in modern systems of medicine. The current survey records the mysterious potentials of C. militaris are boosting up the present herbal treatments, as well as gearing up the green pharmacy revolution, in order to create a friendly environment with reasonable safety. Evidence showed that the active principles of C. militaris are beneficial to act as pro-sexual, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant/anti-aging, anti-tumour/anti-cancer/anti-leukemic, anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-protozoal, insecticidal, larvicidal, anti-fibrotic, steroidogenic, hypoglacaemic, hypolipidaemic, anti-angiogenetic, anti-diabetic, anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-fatigue, neuroprotective, liver-protective, reno-protective as well as pneumo-protective, let alone their other synergistic activities, which let it be marketable in the western countries as over-the-counter medicine. A number of culture techniques for this mushroom have been noticed, for example, storage/stock culture, pre-culture, popular/indigenous culture (spawn culture, husked rice culture and saw dust culture) and, special/laboratory culture (shaking culture, submerged culture, surface liquid culture and continuous/repeated batch culture). The prospects for herbal biotechnology regarding drug discovery using C. militaris delivering what it has promised are high, as the technology is now extremely more powerful than before. This study chiefly highlights the medicinal uses of the mushroom C. militaris including its culture techniques, also aiming to draw sufficient attention of the researchers to the frontier research needs in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shonkor Kumar Das
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan.
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Analysis of seven purines and pyrimidines in pork meat products by ultra high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4294-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Cordyceps species, including C. sinensis, C. militaris, C. pruinosa and C. ophioglossoides, are prized traditional medicinal materials. The aim of this article is to review the chemical constituents and pharmacological actions of Cordyceps species. The chemical constituents include cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine) and its derivatives, ergosterol, polysaccharides, a glycoprotein and peptides containing α-aminoisobutyric acid. They include anti-tumour, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, antimicrobial, hypolipidaemic, hypoglycaemic, anti-ageing, neuroprotective and renoprotective effects. Polysaccharide accounts for the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumour, anti-metastatic, immunomodulatory, hypoglycaemic, steroidogenic and hypolipidaemic effects. Cordycepin contributes to the anti-tumour, insecticidal and antibacterial activity. Ergosterol exhibits anti-tumour and immunomodulatory activity. A DNase has been characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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Analysis of the main nucleosides in Cordyceps sinensis by LC/ESI-MS. Molecules 2010; 15:305-14. [PMID: 20110892 PMCID: PMC6257052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15010305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive, selective and reliable liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with electrospray ionization interface method for simultaneous separation and determination of thymine, adenine, adenosine and cordycepin in Cordyceps sinensis has been established. The optimum separation for these analytes was achieved using a gradient elution system and a 2.0 x 150 mm Shimadzu VP-ODS column. 2-Chloroadenosine was used as internal standard for this assay. [M+H]+ ions at m/z 127, 136, 268, 252 and 302 were chosen and selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode was used for quantitative analysis of the four main nucleosides. The regression equations were linear in the range of 1.0-117.5 microg x mL(-1) for thymine, 1.8-127.0 microg x mL(-1) for adenine, 0.6-114.0 microg x mL(-1) for adenosine and 0.5-107.5 microg x mL(-1) for cordycepin. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) and detection (LOD) were 1.0 and 0.2 microg x mL(-1) for thymine, 1.8 and 0.6 microg x mL(-1) for adenine, 0.6 and 0.1 microg x mL(-1) for adenosine and 0.5 and 0.1 microg x mL(-1) for cordycepin, respectively. The recoveries of the four nucleosides ranged from 98.47 to 99.32%. The developed method was successfully used to determine nucleosides in Cordyceps sinensis from different sources.
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Zhou X, Gong Z, Su Y, Lin J, Tang K. Cordyceps fungi: natural products, pharmacological functions and developmental products. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.03.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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HOU S, DING M. Simultaneous Separation and Determination of Eleven Nucleosides and Bases in Beer, Herring Sperm DNA and RNA Soft Capsule by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL SCI 2010; 26:1111-4. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie HOU
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University
| | - Mingyu DING
- Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University
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Huang Z, Richards MA, Zha Y, Francis R, Lozano R, Ruan J. Determination of inorganic pharmaceutical counterions using hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled with a Corona CAD detector. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:809-14. [PMID: 19616396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A simple generic approach was investigated for the determination of inorganic pharmaceutical counterions in drug substances using conventional high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) instruments. An intuitive approach combined Corona charged aerosol detection (CAD) with a polymer-based zwitterionic stationary phase in the hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) mode. Two generic methods based on this HILIC/CAD technique were developed to quantitate counterions such as Cl-, Br-, SO(4)(2-), K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in different pharmaceutical compounds. The development and capability of this HILIC/CAD technique analysis were examined. HILIC/CAD was compared to ion chromatography (IC), the most commonly used methodology for pharmaceutical counterion analysis. HILIC/CAD was found to have significant advantages in terms of: (1) being able to quantitate both anions and cations simultaneously without a need to change column/eluent or detection mode; (2) imposing much less restriction on the allowable organic percentage of the eluents than IC, and therefore being more appropriate for analysis of counterions of poorly water-soluble drugs; (3) requiring minimal training of the operating analysts. The precision and accuracy of counterion analysis using HILIC/CAD was not compromised. A typical precision of <2.0% was observed for all tested inorganic counterions; the determinations were within 2.0% relative to the theoretical counterion amount in the drug substance. Additionally, better accuracy was shown for Cl- in several drug substances as compared to IC. The main drawback of HILIC/CAD is its unsuitability for many of the current silica-based HILIC columns, because slight dissolution of silica leads to high baseline noise in the CAD detector. As a result of the universal detection characteristics of Corona CAD and the unique separation capabilities of a zwitterionic stationary phase, an intuitive and robust HPLC method was developed for the generic determination of various counterions in different drug substances. HILIC/CAD technique is a useful alternative methodology, particularly for determination of counterions in low-solubility drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Huang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Determination of nucleosides and nucleobases in different species of Cordyceps by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:307-14. [PMID: 19497699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In present study, a capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 12 nucleosides and nucleobases including cytosine, adenine, guanine, cytidine, cordycepin, adenosine, hypoxanthine, guanosine, inosine, 2'-deoxyuridine, uridine and thymidine in natural and cultured Cordyceps using 5-chlorocytosine arabinoside as an internal standard (IS). The CE separation conditions and MS parameters were optimized systematically for achieving good CE resolution and MS response of the investigated compounds. The optimum CE electrolyte was 100 mM formic acid containing 10% (v/v) methanol. The optimum MS parameters were as follows: 75% (v/v) methanol containing 0.3% formic acid with a flow rate of 3 microL/min was selected as the sheath liquid; the flow rate and temperature of drying gas were 6 L/min and 350 degrees C, respectively. The optimized CE-MS method was successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of 12 nucleosides and nucleobases in natural and cultured Cordyceps. On the basis of quantitative results, the total content of nucleosides is much higher in cultured Cordyceps (9138+/-4823 microg/g for cultured C. sinensis; 3722+/-1446 microg/g for C. militaris) than in natural ones (2167+/-412 microg/g). However, the hypoxanthine (131+/-47 microg/g) and inosine (335+/-90 microg/g) are much higher in natural C. sinensis. Cordycepin, which is abundant in cultured C. militaris (2276.5+/-842.6 microg/g), is only found in natural C. sinensis with very low content and cannot be detected in the cultured ones.
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Kuo HC, Su YL, Yang HL, Chen TY. Establishment and Application of PCR-SSCP Profile for Molecular Typing ofCordycepsFungi. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430802458354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zeng Z, Chau FT, Chan HY, Cheung CY, Lau TY, Wei S, Mok DKW, Chan CO, Liang Y. Recent advances in the compound-oriented and pattern-oriented approaches to the quality control of herbal medicines. Chin Med 2008; 3:9. [PMID: 18680568 PMCID: PMC2531114 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-3-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current approaches to the quality control of herbal medicines are either compound-oriented or pattern-oriented, the former targeting specific components with some known chemical properties and the latter targeting all detectable components. The marker approach uses specific chemical compounds with known molecular structures, while the multi-compound approach uses both chemical compounds with known structures and those with partial chemical information e.g. retention times, mass spectra and ultraviolet spectra. Apart from chromatographic techniques, new techniques such as oscillating and electrochemistry fingerprints have been developed for quality control. Chemometric resolution methods are widely used for component deconvolution and data comparison. Pattern recognition techniques are used for authentication of herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongda Zeng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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Zhang Z, Lei Z, L Y, L Z, Chen Y. Chemical composition and bioactivity changes in stale rice after fermentation with Cordyceps sinensis. J Biosci Bioeng 2008; 106:188-93. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.106.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liang XM, Jin Y, Wang YP, Jin GW, Fu Q, Xiao YS. Qualitative and quantitative analysis in quality control of traditional Chinese medicines. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:2033-44. [PMID: 18656880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Separation techniques with high efficiency and sensitive detection have been widely used for quality control of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). High-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis are commonly used to separate various components in TCMs. Ultraviolet detection, fluorescence detection, evaporative light-scattering detection, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance can be applied to separation techniques for qualitative and quantitative analysis of TCMs. The development of quality control for TCMs based on quantitative and qualitative analysis from 2000 to 2007 are reviewed; the fingerprint technique is also discussed due to its broad application in the quality control of TCMs. Prospects for further research based on our primary results are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-miao Liang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
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