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Herbert J, Laskin DL, Gow AJ, Laskin JD. Chemical warfare agent research in precision-cut tissue slices-a useful alternative approach. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1480:44-53. [PMID: 32808309 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) in military conflicts and against civilians is a recurrent problem. Despite ongoing CWA research using in vitro or in vivo models, progress to elucidate mechanisms of toxicity and to develop effective therapies, decontamination procedures, and general countermeasures is still limited. Novel scientific approaches to address these questions are needed to expand perspectives on existing knowledge and gain new insights. To achieve this, the use of ex vivo techniques like precision-cut tissue slices (PCTSs) can be a valuable approach. Existing studies employing this economical and relatively easy to implement method show model suitability and comparability with the use of in vitro and in vivo models. In this article, we review research on CWAs in PCTSs to illustrate the advantages of the approach and to promote future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Herbert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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2
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Carranza-Torres IE, Viveros-Valdez E, Guzmán-Delgado NE, García-Davis S, Morán-Martínez J, Betancourt-Martínez ND, Balderas-Rentería I, Carranza-Rosales P. Protective effects of phenolic acids on mercury-induced DNA damage in precision-cut kidney slices. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 22:367-375. [PMID: 31168340 PMCID: PMC6535197 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.30056.7242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Precision-cut tissue slices are considered an organotypic 3D model widely used in biomedical research. The comet assay is an important screening test for early genotoxicity risk assessment that is mainly applied on in vitro models. The aim of the present study was to provide a 3D organ system for determination of genotoxicity using a modified method of the comet assay since the stromal components from the original tissue make this technique complicated. Materials and Methods: A modified comet assay technique was validated using precision-cut hamster kidney slices to analyze the antigenotoxic effect of the phenolic compounds caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rosmarinic acid in tissue slices incubated with 15 µM HgCl2. Cytotoxicity of the phenolic compounds was studied in Vero cells, and by morphologic analysis in tissue slices co-incubated with HgCl2 and phenolic compounds. Results: A modification of the comet assay allows obtaining better and clear comet profiles for analysis. Non-cytotoxic concentrations of phenolic acids protected kidney tissue slices against mercury-induced DNA damage, and at the same time, were not nephrotoxic. The highest protection was provided by 3 µg/ml caffeic acid, although 6 µg/ml rosmarinic and 9 µg/ml chlorogenic acids also exhibited protective effects. Conclusion: This is the first time that a modification of the comet assay technique is reported as a tool to visualize the comets from kidney tissue slices in a clear and simple way. The phenolic compounds tested in this study provided protection against mercury-induced genotoxic damage in precision-cut kidney slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Edith Carranza-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ultraestructura, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila. Torreón, Coah. México.,Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, NL. México
| | - Ezequiel Viveros-Valdez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL. México
| | - Nancy Elena Guzmán-Delgado
- División de Investigación, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad # 34, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, NL. México
| | - Sara García-Davis
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL. México
| | - Javier Morán-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ultraestructura, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila. Torreón, Coah. México
| | - Nadia Denys Betancourt-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ultraestructura, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila. Torreón, Coah. México
| | - Isaías Balderas-Rentería
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL. México
| | - Pilar Carranza-Rosales
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, NL. México
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Bigaeva E, Bomers JJM, Biel C, Mutsaers HAM, de Graaf IAM, Boersema M, Olinga P. Growth factors of stem cell niche extend the life-span of precision-cut intestinal slices in culture: A proof-of-concept study. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 59:312-321. [PMID: 31158490 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Precision-cut intestinal slices (PCIS) is an ex vivo culture technique that found its applications in toxicology, drug transport and drug metabolism testing, as well as in fibrosis research. The main limiting factor of PCIS as experimental model is the relatively short viability of tissue slices. Here, we describe a strategy for extending the life-span of PCIS during culture using medium that is routinely used for growing intestinal organoids. Mouse and rat PCIS cultured in standard medium progressively showed low ATP/protein content and severe tissue degradation, indicating loss of tissue viability. In turn, organoid medium, containing epithelial growth factor (EGF), Noggin and R-spondin, maintained significantly higher ATP/protein levels and better preserved intestinal architecture of mouse PCIS at 96 h. In contrast, organoid medium that additionally contained Wnt, had a clear positive effect on the ATP content of rat PCIS during 24 h of culture, but not on slice histomorphology. Our proof-of-concept study provides early evidence that employing organoid medium for PCIS culture improved tissue viability during extended incubation. Enabling lasting PCIS cultures will greatly widen their range of applications in predicting long-term intestinal toxicity of xenobiotics and elucidating their mechanism of action, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Bigaeva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jordy J M Bomers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; PROdermpath, Labor für Dermatohistopathology, Vreden, Germany
| | - Carin Biel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henricus A M Mutsaers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Inge A M de Graaf
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Coecke S, Ahr H, Blaauboer BJ, Bremer S, Casati S, Castell J, Combes R, Corvi R, Crespi CL, Cunningham ML, Elaut G, Eletti B, Freidig A, Gennari A, Ghersi-Egea JF, Guillouzo A, Hartung T, Hoet P, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Munn S, Janssens W, Ladstetter B, Leahy D, Long A, Meneguz A, Monshouwer M, Morath S, Nagelkerke F, Pelkonen O, Ponti J, Prieto P, Richert L, Sabbioni E, Schaack B, Steiling W, Testai E, Vericat JA, Worth A. Metabolism: A Bottleneck in In Vitro Toxicological Test Development. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 34:49-84. [PMID: 16522150 DOI: 10.1177/026119290603400113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Coecke
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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Starokozhko V, Abza GB, Maessen HC, Merema MT, Kuper F, Groothuis GMM. Viability, function and morphological integrity of precision-cut liver slices during prolonged incubation: Effects of culture medium. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:288-99. [PMID: 26514934 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) are an ex vivo model for metabolism and toxicity studies. However, data on the maintenance of the morphological integrity of the various cell types in the slices during prolonged incubation are lacking. Therefore, our aims were to characterize morphological and functional changes in rat PCLS during five days of incubation in a rich medium, RegeneMed®, and a standard medium, Williams' Medium E. Although cells of all types in the slices remain viable, profound changes in morphology were observed, which were more prominent in RegeneMed®. Slices underwent notable fibrosis, bile duct proliferation and fat deposition. Slice thickness increased, resulting in necrotic areas, while slice diameter decreased, possibly indicating cell migration. An increased proliferation of parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) was observed. Glycogen, albumin and Cyp3a1 were maintained albeit to a different level in two media. In conclusion, both hepatocytes and NPCs remain viable and functional, enabling five-day toxicity studies. Tissue remodeling and formation of a new capsule-like cell lining around the slices are evident after 3–4 days. The differences in effects between media emphasize the importance of media selection and of the recognition of morphological changes in PCLS, when interpreting results from toxicological or pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Starokozhko
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Getahun B Abza
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hedy C Maessen
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn T Merema
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frieke Kuper
- TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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In vitro culture of precision-cut testicular tissue as a novel tool for the study of responses to LH. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 46:45-53. [PMID: 19915939 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-009-9242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro culture systems are valuable tools for investigating reproductive mechanisms in the testis. Here, we report the use of the precision-cut in vitro system using equine testicular slices. Testes were collected from immature light breed stallions (n=3) and cut into slices (mean slice weight= 13.85 ± 0.20 mg; mean slice thickness=515.00 ± 2.33 μm) using the precision-cut tissue-slicing method. Four tissue slices were placed on a grid floating on medium in individual vials. After a 1-h preincubation, they were exposed to medium containing ovine luteinizing hormone (oLH) at concentrations of 0, 5, 50, and 500 ng/ml for 6 h at 32 °C. Viability of the tissue was maintained based on histological integrity and lack of appreciable lactate dehydrogenase in the medium. The production and release of testosterone (T) and estradiol-17β (E2) into the medium was measured following in vitro culture. The addition of oLH increased T and E2 at least 400% and 120%, respectively, over the 0-ng oLH control cultures. Testicular gene expression was assessed with in situ hybridization methodology for steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR protein), phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B), and outer dense fiber of sperm tails 2 (ODF2) mRNAs. In situ hybridization revealed an oLH concentration-dependent increase in the concentration of StAR protein mRNA in Leydig cells. No differences were observed for the expression of PDE3B or ODF2 genes in seminiferous tubules among treatment groups as expected. These results demonstrate the value of in vitro culture of the precision-cut tissue slices for studies of the regulation of steroidogenesis and gene expression in the stallion testes.
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Kim CW, Yun JW, Bae IH, Lee JS, Kang HJ, Joo KM, Jeong HJ, Chung JH, Park YH, Lim KM. Determination of Spatial Distribution of Melamine−Cyanuric Acid Crystals in Rat Kidney Tissue by Histology and Imaging Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 23:220-7. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900354z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Wook Kim
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin 446-729, Waters Korea, Guro-dong, Seoul 152-050, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin 446-729, Waters Korea, Guro-dong, Seoul 152-050, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hong Bae
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin 446-729, Waters Korea, Guro-dong, Seoul 152-050, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Seok Lee
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin 446-729, Waters Korea, Guro-dong, Seoul 152-050, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kang
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin 446-729, Waters Korea, Guro-dong, Seoul 152-050, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Joo
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin 446-729, Waters Korea, Guro-dong, Seoul 152-050, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Jeong
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin 446-729, Waters Korea, Guro-dong, Seoul 152-050, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Chung
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin 446-729, Waters Korea, Guro-dong, Seoul 152-050, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Park
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin 446-729, Waters Korea, Guro-dong, Seoul 152-050, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin 446-729, Waters Korea, Guro-dong, Seoul 152-050, and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Human organ slices, an in vitro model representing the multicellular and functional features of in vivo tissue, is a promising model for characterizing mechanisms of drug-induced organ injury and for identifying biomarkers of organ injury. Target organ injury is a significant clinical issue. In vitro models, which compare human and animal tissue to improve the extrapolation of animal in vivo studies for predicting human outcome, will contribute to improving drug candidate selection and to defining species susceptibilities in drug discovery and development programs. A critical aspect to the performance and outcome of human organ slice studies is the use of high quality tissue, and the use of culture conditions that support optimum organ slice survivability, in order to accurately reproduce mechanisms of organ injury in vitro. The attribute of organ slices possessing various cell types and interactions contributes to the overall biotransformation, inflammatory response and assessment of injury. Regional differences and changes in morphology can be readily evaluated by histology and special stains, similar to tissue obtained from in vivo studies. The liver is the major organ of which slice studies have been performed, however the utility of extra-hepatic derived slices, as well as co-cultures is increasing. Recent application of integrating gene expression, with human organ slice function and morphology demonstrate the increased potential of this model for defining the molecular and biochemical pathways leading to drug-induced tissue changes. By gaining a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms of drug-induced organ injury, and by correlating clinical measurements with drug-induced effects in the in vitro models, the vision of human in vitro models to identify more sensitive and discriminating markers of organ damage is attainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E M Vickers
- Safety Evaluation, Allergan Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92623, USA.
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Baggett B, Roy R, Momen S, Morgan S, Tisi L, Morse D, Gillies RJ. Thermostability of Firefly Luciferases Affects Efficiency of Detection by in Vivo Bioluminescence. Mol Imaging 2004; 3:324-32. [PMID: 15802049 DOI: 10.1162/15353500200403178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Luciferase from the North American firefly (Photinis pyralis) is a useful reporter gene in vivo, allowing noninvasive imaging of tumor growth, metastasis, gene transfer, drug treatment, and gene expression. Luciferase is heat labile with an in vitro halflife of approximately 3 min at 37 degrees C. We have characterized wild type and six thermostabilized mutant luciferases. In vitro, mutants showed half-lives between 2- and 25-fold higher than wild type. Luciferase transfected mammalian cells were used to determine in vivo half-lives following cycloheximide inhibition of de novo protein synthesis. This showed increased in vivo thermostability in both wild-type and mutant luciferases. This may be due to a variety of factors, including chaperone activity, as steady-state luciferase levels were reduced by geldanamycin, an Hsp90 inhibitor. Mice inoculated with tumor cells stably transfected with mutant or wild-type luciferases were imaged. Increased light production and sensitivity were observed in the tumors bearing thermostable luciferase. Thermostable proteins increase imaging sensitivity. Presumably, as more active protein accumulates, detection is possible from a smaller number of mutant transfected cells compared to wild-type transfected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Baggett
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724-5024, USA
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