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van Heule M, El-Sheikh Ali H, Monteiro HF, Scoggin K, Fedorka C, Weimer BC, Ball B, Daels P, Dini P. Characterization of the equine placental microbial population during nocardioform placentitis. Theriogenology 2024; 225:172-179. [PMID: 38810343 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Nocardioform placentitis is a poorly understood disease of equine late gestation. The presence of nocardioform, filamentous branching gram-positive bacteria, has been linked to the disease, with Crossiella equi, Amycolatopsis spp., and Streptomyces spp. being the most frequently identified bacteria. However, these bacteria are not found in all clinical cases in addition to being isolated from healthy, normal postpartum placentas. To better understand this form of placentitis, we analyzed the microbial composition in the equine placenta (chorioallantois) of both healthy postpartum (control; n = 11) and nocardioform-affected samples (n = 22) using 16S rDNA sequencing. We found a lower Shannon index in nocardioform samples, a higher Chao1 index in nocardioform samples, and a difference in beta diversity between control and nocardioform samples (p < 0.05), suggesting the presence of dysbiosis during the disease. In the majority of the NP samples (77 %), one of the following genera-Amycolatopsis, Crossiella, Lentzea, an unidentified member of the Pseudonocardiaceae family, Mycobacterium, or Enterococcus -represented over 70 % of the relative abundance. Overall, the data suggest that a broader spectrum of potential opportunistic pathogens could be involved in nocardioform placentitis, extending beyond the traditionally recognized bacteria, resulting in a similar histomorphological profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machteld van Heule
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, 9800, Belgium
| | - Hossam El-Sheikh Ali
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40503, USA
| | - Hugo Fernando Monteiro
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kirsten Scoggin
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40503, USA
| | - Carleigh Fedorka
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40503, USA
| | - Bart C Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Barry Ball
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40503, USA
| | - Peter Daels
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, 9800, Belgium
| | - Pouya Dini
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Morales-Vázquez MM, Meza-Serrano E, Lara-Pereyra I, Acuña-González RJ, Alonso-Morales R, Hayen-Valles S, Boeta AM, Zarco L, Lozano-Cuenca J, López-Canales JS, Flores-Herrera H. Equine Placentitis in Mares Induces the Secretion of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine eIL-1β and the Active Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. Vet Sci 2023; 10:532. [PMID: 37756054 PMCID: PMC10536981 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine placentitis is characterized by infection and inflammation of the placenta. Different biomarkers associated with this inflammatory response have been evaluated in experimentally induced equine placentitis, but not in pregnant mares with spontaneous placentitis. The aim of the current study was to determine the concentration of eIL-1β and the activity of proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 in the serum of healthy mares and mares with placentitis on days 240 and 320 of gestation to explore whether these biomarkers are associated with equine maternal placentitis and/or with the birth of an infected or inviable foals. Serum samples were collected from sixteen pregnant English Thoroughbred mares, retrospectively classified as follows: (1) healthy mares with full-term gestation; and (2) mares with ultrasonographic signs of placentitis. The health of each foal was examined at birth, and it was decided to classify the cases into four groups: (1) healthy mares delivering a healthy foals (HM-HF, n = 6); (2) mares with USP delivering a healthy foal (USP-HF, n = 3); (3) mares with USP delivering a live septic foal (USP-LSeF, n = 4); and (4) mares with USP delivering a dead foal (USP-DF, n = 3). eIL-1β was quantified by ELISA, and proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 activity by gelatin zymography electrophoresis. In healthy mares, the serum concentrations of eIL-1β underwent a significant 16.5-fold increase from day 240 to day 320 of gestation. Although similar results were found in the mares with ultrasonographic signs of placentitis that delivered a healthy foal, those delivering a live septic or nonviable foal exhibited much higher concentrations of eIL-1β. proMMP-2 and proMMP-9 activity was not associated with maternal placentitis, foal infection, or death. Hence, the presence of placentitis severe enough to affect the health of the foal can be confirmed or discarded by determining the eIL-1β concentration in mares that have shown ultrasonographic signs of placentitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Margarita Morales-Vázquez
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes” INPerIER, Ciudad de México 11000, CP, Mexico; (M.M.M.-V.); (R.J.A.-G.)
- Departamento de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico; (E.M.-S.); (S.H.-V.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Europa Meza-Serrano
- Departamento de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico; (E.M.-S.); (S.H.-V.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Irlando Lara-Pereyra
- Departamento de Ginecología, Hospital General de Zona 252, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Atlacomulco 28984, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Josué Acuña-González
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes” INPerIER, Ciudad de México 11000, CP, Mexico; (M.M.M.-V.); (R.J.A.-G.)
| | - Rogelio Alonso-Morales
- Genética, Laboratorio de Biotecnologías, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico;
| | - Sergio Hayen-Valles
- Departamento de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico; (E.M.-S.); (S.H.-V.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Ana Myriam Boeta
- Departamento de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, CP, Mexico; (E.M.-S.); (S.H.-V.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Luis Zarco
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Producción Ovina, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tres Marías, Ciudad de México 62515, Mexico;
| | - Jair Lozano-Cuenca
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes” INPerIER, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (J.L.-C.); (J.S.L.-C.)
| | - Jorge Skiold López-Canales
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes” INPerIER, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico; (J.L.-C.); (J.S.L.-C.)
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Héctor Flores-Herrera
- Departamento de Immunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes” INPerIER, Ciudad de México 11000, CP, Mexico; (M.M.M.-V.); (R.J.A.-G.)
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van Heule M, Monteiro HF, Bazzazan A, Scoggin K, Rolston M, El-Sheikh Ali H, Weimer BC, Ball B, Daels P, Dini P. Characterization of the equine placental microbial population in healthy pregnancies. Theriogenology 2023; 206:60-70. [PMID: 37187056 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In spite of controversy, recent studies present evidence that a microbiome is present in the human placenta. However, there is limited information about a potential equine placental microbiome. In the present study, we characterized the microbial population in the equine placenta (chorioallantois) of healthy prepartum (280 days of gestation, n = 6) and postpartum (immediately after foaling, 351 days of gestation, n = 11) mares, using 16S rDNA sequencing (rDNA-seq). In both groups, the majority of bacteria belonged to the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidota. The five most abundant genera were Bradyrhizobium, an unclassified Pseudonocardiaceae, Acinetobacter, Pantoea, and an unclassified Microbacteriaceae. Alpha diversity (p < 0.05) and beta diversity (p < 0.01) were significantly different between pre- and postpartum samples. Additionally, the abundance of 7 phyla and 55 genera was significantly different between pre- and postpartum samples. These differences suggest an effect of the caudal reproductive tract microbiome on the postpartum placental microbial DNA composition, since the passage of the placenta through the cervix and vagina during normal parturition had a significant influence on the composition of the bacteria found in the placenta when using 16S rDNA-seq. These data support the hypothesis that bacterial DNA is present in healthy equine placentas and opens the possibility for further exploration of the impact of the placental microbiome on fetal development and pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machteld van Heule
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hugo Fernando Monteiro
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ali Bazzazan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kirsten Scoggin
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Matthew Rolston
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hossam El-Sheikh Ali
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Bart C Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Barry Ball
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Peter Daels
- Department of Morphology, Imaging, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pouya Dini
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Cantón GJ, Navarro MA, Asin J, Chu P, Henderson EE, Mete A, Uzal FA. Equine abortion and stillbirth in California: a review of 1,774 cases received at a diagnostic laboratory, 1990-2022. J Vet Diagn Invest 2023; 35:153-162. [PMID: 36744759 PMCID: PMC9999402 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231152788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproductive failure represents an important cause of economic loss for the equine industry. We reviewed the cases of equine abortion and stillbirth submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis from 1990 to 2022. A total of 1,774 cases were reviewed. A confirmed cause of abortion was determined in 29.2% of the cases. Abortion or stillbirth was attributed to infectious agents in 18.7% of the cases, with Streptococcus spp., equine herpesvirus 1, and Leptospira spp. being the most prevalent. Noninfectious causes of abortion were established in 10.5% of the cases, with umbilical cord torsion being the most common. In 70.8% of the cases, a definitive cause of abortion could not be established. Our study demonstrated the difficulties in establishing an etiologic diagnosis, even when following a standard diagnostic work-up. New diagnostic approaches are needed to improve the likelihood of reaching a final diagnosis in cases of equine abortion and stillbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán J. Cantón
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Mauricio A. Navarro
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Javier Asin
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino, Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter Chu
- Davis, Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eileen E. Henderson
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino, Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA, USA
| | - Asli Mete
- Davis, Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA, USA
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino, Laboratories, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, CA, USA
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Nocardioform placentitis in a sample population of mares foaling in southeastern Pennsylvania and northeastern Maryland in 2020. Theriogenology 2022; 192:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wollanke B, Gerhards H, Ackermann K. Infectious Uveitis in Horses and New Insights in Its Leptospiral Biofilm-Related Pathogenesis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:387. [PMID: 35208842 PMCID: PMC8875353 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveitis is a sight-threatening eye disease in equids known worldwide that leads to considerable pain and suffering. By far the most common type of uveitis in Germany and neighboring countries is classical equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), which is caused by chronic intraocular leptospiral infection and is the main cause of infectious uveitis in horses. Other infectious causes are extremely rare and are usually clinically distinguishable from ERU. ERU can be treated very effectively by vitreous cavity lavage (vitrectomy). For proper indications of this demanding surgery, it is necessary to differentiate ERU from other types of uveitis in which vitrectomy is not helpful. This can be conducted on the basis of anamnesis in combination with ophthalmologic findings and by aqueous humor examination. During vitrectomy, vitreous material is obtained. These vitreous samples have historically been used for numerous etiologic studies. In this way, a chronic intraocular leptospiral infection has been shown to be the cause of typical ERU and, among other findings, ERU has also been recognized as a biofilm infection, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of ERU and explaining some thus far unexplainable phenomena of ERU. ERU may not only have transmissible aspects to some types of uveitis in humans but may also serve as a model for a spontaneously occurring biofilm infection. Vitreous material obtained during therapeutically indicated vitrectomy can be used for further studies on in vivo biofilm formation, biofilm composition and possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wollanke
- Equine Clinic, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (H.G.); (K.A.)
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First Confirmed Diagnosis of Nocardioform Placentitis (Amycolatopsis lexingtonensis) in South America. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 110:103835. [PMID: 34921982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nocardioform placentitis is a pathologically unique form of placental disease first diagnosed in central Kentucky in the mid-80s. Since then, the occurrence of nocardioform placentitis in the region has varied over the years, from sporadic cases to outbreaks. The disease has been sporadically detected in other countries and has not been confirmed in South America. A 13-year-old multiparous Mangalarga delivered a healthy filly at 340d gestation. The mare passed the fetal membranes 33 minute after foaling. Gross examination of the fetal membranes identified two focal lesions on the chorionic surface consistent with focal mucoid placentitis. Histopathologic evaluation revealed hyperplasia and degeneration of the allantoic mesoderm, intense mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates with marked lymphocytes and plasma, and occasional macrophages and neutrophils in the microvilli. Necrotic debris and exudate were identified in the chorionic epithelium, with macrophages, plasma cells, and neutrophils confirming the diagnosis of focal mucoid placentitis. The exudate culture revealed white, firm, punctiform colonies of ∼1 mm diameter. Gram staining revealed bacilli with rounded ends and branching aspect typical of actinomycetes. PCR using primers for the 16S rRNA identified the genera of bacteria as Amycolatopsis. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis identified the isolate as Amycolatopsis lexingtonensis. In conclusion, we described the first confirmed case of nocardioform placentitis in South America. The present case was associated with the birth of a full-term healthy live foal; this result is consistent with Amycolatopsis spp and, in this case, was caused by A. lexingtonensis.
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Agerholm JS, Klas EM, Damborg P, Borel N, Pedersen HG, Christoffersen M. A Diagnostic Survey of Aborted Equine Fetuses and Stillborn Premature Foals in Denmark. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:740621. [PMID: 34859085 PMCID: PMC8631530 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.740621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Loss of pregnancy in mares can have many different causes, including both infectious and non-infectious conditions. Extrapolation of findings from other studies is often uncertain as the significance of each cause varies across regions. Causes of pregnancy loss in mares have never been thoroughly studied in Denmark, so a prospective cross-sectional cohort study targeting the entire Danish population of pregnant mares was performed over a period of 13 months to obtain knowledge of the significance of individual causes. Fifty aborted or prematurely delivered stillborn fetuses were submitted for necropsy and examined by a panel of diagnostic laboratory methods. Results: Overall, a cause of fetal loss was established for 72% of the examined cases. Most cases (62%) were lost due to a non-infectious cause, of which obstruction of the feto-placental blood circulation due to severe torsion of the umbilical cord was most prevalent. Pregnancy loss due to a variety of opportunistic bacteria, including bacteria not previously associated with abortion in mares, accounted for 12%, while equid alphaherpesvirus (EHV) type 1 was the cause of pregnancy loss in 8% of the cases. EHV type 4 and Chlamydiaceae species were identified in some cases, but not regarded as the cause of fetal loss. Conclusion: Umbilical cord torsion was found to be the most prevalent cause of fetal loss in Danish mares, while infectious causes such as EHV type 1 and streptococci only accounted for a minor proportion of the losses. The study highlights the need for defined criteria for establishing an abortion diagnosis in mares, particularly in relation to EHV types 1 and 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Steen Agerholm
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Høje Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Eva-Maria Klas
- Department of Molecular Biology, LABOKLIN GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Peter Damborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanne Gervi Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Høje Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Mette Christoffersen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Høje Taastrup, Denmark
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El-Sheikh Ali H, Loux SC, Kennedy L, Scoggin KE, Dini P, Fedorka CE, Kalbfleisch TS, Esteller-Vico A, Horohov DW, Erol E, Carter CN, Smith JL, Ball BA. Transcriptomic analysis of equine chorioallantois reveals immune networks and molecular mechanisms involved in nocardioform placentitis. Vet Res 2021; 52:103. [PMID: 34238364 PMCID: PMC8268225 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00972-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocardioform placentitis (NP) continues to result in episodic outbreaks of abortion and preterm birth in mares and remains a poorly understood disease. The objective of this study was to characterize the transcriptome of the chorioallantois (CA) of mares with NP. The CA were collected from mares with confirmed NP based upon histopathology, microbiological culture and PCR for Amycolatopsis spp. Samples were collected from the margin of the NP lesion (NPL, n = 4) and grossly normal region (NPN, n = 4). Additionally, CA samples were collected from normal postpartum mares (Control; CRL, n = 4). Transcriptome analysis identified 2892 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in NPL vs. CRL and 2450 DEGs in NPL vs. NPN. Functional genomics analysis elucidated that inflammatory signaling, toll-like receptor signaling, inflammasome activation, chemotaxis, and apoptosis pathways are involved in NP. The increased leukocytic infiltration in NPL was associated with the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP1, MMP3, and MMP8) and apoptosis-related genes, such as caspases (CASP3 and CASP7), which could explain placental separation associated with NP. Also, NP was associated with downregulation of several placenta-regulatory genes (ABCG2, GCM1, EPAS1, and NR3C1), angiogenesis-related genes (VEGFA, FLT1, KDR, and ANGPT2), and glucose transporter coding genes (GLUT1, GLUT10, and GLUT12), as well as upregulation of hypoxia-related genes (HIF1A and EGLN3), which could elucidate placental insufficiency accompanying NP. In conclusion, our findings revealed for the first time, the key regulators and mechanisms underlying placental inflammation, separation, and insufficiency during NP, which might lead to the development of efficacious therapies or diagnostic aids by targeting the key molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam El-Sheikh Ali
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.,Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Shavahn C Loux
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Laura Kennedy
- UK Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Pouya Dini
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Carleigh E Fedorka
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Theodore S Kalbfleisch
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | | | - David W Horohov
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Erdal Erol
- UK Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Craig N Carter
- UK Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Jackie L Smith
- UK Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Barry A Ball
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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10
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Fedorka CE, Scoggin KE, Ruby RE, Erol E, Ball BA. Clinical, pathologic, and epidemiologic features of nocardioform placentitis in the mare. Theriogenology 2021; 171:155-161. [PMID: 34058508 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Placentitis is the leading cause of infectious abortion in the horse and contributes to roughly 19% of all abortions in the United States. A type of placental infection, nocardioform placentitis (NP) is associated with gram-positive branching actinomycetes localized within the ventral body of the feto-maternal interface to create a lymphoplasmacytic mucoid lesion. While the etiology of this disease is poorly described, this placental infection continues to cause episodic abortions in addition to weak and/or growth retarded neonates. The goal of the present study was to perform a comprehensive analysis of pregnancies associated with a nocardioform-affected placenta and make inferences into the epidemiology of this elusive disease. To do so, 264 mares were enrolled in the study, with 145 as having suspected disease (n = 145; NP) either based on pregnancy-related complications or postpartum placental evaluation, while an additional 119 were enrolled as healthy pregnancies (n = 119; CON). Following diagnosis as either NP or CON based on gross and histopathology at the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, information was gathered on the mares and neonates for comparisons between diseased and healthy pregnancies. Clinically, a significant portion of diseased mares had clinical indications of NP, including premature mammary gland development, thickening of the placenta noted on transrectal ultrasonography, and separation between the chorioallantois and endometrium noted on abdominal ultrasonography, while vulvar discharge was not commonly noted. Additionally, NP was correlated with increased mare age, decreased gestational length, and decreased neonatal weight, although neonatal IgG and WBC were comparable to CON. Incidence of NP was not correlated with last breeding date, pre- and post-breeding therapeutics, parity, prophylactic medications, or housing. Additionally, NP did not affect postpartum fertility. While NP was associated with a poor neonatal outcome (abortion and/or growth retarded neonate), this did not appear to be influenced by the bacteria isolated (Amycolatopsis spp. vs. Crossiella equi), and mares diagnosed with NP do not appear to be infectious to other pregnant mares nor have repetitive years of the disease. Interestingly, lesion size was positively correlated with last breeding date, as mares bred later in the breeding season correlating with a larger placental lesion. In conclusion, while the etiology of NP continues to elude researchers, the epidemiology of this disease has gained clarity, providing inferences into the management of suspect mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Fedorka
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - K E Scoggin
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - R E Ruby
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - E Erol
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - B A Ball
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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11
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Fedorka CE, Ball BA, Walker OF, McCormick ME, Scoggin KE, Kennedy LA, Squires EL, Troedsson MHT. Alterations of Circulating Biomarkers During Late Term Pregnancy Complications in the Horse Part I: Cytokines. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 99:103425. [PMID: 33781421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Equine abortions are attributed to both infectious and noninfectious causes. Clinical extrapolations are often made from the experimental model for ascending placentitis towards other causes of fetal compromise, including various markers of inflammation, including the cytokines IL-2, 5, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, and TNF. It is unknown if these cytokine changes are noted under field conditions, or if they increase preceding other pregnancy related complications. To assess this, Thoroughbred mares (n = 702) had weekly blood obtained beginning in December 2013 and continuing until parturition. Fetal membranes were submitted to the UKVDL for complete gross and pathologic assessment and classified as either ascending placentitis (n = 6), focal mucoid placentitis (n = 6), idiopathic abortion (n = 6) or control (n = 20). Weekly serum samples were analyzed via immunoassay for concentrations of IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, and TNF. For both focal mucoid placentitis and ascending placentitis, an increase (P < .05) in the concentrations of IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ, and TNF was noted preceding parturition in comparison to controls. Cytokine profiles preceding idiopathic abortion did not differ from controls. In conclusion, serum cytokines may be considered potential biomarkers for the prediction of placental infection, while no changes in cytokine profiles were noted when noninfectious causes of abortion occurred. Additionally, this is the first study to report an increase in cytokines during the disease process of focal mucoid placentitis, the etiology of which includes Nocardioform placentitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Fedorka
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Lexington, KY
| | - B A Ball
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Lexington, KY.
| | - O F Walker
- Lincoln Memorial University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Harrogate, TN
| | - M E McCormick
- Rhode Island College, College of Nursing. Providence, RI; Rhode Island Department of Health. Providence, RI
| | - K E Scoggin
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Lexington, KY
| | - L A Kennedy
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Lexington, KY
| | - E L Squires
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Lexington, KY
| | - M H T Troedsson
- University of Kentucky, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Lexington, KY
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12
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Fedorka CE, Ball BA, Wynn MAA, McCormick ME, Scoggin KE, Esteller-Vico A, Curry TE, Kennedy LA, Squires EL, Troedsson MHT. Alterations of Circulating Biomarkers During Late Term Pregnancy Complications in the Horse Part II: Steroid Hormones and Alpha-Fetoprotein. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 99:103395. [PMID: 33781417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Preterm labor and/or abortion causes considerable economic impact on the equine industry. Unfortunately, few experimental models exist for the induction of various pregnancy-related complications, and therefore extrapolations are made from the experimental model for ascending placentits, although inferences may be minimal. Certain steroid hormones (progestogens, estrogens) and fetal proteins (alpha-fetoprotein; AFP) might improve the diagnostics for abnormal pregnancy, but the utility of these markers in the field is unknown. To assess this, thoroughbred mares (n = 702) were bled weekly beginning in December 2013 until parturition/abortion. Following parturition, fetal membranes were assessed histopathologically and classified as either ascending placentitis (n = 6), focal mucoid placentitis (n = 6), idiopathic abortion (n = 6) or no disease (n = 20). Weekly serum samples were analyzed for concentrations of progesterone, estradiol-17β, and AFP. Samples were analyzed retrospectively from the week of parturition/abortion in addition to the preceding four weeks. For both ascending and focal mucoid placentitis, a significant increase in progesterone and AFP was noted, alongside a significant decrease in estradiol-17β and the ratio of estradiol-17β to progesterone in comparison to controls. In contrast, idiopathic abortions experienced a decrease in progesterone concentrations alongside an increase in AFP, and this was only noted in the week preceding parturition/abortion. In conclusion, spontaneous placental infection in the horse altered both endocrine and feto-secretory markers in maternal circulation, while minimal changes were noted preceding noninfectious idiopathic abortion. Additionally, this is the first study to report an alteration in steroid hormones and AFP during the disease process of focal mucoid placentitis, the etiology of which includes Nocardioform placentitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carleigh E Fedorka
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Barry A Ball
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
| | - Michelle A A Wynn
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Meghan E McCormick
- Rhode Island College, College of Nursing, Providence, RI; Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI
| | - Kirsten E Scoggin
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Thomas E Curry
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY
| | - Laura A Kennedy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Edward L Squires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Mats H T Troedsson
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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13
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Ajayi OL, Antia RE, Awoyomi OJ, Oladipo TM, Adebowale OO. Cultural, histochemical, and immunohistochemical detection of pathogenic Leptospira species in the kidneys of cattle slaughtered in two abattoirs in Southwest Nigeria. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2020; 41:337-353. [PMID: 32141391 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2020.1736096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The impact of leptospirosis on food animals and humans has not been fully elucidated. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira organism in renal tissues of slaughtered cattle from two major abattoirs in southwestern Nigeria. One hundred and seventy (170) kidney samples of different breeds, ages, and sexes were collected and examined using cultural isolation, microscopic agglutination test (MAT), Warthin silver (WSs) impregnation and immunohistochemistry (IH). Chi-square test was used with a confidence level set at 0.05 to ascertain associations between positive cases and sex, age, and breed. One hundred and thirty (76.5%) of the kidney samples were culturally positive while 83.3% (25/31), 41.6% (37/89), and 35% (7/20) were MAT, WSss, and immunohistochemically positive, respectively. Interstitial nephritis (87%, 94/108) and tubular nephrosis (77.8%, 84/108) were the most prominent and consistent microscopic lesions observed.Serovars Hardjoprajitno (29%) and Bratislava (22.6%) were the most prevalent serovars. To the best of our knowledge, studies on determination of pathogenic Leptospira serovars using cultural isolation, MAT, WSSs, and IH from kidneys of naturally infected cattle in Nigeria are rare. This study is the most comprehensive work in the detection of pathogenic Leptospira species from cattle in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Lawrence Ajayi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta College of Veterinary Medicine, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Richard Edem Antia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olajoju Jokotola Awoyomi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Reproduction, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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14
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Diel de Amorim M, Chenier TS, Card C, Back B, McClure JT, Hanna P. Treatment of Hydropsical Conditions Using Transcervical Gradual Fetal Fluid Drainage in Mares With or Without Concurrent Abdominal Wall Disease. J Equine Vet Sci 2018; 64:81-88. [PMID: 30973158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydropsical conditions are exceedingly rare in the horse. However, when they occur, they are true emergencies due to the severe enlargement of the pregnant uterus, which can result in clinical signs, such as an enlarged round abdomen, dyspnea, reluctance to walk, and colic, and may lead to the development of abdominal wall disease. The pathogenesis of hydropsical conditions is not fully elucidated, but they have been associated with placentitis and fetal abnormalities. This report describes six cases of hydropsical conditions in mares with or without concurrent abdominal wall disease. Five out of six cases were hydrallantois, and of these five, two mares had abdominal wall disease; the remaining one out of six cases was hydramnios. All mares were treated by termination of the pregnancy through gradual fluid drainage transcervically over a number of hours, and their fetuses were delivered vaginally. All fetuses were euthanized immediately after vaginal delivery. Of the six mares, two had signs of placentitis, two were confirmed seropositive for leptospirosis, and two were euthanized (one because of a vaginal tear that communicated through the peritoneum and one mare that developed abdominal wall rupture and laminitis). The remaining 4 mares were available for follow-up; three mares were not rebred, and one mare became an embryo donor, with a successful embryo recovery. We reported the prevalence of leptospira involvement in two out of six cases of hydrallantois and also described the clinical outcome of the mares after treatment with slow fetal fluid drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Diel de Amorim
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.
| | - Tracey S Chenier
- Departments of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Claire Card
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Bradley Back
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - J Trenton McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Paul Hanna
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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15
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16
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Abstract
Reproductive disease is relatively common in the horse, resulting in a variable, yet significant, economic impact on individual horsemen as well as the entire industry. Diverse expertise from the veterinary community ensures and improves individual and population health of the horse. From a pathology and diagnostics perspective, this review provides a comprehensive overview of pathology of the male and female equine reproductive tract. Recognition by clinical and gross features is emphasized, although some essential histologic parameters are included, as appropriate. Where relevant, discussion of ancillary diagnostic tests and approaches are included for some diseases and lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Snider
- Department of Pathobiology, 250 McElroy Hall, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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17
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Benkirane A, Noury S, Hartskeerl RA, Goris MGA, Ahmed A, Nally JE. Preliminary Investigations on the Distribution ofLeptospiraSerovars in Domestic Animals in North-west Morocco. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:e178-84. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Benkirane
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II; Rabat Morocco
| | - S. Noury
- Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II; Rabat Morocco
| | | | | | - A. Ahmed
- KIT Biomedical Research; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - J. E. Nally
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
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18
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Erol E, Jackson CB, Steinman M, Meares K, Donahoe J, Kelly N, Locke S, Smith JL, Carter CN. A diagnostic evaluation of real-time PCR, fluorescent antibody and microscopic agglutination tests in cases of equine leptospiral abortion. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:171-4. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Erol
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
| | - C. B. Jackson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
| | - M. Steinman
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
| | - K. Meares
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
| | - J. Donahoe
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
| | - N. Kelly
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
| | - S. Locke
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
| | - J. L. Smith
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
| | - C. N. Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory; University of Kentucky; Lexington USA
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19
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Serodiagnosis of equine leptospirosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using four recombinant protein markers. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:478-83. [PMID: 24451330 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00649-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis, caused by Leptospira spp., is one of the most common zoonotic diseases in the world. We tested four recombinant proteins of Leptospira interrogans, namely, rLipL21, rLoa22, rLipL32, and rLigACon4-8, to evaluate their potential for use as antigens for the diagnosis of equine leptospirosis. We employed equine sera (n = 130) that were microscopic agglutination test (MAT) negative and sera (n = 176) that were MAT positive for the 5 serovars that most commonly cause equine leptospirosis. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA compared to MAT were 82.39% and 86.15%, respectively, for LigACon4-8, 77.84% and 92.31%, respectively, for Loa22, 77.84% and 86.15%, respectively, for LipL32, and 84.66% and 83.85%, respectively, for LipL21. When one of the two antigens was test positive, the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 93.75% and 78.46%, respectively, for rLigACon4-8 and LipL32, 93.18% and 76.15%, respectively, for rLigACon4-8 and LipL21, 89.77% and 80.77%, respectively, for rLigACon4-8 and Loa22, 91.48% and 78.46%, respectively, for LipL21 and Loa22, 93.75% and 76.92%, respectively, for LipL21 and LipL32, and 90.34% and 80.77%, respectively, for Loa22 and LipL32. In conclusion, we have developed an indirect ELISA utilizing rLigACon4-8, rLoa22, rLipL32, and rLipL21 as diagnostic antigens for equine leptospirosis. The use of four antigens in the ELISA was found to be sensitive and specific, the assay was easy to perform, and the results concurred with the results of the standard Leptospira MAT.
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20
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Leptospirosis in horses. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:61-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Todhunter KH, Muscatello G, Blishen AJ, Chicken C, Perkins NR, Gilkerson JR, Begg AP. Bacteria isolated from field cases of equine amnionitis and fetal loss. Aust Vet J 2013; 91:138-42. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KH Todhunter
- Tails and Scales Veterinary Services; Scone; NSW; Australia
| | - G Muscatello
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Melbourne; Victoria; Australia
| | - AJ Blishen
- Scone Veterinary Hospital; Scone; NSW; Australia
| | - C Chicken
- Scone Veterinary Hospital; Scone; NSW; Australia
| | - NR Perkins
- AusVet Animal Health Services; Toowoomba; Queensland; Australia
| | - JR Gilkerson
- Equine Infectious Disease Laboratory; School of Veterinary Science; The University of Melbourne; Victoria; Australia
| | - AP Begg
- Vetnostics; North Ryde; NSW; Australia
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22
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Erol E, Williams NM, Sells SF, Kennedy L, Locke SJ, Donahue JM, Carter CN. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Crossiella equi and Amycolatopsis species causing nocardioform placentitis in horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:1158-61. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638712462377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocardioform actinomycetes are significant causes of placentitis and abortions in horses. In the current study, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 38 Amycolatopsis spp. and 22 Crossiella equi isolates, the most common nocardioform actinomycetes causing placentitis in horses, were evaluated. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of these isolates were tested by broth microdilution method in a commercial system, which was designed for Nocardia spp., fast-growing Mycobacterium spp., and other aerobic actinomycetes. The minimum inhibitory concentration required to inhibit the growth of 90% of organisms (MIC90) of the following antibiotics tested for Amycolatopsis spp. were: 4 µg/ml for linezolid, trimethophrim–sulfametaxazole (TMP-SMX), and ciprofloxacin; 8 µg/ml for ceftriaxone, doxycycline, and minocycline; 16 µg/ml for amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, clarithromycin, and imipenem; >16 µg/ml for tobramycin; 32 µg/ml for amikacin and cefepime; and 128 µg/ml for cefoxitin. The MIC90 levels for C. equi were 0.25 µg/ml for doxycycline; ≤1 µg/ml for minocycline; 2 µg/ml for linezolid and TMP-SMX; 4 µg/ml for ciprofloxacin; 8 µg/ml for amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, and imipenem; 16 µg/ml for clarithromycin; >16 µg/ml for tobramycin; 32 µg/ml for cefepime; >64 µg/ml for amikacin; and 128 µg/ml for cefoxitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Erol
- University of Kentucky, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, KY
| | - Neil M. Williams
- University of Kentucky, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, KY
| | - Stephen F. Sells
- University of Kentucky, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, KY
| | - Laura Kennedy
- University of Kentucky, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, KY
| | - Stephen J. Locke
- University of Kentucky, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, KY
| | - James M. Donahue
- University of Kentucky, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, KY
| | - Craig N. Carter
- University of Kentucky, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lexington, KY
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23
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An investigation of a recent outbreak of nocardioform placentitis caused abortions in horses. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:425-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Foote AK, Ricketts SW, Whitwell KE. A racing start in life? The hurdles of equine feto-placental pathology. Equine Vet J 2012:120-9. [PMID: 22594040 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding and monitoring the causes of equine abortion over past decades. However, not all in utero pathology results in abortion. It has long been recognised that some in utero pathology, such as twinning or chronic placentitis, can result in the birth of live but growth-retarded foals and there is historical evidence that birth weight may influence future athletic performance. Clinical experience (e.g. from twins) and experimental studies (pony-Thoroughbred embryo transfer) have highlighted the importance of reduced functional placental area in limiting growth in utero in horses. Many other nonfatal in utero pathologies (e.g. umbilical cord-related circulatory compromise) can potentially affect either placental function or other organ systems. Their influence on the short- and long-term health of the foal and its future athletic performance is in many cases poorly documented or understood. This review summarises the main causes of in utero pathology and reflects on how these may potentially affect the foal if born alive, highlighting the need for long-term studies on this important subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Foote
- Beaufort Cottage Laboratories, Rossdale and Partners, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK.
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25
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Johnson AK, Roberts JF, Hagan A, Wilborn RR, Dujovne G, Sells SF, Donahue JM. Infection of an equine placenta with a novel mycobacterial species leading to abortion. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:785-90. [PMID: 22585955 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712445766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 25-year-old pregnant American Quarter Horse mare presented with a 1-week history of progressively worsening vaginal discharge. Transrectal ultrasound revealed increased thickness of the combined uterus and placenta with evidence of chorioallantoic edema but no placental separation. A thickened amnion was visible on transabdominal ultrasound. Abortion occurred 2 days after presentation despite medical treatment. At necropsy, the chorioallantois had variable but diffuse thickening with focally extensive browning of the chorionic surface in the right horn and adjacent body. There were fluid-filled sacculations on the allantoic surface of the umbilical cord, allantoamnion, and chorioallantois associated with diffuse perivascular fluid microscopically. A nonbranching acid-fast bacterium identified as belonging to the genus Mycobacterium Runyon group IV was isolated from the chorioallantois and uterine fluid. Ziehl-Neelsen stain confirmed the presence of intracellular acid-fast bacilli in trophoblasts of the gravid horn and the cervical star area. The current case is unique in that the mycobacteria did not initiate a significant granulomatous inflammatory response in the chorion unless villar necrosis occurred. Sequence analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and the rpoβ gene, encoding the β subunit of RNA polymerase, indicated that the strain of mycobacteria isolated in this case belonged to a novel species of rapidly growing mycobacteria and not to an established species. Mycobacteria are an uncommon and sporadic cause of placentitis and abortion, but should be suspected in cases of chronic placentitis that are not restricted to the cervical star area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aime K Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, John Thomas Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital, 1500 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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26
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Shanahan LM, Slovis NM. Leptospira interrogans associated with hydrallantois in 2 pluriparous Thoroughbred mares. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 25:158-61. [PMID: 21155889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L M Shanahan
- McGee Medicine Center, Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
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27
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Labeda DP, Price NP, Kroppenstedt RM, Donahue JM, Williams NM, Sells SF. Streptomyces atriruber sp. nov. and Streptomyces silaceus sp. nov., two novel species of equine origin. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 59:2899-903. [PMID: 19628594 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.008862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two actinomycete strains, NRRL B-24165(T) and NRRL B-24166(T), isolated from lesions on equine placentas in Kentucky, USA, were analysed using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, morphological observations and the presence of ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in whole-cell hydrolysates, the new isolates clearly belonged to the genus Streptomyces. Analyses of the phylogenetic positions of strains NRRL B-24165(T) and NRRL B-24166(T) based on 16S rRNA gene sequences of all recognized species of the genus Streptomyces, as well as evaluation of morphological and physiological characteristics, demonstrated that the new isolates could be differentiated from all recognized species and therefore represented novel species. It is proposed that the new strains represent two novel species for which the names Streptomyces atriruber sp. nov. (type strain NRRL B-24165(T)=DSM 41860(T)=LDDC 6330-99(T)) and Streptomyces silaceus sp. nov. (NRRL B-24166(T)=DSM 41861(T)=LDDC 6638-99(T)) are proposed. The species names are based on the distinctive colours of the substrate mycelium of these strains, dark red and deep orange-yellow, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Labeda
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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Lin YP, Lee DW, McDonough SP, Nicholson LK, Sharma Y, Chang YF. Repeated domains of leptospira immunoglobulin-like proteins interact with elastin and tropoelastin. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:19380-91. [PMID: 19473986 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.004531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira spp., the causative agents of leptospirosis, adhere to components of the extracellular matrix, a pivotal role for colonization of host tissues during infection. Previously, we and others have shown that Leptospira immunoglobulin-like proteins (Lig) of Leptospira spp. bind to fibronectin, laminin, collagen, and fibrinogen. In this study, we report that Leptospira can be immobilized by human tropoelastin (HTE) or elastin from different tissues, including lung, skin, and blood vessels, and that Lig proteins can bind to HTE or elastin. Moreover, both elastin and HTE bind to the same LigB immunoglobulin-like domains, including LigBCon4, LigBCen7'-8, LigBCen9, and LigBCen12 as demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and competition ELISAs. The LigB immunoglobulin-like domain binds to the 17th to 27th exons of HTE (17-27HTE) as determined by ELISA (LigBCon4, K(D) = 0.50 microm; LigBCen7'-8, K(D) = 0.82 microm; LigBCen9, K(D) = 1.54 microm; and LigBCen12, K(D) = 0.73 microm). The interaction of LigBCon4 and 17-27HTE was further confirmed by steady state fluorescence spectroscopy (K(D) = 0.49 microm) and ITC (K(D) = 0.54 microm). Furthermore, the binding was enthalpy-driven and affected by environmental pH, indicating it is a charge-charge interaction. The binding affinity of LigBCon4D341N to 17-27HTE was 4.6-fold less than that of wild type LigBCon4. In summary, we show that Lig proteins of Leptospira spp. interact with elastin and HTE, and we conclude this interaction may contribute to Leptospira adhesion to host tissues during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Pin Lin
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Coffman EA, Abd-Eldaim M, Craig LE. Abortion in a Horse Following Neorickettsia Risticii Infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2008; 20:827-830. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870802000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A pregnant 18-year-old Quarterhorse mare presented with fever, anorexia, tachycardia, tachypnea, and gastrointestinal hypermotility at day 68 of gestation. Potomac horse fever was diagnosed based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of whole blood and a high antibody titer to Neorickettsia risticii. The mare made a rapid clinical recovery following antibiotic therapy, but aborted 98 days later. Necropsy on the aborted fetus revealed lymphohistiocytic colitis, lymphadenitis, myocarditis, and hepatitis. The placenta was grossly and histologically normal. Formalin-fixed lymph node, thymus, liver, and colon taken from the aborted fetus were positive by PCR for N. risticii DNA. Potomac horse fever is a common disease in horses that may result in delayed abortion. The microscopic lesions in the fetus are characteristic, and the diagnosis can be confirmed by PCR on formalin-fixed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Coffman
- Class of 2009, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - Mohamed Abd-Eldaim
- Departments of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
- Virology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Linden E. Craig
- Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
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Abstract
This article is presented with two main goals: (1) to provide equine clinicians with a resource for identifying types of serum tests available and (2) to outline briefly the necessary sample type, assay principle, and relative strengths and weakness of the various methods. Specific etiologies are presented and grouped by clinical diagnosis categories, along with brief comments concerning each disorder and its relevant diagnostic assays. This organization provides an abstracted list of infectious disorders commonly considered for the various clinical presentations and a summary of available serologic tests for narrowing the differential diagnosis list. The reader is also provided with a list of specific laboratories that perform the diagnostic assay for the mentioned disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt L Zimmerman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Sebastian MM, Giles RC, Donahu JM, Sells SF, Fallon L, Vickers ML. Dermatophilus congolensis-Associated Placentitis, Funisitis and Abortion in a Horse. Transbound Emerg Dis 2008; 55:183-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2007.00981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sebastian MM, Giles RC, Donahu JM, Sells SF, Fallon L, Vickers ML. Dermatophilus congolensis-Associated Placentitis, Funisitis and Abortion in a Horse. Transbound Emerg Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2007.00981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Immunogenicity of the recombinant leptospiral putative outer membrane proteins as vaccine candidates. Vaccine 2007; 25:8190-7. [PMID: 17936448 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 08/30/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Leptospiral putative outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are likely to be essential components of more effective vaccines. Recently completed genomic sequences of Leptospira allowed us to target putative OMPs for the development of recombinant vaccines. We focused on 12 putative OMPs that had no homology with other organisms listed in the NCBI database except MceI and MceII of Leptospira, which are approximately 25% homologous to MceI of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. All putative OMPs were cloned, expressed and purified as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins. Primary screening for immunoprotective potential was performed in hamsters challenged with an LD50 inoculum of low passage serovar Pomona. Out of these 12 OMPs three fusion proteins viz. rLp1454, rLp1118 and rMceII were found to be protective in a hamster model of leptospirosis. The protective efficacy was evaluated on the basis of survival, histopathological lesions in vital organs and antibody responses against each antigen. All the recombinant proteins were able to enhance the survival and reduce the histopathological lesions. In contrast, control animals immunized with rGST demonstrated low survival and had significant lesions. Further, these three proteins were evaluated for synergistic protective efficacy as compared to LigA, which has already been established as a protective antigen. Our results indicate that rLp1454, rLp1118, and rMceII showed protection individually and synergistically against serovar Pomona infection, which may help us to develop a multicomponent vaccine for leptospirosis.
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Labeda DP, Donahue JM, Sells SF, Kroppenstedt RM. Lentzea kentuckyensis sp. nov., of equine origin. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007; 57:1780-1783. [PMID: 17684256 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.64245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel actinomycete, designated strain LDDC 2876-05T, was isolated from an equine placenta during the course of routine diagnostic tests for nocardioform placentitis. In a preliminary study, the strain was observed to be phylogenetically distinct from the generaCrossiellaandAmycolatopsisand probably a member of the genusLentzea.A polyphasic study of strain LDDC 2876-05Tconfirmed its identification as a member ofLentzeaon the basis of its chemotaxonomic and morphological similarity to all of the known species of the genus. Moreover, the strain could be distinguished from other species with validly published names on the basis of its phylogenetic and physiological characteristics and its fatty acid profile. Therefore strain LDDC 2876-05Trepresents a novel species of the genusLentzea, for which the nameLentzea kentuckyensissp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LDDC 2876-05T(=NRRL B-24416T=DSM 44909T).
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Labeda
- Microbial Genomics and Bioprocessing Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA - Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - J M Donahue
- Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - S F Sells
- Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - R M Kroppenstedt
- DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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Szeredi L, Haake DA. Immunohistochemical identification and pathologic findings in natural cases of equine abortion caused by leptospiral infection. Vet Pathol 2006; 43:755-61. [PMID: 16966455 PMCID: PMC2667201 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-5-755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the utility of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the diagnosis of leptospiral equine abortion and to compare IHC to silver staining and serology of the aborted mares. Ninety-six fetuses from 57 farms were examined using all 3 diagnostic techniques, revealing evidence of leptospiral infection in 3 fetuses (3.1%) from 3 (5.3%) different farms. A new finding in 1 of these confirmed cases of leptospiral abortion was the presence of macroscopic pinpoint grayish-white nodules that had a histologic correlate of hepatic necrosis; other histologic findings were consistent with those previously reported. IHC performed using 2 different leptospiral antisera (multivalent whole-cell rabbit antiserum and rabbit antiserum against the major outer membrane protein LipL32) yielded similar results. IHC was more sensitive (19/21 [90.5%] tissue samples) than silver staining (8/21 [38.1%] tissue samples), and more specific than serology performed using the microscopic agglutination test. The primary advantage of IHC over silver staining was the ability of IHC to identify leptospiral antigen not only as morphologically intact spiral forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Szeredi
- Central Veterinary Institute, Budapest, Tábornok u. 2, H-1149 Hungary.
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Christensen BW, Troedsson MHT, Roberts JF, Pozor MA, Macpherson ML, Eichelberger AC. Theriogenology question of the month. Bleeding varicose veins. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228:1507-10. [PMID: 16677118 DOI: 10.2460/javma.228.10.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce W Christensen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Christensen BW, Roberts JF, Pozor MA, Giguere S, Sells SF, Donahue JM. Nocardioform placentitis with isolation ofAmycolatopsisspp in a Florida-bred mare. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228:1234-9. [PMID: 16618229 DOI: 10.2460/javma.228.8.1234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 4-year-old Thoroughbred mare was evaluated because of placental abnormalities and a retained placental remnant. CLINICAL FINDINGS Microbial culture of the placenta yielded pure growth of Amycolatopsis spp. Histologic examination of the placenta revealed a focally expanding chorionitis with intralesional gram-positive filamentous bacilli and multifocal allantoic adenomatous hyperplasia on the apposing allantoic surface. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Treatment with lavage and oxytocin resulted in expulsion of the placental remnant within hours of parturition. The mare did not become pregnant again despite multiple breedings. The foal appeared healthy but died of complications during an elective surgical procedure at 7 weeks of age. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE To the author's knowledge, all previously confirmed cases of nocardioform placentitis have been in mares bred in the central Kentucky region. Indications that the pathogen in the mare reported here is a different species than that isolated in Kentucky suggest that this is an emerging disease. Mares with nocardioform placentitis usually do not have the same clinical signs as mares with placentitis resulting from an ascending pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce W Christensen
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Davis JL, Salmon JH, Papich MG. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of doxycycline after oral administration of single and multiple doses in horses. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:310-6. [PMID: 16454638 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.2.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics, safety, and penetration into interstitial fluid (ISF), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs), and aqueous humor of doxycycline after oral administration of single and multiple doses in horses. ANIMALS 6 adult horses. PROCEDURE The effect of feeding on drug absorption was determined. Plasma samples were obtained after administration of single or multiple doses of doxycycline (20 mg/kg) via nasogastric tube. Additionally, ISF, PMNLs, and aqueous humor samples were obtained after the final administration. Horses were monitored for adverse reactions. RESULTS Feeding decreased drug absorption. After multiple doses, mean +/- SD time to maximum concentration was 1.63 +/- 1.36 hours, maximum concentration was 1.74 +/- 0.3 microg/mL, and elimination half-life was 12.07 +/- 3.17 hours. Plasma protein binding was 81.76 +/- 2.43%. The ISF concentrations correlated with the calculated percentage of non-protein-bound drug. Maximum concentration was 17.27 +/- 8.98 times as great in PMNLs, compared with plasma. Drug was detected in aqueous humor at 7.5% to 10% of plasma concentrations. One horse developed signs of acute colitis and required euthanasia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that doxycycline administered at a dosage of 20 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours will result in drug concentrations adequate for killing intracellular bacteria and bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration < or = 0.25 microg/mL. For bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5 to 1.0 microg/mL, a dosage of 20 mg/kg, PO, every 12 hours may be required; extreme caution should be exercised with the higher dosage until more safety data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Davis
- Clinical Pharmacology, Research Laboratories, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Vemulapalli R, Langohr IM, Sanchez A, Kiupel M, Bolin CA, Wu CC, Lin TL. Molecular detection of Leptospira kirschneri in tissues of a prematurely born foal. J Vet Diagn Invest 2005; 17:67-71. [PMID: 15690955 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis was identified to be the possible cause of premature birth in a foal on a farm with a history of repeated abortions. Using an appropriate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, the presence of Leptospira kirschneri was detected in the tissues of the prematurely born foal. Further confirmation of L. kirschneri was obtained by nucleotide sequence analysis of the PCR-amplified DNA fragment and the partial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence. This report further supports mounting evidence that a PCR assay capable of detecting L. kirschneri should be included in routine diagnostic investigations in which Leptospira spp. infection is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Vemulapalli
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Bolin DC, Donahue JM, Vickers ML, Giles RC, Harrison L, Jackson C, Poonacha KB, Roberts JE, Sebastian MM, Sells SE, Tramontin R, Williams NM. Equine abortion and premature birth associated with Cellulosimicrobium cellulans infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2004; 16:333-6. [PMID: 15305747 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 2002 and 2003 foaling seasons, Cellulosimicrobium (Cellumonas) cellulans (formerly Oerskovia xanthineolytica) was the principal microorganism isolated from fetal tissues or placentas from cases of equine abortion, premature birth, and term pregnancies. Significant pathologic findings included chronic placentitis and pyogranulomatous pneumonia. In addition, microscopic and macroscopic alterations in the allantochorion from 4 of 7 cases of placentitis were similar to those caused by Crossiella equi and other nocardioform bacteria. This report confirms a causative role of C. cellulans infection in equine abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bolin
- Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40511-4125, USA
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Labeda DP, Donahue JM, Williams NM, Sells SF, Henton MM. Amycolatopsis kentuckyensis sp. nov., Amycolatopsis lexingtonensis sp. nov. and Amycolatopsis pretoriensis sp. nov., isolated from equine placentas. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2003; 53:1601-1605. [PMID: 13130055 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.02691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinomycete strains isolated from lesions on equine placentas from two horses in Kentucky and one in South Africa were subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Chemotaxonomic and morphological characteristics indicated that the isolates are members of the genus AMYCOLATOPSIS: On the basis of phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences, the isolates are related most closely to Amycolatopsis mediterranei. Physiological characteristics of these strains indicated that they do not belong to A. mediterranei and DNA relatedness determinations confirmed that these strains represent three novel species of the genus Amycolatopsis, for which the names Amycolatopsis kentuckyensis (type strain, NRRL B-24129(T)=LDDC 9447-99(T)=DSM 44652(T)), Amycolatopsis lexingtonensis (type strain, NRRL B-24131(T)=LDDC 12275-99(T)=DSM 44653(T)) and Amycolatopsis pretoriensis (type strain, NRRL B-24133(T)=ARC OV1 0181(T)=DSM 44654(T)) are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Labeda
- Microbial Genomics and Bioprocessing Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - J M Donahue
- Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - N M Williams
- Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - S F Sells
- Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40511, USA
| | - M M Henton
- Golden Vetlab, PO 1537, Alberton, South Africa
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