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Assessment of Mini-Tablets Coating Uniformity as a Function of Fluid Bed Coater Inlet Conditions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050746. [PMID: 34070006 PMCID: PMC8157842 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study concerned the quality of mini-tablets’ coating uniformity obtained by either the bottom spray chamber with a classical Wurster distributor (CW) or a swirl distributor (SW). Mini-tablets with a diameter of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 mm were coated with hypromellose using two different inlet air distributors as well as inlet airflow rates (130 and 156 m3/h). Tartrazine was used as a colorant in the coating layer and the coating uniformity was assessed by spectrophotometric analysis of solutions obtained after disintegration of the mini-tablets (n = 100). Higher uniformity of coating material distribution among the mini-tablets was observed in the case of SW distributor, even for the biggest mini-tablets (d = 3.0 mm), with an RSD no larger than 5.0%. Additionally, coating thickness was evaluated by colorimetric analysis (n = 1000), using a scanner method, and expressed as a hue value. A high correlation (R = 0.993) between inter-tablet variability of hue and UV-Vis results was obtained. Mini-tablets were successfully coated in a fluid bed system using both a classical Wurster distributor as well as a swirl generator. However, regardless of the mini-tablets’ diameter, better film uniformity was achieved in the case of a distributor with a swirl generator.
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2
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Farkas D, Madarász L, Nagy ZK, Antal I, Kállai-Szabó N. Image Analysis: A Versatile Tool in the Manufacturing and Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050685. [PMID: 34068724 PMCID: PMC8151645 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In pharmaceutical sciences, visual inspection is one of the oldest methods used for description in pharmacopeias and is still an important part of the characterization and qualification of active ingredients, excipients, and dosage forms. With the development of technology, it is now also possible to take images of various pharmaceutical dosage forms with different imaging methods in a size range that is hardly visible or completely invisible to the human eye. By analyzing high-quality designs, physicochemical processes can be understood, and the results can be used even in the optimization of the composition of the dosage form and in the development of its production. The present study aims to show some of the countless ways image analysis can be used in the manufacturing and quality assessment of different dosage forms. This summary also includes measurements and an evaluation of, amongst others, a less studied dosage form, medicated foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Farkas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (D.F.); (I.A.)
| | - Lajos Madarász
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (L.M.); (Z.K.N.)
| | - Zsombor K. Nagy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rakpart 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (L.M.); (Z.K.N.)
| | - István Antal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (D.F.); (I.A.)
| | - Nikolett Kállai-Szabó
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Str. 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (D.F.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Zhong L, Gao L, Li L, Zang H. Trends-process analytical technology in solid oral dosage manufacturing. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 153:187-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Feng H, Mohan S. Application of Process Analytical Technology for Pharmaceutical Coating: Challenges, Pitfalls, and Trends. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:179. [PMID: 32596747 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01727-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Coating process is a critical unit operation for manufacturing solid oral dosage forms. For a long time, the coating weight gain has been discerned as the most important, if not only, characteristic describing the coating quality. As the introduction of quality by design (QbD) and advancement of process analytical technology (PAT), nowadays more techniques are available to analyze other quality attributes which have been overlooked but have substantial impacts on the performance of coated products. The techniques that permit rapid and non-destructive measurements are of particular importance to improve process operation and product quality. This article reviews the analytical techniques that have been and potentially could be used as PAT tools for characterizing the quality of pharmaceutical coating product. By identifying the challenges and pitfalls encountered during PAT application, the review aims at fostering the adoption of PAT for paving the way to enhanced quality and efficiency of the coating processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhou Feng
- Process analytical technology, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA.
| | - Shikhar Mohan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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O'Mahoney N, Keating JJ, McSweeney S, Hill S, Lawrence S, Fitzpatrick D. The sound of tablets during coating erosion, disintegration, deaggregation and dissolution. Int J Pharm 2020; 580:119216. [PMID: 32165222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This research aims to address a gap in our understanding of the mechanisms by which pharmaceutical tablets achieve highly reproducible and predictable drug release. The present industrial and regulatory practice is centred around tablet dissolution, i.e. what follows disintegration, yet the vast majority of problems that are found in formulation dissolution testing can be traced back to the erratic disintegration behaviour of the medicinal product. It is only due to the distinct lack of quantitative measurement techniques for disintegration analysis that this situation arises. Current methods involve costly, and time-consuming test equipment, resulting in a need for more simple, green and efficient methods which have the potential to enable rapid development and to accelerate routine solid drug formulation dissolution and disintegration testing. In this study, we present a novel approach to track several sequential tablet dissolution processes, including coating erosion, disintegration, deaggregation and dissolution using Broadband Acoustic Resonance Dissolution Spectroscopy (BARDS). BARDS, in combination with minimal usage of UV spectroscopy, can effectively track these processes. The data also show that a solid oral dose formulation has an intrinsic acoustic signature which is specific to the method of manufacture and excipient composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh O'Mahoney
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John J Keating
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Ireland; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Seán McSweeney
- BARDS Acoustic Science Labs, Bio-Innovation Centre, UCC, Ireland
| | - Sam Hill
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Ware, UK
| | - Simon Lawrence
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Ware, UK
| | - Dara Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Ireland; BARDS Acoustic Science Labs, Bio-Innovation Centre, UCC, Ireland.
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6
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Alfarsi A, O'Mahoney N, Arndt M, Kuntz T, McSweeney S, Krüse J, Skalsky B, Fitzpatrick D. A rapid in-process control (IPC) test to monitor the functionality of taste masking polymer coatings using Broadband Acoustic Resonance Dissolution Spectroscopy (BARDS). Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118559. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Yusof N, Green J, Pitt K, Arjmandi-Tash O, Campbell AI, Ahmadian H, Tantawy H, Smith R. A novel method for the analysis of particle coating behaviour via contact spreading in a tumbling drum: Effect of coating liquid viscosity. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Alfarsi A, Dillon A, McSweeney S, Krüse J, Griffin B, Devine K, Sherry P, Henken S, Fitzpatrick S, Fitzpatrick D. Broadband Acoustic Resonance Dissolution Spectroscopy (BARDS): A rapid test for enteric coating thickness and integrity of controlled release pellet formulations. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:31-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Agrawal AK, Sarkar PS, Singh B, Kashyap YS, Rao PT, Sinha A. Application of X-ray micro-CT for micro-structural characterization of APCVD deposited SiC coatings on graphite conduit. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 108:133-142. [PMID: 26722834 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SiC coatings are commonly used as oxidation protective materials in high-temperature applications. The operational performance of the coating depends on its microstructure and uniformity. This study explores the feasibility of applying tabletop X-ray micro-CT for the micro-structural characterization of SiC coating. The coating is deposited over the internal surface of pipe structured graphite fuel tube, which is a prototype of potential components of compact high-temperature reactor (CHTR). The coating is deposited using atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) and properties such as morphology, porosity, thickness variation are evaluated. Micro-structural differences in the coating caused by substrate distance from precursor inlet in a CVD reactor are also studied. The study finds micro-CT a potential tool for characterization of SiC coating during its future course of engineering. We show that depletion of reactants at larger distances causes development of larger pores in the coating, which affects its morphology, density and thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Agrawal
- Neutron and X-ray Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.
| | - P S Sarkar
- Neutron and X-ray Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - B Singh
- Neutron and X-ray Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Y S Kashyap
- Neutron and X-ray Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - P T Rao
- Powder Metallurgy Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - A Sinha
- Neutron and X-ray Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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10
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11
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Sheahan T, Briens L. Passive acoustic emissions monitoring of the coating of pellets in a fluidized bed—A feasibility analysis. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Folttmann F, Knop K, Kleinebudde P, Pein M. In-line spatial filtering velocimetry for particle size and film thickness determination in fluidized-bed pellet coating processes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 88:931-8. [PMID: 25460149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A spatial filtering velocimetry (SFV) probe was applied to monitor the increase in particle size during pellet Wurster coating processes in-line. Accuracy of the in-line obtained pellet sizes was proven by at-line performed digital image analysis (DIA). Regarding particle growth, high conformity between both analytical methods (SFV/DIA) was examined for different coating processes. The influence of ring buffer size and the process of filling the buffer were investigated. With buffer sizes of 30,000-50,000 particles best results were obtained in this study. Investigated process parameters, such as inlet air volume and spray rate, had different effects on the impact of the SFV probe. While the particle rate (the number of particles detected by the SVF probe per second) was highly dependent on the inlet air volume, different spray rates of up to ・}1 g/min did not affect the detected particle growth. Artefacts and delays in SFV particle sizing appeared especially at the beginning of the coating processes. The slope of the particle growth during the final spraying period was therefore used to determine coating thickness.
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13
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Sondej F, Bück A, Koslowsky K, Bachmann P, Jacob M, Tsotsas E. Investigation of coating layer morphology by micro-computed X-ray tomography. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Xu M, Liew CV, Heng PWS. Evaluation of the coat quality of sustained release pellets by individual pellet dissolution methodology. Int J Pharm 2014; 478:318-327. [PMID: 25435182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the application of 400-DS dissolution apparatus 7 for individual pellet dissolution methodology by a design of experiment approach and compared its capability with that of the USP dissolution apparatus 1 and 2 for differentiating the coat quality of sustained release pellets. Drug loaded pellets were prepared by extrusion-spheronization from powder blends comprising 50%, w/w metformin, 25%, w/w microcrystalline cellulose and 25%, w/w lactose, and then coated with ethyl cellulose to produce sustained release pellets with 8% and 10%, w/w coat weight gains. Various pellet properties were investigated, including cumulative drug release behaviours of ensemble and individual pellets. When USP dissolution apparatus 1 and 2 were used for drug release study of the sustained release pellets prepared, floating and clumping of pellets were observed and confounded the release profiles of the ensemble pellets. Hence, the release profiles obtained did not characterize the actual drug release from individual pellet and the applicability of USP dissolution apparatus 1 and 2 to evaluate the coat quality of sustained release pellets was limited. The cumulative release profile of individual pellet using the 400-DS dissolution apparatus 7 was found to be more precise at distinguishing differences in the applied coat quality. The dip speed and dip interval of the reciprocating holder were critical operational parameters of 400-DS dissolution apparatus 7 that affected the drug release rate of a sustained release pellet during the individual dissolution study. The individual dissolution methodology using the 400-DS dissolution apparatus 7 is a promising technique to evaluate the individual pellet coat quality without the influence of confounding factors such as pellet floating and clumping observed during drug release test with dissolution apparatus 1 and 2, as well as to facilitate the elucidation of the actual drug release mechanism conferred by the applied sustained release coat onto the pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore
| | - Celine Valeria Liew
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore
| | - Paul Wan Sia Heng
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore.
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15
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Avalle P, Pollitt M, Bradley K, Cooper B, Pearce G, Djemai A, Fitzpatrick S. Development of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) methods for controlled release pellet coating. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:244-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Oman Kadunc N, Sibanc R, Dreu R, Likar B, Tomaževič D. In-line monitoring of pellet coating thickness growth by means of visual imaging. Int J Pharm 2014; 470:8-14. [PMID: 24792980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Coating thickness is the most important attribute of coated pharmaceutical pellets as it directly affects release profiles and stability of the drug. Quality control of the coating process of pharmaceutical pellets is thus of utmost importance for assuring the desired end product characteristics. A visual imaging technique is presented and examined as a process analytic technology (PAT) tool for noninvasive continuous in-line and real time monitoring of coating thickness of pharmaceutical pellets during the coating process. Images of pellets were acquired during the coating process through an observation window of a Wurster coating apparatus. Image analysis methods were developed for fast and accurate determination of pellets' coating thickness during a coating process. The accuracy of the results for pellet coating thickness growth obtained in real time was evaluated through comparison with an off-line reference method and a good agreement was found. Information about the inter-pellet coating uniformity was gained from further statistical analysis of the measured pellet size distributions. Accuracy and performance analysis of the proposed method showed that visual imaging is feasible as a PAT tool for in-line and real time monitoring of the coating process of pharmaceutical pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Oman Kadunc
- Sensum, Computer Vision Systems, Tehnološki park 21, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia.
| | - Rok Sibanc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Rok Dreu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Boštjan Likar
- Sensum, Computer Vision Systems, Tehnološki park 21, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia; Laboratory of Imaging Technologies, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Dejan Tomaževič
- Sensum, Computer Vision Systems, Tehnološki park 21, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia; Laboratory of Imaging Technologies, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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17
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Sarkar S, Ang BH, Liew CV. Influence of starting material particle size on pellet surface roughness. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:131-9. [PMID: 24198222 PMCID: PMC3909175 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-0031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pelletization aids, i.e., microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone (XPVP), and filler, i.e., lactose, particle size on the surface roughness of pellets. Pellets were prepared from powder blends containing pelletization aid/lactose in 1:3 ratio by extrusion-spheronization. Surface roughness of pellets was assessed quantitatively and qualitatively using optical interferometry and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Both quantitative and qualitative surface studies showed that surface roughness of pellets depended on the particle size of XPVP and lactose used in the formulation. Increase in XPVP or lactose particle size resulted in rougher pellets. Formulations containing MCC produced pellets with smoother surfaces than those containing XPVP. Furthermore, surface roughness of the resultant pellets did not appear to depend on MCC particle size. Starting material particle size was found to be a critical factor for determining the surface roughness of pellets produced by extrusion-spheronization. Smaller particles can pack well with lower peaks and valleys, resulting in pellets with smoother surfaces. Similar surface roughness of pellets containing different MCC grades could be due to the deaggregation of MCC particles into smaller subunits with more or less similar sizes during wet processing. Hence, for starting materials that deaggregate during the wet processing, pellet surface roughness is influenced by the particle size of the material upon deaggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimanta Sarkar
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Bee Hwee Ang
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Celine Valeria Liew
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive, Singapore, 117543 Singapore
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18
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Haaser M, Karrout Y, Velghe C, Cuppok Y, Gordon K, Pepper M, Siepmann J, Rades T, Taday P, Strachan C. Application of terahertz pulsed imaging to analyse film coating characteristics of sustained-release coated pellets. Int J Pharm 2013; 457:521-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Li C, Zeitler JA, Dong Y, Shen YC. Non-destructive evaluation of polymer coating structures on pharmaceutical pellets using full-field optical coherence tomography. J Pharm Sci 2013; 103:161-6. [PMID: 24186321 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) using a conventional light-emitting diode and a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor camera has been developed for characterising coatings on small pellet samples. A set of en-face images covering an area of 700 × 700 μm(2) was taken over a depth range of 166 μm. The three-dimensional structural information, such as the coating thickness and uniformity, was subsequently obtained by analysis of the recorded en-face images. Drug-loaded pharmaceutical sustained-release pellets with two coating layers and of a sub-millimetre diameter were studied to demonstrate the usefulness of the developed system. We have shown that both coatings can be clearly resolved and the thickness was determined to be 40 and 50 μm for the outer and inner coating layers, respectively. It was also found that the outer coating layer is relatively uniform, whereas the inner coating layer has many particle-like features. X-ray computed microtomography measurements carried out on the same pellet sample confirmed all these findings. The presented FF-OCT approach is inexpensive and has better spatial resolution compared with other non-destructive analysis techniques such as terahertz pulsed imaging, and is thus considered advantageous for the quantitative analysis of thin coatings on small pellet samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK
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20
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Trnka H, Wu JX, Van De Weert M, Grohganz H, Rantanen J. Fuzzy Logic-based expert system for evaluating cake quality of freeze-dried formulations. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4364-74. [PMID: 24258283 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-drying of peptide and protein-based pharmaceuticals is an increasingly important field of research. The diverse nature of these compounds, limited understanding of excipient functionality, and difficult-to-analyze quality attributes together with the increasing importance of the biosimilarity concept complicate the development phase of safe and cost-effective drug products. To streamline the development phase and to make high-throughput formulation screening possible, efficient solutions for analyzing critical quality attributes such as cake quality with minimal material consumption are needed. The aim of this study was to develop a fuzzy logic system based on image analysis (IA) for analyzing cake quality. Freeze-dried samples with different visual quality attributes were prepared in well plates. Imaging solutions together with image analytical routines were developed for extracting critical visual features such as the degree of cake collapse, glassiness, and color uniformity. On the basis of the IA outputs, a fuzzy logic system for analysis of these freeze-dried cakes was constructed. After this development phase, the system was tested with a new screening well plate. The developed fuzzy logic-based system was found to give comparable quality scores with visual evaluation, making high-throughput classification of cake quality possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hjalte Trnka
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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21
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Nikowitz K, Folttmann F, Wirges M, Knop K, Pintye-Hódi K, Regdon G, Kleinebudde P. Development of a Raman method to follow the evolution of coating thickness of pellets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:1005-10. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.795583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Atarés L, Depypere F, Pieters J, Dewettinck K. Coating quality as affected by core particle segregation in fluidized bed processing. J FOOD ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Bikiaris D, Koutri I, Alexiadis D, Damtsios A, Karagiannis G. Real time and non-destructive analysis of tablet coating thickness using acoustic microscopy and infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Int J Pharm 2012; 438:33-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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In line NIR quantification of film thickness on pharmaceutical pellets during a fluid bed coating process. Int J Pharm 2011; 403:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Luštrik M, Dreu R, Šibanc R, Srčič S. Comparative study of the uniformity of coating thickness of pellets coated with a conventional Wurster chamber and a swirl generator-equipped Wurster chamber. Pharm Dev Technol 2010; 17:268-76. [PMID: 21073402 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.531740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the performance of two bottom-spray coaters and the effect of pellet-size variability on coating uniformity. A conventional Wurster chamber was used for the first group of trials, and a Wurster chamber with a novel swirl-flow generator design was used for the second. The results confirmed that when using a conventional Wurster coating chamber, pellets with a smaller diameter receive significantly less coating material compared to those with larger diameters. The swirl generator-equipped Wurster chamber achieved close to uniform coating thickness regardless of pellet size. The ratio (M(S)) of the mass of dye deposited in the coating layer to pellet surface area indicates that coating was much more evenly distributed using the swirl-flow coater. Coating thickness was also analyzed using SEM micrographs and the results were in close agreement with the M(S) factor values. Inter-particle coating mass variation was also lower in case of swirl-flow coater. The results of this study show that a swirl-flow coater is suitable for coating particles of variable size. They also showed an improvement in coating process yield when using the swirl-flow coater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matevž Luštrik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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26
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X-ray micro tomography and image analysis as complementary methods for morphological characterization and coating thickness measurement of coated particles. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Sasić S. Determining the coating thickness of tablets by chiseling and image analysis. Int J Pharm 2010; 397:109-15. [PMID: 20621174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Several tablets are chiseled and imaged in order to determine the variation in the coating thickness with the addition of the coating material (weight-gain). Chiseling is carried out with an ultrasonic chisel. The chiseled tablets are imaged in full and these images are exported into programming language Matlab in order to numerically analyze all the pixels along one side of the tablet. The coating thickness is statistically assessed at four cutting depths for three tablets obtained from four weight-gain experiments, a total of 48 images. The coating layer is clearly visible and determinable in the 'white-light' images even for the smallest weight gain of 1% but with sizeable errors due to the diffused boundaries between the coating and the core on one, and the coating and the background on the other side. Addition of the coating material clearly increases the coating thickness which is found to be somewhat higher at the top of the tablets than at the edges. Two approaches for assessment of the coating thickness are tested and are found to be in a very good agreement except for the thinnest coating layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slobodan Sasić
- Pfizer, Global Research and Development, Groton, 06340 CT, USA.
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28
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Young CR, Koleng JJ, McGinity JW. Properties of drug-containing spherical pellets produced by a hot-melt extrusion and spheronization process. J Microencapsul 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/02652040309178350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Young
- Drug Dynamics Institute, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - J. J. Koleng
- Pharmaform, L.L.C., 1006 East Yager Lane, Building D Suite 101, Austin, TX, 78753, USA
| | - J. W. McGinity
- Drug Dynamics Institute, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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29
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Mozina M, Tomazevic D, Leben S, Pernus F, Likar B. Digital imaging as a process analytical technology tool for fluid-bed pellet coating process. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 41:156-62. [PMID: 20541010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pellet coating processes are usually driven by fairly well optimized procedures, while coating suspension sprayed on pellets and adverse effects, such as agglomeration, can not be seen during coating process and are only detected at the very end of the process, when it is too late for any adjustments of the coating process. The aim of this study is to evaluate digital visual imaging as process analytical technology (PAT) tool for fluid-bed pellet coating processes. The method accurately estimates spherical diameter, coating thickness and adverse agglomeration of pellets by contactless measurements, classification and analysis of pellets based on digital imaging. Calibration and thorough assessment of the accuracy, precision, stability and speed of the proposed method was performed with high precision bearing balls. The obtained results on real pellets indicated that the method is feasible for real-time controlling, understanding, designing and optimizing of fluid-bed pellet coating processes according to PAT guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Mozina
- Sensum, Computer Vision Systems, Tehnoloski Park 21, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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30
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Non-destructive determination of the coating film thickness by X-ray powder diffractometry and correlation with the dissolution behavior of film-coated tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:952-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Antikainen O, Kachrimanis K, Malamataris S, Yliruusi J, Sandler N. Image analysis by pulse coupled neural networks (PCNN)—a novel approach in granule size characterization. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:51-7. [PMID: 17227620 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.1.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A biologically inspired spiking neural network model, the pulse coupled neural network (PCNN), has been applied for the first time in bulk particle characterization, and specifically in the characterization of pharmaceutical granule size distributions. The PCNN was trained on surface images of pharmaceutical granule beds, and the adjustable parameters (radius neuron interconnection, r0, linking weight coefficient, β, local threshold potential, VΘ, and number of iterations) were successfully optimized using design of experiments. As demonstrated with size fractions of granules, it was found that the PCNN produced granule size-dependent signals. In general, a first highest and relatively narrow peak located in the region of two to twelve iterations corresponded to smaller particle size, while larger particles resulted in wider peaks and in highest (not first) peak at a range between 13 and 25 iterations. Better predictions, i.e. lower RMSEP (root mean squared error of prediction) values, were obtained using high β value, low r0 and VΘ values, while the number of iterations had to exceed 110 and the optimized model (RMSEP lower than 5) corresponded to PCNN variables: r0 = 1, β = 0.4, VΘ = 2, and number of iterations = 150. The coefficient of determination (R2) of the model was 0.94 and the predicted variation (Q2) was 0.91, while the Pearson correlation coefficient between the predicted and the measured mean particle size by sieving for eight test batches was 0.98. These findings could be characterized as promising and encouraging for the further use of image analysis by PCNNs in pharmaceutical bulk particle size and shape characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmo Antikainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
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32
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Effects of film coating thickness and drug layer uniformity on in vitro drug release from sustained-release coated pellets: A case study using terahertz pulsed imaging. Int J Pharm 2009; 382:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Quantification of microparticle coating quality by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 73:179-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Heinicke G, Schwartz JB. Ammonio Polymethacrylate-Coated Diltiazem: Drug Release from Single Pellets, Media Dependence, and Swelling Behavior. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 12:285-96. [PMID: 17613892 DOI: 10.1080/10837450701247384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug release from single pellets was measured on an easily assembled flow-through system. Despite heterogeneity between pellets, the sum of the individual results resembled drug release from an ensemble. A typical pellet displayed a long lag followed by rapid release. Heterogeneity appeared to result from substrate properties rather than coating uniformity. Swelling behavior in acid and buffer was measured by dynamic image analysis and related to drug release. Drug release was sensitive to dissolution temperature but swelling was not. A description of the drug release process was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Heinicke
- Formulation Development, Actavis Elizabeth LLC, Elizabeth, NJ 07207, USA.
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35
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Heinicke G, Matthews F, Schwartz JB. The Effects of Substrate Size, Surface Area, and Density on Coat Thickness of Multi-Particulate Dosage Forms. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 10:85-96. [PMID: 15776816 DOI: 10.1081/pdt-49670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Drugs layering experiments were performed in a fluid bed fitted with a rotor granulator insert using diltiazem as a model drug. The drug was applied in various quantities to sugar spheres of different mesh sizes to give a series of drug-layered sugar spheres (cores) of different potency, size, and weight per particle. The drug presence lowered the bulk density of the cores in proportion to the quantity of added drug. Polymer coating of each core lot was performed in a fluid bed fitted with a Wurster insert. A series of polymer-coated cores (pellets) was removed from each coating experiment. The mean diameter of each core and each pellet sample was determined by image analysis. The rate of change of diameter on polymer addition was determined for each starting size of core and compared to calculated values. The core diameter was displaced from the line of best fit through the pellet diameter data. Cores of different potency with the same size distribution were made by layering increasing quantities of drug onto sugar spheres of decreasing mesh size. Equal quantities of polymer were applied to the same-sized core lots and coat thickness was measured. Weight/weight calculations predict equal coat thickness under these conditions, but measurable differences were found. Simple corrections to core charge weight in the Wurster insert were successfully used to manufacture pellets having the same coat thickness. The sensitivity of the image analysis technique in measuring particle size distributions (PSDs) was demonstrated by measuring a displacement in PSD after addition of 0.5% w/w talc to a pellet sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Heinicke
- Formulation Development, Alpharma, Elizabeth, NJ 07207, USA.
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36
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Patterson BM, Havrilla GJ. Integrating X-ray fluorescence and infrared imaging microspectroscopies for comprehensive characterization of an acetaminophen model pharmaceutical. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2006; 60:471-8. [PMID: 16756696 DOI: 10.1366/000370206777412158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The integration of full spectral images using the complementary microspectroscopic imaging techniques X-ray fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared is demonstrated. This effort surpasses previous work in that a single chemometric software package is used to elicit chemical information from the integrated spectroscopic images. Integrating these two complementary spectroscopic methods provides both elemental and molecular spatial distribution within a specimen. The critical aspect in this work is using full spectral maps from each pixel within the image and subsequent processing with chemometric tools to provide integrated chemical information. This integration enables a powerful approach to more comprehensive materials characterization. Issues addressed include sample registration and beam penetration depth and how each affects post-processing. An inorganic salt and an acetaminophen pharmaceutical model mixture demonstrate the power of integrating these techniques with chemometric software.
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37
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Larsen CC, Sonnergaard JM, Bertelsen P, Holm P. Validation of an image analysis method for estimating coating thickness on pellets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2003; 18:191-6. [PMID: 12594013 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(02)00260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A digital image analysis method for the estimation of mean pellet size and coating thickness employing optical microscopy was evaluated. The coating thickness was expressed as the difference in mean projected area radius of the uncoated and the coated pellets. The repeatability, the intermediate precision and the robustness of the image analysis method were investigated. The repeatability and the intermediate precision of the image analysis method was excellent with a low degree of scatter between the measurements. The robustness investigation on the image analysis method illustrated the importance of controlling and monitoring the illumination technique utilised. Calibration of the image analysis equipment was of the highest importance. Using pellets with a high degree of sphericity and narrow size distribution, it was sufficient to use 1000 pellets to estimate the mean pellet size and the coating thickness with an accuracy of +/-1.2 microm. An equation is presented for an approximation of the number of pellets necessary to achieve a given accuracy in the estimation of mean pellet size and coating thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crilles C Larsen
- Pharmaceutical Research and Development, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark.
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38
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Laitinen N, Antikainen O, Yliruusi J. Does a powder surface contain all necessary information for particle size distribution analysis? Eur J Pharm Sci 2002; 17:217-27. [PMID: 12453611 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(02)00189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to utilise a new approach where digital image information is used in the characterisation of particle size distributions of a large set of pharmaceutical powders. A novel optical set-up was employed to create images and calculate a stereometric parameter from the digital images of powder surfaces. Analysis was made of 40 granule batches with varying particle sizes and compositions prepared with fluidised bed granulation. The extracted digital image information was then connected to particle size using multivariate modelling. The modelled particle size distributions were compared to particle size determinations with sieve analysis and laser diffraction. The results revealed that the created models corresponded well with the particle size distributions measured with sieve analysis and laser diffraction. This study shows that digital images taken from powder surfaces contain all necessary data that is needed for particle size distribution analysis. To obtain this information from images careful consideration has to be given on the imaging conditions. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the new approach is a powerful means of analysis in particle size determination. The method is fast, the sample size needed is very small and the technique enables non-destructive analysis of samples. The method is suitable in the particle size range of approximately 20-1500 microm. However, further investigations with a broad range of powders have to be made to obtain information of the possibilities and limitations of the introduced method in powder characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Laitinen
- Pharmaceutical Technology Division, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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