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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. The Cellular and Organismal Effects of Nitroxides and Nitroxide-Containing Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1446. [PMID: 38338725 PMCID: PMC10855878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitroxides are stable free radicals that have antioxidant properties. They react with many types of radicals, including alkyl and peroxyl radicals. They act as mimics of superoxide dismutase and stimulate the catalase activity of hemoproteins. In some situations, they may exhibit pro-oxidant activity, mainly due to the formation of oxoammonium cations as products of their oxidation. In this review, the cellular effects of nitroxides and their effects in animal experiments and clinical trials are discussed, including the beneficial effects in various pathological situations involving oxidative stress, protective effects against UV and ionizing radiation, and prolongation of the life span of cancer-prone mice. Nitroxides were used as active components of various types of nanoparticles. The application of these nanoparticles in cellular and animal experiments is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland;
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Bujak-Pietrek S, Pieniazek A, Gwozdzinski K, Gwozdzinski L. The Effect of Piperidine Nitroxides on the Properties of Metalloproteins in Human Red Blood Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:6174. [PMID: 37630426 PMCID: PMC10459006 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitroxides are stable, low molecular-weight radicals containing a nitroxide group that has an unpaired electron. The presence of a nitroxide group determines their redox properties. The effect of the piperidine nitroxides, Tempo, Tempol, and Tempamine, on metalloproteins (hemoglobin, superoxide dismutase, catalase) and lactate dehydrogenase in red blood cells was investigated in this research. In addition, the level of lipid peroxidation and the level of protein carbonyl groups were examined as indicators of the effect of oxidative stress. Nitroxides increased superoxide dismutase activity and oxidized hemoglobin to methemoglobin, and also slightly decreased the catalase activity of red blood cells treated with nitroxides. Tempol significantly decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity. All three nitroxides had no effect on membrane lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. Our results confirm that nitroxides have both antioxidant and prooxidative effects in human red blood cells. The piperidine nitroxides do not initiate the oxidation of proteins and lipids in the membranes of human red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Bujak-Pietrek
- Department of Physical Hazards, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Pieniazek
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.P.); (K.G.)
| | - Krzysztof Gwozdzinski
- Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.P.); (K.G.)
| | - Lukasz Gwozdzinski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
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Li Y, Wu X, Pei Y, Wang Z, Wang C, Hua D. Recent advances on macromolecular medicinal materials for radioprotection. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Chmil V, Filipová A, Tichý A. Looking for the phoenix: the current research on radiation countermeasures. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1148-1166. [PMID: 36745819 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2173822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing radiation (IR) is widely applied in radiotherapy for the treatment of over 50% of cancer patients. IR is also intensively used in medical diagnostics on a daily basis in imaging. Moreover, recent geopolitical events have re-ignited the real threat of the use of nuclear weapons. Medical radiation countermeasures represent one of the effective protection strategies against the effects of IR. The aim of this review was to summarize the most commonly used strategies and procedures in the development of radiation countermeasures and to evaluate the current state of their research, with a focus on those in the clinical trial phase. METHODS Clinical trials for this review were selected in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. The search was performed in the clinicaltrials.gov database as of May 2022. RESULTS Our search returned 263 studies, which were screened and of which 25 were included in the review. 10 of these studies had been completed, 3 with promising results: KMRC011 increased G-CSF, IL-6, and neutrophil counts suggesting potential for the treatment of hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS); GC4419 reduced the number of patients with severe oral mucositis and its duration; the combination of enoxaparin, pentoxifylline, and ursodeoxycholic acid reduced the incidence of focal radiation-induced liver injury. CONCLUSION The agents discovered so far show significant side effects or low efficacy, and hence most of the tested agents terminate in the early stages of development. In addition, the low profitability of this type of drug demotivates the private sector to invest in such research. To overcome this problem, there is a need to involve more public resources in funding. Among the technological opportunities, a deeper use of in silico approaches seems to be prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Chmil
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Filipová
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Tichý
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Xu Y, Abdelghany L, Sekiya R, Zhai D, Jingu K, Li TS. Optimization on the dose and time of nicaraven administration for mitigating the side effects of radiotherapy in a preclinical tumor-bearing mouse model. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2022; 16:17534666221137277. [PMID: 36404753 PMCID: PMC9677297 DOI: 10.1177/17534666221137277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is one of the serious complications of radiotherapy. We have recently demonstrated that nicaraven can effectively mitigate RILI in healthy mice. Here, we further tried to optimize the dose and time of nicaraven administration for alleviating the side effects of radiotherapy in tumor-bearing mice. METHODS AND RESULTS A subcutaneous tumor model was established in the back of the chest in C57BL/6N mice by injecting Lewis lung cancer cells. Therapeutic thoracic irradiations were done, and placebo or different doses of nicaraven (20, 50, 100 mg/kg) were administrated intraperitoneally pre-irradiation (at almost 5-10 min before irradiation) or post-irradiation (within 5 min after irradiation). Mice that received radiotherapy and nicaraven were sacrificed on the 30th day, but control mice were sacrificed on the 15th day. Serum and lung tissues were collected for evaluation. Nicaraven significantly decreased the level of CCL8, but did not clearly change the levels of 8-OHdG, TGF-β, IL-1β, and IL-6 in serum. Besides these, nicaraven effectively decreased the levels of TGF-β, IL-1β, and SOD2 in the lungs, especially by post-irradiation administration with the dose of 20 mg/kg. Although there was no significant difference, the expression of SOD1, 53BP1, and caspase 3 was detected lower in the lungs of mice received nicaraven post-irradiation than that of pre-irradiation. CONCLUSION According to our data, the administration of nicaraven at a relatively low dose soon after radiotherapy will be recommended for attenuating the side effects of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb
Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Lina Abdelghany
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb
Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Reiko Sekiya
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb
Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Da Zhai
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb
Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Keiichi Jingu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate
School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Putt KS, Du Y, Fu H, Zhang ZY. High-throughput screening strategies for space-based radiation countermeasure discovery. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2022; 35:88-104. [PMID: 36336374 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As humanity begins to venture further into space, approaches to better protect astronauts from the hazards found in space need to be developed. One particular hazard of concern is the complex radiation that is ever present in deep space. Currently, it is unlikely enough spacecraft shielding could be launched that would provide adequate protection to astronauts during long-duration missions such as a journey to Mars and back. In an effort to identify other means of protection, prophylactic radioprotective drugs have been proposed as a potential means to reduce the biological damage caused by this radiation. Unfortunately, few radioprotectors have been approved by the FDA for usage and for those that have been developed, they protect normal cells/tissues from acute, high levels of radiation exposure such as that from oncology radiation treatments. To date, essentially no radioprotectors have been developed that specifically counteract the effects of chronic low-dose rate space radiation. This review highlights how high-throughput screening (HTS) methodologies could be implemented to identify such a radioprotective agent. Several potential target, pathway, and phenotypic assays are discussed along with potential challenges towards screening for radioprotectors. Utilizing HTS strategies such as the ones proposed here have the potential to identify new chemical scaffolds that can be developed into efficacious radioprotectors that are specifically designed to protect astronauts during deep space journeys. The overarching goal of this review is to elicit broader interest in applying drug discovery techniques, specifically HTS towards the identification of radiation countermeasures designed to be efficacious towards the biological insults likely to be encountered by astronauts on long duration voyages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karson S Putt
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA.
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Ahmadi R, Emami S. Recent applications of vinyl sulfone motif in drug design and discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 234:114255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Matsumoto KI, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC. Multimodal Functional Imaging for Cancer/Tumor Microenvironments Based on MRI, EPRI, and PET. Molecules 2021; 26:1614. [PMID: 33799481 PMCID: PMC8002164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the main modalities to treat cancer/tumor. The response to radiation therapy, however, can be influenced by physiological and/or pathological conditions in the target tissues, especially by the low partial oxygen pressure and altered redox status in cancer/tumor tissues. Visualizing such cancer/tumor patho-physiological microenvironment would be a useful not only for planning radiotherapy but also to detect cancer/tumor in an earlier stage. Tumor hypoxia could be sensed by positron emission tomography (PET), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oxygen mapping, and in vivo dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) MRI. Tissue oxygenation could be visualized on a real-time basis by blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) and/or tissue oxygen level dependent (TOLD) MRI signal. EPR imaging (EPRI) and/or T1-weighted MRI techniques can visualize tissue redox status non-invasively based on paramagnetic and diamagnetic conversions of nitroxyl radical contrast agent. 13C-DNP MRI can visualize glycometabolism of tumor/cancer tissues. Accurate co-registration of those multimodal images could make mechanisms of drug and/or relation of resulted biological effects clear. A multimodal instrument, such as PET-MRI, may have another possibility to link multiple functions. Functional imaging techniques individually developed to date have been converged on the concept of theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - James B. Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA;
| | - Murali C. Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA;
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Saliev T, Baiskhanova D, Beznosko D, Begimbetova D, Umbayev B, Nurgozhin T, Fakhradiyev I, Tanabayev B, Pavalkis D. A New Insight on the Radioprotective Potential of Epsilon-Aminocaproic Acid. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:E663. [PMID: 33266046 PMCID: PMC7760922 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56120663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The aim of the study was to scrutinize the ability of epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) to prevent radiation-induced damage to human cells. Materials and Methods: Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were exposed to ionizing radiation at three low doses (22.62 mGy, 45.27 mGy, and 67.88 mGy) in the presence of EACA at the concentration of 50 ng/mL. Results: EACA was able to prevent cell death induced by low-dose X-ray radiation and suppress the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). EACA also demonstrated a capacity to protect DNA from radiation-induced damage. The data indicated that EACA is capable of suppression of radiation-induced apoptosis. Comparative tests of antioxidative activity of EACA and a range of free radical scavengers showed an ability of EACA to effectively inhibit the generation of ROS. Conclusions: This study showed that the pretreatment of PBMCs with EACA is able to protect the cells from radiation-elicited damage, including free radicals' formation, DNA damage, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Saliev
- S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (T.N.); (I.F.)
| | - Dinara Baiskhanova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (D.B.); (D.B.); (B.U.)
| | | | - Dinara Begimbetova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (D.B.); (D.B.); (B.U.)
| | - Bauyrzhan Umbayev
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (D.B.); (D.B.); (B.U.)
| | - Talgat Nurgozhin
- S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (T.N.); (I.F.)
| | - Ildar Fakhradiyev
- S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan; (T.N.); (I.F.)
| | | | - Dainius Pavalkis
- NJSC “Astana Medical University”, Nur-sultan 010000, Kazakhstan;
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Samuni A, Goldstein S. Hydroxylamines inhibit tyrosine oxidation and nitration: The role of their respective nitroxide radicals. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:837-844. [PMID: 32866620 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, nitroxide antioxidants distribute within minutes throughout all tissues, but are reduced to their respective hydroxylamines due to the cellular reducing environment, which apparently limits their application. To distinguish their antioxidative activity from that of their respective nitroxides, the kinetics and mechanism of their inhibitory effect on the enzymatic oxidation and nitration of tyrosine have been studied. The inhibitory effect of the hydroxylamines on the oxidation and nitration of tyrosine induced by HRP/H2O2 and HRP/H2O2/nitrite was investigated by following the kinetics of the formation of their respective nitroxides, H2O2 decomposition, release of O2 and accumulation of tyrosine oxidation and nitration products. The distinction between the antioxidative activities of nitroxides and of their respective hydroxylamines is hindered due to oxidation of hydroxylamines to nitroxides, which catalytically inhibit tyrosine oxidation and nitration. The results demonstrate that (i) hydroxylamines inhibit tyrosine oxidation and nitration and their inhibitory effect increases as the reduction potential of their respective nitroxides decreases; (ii) the 6-membered ring hydroxylamines are more effective antioxidants than the 5-membered hydroxylamine derived from 3-carbamoyl proxyl and (iii) the 6-membered ring hydroxylamines are as effective antioxidants as their respective nitroxides, whereas the 3-carbamoyl proxyl is even a weaker antioxidant than its respective hydroxylamine. In general, cyclic hydroxylamines are more effective antioxidants than common antioxidants such as ascorbic and uric acids, which are depleted giving rise to secondary radicals that, might be toxic. In the case of hydroxylamines, the secondary radicals are their respective nitroxides, which are efficient catalytic antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amram Samuni
- Institute of Medical Research, Israel-Canada, Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Sara Goldstein
- Institute of Chemistry, The Accelerator Laboratory, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
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Furukawa S, Nagamatsu A, Nenoi M, Fujimori A, Kakinuma S, Katsube T, Wang B, Tsuruoka C, Shirai T, Nakamura AJ, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A, Harada H, Kobayashi M, Kobayashi J, Kunieda T, Funayama T, Suzuki M, Miyamoto T, Hidema J, Yoshida Y, Takahashi A. Space Radiation Biology for "Living in Space". BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4703286. [PMID: 32337251 PMCID: PMC7168699 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4703286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Space travel has advanced significantly over the last six decades with astronauts spending up to 6 months at the International Space Station. Nonetheless, the living environment while in outer space is extremely challenging to astronauts. In particular, exposure to space radiation represents a serious potential long-term threat to the health of astronauts because the amount of radiation exposure accumulates during their time in space. Therefore, health risks associated with exposure to space radiation are an important topic in space travel, and characterizing space radiation in detail is essential for improving the safety of space missions. In the first part of this review, we provide an overview of the space radiation environment and briefly present current and future endeavors that monitor different space radiation environments. We then present research evaluating adverse biological effects caused by exposure to various space radiation environments and how these can be reduced. We especially consider the deleterious effects on cellular DNA and how cells activate DNA repair mechanisms. The latest technologies being developed, e.g., a fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator, to measure real-time cell cycle progression and DNA damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation are presented. Progress in examining the combined effects of microgravity and radiation to animals and plants are summarized, and our current understanding of the relationship between psychological stress and radiation is presented. Finally, we provide details about protective agents and the study of organisms that are highly resistant to radiation and how their biological mechanisms may aid developing novel technologies that alleviate biological damage caused by radiation. Future research that furthers our understanding of the effects of space radiation on human health will facilitate risk-mitigating strategies to enable long-term space and planetary exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Furukawa
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Aiko Nagamatsu
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Nenoi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takanori Katsube
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Bing Wang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Chizuru Tsuruoka
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shirai
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Asako J. Nakamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1, Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Asako Sakaue-Sawano
- Lab for Cell Function and Dynamics, CBS, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Lab for Cell Function and Dynamics, CBS, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Kobayashi
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takekazu Kunieda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoo Funayama
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, QST, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Michiyo Suzuki
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, QST, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Jun Hidema
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- Division for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences of the Organization for Advanced Studies, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yukari Yoshida
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Akihisa Takahashi
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Farhood B, Ashrafizadeh M, Khodamoradi E, Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi M, Afrashi S, Musa AE, Najafi M. Targeting of cellular redox metabolism for mitigation of radiation injury. Life Sci 2020; 250:117570. [PMID: 32205088 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accidental exposure to ionizing radiation is a serious concern to human life. Studies on the mitigation of side effects following exposure to accidental radiation events are ongoing. Recent studies have shown that radiation can activate several signaling pathways, leading to changes in the metabolism of free radicals including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). Cellular and molecular mechanisms show that radiation can cause disruption of normal reduction/oxidation (redox) system. Mitochondria malfunction following exposure to radiation and mutations in mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) have a key role in chronic oxidative stress. Furthermore, exposure to radiation leads to infiltration of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes and mast cells, which are important sources of ROS and NO. These cells generate free radicals via upregulation of some pro-oxidant enzymes such as NADPH oxidases, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Epigenetic changes also have a key role in a similar way. Other mediators such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), which are involved in the normal metabolism of cells have also been shown to regulate cell death following exposure to radiation. These mechanisms are tissue specific. Inhibition or activation of each of these targets can be suggested for mitigation of radiation injury in a specific tissue. In the current paper, we review the cellular and molecular changes in the metabolism of cells and ROS/NO following exposure to radiation. Furthermore, the possible strategies for mitigation of radiation injury through modulation of cellular metabolism in irradiated organs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Khodamoradi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shima Afrashi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Campus), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Mosaiab T, Farr DC, Kiefel MJ, Houston TA. Carbohydrate-based nanocarriers and their application to target macrophages and deliver antimicrobial agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 151-152:94-129. [PMID: 31513827 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many deadly infections are produced by microorganisms capable of sustained survival in macrophages. This reduces exposure to chemadrotherapy, prevents immune detection, and is akin to criminals hiding in police stations. Therefore, the use of glyco-nanoparticles (GNPs) as carriers of therapeutic agents is a burgeoning field. Such an approach can enhance the penetration of drugs into macrophages with specific carbohydrate targeting molecules on the nanocarrier to interact with macrophage lectins. Carbohydrates are natural biological molecules and the key constituents in a large variety of biological events such as cellular communication, infection, inflammation, enzyme trafficking, cellular migration, cancer metastasis and immune functions. The prominent characteristics of carbohydrates including biodegradability, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity and the highly specific interaction of targeting cell-surface receptors support their potential application to drug delivery systems (DDS). This review presents the 21st century development of carbohydrate-based nanocarriers for drug targeting of therapeutic agents for diseases localized in macrophages. The significance of natural carbohydrate-derived nanoparticles (GNPs) as anti-microbial drug carriers is highlighted in several areas of treatment including tuberculosis, salmonellosis, leishmaniasis, candidiasis, and HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamim Mosaiab
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Dylan C Farr
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Milton J Kiefel
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Todd A Houston
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia.
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Quinn TJ, Ding X, Li X, Wilson GD, Buelow K, Sivananthan A, Thermozier S, Henderson A, Epperly MW, Franicola D, Wipf P, Greenberger JS, Stevens CW, Kabolizadeh P. Amelioration of Mucositis in Proton Therapy of Fanconi Anemia Fanca -/- Mice by JP4-039. In Vivo 2019; 33:1757-1766. [PMID: 31662500 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM We tested JP4-039, a GS-nitroxide radiation damage mitigator in proton therapy of Fanconi anemia (FA) mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fanca-/- and Fanca+/+ bone marrow stromal cells were pre-treated with JP4-039 and irradiated with either protons or photons (0-10 GyRBE) followed by clonogenic survival and β-Galactosidase senescence analysis. Fanca-/- and Fanca+/+ mice were pretreated with JP4-039 for 10 min prior to oropharyngeal irradiation with either protons or photons (0 or 30 GyRBE) followed by sacrifice and measurement of oral cavity ulceration, distant hematopoietic suppression, and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. RESULTS JP4-039 reduced oral cavity ulceration in Fanca-/- mice, transcripts Nfkb, Ap1, Sp1, and Nrf2, and proton therapy induced distant marrow suppression. CONCLUSION JP4-039 protected Fanca-/- and Fanca+/+ cells and mouse oral cavity from both proton and photon radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Quinn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, U.S.A
| | - Xuanfeng Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, U.S.A
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, U.S.A
| | - George D Wilson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, U.S.A
| | - Katie Buelow
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, U.S.A
| | - Aranee Sivananthan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Stephanie Thermozier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Andrew Henderson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Michael W Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Darcy Franicola
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Joel S Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A
| | - Craig W Stevens
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, U.S.A
| | - Peyman Kabolizadeh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beaumont Health, Royal Oak, MI, U.S.A.
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15
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Ye S, Zeng S, Huang M, Chen J, Chen X, Xu P, Wang Q, Gao W, Yang B, Hao B, Huang W, Liu Q. [Effect of the chemoprotectant tempol on anti-tumor activity of cisplatin]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:883-890. [PMID: 31511206 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.08.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of the chemoprotectant tempol on the anti-tumor activity of cisplatin (DDP). METHODS The cellular toxicity of tempol in human colon cancer SW480 cells and mouse colon cancer CT26 cells were evaluated using MTT and cell counting kit-8 assays. CalcuSyn software analysis was used to determine the interaction between tempol and DDP in inhibition of the cell viability. A subcutaneous homograft mouse model of colon cancer was established. The mice were randomly divided into control group, tempol group, cisplatin group and tempol + DDP treatment group with intraperitoneal injections of the indicated agents. The tumor size, body weight and lifespan of the mice were measured, and HE staining was used to analyze the cytotoxic effect of the agents on the kidney and liver. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were performed to detect the expression of Bax and Bcl2 in the tumor tissue, and TUNEL staining was used to analyze the tumor cell apoptosis. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the tumor tissue was determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS Tempol showed inhibitory effects on the viability of SW480 and CT26 cells. CalcuSyn software analysis showed that tempol had a synergistic anti-tumor effect with DDP (CI < 1). In the homograft mouse model, tempol treatment alone did not produce obvious anti-tumor effect. HE staining showed that the combined use of tempol and DDP alleviated DDP-induced fibrogenesis in the kidneys, but tempol also reduced the anti-tumor activity of DDP. Compared with the mice treated with DDP alone, the mice treated with both tempol and DDP had a significantly larger tumor size (P < 0.01) and a shorter lifespan (P < 0.05). Tempol significantly reversed DDP-induced expression of Bax and Bcl2 in the tumor tissue and tumor cell apoptosis (P < 0.001), and obviously reduced the elevation of ROS level in the tumor tissue induced by DDP treatment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Tempol can attenuate the anti-tumor effect of DDP while reducing the side effects of DDP. Caution must be taken and the risks and benefits should be carefully weighed when considering the use of tempol as an anti-oxidant to reduce the toxicities of DDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyan Ye
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy/Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Sisi Zeng
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy/Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Mengqiu Huang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy/Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy/Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy/Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy/Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qianli Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy/Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenwen Gao
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy/Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bingsheng Yang
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Bingtao Hao
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy/Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenhuan Huang
- National Key Discipline of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524003, China
| | - Qiuzhen Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy/Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology Research, Guangzhou 510515, China.,Center for Medical Transformation, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
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16
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Matsumoto KI, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC. Effects of oxygen challenging to tissue redox and pO 2 status. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:343-347. [PMID: 30391676 PMCID: PMC8202967 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxide free radicals can serve as redox-sensitive MRI contrast agents useful to image the redox status of tissue of interest. In this study, the effect of oxygen content in the inspired gas on the kinetics of metabolism of three nitroxides has been evaluated in the muscle and tumor in mice. SCC tumors (approximate size of 1.0 cm3) on the right hind leg of female C3H/Hen MTV- mice were prepared. Three nitroxides, 3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-N-oxyl (CxP), 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-N-oxyl (CmP), and 4-hydroxy-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPOL), having different lipophilicities were compared using MR redox imaging. T1-mapping of the tissues was obtained using a multi-slice multi-echo (MSME) sequence with several TRs. The three nitroxides showed differences in accumulation and metabolism/clearance in muscle and tumor. The cell impermeable nitroxide CxP displayed kinetic patterns of slow enhancement followed by a slow decline typical of clearance rather than metabolism. The cell permeable CmP on the other hand showed a relatively faster uptake and metabolism with a modestly higher rate of metabolism in the tumor than muscle. The TEMPOL on the other hand displayed a rapid uptake and reduction with a trend of significantly rapid decay rate in tumor tissue, while slightly higher maximum signal intensity and slower decay rate was observed in normal muscle. The reduction rate of TEMPOL in the tumor was significantly enhanced when the breathing gas had 100%-oxygen while it was not significantly different in the muscle. EPR oximetry studies monitoring the oxygen dependent linewidth of TEMPOL showed that the pO2 in the healthy tissue during carbogen breathing significantly increased normal tissue pO2 compared to air breathing whereas breathing 100%-oxygen made normal tissue slight hypoxic. Since TEMPOL is a radioprotector, our studies show that a combination of 100%-oxygen breathing and TEMPOL has a potential to enhance radioprotective effects to normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Team, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA
| | - Murali C Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA
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17
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Spejo AB, Teles CB, Zuccoli GDS, Oliveira ALRD. Synapse preservation and decreased glial reactions following ventral root crush (VRC) and treatment with 4‐hydroxy‐tempo (TEMPOL). J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:520-534. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Barroso Spejo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil
| | - Caroline Brandão Teles
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil
| | - Giuliana da Silva Zuccoli
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Campinas Brazil
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Nyui M, Nakanishi I, Anzai K, Ozawa T, Matsumoto KI. Reactivity of redox sensitive paramagnetic nitroxyl contrast agents with reactive oxygen species. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2018; 64:13-19. [PMID: 30705507 PMCID: PMC6348418 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.17-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivity of nitroxyl free radicals, 4-hydroxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPOL) and 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-N-oxyl (CmP), with reactive oxygen species (ROS) were compared as typical 6-membered and 5-membered ring nitroxyl compounds, respectively. The reactivity of the hydroxylamine forms of both these nitroxyl radicals (TEMPOL-H and CmP-H) was also assessed. Two free radical species of ROS, hydroxyl radical (•OH) and superoxide (O2•−), were subjected to a competing reaction. •OH was generated by UV irradiation from an aqueous H2O2 solution (H2O2-UV system), and O2•− was generated by a reaction between hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase (HX-XO system). •OH and O2•− generated by the H2O2-UV and HX-XO systems, respectively, were measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping, and the amount of spin adducts generated by each system was adjusted to be equal. The time courses of the one-electron oxidation of TEMPOL, CmP, TEMPOL-H, and CmP-H in each ROS generation system were compared. A greater amount of TEMPOL was oxidized in the HX-XO system compared with the H2O2-UV system, whereas the reverse was observed for CmP. Although the hydroxylamine forms of the tested nitroxyl radicals were oxidized evenly in the H2O2-UV and HX-XO systems, the amount of oxidized CmP-H was approximately 3 times greater compared with TEMPOL-H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Nyui
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Team, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Team, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazunori Anzai
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Team, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.,Division of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ozawa
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Team, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Zielonka J, Sikora A, Hardy M, Ouari O, Vasquez-Vivar J, Cheng G, Lopez M, Kalyanaraman B. Mitochondria-Targeted Triphenylphosphonium-Based Compounds: Syntheses, Mechanisms of Action, and Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10043-10120. [PMID: 28654243 PMCID: PMC5611849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 907] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are recognized as one of the most important targets for new drug design in cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. Currently, the most effective way to deliver drugs specifically to mitochondria is by covalent linking a lipophilic cation such as an alkyltriphenylphosphonium moiety to a pharmacophore of interest. Other delocalized lipophilic cations, such as rhodamine, natural and synthetic mitochondria-targeting peptides, and nanoparticle vehicles, have also been used for mitochondrial delivery of small molecules. Depending on the approach used, and the cell and mitochondrial membrane potentials, more than 1000-fold higher mitochondrial concentration can be achieved. Mitochondrial targeting has been developed to study mitochondrial physiology and dysfunction and the interaction between mitochondria and other subcellular organelles and for treatment of a variety of diseases such as neurodegeneration and cancer. In this Review, we discuss efforts to target small-molecule compounds to mitochondria for probing mitochondria function, as diagnostic tools and potential therapeutics. We describe the physicochemical basis for mitochondrial accumulation of lipophilic cations, synthetic chemistry strategies to target compounds to mitochondria, mitochondrial probes, and sensors, and examples of mitochondrial targeting of bioactive compounds. Finally, we review published attempts to apply mitochondria-targeted agents for the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Adam Sikora
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| | - Micael Hardy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Jeannette Vasquez-Vivar
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Marcos Lopez
- Translational Biomedical Research Group, Biotechnology Laboratories, Cardiovascular Foundation of Colombia, Carrera 5a No. 6-33, Floridablanca, Santander, Colombia, 681003
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Calle 4B No. 36-00, Cali, Colombia, 760032
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
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Wang F, Gao P, Guo L, Meng P, Fan Y, Chen Y, Lin Y, Guo G, Ding G, Wang H. Radio-protective effect and mechanism of 4-Acetamido-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl in HUVEC cells. Environ Health Prev Med 2017; 22:14. [PMID: 29165102 PMCID: PMC5664570 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-017-0616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To search for more effective radiation protectors with minimal toxicity, a water-soluble nitroxides Acetamido-Tempol (AA-Tempol) was evaluated for potential radioprotective properties in HUVEC cells (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial cell line). METHODS To study the anti-radiation effect of AA-Tempol in cell culture, the viability of irradiated HUVEC cells using a clonogenic survival assay was examined. The anti-apoptosis effects of AA-Tempol using Annexin V/propidium iodide staining in a flow cytometry assay was also evaluated. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of the anti-apoptosis effect of AA-Tempol against X-radiation induced HUVEC cell apoptosis, the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and p53 and caspase-3 were examined. The changes in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) in HUVEC cells after X-radiation were also investigated. RESULTS Pretreatment of the HUVEC cells colony with AA-Tempol 1 h before X-radiation significantly increased the colony survival (p < 0.05) compared with the cells without pretreatment. This demonstrates that AA-Tempol provides an effective radiation protection in the irradiated HUVEC cells, thus reducing apoptosis from 20.1 ± 1.3% in 8 Gy X-radiated cells to 12.2 ± 0.9% (1.0 mmol/L-1 AA-Tempol) in AA-Tempo pretreated HUVEC cells. This implies that 1.0 mM AA-Tempol treatment significantly block the increase of caspase-3 activity in radiated HUVEC cells (P < 0.01), causing down-regulation in expressions of Bax and P53 and up-regulation in the expression of Bcl-2. Pretreatment with AA-Tempol also decreased the MDA activities (P < 0.01) and increase the GSH level (P < 0.05) in HUVEC cells compared to the 8Gy X-radiated cells without pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS These observations indicate that AA-Tempol is a potential therapeutic agent against the radiation damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
- Shanxi Province Corps Hospital, Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Gao
- School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Guo
- School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Meng
- Department of urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexing Fan
- Shanxi Province Corps Hospital, Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Taiyuan, 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbin Chen
- School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyun Lin
- School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhen Guo
- School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
| | - Guirong Ding
- School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haibo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou N, Feng T, Shen X, Cui J, Wu R, Wang L, Wang S, Zhang S, Chen H. Synthesis, characterization, and radioprotective activity of α,β-unsaturated aryl sulfone analogs and their Tempol conjugates. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1063-1068. [PMID: 30108819 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00017k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Some novel α,β-unsaturated aromatic sulfone analogs (5a-5m) and their Tempol conjugates (6a-6e) have been synthetically prepared, characterized and evaluated for their radioprotective activity under γ-ray radiation. The Tempol conjugates were characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction. In vitro studies showed that 5a, 5b and 6b had superior activities to Ex-Rad pre-treated before 5 Gy irradiation, and 5a, 6a and 6b had better activities than Ex-Rad after 5 Gy irradiation, while 5a, 6a and 6b exhibited both prophylactic and mitigation effects, indicating the advantage of combining α,β-unsaturated aromatic sulfones with Tempol nitroxide. Both p53 and phospho-p53 levels were significantly lower in compound-treated cells than those in untreated irradiated cells. The conjugates offer an improved radioprotective ability, which is an advantage in the treatment protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , Shaanxi , China . ;
| | - Tian Feng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , Shaanxi , China . ;
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , Shaanxi , China . ;
| | - Jiahui Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , Shaanxi , China . ;
| | - Rangxin Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , Shaanxi , China . ;
| | - Libin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , Shaanxi , China . ;
| | - Siwang Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , Shaanxi , China . ;
| | - Shengyong Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , Shaanxi , China . ;
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , School of Pharmacy , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , Shaanxi , China . ;
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22
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Supercritical Fluid Technology-Based Trans-Resveratrol SLN for Long Circulation and Improved Radioprotection. J Pharm Innov 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-016-9254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chen T, Wang L, Chen K, Qiu S, Cen X, Li H, Hu C. Evaluation of gamma ray-induced gastrointestinal tract morphological and proliferative activity changes in rhesus monkeys. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 35:1133-44. [PMID: 26699188 DOI: 10.1177/0960327115622259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To provide support for future pharmacology and preclinical studies, we have established a stable nonhuman primate animal model to demonstrate the histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract following gamma ray irradiation. In this study, 12 healthy rhesus monkeys were divided into 2 groups (control and radiation groups). Animals in the radiation group were exposed to gamma rays (cobalt 60 source) at a dose level of 6.5 Gy total body irradiation bilaterally (i.e. 3.25 Gy on each side). Control animals were sham exposed using identical procedures. After a 5-day in-life observation period, gastrointestinal tract tissues (esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum) were collected and fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin for subsequent hematoxylin and eosin and 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry processing. The results showed that the esophagus was undergoing degeneration without obvious inflammatory changes, while the stomach and duodenum exhibited both degeneration and inflammation. From the jejunum to the rectum, late-stage inflammation with glandular regeneration, as well as a high-level BrdU labeling index, was present.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chen
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Chengdu, China
| | - L Wang
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Chengdu, China
| | - K Chen
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Chengdu, China
| | - S Qiu
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Chengdu, China
| | - X Cen
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Chengdu, China
| | - H Li
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Chengdu, China
| | - C Hu
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Chengdu, China
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24
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Bačić G, Pavićević A, Peyrot F. In vivo evaluation of different alterations of redox status by studying pharmacokinetics of nitroxides using magnetic resonance techniques. Redox Biol 2015; 8:226-42. [PMID: 26827126 PMCID: PMC4753396 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radicals, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS), are involved in various pathologies, injuries related to radiation, ischemia-reperfusion or ageing. Unfortunately, it is virtually impossible to directly detect free radicals in vivo, but the redox status of the whole organism or particular organ can be studied in vivo by using magnetic resonance techniques (EPR and MRI) and paramagnetic stable free radicals - nitroxides. Here we review results obtained in vivo following the pharmacokinetics of nitroxides on experimental animals (and a few in humans) under various conditions. The focus was on conditions where the redox status has been altered by induced diseases or harmful agents, clearly demonstrating that various EPR/MRI/nitroxide combinations can reliably detect metabolically induced changes in the redox status of organs. These findings can improve our understanding of oxidative stress and provide a basis for studying the effectiveness of interventions aimed to modulate oxidative stress. Also, we anticipate that the in vivo EPR/MRI approach in studying the redox status can play a vital role in the clinical management of various pathologies in the years to come providing the development of adequate equipment and probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Bačić
- EPR Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Pavićević
- EPR Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Fabienne Peyrot
- LCBPT, UMR 8601 CNRS - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; ESPE of Paris, Paris Sorbonne Université, 75016 Paris, France
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25
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Zarling JA, Brunt VE, Vallerga AK, Li W, Tao A, Zarling DA, Minson CT. Nitroxide pharmaceutical development for age-related degeneration and disease. Front Genet 2015; 6:325. [PMID: 26594225 PMCID: PMC4635221 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitroxide small molecule agents are in development as preventative or therapeutic pharmaceutical drugs for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cardiovascular disease, which are two major diseases of aging. These aging diseases are associated with patient genetics, smoking, diet, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. Nitroxide drugs preventing aging-, smoking-, high sugar or high fat diet-, or radiation- and other environmental-induced pathophysiological conditions in aging disease are reviewed. Tempol (TP), Tempol Hydroxylamine (TP-H), and TP-H prodrug (OT-551) are evaluated in (1) non-smokers versus smokers with cutaneous microvascular dysfunction, rapidly reversed by cutaneous TP; (2) elderly cancer patients at risk for radiation-induced skin burns or hair loss, prevented by topical TP; and (3) elderly smoker or non-smoker AMD patients at risk for vision loss, prevented by daily eye drops of OT-551. The human data indicates safety and efficacy for these nitroxide drugs. Both TP and TP-H topically penetrate and function in skin or mucosa, protecting and treating radiation burns and hair loss or smoking-induced cutaneous vascular dysfunction. TP and TP-H do not penetrate the cornea, while OT-551 does effectively penetrate and travels to the back of the eye, preserving visual acuity and preserving normal and low light luminance in dry AMD smokers and non-smoker patients. Topical, oral, or injectable drug formulations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vienna E. Brunt
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, EugeneOR, USA
| | | | - Weixing Li
- Colby Pharmaceutical Company, Menlo ParkCA, USA
| | - Albert Tao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. LouisMO, USA
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26
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A Novel Nitronyl Nitroxide with Salicylic Acid Framework Attenuates Pain Hypersensitivity and Ectopic Neuronal Discharges in Radicular Low Back Pain. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:752782. [PMID: 26609438 PMCID: PMC4644553 DOI: 10.1155/2015/752782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that reactive oxygen species and inflammation play crucial roles in the development of chronic pain, including radicular low back pain. Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), for example, salicylic acid, aspirin, provided analgesic effects in various types of pain. However, long-term use of these drugs causes unwanted side effects, which limits their implication. Stable nitronyl (NIT) nitroxide radicals have been extensively studied as a unique and interesting class of new antioxidants for protection against oxidative damage. The present study synthesized a novel NIT nitroxide radical with salicylic acid framework (SANR) to provide synergistic effect of both antioxidation and antiinflammation. We demonstrated for the first time that both acute and repeated SANR treatment exerted dramatic analgesic effect in radicular low back pain mimicked by chronic compression of dorsal root ganglion in rats. This analgesic potency was more potent than that produced by classical NSAIDs aspirin and traditional nitroxide radical Tempol alone. Furthermore, SANR-induced behavioral analgesia is found to be mediated, at least in partial, by a reduction of ectopic spontaneous discharges in injured DRG neurons. Therefore, the synthesized NIT nitroxide radical coupling with salicylic acid framework may represent a novel potential therapeutic candidate for treatment of chronic pain, including radicular low back pain.
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27
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Johnke RM, Sattler JA, Allison RR. Radioprotective agents for radiation therapy: future trends. Future Oncol 2015; 10:2345-57. [PMID: 25525844 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Only two radioprotective compounds, amifostine and palifermin, currently have the US FDA approval for use in radiation therapy. However, several agents have been reported that show therapeutic promise. Many of these agents are free radical scavengers/antioxidants. Superoxide dismutase and superoxide dismutase mimetics, nitroxides and dietary antioxidants are all being investigated. Recently, alternative strategies of drug development have been evolving, which focus on targeting the series of cellular insult recognition/repair responses initiated following radiation. These agents, which include cytokines/growth factors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and apoptotic modulators, show promise of having significant impact on the mitigation of radiation injury. Herein, we review current literature on the development of radioprotectors with emphasis on compounds with proven or potential usefulness in radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta M Johnke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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28
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Wang H, Wang J, Yang Q, Zhang X, Gao P, Xu S, Sun X, Wang Y. Synthesis of a Novel Nitronyl Nitroxide Radical and Determination of its Protective Effects Against Infrasound-Induced Injury. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1526-36. [PMID: 26100649 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Infrasound causes functional disorders and structural injury to the central nervous system. However, few anti-infrasound drugs exist, and they are inefficient. Nitronyl nitroxide radicals have been reported to be good antioxidants that act as superoxide dismutase mimics and directly react with reactive oxygen species, such as ·OH, H2O2, and O 2 (∙) -. Our previous research showed that the nitronyl nitroxide radical L-NNNBP has good protective effects against β-amyloid deposition and memory deficits in an AD rat model of APP/PS1. The objective of the present study was to find a new group of anti-infrasound drugs and determine the underlying pharmacological actions of nitronyl nitroxide radicals against infrasound-induced neuronal impairment in vivo. We synthesized a new stable nitronyl nitroxide radical, NRbt, and characterized its crystal structure. The results of the anti-oxidative damage effects of NRbt and the positive control drug tempol showed that they could significantly increase the SOD activity, CAT activity and GSH level and decrease the MDA level in rat hippocampi compared with infrasound exposure without pretreatment. Moreover, the ability of NRbt to regulate the activity or level of these biochemical markers was better than that of tempol. Our results showed that both NRbt and tempol significantly protected against the learning and memory impairments induced by infrasound exposure in a Morris water maze, but there were no significant differences in the path length or escape latency between the rats in the tempol group and the three NRbt groups (P > 0.05). In addition, the infrasound-induced neuronal apoptosis in rat hippocampi was significantly suppressed by NRbt and tempol. The results demonstrated that compared with the infrasound exposure group, the expression of Bcl-2 was up-regulated and the expressions of Bax and caspase-3 were down-regulated in rats pretreated with NRbt (40 mg/kg) or tempol (40 mg/kg). These results showed that the newly synthesized nitronyl nitroxide radical, NRbt, may be an effective anti-infrasound drug because of its capacity to inhibit the oxidative damage of free radicals induced by infrasound exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China
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29
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Simic MR, Stankovic M, Mandic BM, Tesevic VV, Savic VM. Synthesis of novel tetrahydrobenzazepine derivatives and their cytoprotective effect on human lymphocytes. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:100-12. [PMID: 25664628 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201400350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytoprotective compounds such as amifostine play an important role in chemo- and radiotherapy due to their ability to reduce the side effects of these treatments. Our work was initiated with the intention to design, synthesise and test a new class of heterocyclic compounds that would have an antioxidative profile with the potential to be further developed as cytoprotective agents. The design was based on the privileged tetrahydrobenzazepine scaffold found in many natural products with a wide range of biological properties. This structure was further functionalised with moieties known to possess antioxidative features such as tertiary amine and styrene double bond. A series of eight tetrahydrobenzazepine derivatives of isoquinoline, 3,4-dihydro-β-carboline and pyridine were synthesised employing the Heck reaction as a key transformation. Some of the prepared compounds were tested for their in vitro effects on chromosome aberrations in peripheral human lymphocytes using the cytochalasin-B blocked micronucleus (MN) assay. Three tetrahydrobenzoazepine derivatives showed significant cytoprotective properties, comparable or even better to those of the radioprotective agent amifostine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena R Simic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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30
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Emoto MC, Sato-Akaba H, Hirata H, Fujii HG. Dynamic changes in the distribution and time course of blood-brain barrier-permeative nitroxides in the mouse head with EPR imaging: visualization of blood flow in a mouse model of ischemia. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 74:222-8. [PMID: 25014567 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging using nitroxides as redox-sensitive probes is a powerful, noninvasive method that can be used under various physiological conditions to visualize changes in redox status that result from oxidative damage. Two blood-brain barrier-permeative nitroxides, 3-hydroxymethyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl (HMP) and 3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-1-yloxy (MCP), have been widely used as redox-sensitive probes in the brains of small animals, but their in vivo distribution and properties have not yet been analyzed in detail. In this study, a custom-made continuous-wave three-dimensional (3D) EPR imager was used to obtain 3D EPR images of mouse heads using MCP or HMP. This EPR imager made it possible to take 3D EPR images reconstructed from data from 181 projections acquired every 60s. Using this improved EPR imager and magnetic resonance imaging, the distribution and reduction time courses of HMP and MCP were examined in mouse heads. EPR images of living mice revealed that HMP and MCP have different distributions and different time courses for entering the brain. Based on the pharmacokinetics of the reduction reactions of HMP and MCP in the mouse head, the half-lives of HMP and MCP were clearly and accurately mapped pixel by pixel. An ischemic mouse model was prepared, and the half-life of MCP was mapped in the mouse head. Compared to the half-life in control mice, the half-life of MCP in the ischemic model mouse brain was significantly increased, suggesting a shift in the redox balance. This in vivo EPR imaging method using BBB-permeative MCP is a useful noninvasive method for assessing changes in the redox status in mouse brains under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho C Emoto
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan
| | - Hideo Sato-Akaba
- Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hirata
- Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0814, Japan
| | - Hirotada G Fujii
- Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan.
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31
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Kuntić VS, Stanković MB, Vujić ZB, Brborić JS, Uskoković-Marković SM. Radioprotectors - the evergreen topic. Chem Biodivers 2014; 10:1791-803. [PMID: 24130023 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To protect organisms from ionizing radiation (IR), and to reduce morbidity or mortality, various agents, called radioprotectors, have been utilized. Because radiation-induced cellular damage is attributed primarily to the harmful effects of free radicals, molecules with radical-scavenging properties are particularly promising as radioprotectors. Early development of such agents focused on thiol synthetic compounds, known as WR protectors, but only amifostine (WR-2721) has been used in clinical trials as an officially approved radioprotector. Besides thiol compounds, various compounds with different chemical structure were investigated, but an ideal radioprotector has not been found yet. Plants and natural products have been evaluated as promising sources of radioprotectors because of their low toxicity, although they exhibit an inferior protection level compared to synthetic thiol compounds. Active plant constituents seem to exert the radioprotection through antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities. Our research established that plants containing polyphenolic compounds (raspberry, blueberry, strawberry, grape, etc.) exhibit antioxidative activities and protect genetic material from IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna S Kuntić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, P.O. Box 146, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia (phone: +381-11-39-51-238; fax: +381-11-39-72-840)
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32
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Rath KS, Naidu SK, Lata P, Bid HK, Rivera BK, McCann GA, Tierney BJ, Elnaggar AC, Bravo V, Leone G, Houghton P, Hideg K, Kuppusamy P, Cohn DE, Selvendiran K. HO-3867, a safe STAT3 inhibitor, is selectively cytotoxic to ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2316-27. [PMID: 24590057 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
STAT3 is well corroborated preclinically as a cancer therapeutic target, but tractable translational strategies for its blockade by small molecule inhibitors have remained elusive. In this study, we report the development of a novel class of bifunctional STAT3 inhibitors, based on conjugation of a diarylidenyl-piperidone (DAP) backbone to an N-hydroxypyrroline (-NOH) group, which exhibits minimal toxicity against normal cells and good oral bioavailability. Molecular modeling studies of this class suggested direct interaction with the STAT3 DNA binding domain. In particular, the DAP compound HO-3867 selectively inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation, transcription, and DNA binding without affecting the expression of other active STATs. HO-3867 exhibited minimal toxicity toward noncancerous cells and tissues but induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Pharmacologic analysis revealed greater bioabsorption and bioavailability of the active (cytotoxic) metabolites in cancer cells compared with normal cells. The selective cytotoxicity of HO-3867 seemed to be multifaceted, eliciting differential activation of the Akt pathway in normal versus cancer cells. RNAi attenuation experiments confirmed the requirement of STAT3 for HO-3867-mediated apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. In vivo testing showed that HO-3867 could block xenograft tumor growth without toxic side effects. Furthermore, in primary human ovarian cancer cells isolated from patient ascites, HO-3867 inhibited cell migration/invasion and survival. Our results offer preclinical proof-of-concept for HO-3867 as a selective STAT3 inhibitor to treat ovarian cancer and other solid tumors where STAT3 is widely upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie S Rath
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center; Center for Childhood Cancer, Nationwide Children's Hospital; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; EPR Imaging Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth, New Hampshire; and Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Akita S. Treatment of Radiation Injury. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:1-11. [PMID: 24761339 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2012.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Radiation exposure as a result of radiation treatment, accident, or terrorism may cause serious problems such as deficiency due to necrosis or loss of function, fibrosis, or intractable ulcers in the tissues and organs. When the skin, bone, oral mucous membrane, guts, or salivary glands are damaged by ionizing radiation, the management and treatment are very lengthy and difficult. Critical Issues: In severe and irreversible injuries, surgery remains the mainstay of treatment. Several surgical procedures, such as debridement, skin grafting, and local and free-vascularized flaps, are widely used. Recent Advances: In specific cases of major morbidity or in high-risk patients, a newly developed therapy using a patient's own stem cells is safe and effective. Adipose tissue, normally a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells, which are similar to those from the bone marrow, can be harvested, since the procedure is easy, and abundant tissue can be obtained with minimal invasiveness. Future Directions: Based on the molecular basis of radiation injuries, several prospective treatments are under development. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms focus on an individual's sensitivity to radiation in radiogenomics, and the pathology of radiation fibrosis or the effect of radiation on wound healing is being studied and will lead to new insight into the treatment of radiation injuries. Protectors and mitigators are being actively investigated in terms of the timing of administration or dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadanori Akita
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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34
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Shi TY, Zhao DQ, Wang HB, Feng S, Liu SB, Xing JH, Qu Y, Gao P, Sun XL, Zhao MG. A new chiral pyrrolyl α-nitronyl nitroxide radical attenuates β-amyloid deposition and rescues memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Neurotherapeutics 2013; 10:340-53. [PMID: 23212232 PMCID: PMC3625382 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-012-0168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species causes cellular oxidative damage, and has been implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). L-NNNBP, a new chiral pyrrolyl α-nitronyl nitroxide radical synthesized in our department, shows potential antioxidant effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of L-NNNBP on β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and memory deficits in an AD model of APP/PS1 mice. In cultured cortical neurons, L-NNNBP acted as an antioxidant by quenching reactive oxygen species, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, nitrosative stress, and stimulating cellular antioxidant defenses. L-NNNBP inhibited cell apoptosis induced by Aβ exposure. In vivo treatment with L-NNNBP for 1 month induced a marked decrease in brain Aβ deposition and tau phosphorylation in the blinded study on APP/PS1 transgenic mice (1 mM in drinking water, initiated when the mice were 6 months old). The L-NNNBP-treated APP/PS1 mice showed decreased astrocyte activation and improved spatial learning and memory compared with the vehicle-treated APP/PS1 mice. These actions were more potent compared with that of curcumin, a natural product, and TEMPO, a nitroxide radical, which are used as free radical scavengers in clinics. These results proved that the newly synthesized L-NNNBP was an effective therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-yao Shi
- />Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Da-qing Zhao
- />Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Hai-bo Wang
- />Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Shufang Feng
- />Department of Psychosomatics, Xijing Hospital, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Shui-bing Liu
- />Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Jiang-hao Xing
- />Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Yang Qu
- />Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Peng Gao
- />Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Xiao-li Sun
- />Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Ming-gao Zhao
- />Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032 China
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35
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Pattison DI, Lam M, Shinde SS, Anderson RF, Davies MJ. The nitroxide TEMPO is an efficient scavenger of protein radicals: cellular and kinetic studies. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1664-74. [PMID: 22974763 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.08.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein oxidation occurs during multiple human pathologies, and protein radicals are known to induce damage to other cell components. Such damage may be modulated by agents that scavenge protein radicals. In this study, the potential protective reactions of the nitroxide TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl radical) against Tyr- and Trp-derived radicals (TyrO./TrpN.) have been investigated. Pretreatment of macrophage cells with TEMPO provided protection against photo-oxidation-induced loss of cell viability and Tyr oxidation, with the nitroxide more effective than the hydroxylamine or parent amine. Pulse radiolysis was employed to determine rate constants, k, for the reaction of TEMPO with TyrO. and TrpN. generated on N-Ac-Tyr-amide and N-Ac-Trp-amide, with values of k~10(8) and 7×10(6)M(-1)s(-1), respectively, determined. Analogous studies with lysozyme, chymotrypsin, and pepsin yielded k for TEMPO reacting with TrpN. ranging from 1.5×10(7) (lysozyme) to 1.1×10(8) (pepsin)M(-1)s(-1). Pepsin-derived TyrO. reacted with TEMPO with k~4×10(7)M(-1)s(-1); analogous reactions for lysozyme and chymotrypsin TyrO. were much slower. These data indicate that TEMPO can inhibit secondary reactions of both TyrO. and TrpN., though this is protein dependent. Such protein radical scavenging may contribute to the positive biological effects of nitroxides.
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36
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Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (dihydrogen, H(2)) acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). It has been well-known that ionising radiation (IR) causes oxidative damage and consequent apoptosis mainly due to the production of •OH that follows radiolysis of H(2)O. Our department reported the protective effect of H(2) in irradiated cells and mice for the first time, and this effect is well repeated by us and another laboratory in different experimental animal models. A randomised, placebo-controlled investigation also showed consumption of H(2) can improve the quality of life of patients treated with radiotherapy for liver tumours. These encouraging results suggested that H(2) has a potential as a radioprotective agent with efficacy and non-toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhai Chuai
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Elas M, Ichikawa K, Halpern HJ. Oxidative stress imaging in live animals with techniques based on electron paramagnetic resonance. Radiat Res 2012; 177:514-23. [PMID: 22348251 DOI: 10.1667/rr2668.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been the object of considerable biological and biochemical investigation. Quantification has been difficult although the quantitative level of products of biological oxidations in tissues and tissue products has emerged as a widely used technique. The relationship between these products and the amount of oxidative stress is less clear. Imaging oxidative stress with electron paramagnetic resonance related magnetic resonance imaging, while not addressing the specific issue of quantification of initiating events, focuses on the anatomic specific location of the oxidative stress. Moreover, the relative quantification of oxidative stress of one location against another is possible, sharpening our understanding of oxidative stress. This promises to improve our understanding of oxidative stress and its deleterious consequences and enhance our understanding of the effectiveness of interventions to modulate oxidative stress and its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Elas
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Davis RM, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC. Nitroxides as cancer imaging agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2011; 11:347-58. [PMID: 21434855 DOI: 10.2174/187152011795677526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitroxides are low molecular weight (150-400 Da) superoxide dismutase mimics that exhibit antioxidant, radical scavenging, and radioprotective activity. Additionally, the paramagnetic nature of nitroxides makes them viable as both spin probes for electron paramagnetic resonance imaging as well as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging. These imaging techniques enable in vivo monitoring of nitroxide metabolism. In biological systems, nitroxide metabolism occurs predominantly via reduction of the nitroxide to a hydroxylamine. The rate of nitroxide reduction can increase or decrease due to either oxidative stress, suggesting that nitroxides can provide an imaging-based assay of tissue redox status. The current review briefly summarizes the potential clinical applications of nitroxides, and focuses on the biochemical and tumor microenvironmental factors that affect the rate of nitroxide reduction. The potential therapeutic applications and bio-reduction mechanisms are discussed in the context of their relevance to oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Davis
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Flora SJS. Arsenic-induced oxidative stress and its reversibility. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:257-81. [PMID: 21554949 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the literature describing the molecular mechanisms of arsenic-induced oxidative stress, its relevant biomarkers, and its relation to various diseases, including preventive and therapeutic strategies. Arsenic alters multiple cellular pathways including expression of growth factors, suppression of cell cycle checkpoint proteins, promotion of and resistance to apoptosis, inhibition of DNA repair, alterations in DNA methylation, decreased immunosurveillance, and increased oxidative stress, by disturbing the pro/antioxidant balance. These alterations play prominent roles in disease manifestation, such as carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, diabetes, cardiovascular and nervous systems disorders. The exact molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in arsenic toxicity are rather unrevealed. Arsenic alters cellular glutathione levels either by utilizing this electron donor for the conversion of pentavalent to trivalent arsenicals or directly binding with it or by oxidizing glutathione via arsenic-induced free radical generation. Arsenic forms oxygen-based radicals (OH(•), O(2)(•-)) under physiological conditions by directly binding with critical thiols. As a carcinogen, it acts through epigenetic mechanisms rather than as a classical mutagen. The carcinogenic potential of arsenic may be attributed to activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors and other signaling pathways involving nuclear factor κB, activator protein-1, and p53. Modulation of cellular thiols for protection against reactive oxygen species has been used as a therapeutic strategy against arsenic. N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic acid, vitamin E, quercetin, and a few herbal extracts show prophylactic activity against the majority of arsenic-mediated injuries in both in vitro and in vivo models. This review also updates the reader on recent advances in chelation therapy and newer therapeutic strategies suggested to treat arsenic-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaran J S Flora
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
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Walker JR, Fairfull-Smith KE, Anzai K, Lau S, White PJ, Scammells PJ, Bottle SE. Edaravone containing isoindoline nitroxides for the potential treatment of cardiovascular ischaemia. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1md00041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Nitroxyl contrast agents (nitroxyl radicals, also known as nitroxide) are paramagnetic species, which can react with reactive oxygen species (ROS) to lose paramagnetism to be diamagnetic species. The paramagnetic nitroxyl radical forms can be detected by using electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI), Overhauser MRI (OMRI), or MRI. The time course of in vivo image intensity induced by paramagnetic redox-sensitive contrast agent can give tissue redox information, which is the so-called redox imaging technique. The redox imaging technique employing a blood-brain barrier permeable nitroxyl contrast agent can be applied to analyze the pathophysiological functions in the brain. A brief theory of redox imaging techniques is described, and applications of redox imaging techniques to brain are introduced.
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Protection of normal brain cells from γ-irradiation-induced apoptosis by a mitochondria-targeted triphenyl-phosphonium-nitroxide: a possible utility in glioblastoma therapy. J Neurooncol 2010; 100:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Selvendiran K, Ahmed S, Dayton A, Kuppusamy ML, Tazi M, Bratasz A, Tong L, Rivera BK, Kálai T, Hideg K, Kuppusamy P. Safe and targeted anticancer efficacy of a novel class of antioxidant-conjugated difluorodiarylidenyl piperidones: differential cytotoxicity in healthy and cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:1228-35. [PMID: 20156552 PMCID: PMC2847669 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2009] [Revised: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of smart anticancer drugs that can selectively kill cancer cells while sparing the surrounding healthy tissues/cells is of paramount importance for safe and effective cancer therapy. We report a novel class of bifunctional compounds based on diarylidenyl piperidone (DAP) conjugated to an N-hydroxypyrroline (NOH; a nitroxide precursor) group. We hypothesized that the DAP would have cytotoxic (anticancer) activity, whereas the NOH moiety would function as a tissue-specific modulator (antioxidant) of cytotoxicity. The study used four DAPs, namely H-4073 and H-4318 without NOH and HO-3867 and HO-4200 with NOH substitution. The goal of the study was to evaluate the proof-of-concept anticancer-versus-antioxidant efficacy of the DAPs using a number of cancerous (breast, colon, head and neck, liver, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancer) and noncancerous (smooth muscle, aortic endothelial, and ovarian surface epithelial) human cell lines. Cytotoxicity was determined using an MTT-based cell viability assay. All four compounds induced significant loss of cell viability in cancer cells, whereas HO-3867 and HO-4200 showed significantly less cytotoxicity in noncancerous cells. EPR measurements showed a metabolic conversion of the N-hydroxylamine function to nitroxide with significantly higher levels of the metabolite and superoxide radical-scavenging (antioxidant) activity in noncancerous cells compared to cancer cells. Western blot analysis showed that the DAP-induced growth arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells were mediated by inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation at the Tyr705 and Ser727 residues and induction of apoptotic markers of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP. The results suggest that the antioxidant-conjugated DAPs will be useful as safe and effective anticancer agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppaiyah Selvendiran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Li WG, Zhang XY, Wu YJ, Gao MT, Zheng RL. The relationship between structure and antioxidative activity of piperidine nitroxides. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:941-9. [PMID: 16805954 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.7.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We have investigated the relationship between structure and antioxidative activity of piperidine nitroxides which were substituted by different groups at the 4-position. All of the tested piperidine nitroxides inhibited malondialdehyde (MDA) generation caused either spontaneously or by a hydroxyl free radical generation system (Fe2+-ascorbic acid) in homogenates of liver, heart and kidney of rats, and antagonized H2O2-induced haemolysis from rat erythrocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. The same rank was followed: Bis-(4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl) (4-BIS-Tempo) and 4-azido-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-N3-Tempo) >4-isothiocyanate-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-ISO-Tempo), 4-2′,4′-dinitrophenyl-hydrazone-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-D-Tempo), 4-sulfonate-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-S-Tempo) and 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-NH2-Tempo) > 4-acetate ester-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-A-Tempo) and 4-benzoate-2,2,6,6-tetra-methyl piperidinooxyl (4-B-Tempo). With the exception of 4-A-Tempo and 4-D-Tempo, the tested piperidine nitroxides inhibited superoxide anion (O2.-) release from neutrophils stimulated by zymosan. The concentration required for inhibiting O2.- release was higher than that of inhibiting MDA formation and haemolysis. However, 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine (4-NH2-TempH) and other 4-position substitutes, such as NaN3 and isothiocyanate, had no effects on MDA formation, haemolysis or O2.- release. The results indicated that nitroxides have a wide range of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) actions. The nitroxide moiety was the essential group while the 4-position substitutes could influence the activity of nitroxides on scavenging ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Guang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730 000, PR China
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Jiang J, Stoyanovsky DA, Belikova NA, Tyurina YY, Zhao Q, Tungekar MA, Kapralova V, Huang Z, Mintz AH, Greenberger JS, Kagan VE. A mitochondria-targeted triphenylphosphonium-conjugated nitroxide functions as a radioprotector/mitigator. Radiat Res 2009; 172:706-17. [PMID: 19929417 DOI: 10.1667/rr1729.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Removal of excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species by electron scavengers and antioxidants is a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce the detrimental effects of radiation exposure. Here we exploited triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation as a means to target nitroxide radicals to mitochondria. We synthesized a library of TPP-conjugated nitroxides and tested their radioprotective effects in gamma-irradiated mouse embryo cells and human epithelial BEAS-2B cells. Cells were incubated with conjugates either before or after irradiation. We found that [2-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-4-ylimino)-ethyl]-triphenyl-phosphonium (TPEY-Tempo) significantly blocked radiation-induced apoptosis as revealed by externalization of phosphatidylserine on the cell surface and inhibition of cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Using electron paramagnetic resonance, we showed that TPEY-Tempo was integrated into cells and mitochondria, where it underwent one-electron reduction to hydroxylamine. TPEY-Tempo acted as an electron scavenger that prevented superoxide generation and cardiolipin oxidation in mitochondria. Finally, TPEY-Tempo increased the clonogenic survival rate of irradiated cells. The cellular integration efficiencies of nonradioprotective TPP conjugates, including Mito-Tempo (Alexis, San Diego, CA), were markedly lower, although these homologues were integrated into isolated succinate-energized mitochondria to a similar extent as TPEY-Tempo. We conclude that mitochondrial targeting of TPP-conjugated nitroxides represents a promising approach for the development of novel radioprotectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Jiang
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Ting SRS, Min EH, Escalé P, Save M, Billon L, Stenzel MH. Lectin Recognizable Biomaterials Synthesized via Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization of a Methacryloyl Galactose Monomer. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9019015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Simon Ting
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
- IPREM Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères, UMR 5254 CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Hélioparc 2, Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex, France
| | - Eun Hee Min
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
- IPREM Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères, UMR 5254 CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Hélioparc 2, Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Escalé
- IPREM Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères, UMR 5254 CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Hélioparc 2, Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex, France
| | - Maud Save
- IPREM Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères, UMR 5254 CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Hélioparc 2, Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Billon
- IPREM Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères, UMR 5254 CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Hélioparc 2, Avenue du Président Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex, France
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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Epperly MW, Melendez JA, Zhang X, Nie S, Pearce L, Peterson J, Franicola D, Dixon T, Greenberger BA, Komanduri P, Wang H, Greenberger JS. Mitochondrial targeting of a catalase transgene product by plasmid liposomes increases radioresistance in vitro and in vivo. Radiat Res 2009; 171:588-95. [PMID: 19580494 DOI: 10.1667/rr1424.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether increased mitochondrially localized catalase was radioprotective, a human catalase transgene was cloned into a small pSVZeo plasmid and localized to the mitochondria of 32D cl 3 cells by adding the mitochondrial localization sequence of MnSOD (mt-catalase). The cell lines 32D-Cat and 32D-mt-Cat had increased catalase biochemical activity as confirmed by Western blot analysis compared to the 32D cl 3 parent cells. The MnSOD-overexpressing 32D cl 3 cell line, 2C6, had decreased baseline catalase activity that was increased in 2C6-Cat and 2C6-mt-Cat subclonal cell lines. 32D-mt-Cat cells were more radioresistant than 32D-Cat cells, but both were radioresistant relative to 32D cl 3 cells. 2C6-mt-Cat cells but not 2C6-Cat cells were radioresistant compared to 2C6 cells. Intratracheal injection of the mt-catalase-plasmid liposome complex (mt-Cat-PL) but not the catalase-plasmid liposome complex (Cat-PL) increased the resistance of C57BL/6NHsd female mice to 20 Gy thoracic irradiation compared to MnSOD-plasmid liposomes. Thus mitochondrially targeted overexpression of the catalase transgene is radioprotective in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Fairfull-Smith KE, Brackmann F, Bottle SE. The Synthesis of Novel Isoindoline Nitroxides Bearing Water-Solubilising Functionality. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200801255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wilcox CS, Pearlman A. Chemistry and antihypertensive effects of tempol and other nitroxides. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 60:418-69. [PMID: 19112152 DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroxides can undergo one- or two-electron reduction reactions to hydroxylamines or oxammonium cations, respectively, which themselves are interconvertible, thereby providing redox metabolic actions. 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (tempol) is the most extensively studied nitroxide. It is a cell membrane-permeable amphilite that dismutates superoxide catalytically, facilitates hydrogen peroxide metabolism by catalase-like actions, and limits formation of toxic hydroxyl radicals produced by Fenton reactions. It is broadly effective in detoxifying these reactive oxygen species in cell and animal studies. When administered intravenously to hypertensive rodent models, tempol caused rapid and reversible dose-dependent reductions in blood pressure in 22 of 26 studies. This was accompanied by vasodilation, increased nitric oxide activity, reduced sympathetic nervous system activity at central and peripheral sites, and enhanced potassium channel conductance in blood vessels and neurons. When administered orally or by infusion over days or weeks to hypertensive rodent models, it reduced blood pressure in 59 of 68 studies. This was accompanied by correction of salt sensitivity and endothelial dysfunction and reduced agonist-evoked oxidative stress and contractility of blood vessels, reduced renal vascular resistance, and increased renal tissue oxygen tension. Thus, tempol is broadly effective in reducing blood pressure, whether given by acute intravenous injection or by prolonged administration, in a wide range of rodent models of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Wilcox
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Disorder Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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Epperly MW, Dixon T, Wang H, Schlesselman J, Franicola D, Greenberger JS. Modulation of radiation-induced life shortening by systemic intravenous MnSOD-plasmid liposome gene therapy. Radiat Res 2009; 170:437-43. [PMID: 19024650 DOI: 10.1667/rr1286.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether systemic administration of MnSOD-PL protected mice from the acute hematopoietic syndrome and delayed death after total-body irradiation (TBI), C57BL/ 6J mice were injected intravenously with 100 microl liposomes containing 100 microg of human MnSOD-transgene plasmid 24 h prior to irradiation with 9.5 Gy or 1.0 Gy. The dose of 9.5 Gy was lethal to 42% of irradiated control female mice and 74% of irradiated control male mice at 30 days, with bone marrow hypocellularity consistent with the hematopoietic syndrome. A statistically significant increase in survival was observed in MnSOD-PL-treated female mice out to 400 days and in male mice out to 340 days. The incidence of tumors was similar between surviving groups. Between 350 and 600 days, the outcome was similar for both MnSOD-PL-treated and control irradiated groups, consistent with aging, with no difference in gross or microscopic pathological evidence of tumors. Male and female mice receiving 1.0 Gy TBI showed radiation-induced life shortening after 120 days that was decreased by MnSOD-PL administration and that was not associated with an increase in rate of tumor-associated death. Therefore, systemic MnSOD-PL radioprotective gene therapy is not associated with a detectably higher incidence of late carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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