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Lindquist C, Bjørndal B, Bakke HG, Slettom G, Karoliussen M, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH, Skorve J, Nygård OK, Berge RK. A mitochondria-targeted fatty acid analogue influences hepatic glucose metabolism and reduces the plasma insulin/glucose ratio in male Wistar rats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222558. [PMID: 31550253 PMCID: PMC6759202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A fatty acid analogue, 2-(tridec-12-yn-1-ylthio)acetic acid (1-triple TTA), was previously shown to have hypolipidemic effects in rats by targeting mitochondrial activity predominantly in liver. This study aimed to determine if 1-triple TTA could influence carbohydrate metabolism. Male Wistar rats were treated for three weeks with oral supplementation of 100 mg/kg body weight 1-triple TTA. Blood glucose and insulin levels, and liver carbohydrate metabolism gene expression and enzyme activities were determined. In addition, human myotubes and Huh7 liver cells were treated with 1-triple TTA, and glucose and fatty acid oxidation were determined. The level of plasma insulin was significantly reduced in 1-triple TTA-treated rats, resulting in a 32% reduction in the insulin/glucose ratio. The hepatic glucose and glycogen levels were lowered by 22% and 49%, respectively, compared to control. This was accompanied by lower hepatic gene expression of phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis, and Hnf4A, a regulator of gluconeogenesis. Gene expression of pyruvate kinase, catalysing the final step of glycolysis, was also reduced by 1-triple TTA. In addition, pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was reduced, accompanied by 10-15-fold increased gene expression of its regulator pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 compared to control, suggesting reduced entry of pyruvate into the TCA cycle. Indeed, the NADPH-generating enzyme malic enzyme 1 (ME1) catalysing production of pyruvate from malate, was increased 13-fold at the gene expression level. Despite the decreased glycogen level, genes involved in glycogen synthesis were not affected in livers of 1-triple TTA treated rats. In contrast, the pentose phosphate pathway seemed to be increased as the hepatic gene expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was higher in 1-triple TTA treated rats compared to controls. In human Huh7 liver cells, but not in myotubes, 1-triple-TTA reduced glucose oxidation and induced fatty acid oxidation, in line with previous observations of increased hepatic mitochondrial palmitoyl-CoA oxidation in rats. Importantly, this work recognizes the liver as an important organ in glucose homeostasis. The mitochondrially targeted fatty acid analogue 1-triple TTA seemed to lower hepatic glucose and glycogen levels by inhibition of gluconeogenesis. This was also linked to a reduction in glucose oxidation accompanied by reduced PHD activity and stimulation of ME1 and G6PD, favouring a shift from glucose- to fatty acid oxidation. The reduced plasma insulin/glucose ratio indicate that 1-triple TTA may improve glucose tolerance in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Lindquist
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hege G. Bakke
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Grete Slettom
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marie Karoliussen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild C. Rustan
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - G. Hege Thoresen
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Skorve
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar K. Nygård
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Kristian Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Berge RK, Bjørndal B, Strand E, Bohov P, Lindquist C, Nordrehaug JE, Svardal A, Skorve J, Nygård O. Tetradecylthiopropionic acid induces hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and steatosis, accompanied by increased plasma homocysteine in mice. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:24. [PMID: 26846427 PMCID: PMC4743328 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methyl donor supplementation has been shown to alleviate NAFLD, connecting the condition to the one-carbon metabolism. Thus, the objective was to investigate regulation of homocysteine (Hcy) and metabolites along the choline oxidation pathway during induction of hepatic steatosis by the fatty acid analogue tetradecylthiopropionic acid (TTP), an inhibitor of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. METHODS Mice were fed a control diet, or diets containing 0.3 %, 0.6 %, or 0.9 % (w/w) TTP for 14 days. Blood and liver samples were collected, enzyme activities and gene expression were analyzed in liver, lipid and fatty acid composition in liver and plasma, one-carbon metabolites, B-vitamin status, carnitine and acylcarnitines were analyzed in plasma. RESULTS Liver mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation decreased by 40 % and steatosis was induced in a dose dependent manner; total lipids increased 1.6-fold in animals treated with 0.3 % TTP, 2-fold with 0.6 % TTP and 2.1 fold with 0.9 % TTP compared to control. The higher hepatic concentration of fatty acids was associated with shortening of carbon-length. Furthermore, the inhibited fatty acid oxidation led to a 30-fold decrease in plasma carnitine and 9.3-fold decrease in acetylcarnitine at the highest dose of TTP, whereas an accumulation of palmitoylcarnitine resulted. Compared to the control diet, TTP administration was associated with elevated plasma total Hcy (control: 7.2 ± 0.3 umol/L, 0.9 % TTP: 30.5 ± 5.9 umol/L) and 1.4-1.6 fold increase in the one-carbon metabolites betaine, dimethylglycine, sarcosine and glycine, accompanied by changes in gene expression of the different B-vitamin dependent pathways of Hcy and choline metabolism. A positive correlation between total Hcy and hepatic triacylglycerol resulted. CONCLUSIONS The TTP-induced inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation was not associated with increased hepatic oxidative stress or inflammation. Our data suggest a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and the methylation processes within the one-carbon metabolism in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf K Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Carine Lindquist
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Heart Disease, Stavanger University Hospital, 4142, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Asbjørn Svardal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jon Skorve
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ottar Nygård
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway. .,KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
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Vigerust NF, Cacabelos D, Burri L, Berge K, Wergedahl H, Christensen B, Portero-Otin M, Viste A, Pamplona R, Berge RK, Bjørndal B. Fish oil and 3-thia fatty acid have additive effects on lipid metabolism but antagonistic effects on oxidative damage when fed to rats for 50 weeks. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:1384-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pettersen RJ, Salem M, Rotevatn S, Kuiper KK, Larsen TH, Bohov P, Berge RK, Nordrehaug JE. Effects of local delivery of Tetradecylthioacetic acid within the injured coronary vessel wall. SCAND CARDIOVASC J 2012; 46:366-73. [DOI: 10.3109/14017431.2012.725477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Khalid AM, Hafstad AD, Larsen TS, Severson DL, Boardman N, Hagve M, Berge RK, Aasum E. Cardioprotective effect of the PPAR ligand tetradecylthioacetic acid in type 2 diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H2116-22. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00357.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) is a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligand with marked hypolipidemic and insulin-sensitizing effects in obese models. TTA has recently been shown to attenuate dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, corroborating the potential for TTA in antidiabetic therapy. In a recent study on normal mice, we showed that TTA increased myocardial fatty acid (FA) oxidation, which was associated with decreased cardiac efficiency and impaired postischemic functional recovery. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to elucidate the effects of TTA treatment (0.5%, 8 days) on cardiac metabolism and function in a hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic model. We found that TTA treatment increased myocardial FA oxidation, not only in nondiabetic ( db/+) mice but also in diabetic ( db/db) mice, despite a clear lipid-lowering effect. Although TTA had deleterious effects in hearts from nondiabetic mice (decreased efficiency and impaired mitochondrial respiratory capacity), these effects were not observed in db/db hearts. In db/db hearts, TTA improved ischemic tolerance, an effect that is most likely related to the antioxidant property of TTA. The present study strongly advocates the need for investigation of the cardiac effects of PPAR ligands used in antidiabetic/hypolipidemic therapy, because of their pleiotropic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Khalid
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø
| | - Anne Dragøy Hafstad
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø
| | - Terje S. Larsen
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø
| | - David L. Severson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Neoma Boardman
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø
| | - Martin Hagve
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø
| | - Rolf K. Berge
- The Lipid Research Group, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway; and
| | - Ellen Aasum
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø
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Bjørndal B, Burri L, Staalesen V, Skorve J, Berge RK. Different adipose depots: their role in the development of metabolic syndrome and mitochondrial response to hypolipidemic agents. J Obes 2011; 2011:490650. [PMID: 21403826 PMCID: PMC3042633 DOI: 10.1155/2011/490650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue metabolism is closely linked to insulin resistance, and differential fat distributions are associated with disorders like hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissues vary in their impact on metabolic risk due to diverse gene expression profiles, leading to differences in lipolysis and in the production and release of adipokines and cytokines, thereby affecting the function of other tissues. In this paper, the roles of the various adipose tissues in obesity are summarized, with particular focus on mitochondrial function. In addition, we discuss how a functionally mitochondrial-targeted compound, the modified fatty acid tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA), can influence mitochondrial function and decrease the size of specific fat depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Bjørndal
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, N 5021 Bergen, Norway
- *Bodil Bjørndal:
| | - Lena Burri
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, N 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar Staalesen
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, N 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jon Skorve
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, N 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf K. Berge
- Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, N 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, N 5021 Bergen, Norway
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Jørgensen KM, Felberg HS, Berge RK, Laegreid A, Johansen B. Platelet activating factor stimulates arachidonic acid release in differentiated keratinocytes via arachidonyl non-selective phospholipase A2. Arch Dermatol Res 2010; 302:221-7. [PMID: 20041255 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-009-1017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Platelet activating factor (PAF, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) is known to be present in excess in psoriatic skin, but its exact role is uncertain. In the present study we demonstrate for the first time the role of group VI PLA2 in PAF-induced arachidonic acid release in highly differentiated human keratinocytes. The group IVα PLA2 also participates in the release, while secretory PLA2s play a minor role. Two anti-inflammatory synthetic fatty acids, tetradecylthioacetic acid and tetradecylselenoacetic acid, are shown to interfere with signalling events upstream of group IVα PLA2 activation. In summary, our major novel finding is the involvement of the arachidonyl non-selective group VI PLA2 in PAF-induced inflammatory responses.
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Alne H, Thomassen MS, Takle H, Terjesen BF, Grammes F, Oehme M, Refstie S, Sigholt T, Berge RK, Rørvik KA. Increased survival by feeding tetradecylthioacetic acid during a natural outbreak of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in S0 Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 2009; 32:953-961. [PMID: 19602091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have previously documented increased survival by feeding tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) during a natural outbreak of infectious pancreatic necrosis in post-smolt S1 Atlantic salmon. The aim of the present study was to test the effects of dietary TTA in S0 smolt at a location where fish often experience natural outbreaks of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) during their first spring at sea. The experimental groups were fed a diet supplemented with 0.25% TTA for a 6-week period prior to a natural outbreak of HSMI in May 2007. Relative percent survival for the groups fed TTA was 45% compared with control diets, reducing mortality from 4.7% to 2.5%. Expression of genes related to lipid oxidation was higher in cardiac ventricles from salmon fed TTA compared with controls. In addition, salmon fed TTA had periodically reduced levels of plasma urea, and increased cardiosomatic index and growth. Reduced mortality and increased growth after administration of TTA may be related to a combination of anti-inflammatory effects, and an altered metabolic balance with better protein conservation because of increased lipid degradation.
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Pettersen RJ, Salem M, Skorve J, Ulvik RJ, Berge RK, Nordrehaug JE. Pharmacology and Safety of Tetradecylthioacetic Acid (TTA): Phase-1 Study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008; 51:410-7. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181673be0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Kuiper KKJ, Salem M, Gudbrandsen OA, Muna ZA, Berge RK, Nordrehaug JE. Dose-dependent coronary artery intimal thickening after local delivery of the anti-oxidant tetradecylthioacetic acid from stents. Atherosclerosis 2007; 195:e39-47. [PMID: 17399716 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the in vitro uptake and elution of the anti-oxidant tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) from phosphorylcholine (PC)-coated stents, and the in vivo uptake, retention, inflammatory response and histomorphometric changes after overstretch injury of the porcine coronary artery. METHODS PC-coated stents were loaded in one of three different concentrations of TTA (87, 174 and 347 mmol/L, i.e. 25, 50 and 100 mg/mL) and randomized versus PC-coated stents to the right coronary or left circumflex artery (18 pigs). Uptake of TTA into the coronary wall from the 347 mmol/L concentration was measured after 3 h and 24 h, 7 days, 14 days and 28 days (two pigs at each time point). RESULTS In vitro, TTA was successfully loaded onto the stents and elution was nearly complete after 48 h. In vivo, TTA could be demonstrated in the vessel wall for up to 4 weeks. Percent area stenosis was significantly higher in the TTA group, 35.2+/-20.9% versus 27.5+/-17.0% (p=0.03). Dose-related comparison showed increased intimal thickness, 0.66+/-0.53 mm versus 0.29+/-0.26 mm (p=0.008) and intimal area, 2.83+/-1.61 mm2 versus 1.58+/-0.91 mm2 (p=0.004) for the 347 mmol/L TTA versus controls. There was a significantly positive relationship between the TTA-loading dose and both intimal area (B=0.69, p=0.01) and maximal intimal thickness (B=0.17, p=0.02). The pro-inflammatory precursor arachidonic acid increased four-fold in the arterial wall of the TTA group, while the anti-inflammatory fatty acid index, calculated as (docosapentaenoic acid+docosahexaenoic acid+dihomo-linolenic acid)/arachidonic acid, was suppressed to 0.65+/-0.27 compared to 1.13+/-0.23 in control vessels (p<0.001). CONCLUSION TTA caused a dose-dependent intimal thickening and reduced anti-inflammatory fatty acid index. Contrary to expectations, TTA seems unsuitable as stent coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel K J Kuiper
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Dyrøy E, Røst TH, Pettersen RJ, Halvorsen B, Gudbrandsen OA, Ueland T, Muna Z, Müller F, Nordrehaug JE, Aukrust P, Berge RK. Tetradecylselenoacetic acid, a PPAR ligand with antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and hypolipidemic properties. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 27:628-34. [PMID: 17185614 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000255950.70774.d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antioxidants protect against oxidative stress and inflammation, which, in combination with hyperlipidemia, are important mediators of atherogenesis. Here we present a selenium-substituted fatty acid, tetradecylselenoacetic acid (TSA), which is hypothesized to have antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and hypolipidemic properties. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that TSA exerts antioxidant properties by delaying the onset of oxidation of human low density lipoprotein (LDL), by reducing the uptake of oxidized LDL in murine macrophages, and by increasing the mRNA level of superoxide dismutase in rat liver. TSA also showed antiinflammatory effects by suppressing the release of interleukin (IL)-2 and -4, and by increasing the release of IL-10 in human blood leukocytes. In addition, TSA decreased the plasma triacylglycerol level and increased the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation in rat liver. In pigs, TSA seemed to reduce coronary artery intimal thickening after percutaneous coronary intervention. In HepG2 cells TSA activated all peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that TSA exert potent antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and hypolipidemic properties, potentially involving PPAR-related mechanisms. Based on these effects, it is tempting to hypothesize that TSA could be an interesting antiatherogenic approach to atherosclerotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endre Dyrøy
- Institute of Medicine, Section of Medical Biochemistry, University of Bergen, Norway
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Grav HJ, Tronstad KJ, Gudbrandsen OA, Berge K, Fladmark KE, Martinsen TC, Waldum H, Wergedahl H, Berge RK. Changed energy state and increased mitochondrial beta-oxidation rate in liver of rats associated with lowered proton electrochemical potential and stimulated uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) expression: evidence for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha independent induction of UCP-2 expression. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:30525-33. [PMID: 12756242 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303382200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lowering of plasma triglyceride levels by hypolipidemic agents is caused by a shift in the liver cellular metabolism, which become poised toward peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha-regulated fatty acid catabolism in mitochondria. After dietary treatment of rats with the hypolipidemic, modified fatty acid, tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA), the energy state parameters of the liver were altered at the tissue, cell, and mitochondrial levels. Thus, the hepatic phosphate potential, energy charge, and respiratory control coefficients were lowered, whereas rates of oxygen uptake, oxidation of pyridine nucleotide redox pairs, beta-oxidation, and ketogenesis were elevated. Moderate uncoupling of mitochondria from TTA-treated rats was confirmed, as the proton electrochemical potential (Delta(p)) was 15% lower than controls. The change affected the Delta(Psi) component only, leaving the (Delta)pH component unaltered, suggesting that TTA causes induction of electrogenic ion transport rather than electrophoretic fatty acid activity. TTA treatment induced expression of hepatic uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) in rats as well as in wild type and PPARalpha-deficient mice, accompanied by a decreased double bond index of the mitochondrial membrane lipids. However, changes of mitochondrial fatty acid composition did not seem to be related to the effects on mitochondrial energy conductance. As TTA activates PPARdelta, we discuss how this subtype might compensate for deficiency of PPARalpha. The overall changes recorded were moderate, making it likely that liver metabolism can maintain its function within the confines of its physiological regulatory framework where challenged by a hypolipemic agent such as TTA, as well as others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J Grav
- Institute for Nutrition Research, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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Raneva V, Shimasaki H, Furukawa Y, Ueta N, Yanishlieva N, Aaseng JE, Partali V, Sliwka HR, Yoshida Y, Niki E. Action of 1-(11-selenadodecyl)-glycerol and 1-(11-selenadodecyl)-3-trolox-glycerol against lipid peroxidation. Lipids 2002; 37:633-40. [PMID: 12216833 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-002-0943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant action on lipid peroxidation of the synthesized selenium compounds 1-(11-selenadodecyl)-glycerol (SeG) and 1-(11-selenadodecyl)-3-Trolox-glycerol (SeTrG, where Trolox = 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) was investigated. We compared the reactivity of the selenium compounds toward peroxyl radicals and their inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation, induced by several kinds of initiating species such as azo compounds, metal ions, and superoxide/nitric oxide in solution, micelles, membranes, and rat plasma. SeTrG, but not SeG, scavenged peroxyl radicals. SeG reduced methyl linoleate hydroperoxides in organic solution and in methyl linoleate micelles oxidized by ferrous ion (Fe2+)/ascorbic acid. In rat plasma SeG and SeTrG decreased the formation of lipid hydroperoxides generated by hydrophilic azo compounds. SeG and SeTrG spared alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TOH) consumption in multilamellar vesicle membranes oxidized by hydrophilic or lipophilic initiators, and only SeTrG spared alpha-TOH in superoxide/nitric oxide oxidized membranes. In rat plasma oxidized by radical initiators (either hydrophilic or lipophilic) or superoxide/nitric oxide, SeTrG suppressed alpha-TOH consumption, but SeG had no effect. The two selenium-containing compounds showed inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation that depended on their structure, the medium where they acted, and the oxidant used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Raneva
- First Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Thia substituted fatty acids are saturated fatty acids which are modified by insertion of a sulfur atom at specific positions in the carbon backbone. During the last few years pleiotropic effects of the 3-thia fatty acid tetradecylthioacetic acid have been revealed. The biological responses to tetradecylthioacetic acid include mitochondrial proliferation, increased catabolism of fatty acids, antiadiposity, improvement in insulin sensitivity, antioxidant properties, reduced proliferation and induction of apoptosis in rapidly proliferating cells, cell differentiation and antiinflammatory action. These biological responses indicate that tetradecylthioacetic acid changes the plasma profile from atherogenic to cardioprotective. As a pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligand, tetradecylthioacetic acid regulates the adipose tissue mass and the expression of lipid metabolizing enzymes, particularly those involved in catabolic pathways. In contrast, circumstantial evidences suggest that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-independent metabolic pathways may be of importance for the antioxidant, antiproliferative and antiinflammatory action of tetradecylthioacetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf K Berge
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland Hospital, University of Bergen, Norway.
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Muna ZA, Gudbrandsen OA, Wergedahl H, Bohov P, Skorve J, Berge RK. Inhibition of rat lipoprotein oxidation after tetradecylthioacetic acid feeding. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:1127-35. [PMID: 11931845 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(01)00934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA), a sulfur containing saturated fatty acid analogue, inhibits the oxidative modification of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in vitro. The oxidative modification of LDL is believed to be a crucial step in the progression of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of TTA oral administration on the susceptibility of rat lipoprotein to undergo oxidative modification ex vivo. Lipoprotein resistance to copper-induced oxidation was highly improved after TTA administration to rats. Conjugated dienes produced after 150 min of lipoprotein oxidation were dramatically lowered in the TTA treated rats compared to controls. Malondialdehyde and lipid peroxides production by oxidation was highly limited. These effects were independent of any Vitamin E effects. More than 50% relative reduction in polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 family, and more than 30% relative increase in 18:1n-9 fatty acid in the triacylglycerol (TAG)-rich lipoprotein were observed. TAG-rich lipoprotein lipids of TTA fed rats were decreased with more than 50% reduction in TAG. The data reported in this paper indicate a potent in vivo antioxidant capability of TTA that beside its hypolipidemic effect might be of importance in relation to the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad A Muna
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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