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Kut K, Stefaniuk I, Bartosz G, Sadowska-Bartosz I. Formation of a Purple Product upon the Reaction of ABTS Radicals with Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108912. [PMID: 37240256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction of the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) free radical (ABTS●) with proteins (bovine serum albumin, blood plasma, egg white, erythrocyte membranes, and Bacto Peptone) leads not only to a reduction of ABTS● but also to the appearance of a purple color (absorption maximum at 550-560 nm). The aim of this study was to characterize the formation and explain the nature of the product responsible for the appearance of this color. The purple color co-precipitated with protein, and was diminished by reducing agents. A similar color was generated by tyrosine upon reaction with ABTS●. The most feasible explanation for the color formation is the addiction of ABTS● to proteins' tyrosine residues. The product formation was decreased by nitration of the bovine serum albumin (BSA) tyrosine residues. The formation of the purple product of tyrosine was optimal at pH 6.5. A decrease in pH induced a bathochromic shift of the spectra of the product. The product was not a free radical, as demonstrated by electrom paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Another byproduct of the reaction of ABTS● with tyrosine and proteins was dityrosine. These byproducts can contribute to the non-stoichiometry of the antioxidant assays with ABTS●. The formation of the purple ABTS adduct may be a useful index of radical addition reactions of protein tyrosine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Kut
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Stefaniuk
- Institute of Materials Engineering, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 1 Pigonia Street, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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2
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Gáll T, Nagy P, Garai D, Potor L, Balla GJ, Balla G, Balla J. Overview on hydrogen sulfide-mediated suppression of vascular calcification and hemoglobin/heme-mediated vascular damage in atherosclerosis. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102504. [PMID: 36240620 PMCID: PMC9576974 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques with hemorrhage considerably contribute to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Calcification is the main characteristic of advanced atherosclerotic lesions and calcified aortic valve disease (CAVD). Lyses of red blood cells and hemoglobin (Hb) release occur in human hemorrhagic complicated lesions. During the interaction of cell-free Hb with plaque constituents, Hb is oxidized to ferric and ferryl states accompanied by oxidative changes of the globin moieties and heme release. Accumulation of both ferryl-Hb and metHb has been observed in atherosclerotic plaques. The oxidation hotspots in the globin chain are the cysteine and tyrosine amino acids associated with the generation of Hb dimers, tetramers and polymers. Moreover, fragmentation of Hb occurs leading to the formation of globin-derived peptides. A series of these pro-atherogenic cellular responses can be suppressed by hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Since H2S has been explored to exhibit a wide range of physiologic functions to maintain vascular homeostasis, it is not surprising that H2S may play beneficial effects in the progression of atherosclerosis. In the present review, we summarize the findings about the effects of H2S on atherosclerosis and CAVD with a special emphasis on the oxidation of Hb/heme in atherosclerotic plaque development and vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Gáll
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; ELKH-UD Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, 11003, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Nagy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Oncochemistry, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Garai
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Potor
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; ELKH-UD Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, 11003, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - György Balla
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; ELKH-UD Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, 11003, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Balla
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary; ELKH-UD Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, 11003, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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3
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Matsumoto KI, Nakanishi I, Zhelev Z, Bakalova R, Aoki I. Nitroxyl Radical as a Theranostic Contrast Agent in Magnetic Resonance Redox Imaging. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:95-121. [PMID: 34148403 PMCID: PMC8792502 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Significance:In vivo assessment of paramagnetic and diamagnetic conversions of nitroxyl radicals based on cyclic redox mechanism can be an index of tissue redox status. The redox mechanism of nitroxyl radicals, which enables their use as a normal tissue-selective radioprotector, is seen as being attractive on planning radiation therapy. Recent Advances:In vivo redox imaging using nitroxyl radicals as redox-sensitive contrast agents has been developed to assess tissue redox status. Chemical and biological behaviors depending on chemical structures of nitroxyl radical compounds have been understood in detail. Polymer types of nitroxyl radical contrast agents and/or nitroxyl radical-labeled drugs were designed for approaching theranostics. Critical Issues: Nitroxyl radicals as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents have several advantages compared with those used in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging, while support by EPR spectroscopy is important to understand information from MRI. Redox-sensitive paramagnetic contrast agents having a medicinal benefit, that is, nitroxyl-labeled drug, have been developed and proposed. Future Directions: A development of suitable nitroxyl contrast agent for translational theranostic applications with high reaction specificity and low normal tissue toxicity is under progress. Nitroxyl radicals as redox-sensitive magnetic resonance contrast agents can be a useful tool to detect an abnormal tissue redox status such as disordered oxidative stress. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 95-121.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Radiation Regulatory Science Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan
| | - Ikuo Nakanishi
- Quantum RedOx Chemistry Group, Institute for Quantum Life Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan
| | - Zhivko Zhelev
- Medical Faculty, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.,Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rumiana Bakalova
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Goup, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Goup, Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba-shi, Japan
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4
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Potor L, Hendrik Z, Patsalos A, Katona É, Méhes G, Póliska S, Csősz É, Kalló G, Komáromi I, Combi Z, Posta N, Sikura KÉ, Pethő D, Oros M, Vereb G, Tóth C, Gergely P, Nagy L, Balla G, Balla J. Oxidation of Hemoglobin Drives a Proatherogenic Polarization of Macrophages in Human Atherosclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:917-950. [PMID: 34269613 PMCID: PMC8905252 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of our study was to explore the pathophysiologic role of oxidation of hemoglobin (Hb) to ferrylHb in human atherosclerosis. Results: We observed a severe oxidation of Hb to ferrylHb in complicated atherosclerotic lesions of carotid arteries with oxidative changes of the globin moieties, detected previously described oxidation hotspots in Hb (β1Cys93; β1Cys112; β2Cys112) and identified a novel oxidation hotspot (α1Cys104). After producing a monoclonal anti-ferrylHb antibody, ferrylHb was revealed to be localized extracellularly and also internalized by macrophages in the human hemorrhagic complicated lesions. We demonstrated that ferrylHb is taken up via phagocytosis as well as CD163 receptor-mediated endocytosis and then transported to lysosomes involving actin polymerization. Internalization of ferrylHb was accompanied by upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and H-ferritin and accumulation of iron within lysosomes as a result of heme/iron uptake. Importantly, macrophages exposed to ferrylHb in atherosclerotic plaques exhibited a proinflammatory phenotype, as reflected by elevated levels of IL-1β and TNF-α. To find further signatures of ferrylHb in complicated lesions, we performed RNA-seq analysis on biopsies from patients who underwent endarterectomies. RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that human complicated lesions had a unique transcriptomic profile different from arteries and atheromatous plaques. Pathways affected in complicated lesions included gene changes associated with phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, lipid transport, tissue remodeling, and vascularization. Targeted analysis of gene expression associated with calcification, apoptosis, and hemolytic-specific clusters indicated an increase in the severity of complicated lesions compared with atheroma. A 39% overlap in the differential gene expression profiles of human macrophages exposed to ferrylHb and the complicated lesion profiles was uncovered. Among these 547 genes, we found inflammatory, angiogenesis, and iron metabolism gene clusters regulated in macrophages. Innovation and Conclusion: We conclude that oxidation of Hb to ferrylHb contributes to the progression of atherosclerosis via polarizing macrophages into a proatherogenic phenotype. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 917-950.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Potor
- ELKH-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardial Pathophysiology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hendrik
- ELKH-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardial Pathophysiology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary.,Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andreas Patsalos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Medicine and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA.,Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Éva Katona
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Méhes
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Póliska
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Csősz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gergő Kalló
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Komáromi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Combi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Niké Posta
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Éva Sikura
- ELKH-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardial Pathophysiology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dávid Pethő
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Melinda Oros
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Vereb
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Tóth
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Gergely
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Medicine and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - György Balla
- ELKH-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardial Pathophysiology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Balla
- ELKH-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardial Pathophysiology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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5
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Ferryl Hemoglobin and Heme Induce A 1-Microglobulin in Hemorrhaged Atherosclerotic Lesions with Inhibitory Function against Hemoglobin and Lipid Oxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136668. [PMID: 34206377 PMCID: PMC8268598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of red blood cells into atheromatous plaques and oxidation of hemoglobin (Hb) and lipoproteins are implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. α1-microglobulin (A1M) is a radical-scavenging and heme-binding protein. In this work, we examined the origin and role of A1M in human atherosclerotic lesions. Using immunohistochemistry, we observed a significant A1M immunoreactivity in atheromas and hemorrhaged plaques of carotid arteries in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and macrophages. The most prominent expression was detected in macrophages of organized hemorrhage. To reveal a possible inducer of A1M expression in ruptured lesions, we exposed aortic endothelial cells (ECs), SMCs and macrophages to heme, Oxy- and FerrylHb. Both heme and FerrylHb, but not OxyHb, upregulated A1M mRNA expression in all cell types. Importantly, only FerrylHb induced A1M protein secretion in aortic ECs, SMCs and macrophages. To assess the possible function of A1M in ruptured lesions, we analyzed Hb oxidation and heme-catalyzed lipid peroxidation in the presence of A1M. We showed that recombinant A1M markedly inhibited Hb oxidation and heme-driven oxidative modification of low-density lipoproteins as well plaque lipids derived from atheromas. These results demonstrate the presence of A1M in atherosclerotic plaques and suggest its induction by heme and FerrylHb in the resident cells.
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6
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Bozza MT, Jeney V. Pro-inflammatory Actions of Heme and Other Hemoglobin-Derived DAMPs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1323. [PMID: 32695110 PMCID: PMC7339442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous molecules originate from damaged cells and tissues with the ability to trigger and/or modify innate immune responses. Upon hemolysis hemoglobin (Hb) is released from red blood cells (RBCs) to the circulation and give a rise to the production of different Hb redox states and heme which can act as DAMPs. Heme is the best characterized Hb-derived DAMP that targets different immune and non-immune cells. Heme is a chemoattractant, activates the complement system, modulates host defense mechanisms through the activation of innate immune receptors and the heme oxygenase-1/ferritin system, and induces innate immune memory. The contribution of oxidized Hb forms is much less studied, but some evidence show that these species might play distinct roles in intravascular hemolysis-associated pathologies independently of heme release. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge about the formation and pro-inflammatory actions of heme and other Hb-derived DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo T Bozza
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Viktória Jeney
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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7
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Formation and Detection of Highly Oxidized Hemoglobin Forms in Biological Fluids during Hemolytic Conditions. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8929020. [PMID: 32377310 PMCID: PMC7196973 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8929020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hemolytic diseases are characterized by an accelerated breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs) and the release of hemoglobin (Hb). Following, RBC lysis Hb oxidation occurs with the formation of different redox states of Hb (metHb and ferrylHb) and the release of heme. ferrylHb is unstable and decomposes to metHb with the concomitant formation of globin radicals and eventually covalently crosslinked Hb multimers. The goal of the present study was to determine the concentrations of the different redox states of Hb in biological samples during hemolytic conditions. We used plasma and urine samples of mice with intravascular hemolysis and human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples following intraventricular hemorrhage. Because ferrylHb is highly unstable, we also addressed the fate of this species. metHb and free heme time-dependently accumulate in plasma and CSF samples following intravascular hemolysis and intraventricular hemorrhage, respectively. ferrylHb is hardly detectable in the biological samples during hemolytic conditions. Under in vitro conditions, ferrylHb decomposes quickly to metHb, which process is associated with the formation of covalently crosslinked Hb multimers. We detected these covalently crosslinked Hb multimers in plasma, urine, and CSF samples during hemolytic conditions. Because globin modification is specific for these Hb forms, we propose to call this heterogeneous form of Hb produced during ferrylHb decomposition as globin-modified oxidized Hb (gmoxHb). Understanding the formation and the contribution of gmoxHb species to the pathogenesis of hemolytic conditions could have therapeutic implications in the treatment of hemolytic diseases.
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8
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Erdei J, Tóth A, Nagy A, Nyakundi BB, Fejes Z, Nagy B, Novák L, Bognár L, Balogh E, Paragh G, Kappelmayer J, Bácsi A, Jeney V. The Role of Hemoglobin Oxidation Products in Triggering Inflammatory Response Upon Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Premature Infants. Front Immunol 2020; 11:228. [PMID: 32210955 PMCID: PMC7069470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a frequent complication of prematurity that is associated with high neonatal mortality and morbidity. IVH is accompanied by red blood cell (RBC) lysis, hemoglobin (Hb) oxidation, and sterile inflammation. Here we investigated whether extracellular Hb, metHb, ferrylHb, and heme contribute to the inflammatory response after IVH. We collected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (n = 20) from premature infants with grade III IVH at different time points after the onset of IVH. Levels of Hb, metHb, total heme, and free heme were the highest in CSF samples obtained between days 0 and 20 after the onset of IVH and were mostly non-detectable in CSF collected between days 41 and 60 of post-IVH. Besides Hb monomers, we detected cross-linked Hb dimers and tetramers in post-IVH CSF samples obtained in days 0–20 and 21–40, but only Hb tetramers were present in CSF samples obtained after 41–60 days. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels were higher in CSF samples obtained between days 0 and 20 than in CSF collected between days 41 and 60 of post-IVH. Concentrations of VCAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and IL-8 strongly correlated with total heme levels in CSF. Applying the identified heme sources on human brain microvascular endothelial cells revealed that Hb oxidation products and free heme contribute to the inflammatory response. We concluded that RBC lysis, Hb oxidation, and heme release are important components of the inflammatory response in IVH. Pharmacological interventions targeting cell-free Hb, Hb oxidation products, and free heme could have potential to limit the neuroinflammatory response following IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Erdei
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tóth
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Nagy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Benard Bogonko Nyakundi
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Fejes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Béla Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Novák
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Bognár
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Enikö Balogh
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Paragh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Kappelmayer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktória Jeney
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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9
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Hemoglobin oxidation generates globin-derived peptides in atherosclerotic lesions and intraventricular hemorrhage of the brain, provoking endothelial dysfunction. J Transl Med 2020; 100:986-1002. [PMID: 32054994 PMCID: PMC7311325 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysis of red blood cells was shown to occur in human ruptured atherosclerotic lesions and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) of the brain. Liberated cell-free hemoglobin was found to undergo oxidation in both pathologies. We hypothesize that hemoglobin-derived peptides are generated during hemoglobin oxidation both in complicated atherosclerotic lesions and IVH of the brain, triggering endothelial cell dysfunction. Oxidized hemoglobin and its products were followed with spectrophotometry, LC-MS/MS analysis and detection of the cross-linking of globin chains in complicated atherosclerotic lesions of the human carotid artery and the hemorrhaged cerebrospinal liquid of preterm infants. The vascular pathophysiologic role of oxidized hemoglobin and the resultant peptides was assessed by measuring endothelial integrity, the activation of endothelial cells and the induction of proinflammatory genes. Peptide fragments of hemoglobin (VNVDEVGGEALGRLLVVYPWTQR, LLVVYPWTQR, MFLSFPTTK, VGAHAGEYGAELERMFLSFPTTK, and FLASVSTVLTSKYR) were identified in ruptured atherosclerotic lesions and in IVH of the human brain. Fragments resulting from the oxidation of hemoglobin were accompanied by the accumulation of ferryl hemoglobin. Similar to complicated atherosclerotic lesions of the human carotid artery, a high level of oxidized and cross-linked hemoglobin was observed in the cerebrospinal fluid after IVH. Haptoglobin inhibited hemoglobin fragmentation provoked by peroxide. The resultant peptides failed to bind haptoglobin or albumin. Peptides derived from hemoglobin oxidation and ferryl hemoglobin induced intercellular gap formation, decreased junctional resistance in the endothelium, and enhanced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Enhanced expression of TNF and the activation of NLRP3 and CASP1 followed by the increased generation of IL-1β and nuclear translocation of the NF-κβ transcription factor occurred in response to hemoglobin-derived peptides, and ferryl hemoglobin in endothelium was upregulated in both pathologies. We conclude that the oxidation of hemoglobin in complicated atherosclerotic lesions and intraventricular hemorrhage of the brain generates peptide fragments and ferryl hemoglobin with the potential to trigger endothelial cell dysfunction.
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10
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Vasilyeva AD, Yurina LV, Bugrova AE, Indeykina MI, Azarova DY, Bychkova AV, Akzhigitova KI, Kononikhin AS, Nikolaev EN, Rosenfeld MA. Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Modification of Hemoglobin. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2019; 486:197-200. [PMID: 31367820 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672919030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative modification of human hemoglobin (Hb) treated with hydrogen peroxide was investigated. Using the mass spectrometry method, the oxidized amino acid residues of the hemoglobin molecule were detected: αTrp14, αTyr24, αArg31, αMet32, αTyr42, αHis45, αHis72, αMet76, αPro77, αLys90, αCys104, αTyr140, βHis2, βTrp15, βTrp37, βMet55, βCys93, βCys112, βTyr130, βLys144, and βHis146. The antioxidant potential of the Hb molecule in the intracellular space and in the blood plasma is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Vasilyeva
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia.
| | - L V Yurina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - A E Bugrova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - M I Indeykina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow oblast, Russia
| | - D Y Azarova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia.,Skryabin Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, and Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Bychkova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - K I Akzhigitova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia.,Belinsky Pedagogical Institute, Penza State University, Penza, Russia
| | - A S Kononikhin
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia.,Tal'roze Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow oblast, Russia
| | - E N Nikolaev
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia.,Tal'roze Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143025, Skolkovo, Moscow oblast, Russia
| | - M A Rosenfeld
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Mason RP, Ganini D. Immuno-spin trapping of macromolecules free radicals in vitro and in vivo - One stop shopping for free radical detection. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:318-331. [PMID: 30552998 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The only general technique that allows the unambiguous detection of free radicals is electron spin resonance (ESR). However, ESR spin trapping has severe limitations especially in biological systems. The greatest limitation of ESR is poor sensitivity relative to the low steady-state concentration of free radical adducts, which in cells and in vivo is much lower than the best sensitivity of ESR. Limitations of ESR have led to an almost desperate search for alternatives to investigate free radicals in biological systems. Here we explore the use of the immuno-spin trapping technique, which combine the specificity of the spin trapping to the high sensitivity and universal use of immunological techniques. All of the immunological techniques based on antibody binding have become available for free radical detection in a wide variety of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P Mason
- Inflammation, Immunity and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Douglas Ganini
- Inflammation, Immunity and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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12
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Nyakundi BB, Tóth A, Balogh E, Nagy B, Erdei J, Ryffel B, Paragh G, Cordero MD, Jeney V. Oxidized hemoglobin forms contribute to NLRP3 inflammasome-driven IL-1β production upon intravascular hemolysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:464-475. [PMID: 30389578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are released form red blood cells (RBCs) during intravascular hemolysis (IVH). Extracellular heme, with its pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects, is sensed by innate immune cells through pattern recognition receptors such as toll-like receptor 4 and nucleotide-binding domain and leucine rich repeat containing family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), while free availability of heme is strictly controlled. Here we investigated the involvement of different hemoglobin (Hb) forms in hemolysis-associated inflammatory responses. We found that after IVH most of the extracellular heme molecules are localized in oxidized Hb forms. IVH was associated with caspase-1 activation and formation of mature IL-1β in plasma and in the liver of C57BL/6 mice. We showed that ferrylHb (FHb) induces active IL-1β production in LPS-primed macrophages in vitro and triggered intraperitoneal recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes, caspase-1 activation and active IL-1β formation in the liver of C57BL/6 mice. NLRP3 deficiency provided a survival advantage upon IVH, without influencing the extent of RBC lysis or the accumulation of oxidized Hb forms. However, both hemolysis-induced and FHb-induced pro-inflammatory responses were largely attenuated in Nlrp3-/- mice. Taken together, FHb is a potent trigger of NLRP3 activation and production of IL-1β in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that FHb may contribute to hemolysis-induced inflammation. Identification of RBC-derived DAMPs might allow us to develop new therapeutic approaches for hemolytic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benard Bogonko Nyakundi
- Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tóth
- Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Enikő Balogh
- Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Béla Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Erdei
- Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, The National Center for Scientific Research, Orleans, France; Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - György Paragh
- Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mario D Cordero
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix Verdú", Department of Physiology, Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Viktória Jeney
- Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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13
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Mazumder J, Kizawa Y, Espulgar W, Yoshikawa H, Saito M, Koyama S, Takamatsu H, Kumanogoh A, Tamiya E. Electrochemiluminescence-based Monitoring of Activated Human Neutrophils Using Luminol Derivative Immobilized onto Screen-printed Electrodes. CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joyotu Mazumder
- Department of Applied Physics, Tamiya Laboratory, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuka Kizawa
- Department of Applied Physics, Tamiya Laboratory, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Wilfred Espulgar
- Department of Applied Physics, Tamiya Laboratory, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshikawa
- Department of Applied Physics, Tamiya Laboratory, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Saito
- Department of Applied Physics, Tamiya Laboratory, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, AIST-Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shouhei Koyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hyota Takamatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tamiya
- Department of Applied Physics, Tamiya Laboratory, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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14
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Pietraforte D, Paulicelli E, Patrono C, Gambardella L, Scorza G, Testa A, Fattibene P. Protein oxidative damage and redox imbalance induced by ionising radiation in CHO cells. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:465-479. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1446529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Pietraforte
- Core Facilities, EPR Area, Italian Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Biomarkers Unit, Italian Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Clarice Patrono
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Gambardella
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Biomarkers Unit, Italian Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scorza
- Core Facilities, EPR Area, Italian Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Testa
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Fattibene
- Core Facilities, EPR Area, Italian Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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15
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Demicheli V, Moreno DM, Radi R. Human Mn-superoxide dismutase inactivation by peroxynitrite: a paradigm of metal-catalyzed tyrosine nitration in vitro and in vivo. Metallomics 2018; 10:679-695. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00348j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitration of human MnSOD at active site Tyr34 represents a biologically-relevant oxidative post-translational modification that causes enzyme inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Demicheli
- Departmento de Bioquimica
- Facultad de Medicina
- Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
| | - Diego M. Moreno
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR)
- Área Química General e Inorgánica
- Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas
- Universidad Nacional de Rosario
- Argentina
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departmento de Bioquimica
- Facultad de Medicina
- Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
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16
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Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or alarmins are endogenous danger signals that are derived from damaged cells and extracellular matrix degradation, capable of triggering innate immune response to promote tissue damage repair. Hemolytic or hemorrhagic episodes are often associated with inflammation, even when infectious agents are absent, suggesting that damaged red blood cells (RBCs) release DAMPs.Hemoglobin (Hb) composes 96% of the dry weight of RBCs; therefore upon hemolysis, tremendous amounts of Hb are released into the extracellular milieu. Hb oxidation occurs outside the protective environment of RBCs, leading to the formation of different Hb oxidation products and heme. Heme acts as a prototypic DAMP participating in toll-like receptor as well as intracellular nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor signaling. Oxidized Hb forms also possess some inflammatory actions independently of their heme releasing capability. Non-Hb-derived DAMPs such as ATP, interleukin-33, heat shock protein 70, as well as RBC membrane-derived microparticles might also contribute to the innate immune response triggered by hemolysis/hemorrhage.In this chapter we will discuss the inflammatory properties of RBC-derived DAMPs with a particular focus on Hb derivatives, as well as therapeutic potential of the endogenous Hb and heme-binding proteins haptoglobin and hemopexin in the prevention of hemolysis/hemorrhage-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Jeney
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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17
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Xu Y, Qian S. Techniques for Detecting Reactive Oxygen Species in Pulmonary Vasculature Redox Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:361-372. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Mason RP. Imaging free radicals in organelles, cells, tissue, and in vivo with immuno-spin trapping. Redox Biol 2016; 8:422-9. [PMID: 27203617 PMCID: PMC4878322 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate and sensitive detection of biological free radicals in a reliable manner is required to define the mechanistic roles of such species in biochemistry, medicine and toxicology. Most of the techniques currently available are either not appropriate to detect free radicals in cells and tissues due to sensitivity limitations (electron spin resonance, ESR) or subject to artifacts that make the validity of the results questionable (fluorescent probe-based analysis). The development of the immuno-spin trapping technique overcomes all these difficulties. This technique is based on the reaction of amino acid- and DNA base-derived radicals with the spin trap 5, 5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) to form protein- and DNA-DMPO nitroxide radical adducts, respectively. These adducts have limited stability and decay to produce the very stable macromolecule-DMPO-nitrone product. This stable product can be detected by mass spectrometry, NMR or immunochemistry by the use of anti-DMPO nitrone antibodies. The formation of macromolecule-DMPO-nitrone adducts is based on the selective reaction of free radical addition to the spin trap and is thus not subject to artifacts frequently encountered with other methods for free radical detection. The selectivity of spin trapping for free radicals in biological systems has been proven by ESR. Immuno-spin trapping is proving to be a potent, sensitive (a million times higher sensitivity than ESR), and easy (not quantum mechanical) method to detect low levels of macromolecule-derived radicals produced in vitro and in vivo. Anti-DMPO antibodies have been used to determine the distribution of free radicals in cells and tissues and even in living animals. In summary, the invention of the immuno-spin trapping technique has had a major impact on the ability to accurately and sensitively detect biological free radicals and, subsequently, on our understanding of the role of free radicals in biochemistry, medicine and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Paul Mason
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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19
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Engineering tyrosine electron transfer pathways decreases oxidative toxicity in hemoglobin: implications for blood substitute design. Biochem J 2016; 473:3371-83. [PMID: 27470146 PMCID: PMC5095908 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) have been engineered to replace or augment the oxygen-carrying capacity of erythrocytes. However, clinical results have generally been disappointing due to adverse side effects linked to intrinsic heme-mediated oxidative toxicity and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging. Redox-active tyrosine residues can facilitate electron transfer between endogenous antioxidants and oxidative ferryl heme species. A suitable residue is present in the α-subunit (Y42) of Hb, but absent from the homologous position in the β-subunit (F41). We therefore replaced this residue with a tyrosine (βF41Y, Hb Mequon). The βF41Y mutation had no effect on the intrinsic rate of lipid peroxidation as measured by conjugated diene and singlet oxygen formation following the addition of ferric(met) Hb to liposomes. However, βF41Y significantly decreased these rates in the presence of physiological levels of ascorbate. Additionally, heme damage in the β-subunit following the addition of the lipid peroxide hydroperoxyoctadecadieoic acid was five-fold slower in βF41Y. NO bioavailability was enhanced in βF41Y by a combination of a 20% decrease in NO dioxygenase activity and a doubling of the rate of nitrite reductase activity. The intrinsic rate of heme loss from methemoglobin was doubled in the β-subunit, but unchanged in the α-subunit. We conclude that the addition of a redox-active tyrosine mutation in Hb able to transfer electrons from plasma antioxidants decreases heme-mediated oxidative reactivity and enhances NO bioavailability. This class of mutations has the potential to decrease adverse side effects as one component of a HBOC product.
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20
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Deletioglu V, Tuncay E, Toy A, Atalay M, Turan B. Immuno-spin trapping detection of antioxidant/pro-oxidant properties of zinc or selenium on DNA and protein radical formation via hydrogen peroxide. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 409:23-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Jeney V, Balla G, Balla J. Red blood cell, hemoglobin and heme in the progression of atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2014; 5:379. [PMID: 25324785 PMCID: PMC4183119 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades plaque neovascularization was considered as an innocent feature of advanced atherosclerotic lesions, but nowadays growing evidence suggest that this process triggers plaque progression and vulnerability. Neovascularization is induced mostly by hypoxia, but the involvement of oxidative stress is also established. Because of inappropriate angiogenesis, neovessels are leaky and prone to rupture, leading to the extravasation of red blood cells (RBCs) within the plaque. RBCs, in the highly oxidative environment of the atherosclerotic lesions, tend to lyse quickly. Both RBC membrane and the released hemoglobin (Hb) possess atherogenic activities. Cholesterol content of RBC membrane contributes to lipid deposition and lipid core expansion upon intraplaque hemorrhage. Cell-free Hb is prone to oxidation, and the oxidation products possess pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory activities. Defense and adaptation mechanisms evolved to cope with the deleterious effects of cell free Hb and heme. These rely on plasma proteins haptoglobin (Hp) and hemopexin (Hx) with the ability to scavenge and eliminate free Hb and heme form the circulation. The protective strategy is completed with the cellular heme oxygenase-1/ferritin system that becomes activated when Hp and Hx fail to control free Hb and heme-mediated stress. These protective molecules have pharmacological potential in diverse pathologies including atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Jeney
- Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary ; MTA-DE Vascular Biology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Balla
- MTA-DE Vascular Biology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Debrecen, Hungary ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Balla
- Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
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22
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Dalsgaard TK, Triquigneaux M, Deterding L, Summers FA, Mortensen G, Mason RP. Oxidation of α-lactalbumin after a lactoperoxidase-catalysed reaction: An oxidomics approach applying immuno-spin trapping and mass spectrometry. Int Dairy J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Dikalov SI, Harrison DG. Methods for detection of mitochondrial and cellular reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:372-82. [PMID: 22978713 PMCID: PMC3887411 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondrial and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in both physiological and pathological processes. Different ROS, such as superoxide (O2(•-)), hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), stimulate distinct cell-signaling pathways and lead to diverse outcomes depending on their amount and subcellular localization. A variety of methods have been developed for ROS detection; however, many of these methods are not specific, do not allow subcellular localization, and can produce artifacts. In this review, we will critically analyze ROS detection and present advantages and the shortcomings of several available methods. RECENT ADVANCES In the past decade, a number of new fluorescent probes, electron-spin resonance approaches, and immunoassays have been developed. These new state-of-the-art methods provide improved selectivity and subcellular resolution for ROS detection. CRITICAL ISSUES Although new methods for HPLC superoxide detection, application of fluorescent boronate-containing probes, use of cell-targeted hydroxylamine spin probes, and immunospin trapping have been available for several years, there has been lack of translation of these into biomedical research, limiting their widespread use. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Additional studies to translate these new technologies from the test tube to physiological applications are needed and could lead to a wider application of these approaches to study mitochondrial and cellular ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey I Dikalov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
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24
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Kumar A, Ganini D, Deterding LJ, Ehrenshaft M, Chatterjee S, Mason RP. Immuno-spin trapping of heme-induced protein radicals: Implications for heme oxygenase-1 induction and heme degradation. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:265-72. [PMID: 23624303 PMCID: PMC3851609 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Heme, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, can act as a peroxidase. Intravascular hemolysis results in a massive release of heme into the plasma in several pathophysiological conditions such as hemolytic anemia, malaria, and sickle cell disease. Heme is known to induce heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) expression, and the extent of induction depends on the ratio of albumin to heme in plasma. HO-1 degrades heme and ultimately generates the antioxidant bilirubin. Heme also causes oxidative stress in cells, but whether it causes protein-radical formation has not yet been studied. In the literature, two purposes for the degradation of heme by HO-1 are discussed. One is the production of the antioxidant bilirubin and the other is the prevention of heme-dependent adverse effects. Here we have investigated heme-induced protein-radical formation, which might have pathophysiological consequences, and have used immuno-spin trapping to establish the formation of heme-induced protein radicals in two systems: human serum albumin (HSA)/H2O2 and human plasma/H2O2.We found that excess heme catalyzed the formation of HSA radicals in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. When heme and hydrogen peroxide were added to human plasma, heme was found to oxidize proteins, primarily and predominantly HSA; however, when HSA-depleted plasma was used, heme triggered the oxidation of several other proteins, including transferrin. Thus, HSA in plasma protected other proteins from heme/H2O2-induced oxidation. The antioxidants ascorbate and uric acid significantly attenuated protein-radical formation induced by heme/H2O2; however, bilirubin did not confer significant protection. Based on these findings, we conclude that heme is degraded by HO-1 because it is a catalyst of protein-radical formation and not merely to produce the relatively inefficient antioxidant bilirubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratories of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Douglas Ganini
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratories of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Leesa J Deterding
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Marilyn Ehrenshaft
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratories of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Free Radical Metabolism Group, Laboratories of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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25
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Carballal S, Bartesaghi S, Radi R. Kinetic and mechanistic considerations to assess the biological fate of peroxynitrite. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:768-80. [PMID: 23872352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxynitrite, the product of the reaction between superoxide radicals and nitric oxide, is an elusive oxidant with a short half-life and a low steady-state concentration in biological systems; it promotes nitroxidative damage. SCOPE OF REVIEW We will consider kinetic and mechanistic aspects that allow rationalizing the biological fate of peroxynitrite from data obtained by a combination of methods that include fast kinetic techniques, electron paramagnetic resonance and kinetic simulations. In addition, we provide a quantitative analysis of peroxynitrite production rates and conceivable steady-state levels in living systems. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The preferential reactions of peroxynitrite in vivo include those with carbon dioxide, thiols and metalloproteins; its homolysis represents only <1% of its fate. To note, carbon dioxide accounts for a significant fraction of peroxynitrite consumption leading to the formation of strong one-electron oxidants, carbonate radicals and nitrogen dioxide. On the other hand, peroxynitrite is rapidly reduced by peroxiredoxins, which represent efficient thiol-based peroxynitrite detoxification systems. Glutathione, present at mM concentration in cells and frequently considered a direct scavenger of peroxynitrite, does not react sufficiently fast with it in vivo; glutathione mainly inhibits peroxynitrite-dependent processes by reactions with secondary radicals. The detection of protein 3-nitrotyrosine, a molecular footprint, can demonstrate peroxynitrite formation in vivo. Basal peroxynitrite formation rates in cells can be estimated in the order of 0.1 to 0.5μMs(-1) and its steady-state concentration at ~1nM. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The analysis provides a handle to predict the preferential fate and steady-state levels of peroxynitrite in living systems. This is useful to understand pathophysiological aspects and pharmacological prospects connected to peroxynitrite. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Carballal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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26
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Ranguelova K, Rice AB, Lardinois OM, Triquigneaux M, Steinckwich N, Deterding LJ, Garantziotis S, Mason RP. Sulfite-mediated oxidation of myeloperoxidase to a free radical: immuno-spin trapping detection in human neutrophils. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:98-106. [PMID: 23376232 PMCID: PMC3654059 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies focused on catalyzed oxidation of (bi)sulfite, leading to the formation of the reactive sulfur trioxide ((•)SO3(-)), peroxymonosulfate ((-)O3SOO(•)), and sulfate (SO4(•-)) anion radicals, which can damage target proteins and oxidize them to protein radicals. It is known that these very reactive sulfur- and oxygen-centered radicals can be formed by oxidation of (bi)sulfite by peroxidases. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), an abundant heme protein secreted from activated neutrophils that play a central role in host defense mechanisms, allergic reactions, and asthma, is a likely candidate for initiating the respiratory damage caused by sulfur dioxide. The objective of this study was to examine the oxidative damage caused by (bi)sulfite-derived free radicals in human neutrophils through formation of protein radicals. We used immuno-spin trapping and confocal microscopy to study the protein oxidations driven by sulfite-derived radicals. We found that the presence of sulfite can cause MPO-catalyzed oxidation of MPO to a protein radical in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-activated human neutrophils. We trapped the MPO-derived radicals in situ using the nitrone spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide and detected them immunologically as nitrone adducts in cells. Our present study demonstrates that myeloperoxidase initiates (bi)sulfite oxidation leading to MPO radical damage, possibly leading to (bi)sulfite-exacerbated allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Ranguelova
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Annette B. Rice
- Clinical Research Unit, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Olivier M. Lardinois
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mathilde Triquigneaux
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Natacha Steinckwich
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Leesa J. Deterding
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Clinical Research Unit, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ronald P. Mason
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Address correspondence to: Ronald P. Mason, Ph.D., National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, MD F0-02, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. ; Fax: +1 919 541 1043
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Natural history of the bruise: formation, elimination, and biological effects of oxidized hemoglobin. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:703571. [PMID: 23766858 PMCID: PMC3671564 DOI: 10.1155/2013/703571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous disease states are associated with hemolysis or hemorrhage. Because red cells in the extravascular space tend to lyse quickly, hemoglobin (Hb) is released and is prone to autoxidation producing MetHb. Inorganic and organic peroxides may convert Hb and MetHb to higher oxidation states such as ferrylHb. FerrylHb is not a single chemical entity but is a mixture of globin- and porphyrin-centered radicals and covalently cross-linked Hb multimers. Oxidized Hb species are potent prooxidants caused mainly by heme release from oxidized Hb. Moreover, ferrylHb is a strong proinflammatory agonist that targets vascular endothelial cells. This proinflammatory effect of ferrylHb requires actin polymerization, is characterized by the upregulation of proinflammatory adhesion molecules, and is independent of heme release. Deleterious effects of native Hb are controlled by haptoglobin (Hp) that binds cell-free Hb avidly and facilitates its removal from circulation through the CD163 macrophage scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis. Under circumstances of Hb oxidation, Hp can prevent heme release from MetHb, but unfortunately the Hp-mediated removal of Hb is severely compromised when Hb is structurally altered such as in ferrylHb allowing deleterious downstream reactions to occur even in the presence of Hp.
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28
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Atherogenesis may involve the prooxidant and proinflammatory effects of ferryl hemoglobin. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:676425. [PMID: 23766856 PMCID: PMC3671302 DOI: 10.1155/2013/676425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized cell-free hemoglobin (Hb), including covalently cross-linked Hb multimers, is present in advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Oxidation of Hb produces methemoglobin (Fe3+) and ferryl hemoglobin (Fe4+ = O2−). Ferryl iron is unstable and can return to the Fe3+ state by reacting with specific amino acids of the globin chains. In these reactions globin radicals are produced followed by termination reactions yielding covalently cross-linked Hb multimers. Despite the evanescent nature of the ferryl state, herein we refer to this oxidized Hb as “ferryl Hb.” Our aim in this work was to study formation and biological effects of ferrylHb.
We demonstrate that ferrylHb, like metHb, can release its heme group, leading to sensitization of endothelial cells (ECs) to oxidant-mediated killing and to oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Furthermore, we observed that both oxidized LDL and lipids derived from human atherosclerotic lesions trigger Hb oxidation and subsequent production of covalently cross-linked ferrylHb multimers. Previously we showed that ferrylHb disrupts EC monolayer integrity and induces expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules. Here we show that when exposed to ferrylHb, EC monolayers exhibit increased permeability and enhanced monocyte adhesion. Taken together, interactions between cell-free Hb and atheroma lipids engage in a vicious cycle, amplifying oxidation of plaque lipids and Hb. These processes trigger EC activation and cytotoxicity.
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29
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Gomez-Mejiba SE, Zhai Z, Della-Vedova MC, Muñoz MD, Chatterjee S, Towner RA, Hensley K, Floyd RA, Mason RP, Ramirez DC. Immuno-spin trapping from biochemistry to medicine: advances, challenges, and pitfalls. Focus on protein-centered radicals. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:722-9. [PMID: 23644035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immuno-spin trapping (IST) is based on the reaction of a spin trap with a free radical to form a stable nitrone adduct, followed by the use of antibodies, rather than traditional electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, to detect the nitrone adduct. IST has been successfully applied to mechanistic in vitro studies, and recently, macromolecule-centered radicals have been detected in models of drug-induced agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and ischemia/reperfusion, as well as in models of neurological, metabolic and immunological diseases. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW To critically evaluate advances, challenges, and pitfalls as well as the scientific opportunities of IST as applied to the study of protein-centered free radicals generated in stressed organelles, cells, tissues and animal models of disease and exposure. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Because the spin trap has to be present at high enough concentrations in the microenvironment where the radical is formed, the possible effects of the spin trap on gene expression, metabolism and cell physiology have to be considered in the use of IST and in the interpretation of results. These factors have not yet been thoroughly dealt with in the literature. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The identification of radicalized proteins during cell/tissue response to stressors will help define their role in the complex cellular response to stressors and pathogenesis; however, the fidelity of spin trapping/immuno-detection and the effects of the spin trap on the biological system should be considered. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Gomez-Mejiba
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute Multidisciplinary of Biological Investigations-San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), National Bureau of Science and Technology (CONICET) and National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
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30
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Zieziulewicz TJ, Mondal TK, Gao D, Lawrence DA. Stress-induced effects, which inhibit host defenses, alter leukocyte trafficking. Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:279-91. [PMID: 23111563 PMCID: PMC3631090 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0380-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute cold restraint stress (ACRS) has been reported to suppress host defenses against Listeria monocytogenes, and this suppression was mediated by beta1-adrenoceptors (β1-ARs). Although ACRS appears to inhibit mainly early innate immune defenses, interference with leukocyte chemotaxis and the involvement of β1-AR (or β2-AR) signaling had not been assessed. Thus, the link between sympathetic nerve stimulation, release of neurotransmitters, and changes in blood leukocyte profiles, including oxidative changes, following ACRS was evaluated. The numbers of leukocyte subsets in the blood were differentially affected by β1-ARs and β2-ARs following ACRS; CD3(+) (CD4 and CD8) T-cells were shown to be decreased following ACRS, and the T cell lymphopenia was mediated mainly through a β2-AR mechanism, while the decrease in CD19(+) B-cells was influenced through both β1- and β2-ARs, as assessed by pharmacological and genetic manipulations. In contrast to the ACRS-induced loss of circulating lymphocytes, the number of circulating neutrophils was increased (i.e., neutrophilia), and this neutrophilia was mediated through β1-ARs. The increase in circulating neutrophils was not due to an increase in serum chemokines promoting neutrophil emigration from the bone marrow; rather it was due to neutrophil release from the bone marrow through activation of a β1-AR pathway. There was no loss of glutathione in any of the leukocyte subsets suggesting that there was minimal oxidative stress; however, there was early production of nitric oxide and generation of some protein radicals. Premature egress of neutrophils from bone marrow is suggested to be due to norepinephrine induction of nitric oxide, which affects the early release of neutrophils from bone marrow and lessens host defenses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow/drug effects
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL12/pharmacology
- Chemotactic Factors/blood
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Cold Temperature
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glutathione/metabolism
- Leukocytes/drug effects
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Leukocytes/pathology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Lymphopenia/blood
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Lymphopenia/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Restraint, Physical
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Zieziulewicz
- />Laboratory of Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208 USA
| | - Tapan K. Mondal
- />Laboratory of Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208 USA
| | - Donghong Gao
- />Laboratory of Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208 USA
| | - David A. Lawrence
- />Laboratory of Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208 USA
- />Laboratory of Immunology, David Axelrod Institute, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208-3425 USA
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31
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Vitturi DA, Sun CW, Harper VM, Thrash-Williams B, Cantu-Medellin N, Chacko BK, Peng N, Dai Y, Michael Wyss J, Townes T, Patel RP. Antioxidant functions for the hemoglobin β93 cysteine residue in erythrocytes and in the vascular compartment in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 55:119-29. [PMID: 23159546 PMCID: PMC3821075 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The β93 cysteine (β93Cys) residue of hemoglobin is conserved in vertebrates but its function in the red blood cell (RBC) remains unclear. Because this residue is present at concentrations more than 2 orders of magnitude higher than enzymatic components of the RBC antioxidant network, a role in the scavenging of reactive species was hypothesized. Initial studies utilizing mice that express human hemoglobin with either Cys (B93C) or Ala (B93A) at the β93 position demonstrated that loss of the β93Cys did not affect activities nor expression of established components of the RBC antioxidant network (catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin-2, glutathione peroxidase, GSH:GSSG ratios). Interestingly, exogenous addition to RBCs of reactive species that are involved in vascular inflammation demonstrated a role for the β93Cys in hydrogen peroxide and chloramine consumption. To simulate oxidative stress and inflammation in vivo, mice were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Notably, LPS induced a greater degree of hypotension and lung injury in B93A versus B93C mice, which was associated with greater formation of RBC reactive species and accumulation of DMPO-reactive epitopes in the lung. These data suggest that the β93Cys is an important effector within the RBC antioxidant network, contributing to the modulation of tissue injury during vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiao-Wang Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | | | | | | | - Balu K. Chacko
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Ning Peng
- Department of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Yanying Dai
- Department of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - J. Michael Wyss
- Department of Pediatrics and Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Tim Townes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Rakesh P. Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Corresponding Author: Rakesh P Patel, PhD, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19 street south, BMR-2, room 532, Birmingham, AL 35294, , Tel: 205 975 9225
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32
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Xiang W, Weisbach V, Sticht H, Seebahn A, Bussmann J, Zimmermann R, Becker CM. Oxidative stress-induced posttranslational modifications of human hemoglobin in erythrocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012. [PMID: 23201302 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) have been reported in hemoglobin (Hb) treated with ROS/RNS in cell-free experiments. However, little is known about oxidative PTMs of Hb occurring within the erythrocytes. The aim of this study is to characterize the patterns of Hb PTMs in erythrocytes under oxidative stress. Using mass spectrometry, we investigated specifically methionine/tryptophan oxidation, tyrosine nitration, and the modification via 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), a product of lipid-peroxidation, on Hb. We demonstrated that the treatment with H(2)O(2)/nitrite induced higher levels of Hb oxidation/nitration in purified Hb preparations than in unpurified hemolysates and erythrocytes, indicating that ROS/RNS are primarily removed by antioxidative mechanisms. We further studied Hb from erythrocytes exposed to γ-irradiation. An irradiation of 30-100 Gy triggered a remarkable increase of intracellular ROS. However, 30 Gy did not induce apparent changes in Hb oxidation/nitration and hemolysis, while Hb oxidation/nitration and hemolysis were significantly enhanced by 100 Gy, suggesting that Hb oxidation/nitration are the consequence of overwhelmed antioxidative mechanisms after oxidative attack and reflect the severity of the oxidative damage of erythrocytes. Although irradiation was known to induce lipid-peroxidation, we could not detect HNE-Hb adducts in irradiated erythrocytes. Analyzing PTM patterns suggests Hb nitration as a more suitable indicator of the oxidative damage of erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiang
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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33
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Bhattacharjee S, Chatterjee S, Jiang J, Sinha BK, Mason RP. Detection and imaging of the free radical DNA in cells--site-specific radical formation induced by Fenton chemistry and its repair in cellular DNA as seen by electron spin resonance, immuno-spin trapping and confocal microscopy. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:5477-86. [PMID: 22387463 PMCID: PMC3384307 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-related damage to the DNA macromolecule produces lesions that are implicated in various diseases. To understand damage to DNA, it is important to study the free radical reactions causing the damage. Measurement of DNA damage has been a matter of debate as most of the available methods measure the end product of a sequence of events and provide limited information on the initial free radical formation. We report a measurement of free radical damage in DNA induced by a Cu(II)-H2O2 oxidizing system using immuno-spin trapping supplemented with electron paramagnetic resonance. In this investigation, the short-lived radical generated is trapped by the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) immediately upon formation. The DMPO adduct formed is initially electron paramagnetic resonance active, but is subsequently oxidized to the stable nitrone adduct, which can be detected and visualized by immuno-spin trapping and has the potential to be further characterized by other analytical techniques. The radical was found to be located on the 2′-deoxyadenosine (dAdo) moiety of DNA. The nitrone adduct was repaired on a time scale consistent with DNA repair. In vivo experiments for the purpose of detecting DMPO–DNA nitrone adducts should be conducted over a range of time in order to avoid missing adducts due to the repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchandra Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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34
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Bhattacharjee S, Deterding LJ, Chatterjee S, Jiang J, Ehrenshaft M, Lardinois O, Ramirez DC, Tomer KB, Mason RP. Site-specific radical formation in DNA induced by Cu(II)-H₂O₂ oxidizing system, using ESR, immuno-spin trapping, LC-MS, and MS/MS. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1536-45. [PMID: 21382477 PMCID: PMC3100166 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-related damage to the DNA macromolecule produces a multitude of lesions that are implicated in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, reproductive cell death, and aging. Many of these lesions have been studied and characterized by various techniques. Of the techniques that are available, the comet assay, HPLC-EC, GC-MS, HPLC-MS, and especially HPLC-MS/MS remain the most widely used and have provided invaluable information on these lesions. However, accurate measurement of DNA damage has been a matter of debate. In particular, there have been reports of artifactual oxidation leading to erroneously high damage estimates. Further, most of these techniques measure the end product of a sequence of events and thus provide only limited information on the initial radical mechanism. We report here a qualitative measurement of DNA damage induced by a Cu(II)-H₂O₂ oxidizing system using immuno-spin trapping (IST) with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), MS, and MS/MS. The radical generated is trapped by DMPO immediately upon formation. The DMPO adduct formed is initially EPR active but subsequently is oxidized to the stable nitrone, which can then be detected by IST and further characterized by MS and MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchandra Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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35
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Pimenova T, Pereira CP, Gehrig P, Buehler PW, Schaer DJ, Zenobi R. Quantitative mass spectrometry defines an oxidative hotspot in hemoglobin that is specifically protected by haptoglobin. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:4061-70. [PMID: 20568812 DOI: 10.1021/pr100252e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of hemoglobin (Hb) with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) results in free radicals generated at the heme iron, followed by radical transfer to the porphyrin/globin. In the present work, we employed isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) and a LC-MALDI-MS/MS-based proteomic approach to identify the extent of oxidative changes within tetrameric Hb and dimeric Hb-haptoglobin (Hb-Hp) complexes. Extensive oxidative modifications were found to be restricted to peptides containing alphaTyr42, betaTyr145, and betaCys93. The protein region composed of these peptides appears to define an area of oxidative activity within the Hb tetramer that extends across the critical alpha1beta2/alpha2beta1 interface. Extensive oxidative modifications occurring at betaCys93 indicate that this surface amino acid is an important end point for free radical induced protein oxidation within Hb. Conversely when Hp 1-1 or 2-2 was complexed with dissociable Hb, oxidative changes in Hp complexed dimeric Hb were prevented. This protection was not observed in a stabilized tetrameric Hb, which displays a weak binding affinity for Hp. Therefore, dimerization of Hb and Hp binding may interfere with free radical translocation and play an important role in the overall antioxidant mechanism of Hp. Interestingly, the prevention of peroxide induced Hb amino acid oxidation in purified Hb-Hp1-1 and Hb-Hp2-2 was found to be equal, indicating a phenotype independent specificity in the process of oxidative protection. Taken together, these data suggest differences in oxidative modifications resulting from peroxide induced heme emanated free radical distribution in tetrameric compared to Hp1-1/Hp2-2 stabilized dimeric Hb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Pimenova
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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36
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Ranguelova K, Chatterjee S, Ehrenshaft M, Ramirez DC, Summers FA, Kadiiska MB, Mason RP. Protein Radical Formation Resulting from Eosinophil Peroxidase-catalyzed Oxidation of Sulfite. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24195-205. [PMID: 20501663 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.069054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) is an abundant heme protein in eosinophils that catalyzes the formation of cytotoxic oxidants implicated in asthma, allergic inflammatory disorders, and cancer. It is known that some proteins with peroxidase activity (horseradish peroxidase and prostaglandin hydroperoxidase) can catalyze oxidation of bisulfite (hydrated sulfur dioxide), leading to the formation of sulfur trioxide anion radical ((.)SO(3)(-)). This free radical further reacts with oxygen to form peroxymonosulfate anion radical ((-)O(3)SOO(.)) and the very reactive sulfate anion radical (SO(4)()), which is nearly as strong an oxidant as the hydroxyl radical. However, the ability of EPO to generate reactive sulfur radicals has not yet been reported. Here we demonstrate that eosinophil peroxidase/H(2)O(2) is able to oxidize bisulfite, ultimately forming the sulfate anion radical (SO(4)()), and that these reactive intermediates can oxidize target proteins to protein radicals, thereby initiating protein oxidation. We used immuno-spin trapping and confocal microscopy to study protein oxidation by EPO/H(2)O(2) in the presence of bisulfite in a pure enzymatic system and in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 clone 15 cells, maturated to eosinophils. Polyclonal antiserum raised against the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) detected the presence of DMPO covalently attached to the proteins resulting from the DMPO trapping of protein free radicals. We found that sulfite oxidation mediated by EPO/H(2)O(2) induced the formation of radical-derived DMPO spin-trapped human serum albumin and, to a lesser extent, of DMPO-EPO. These studies suggest that EPO-dependent oxidative damage may play a role in tissue injury in bisulfite-exacerbated eosinophilic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Ranguelova
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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37
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Pal A, Tewari-Singh N, Gu M, Agarwal C, Huang J, Day BJ, White CW, Agarwal R. Sulfur mustard analog induces oxidative stress and activates signaling cascades in the skin of SKH-1 hairless mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1640-51. [PMID: 19761830 PMCID: PMC2801552 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A monofunctional analog of the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (HD), 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), induces tissue damage similar to HD. Herein we studied the molecular mechanisms associated with CEES-induced skin inflammation and toxicity in SKH-1 hairless mice. Topical CEES exposure caused an increase in oxidative stress as observed by enhanced 4-hydroxynonenal and 5,5-dimethyl-2-(8-octanoic acid)-1-pyrroline N-oxide protein adduct formation and an increase in protein oxidation. The CEES-induced increase in the formation of 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine indicated DNA oxidation. CEES exposure instigated an increase in the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs; ERK1/2, JNK, and p38). After CEES exposure, a significant increase in the phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 and Thr308 was observed as well as upregulation of its upstream effector, PDK1, in mouse skin tissue. Subsequently, CEES exposure caused activation of AP-1 family proteins and the NF-kappaB pathway, including phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha in addition to phosphorylation of the NF-kappaB essential modulator. Collectively, our results indicate that CEES induces oxidative stress and the activation of the transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB via upstream signaling pathways including MAPKs and Akt in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin. These novel molecular targets could be supportive in the development of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against HD-related skin injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arttatrana Pal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Tesoriere L, Allegra M, Butera D, Gentile C, Livrea MA. Cytoprotective effects of the antioxidant phytochemical indicaxanthin in β-thalassemia red blood cells. Free Radic Res 2009; 40:753-61. [PMID: 16984002 DOI: 10.1080/10715760600554228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant phytochemicals are investigated as novel treatments for supportive therapy in beta-thalassemia. The dietary indicaxanthin was assessed for its protective effects on human beta-thalassemic RBCs submitted in vitro to oxidative haemolysis by cumene hydroperoxide. Indicaxanthin at 1.0-10 microM enhanced the resistance to haemolysis dose-dependently. In addition, it prevented lipid and haemoglobin (Hb) oxidation, and retarded vitamin E and GSH depletion. After ex vivo spiking of blood from thalassemia patients with indicaxanthin, the phytochemical was recovered in the soluble cell compartment of the RBCs. A spectrophotometric study showed that indicaxanthin can reduce perferryl-Hb generated in solution from met-Hb and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), more effectively than either Trolox or vitamin C. Collectively our results demonstrate that indicaxanthin can be incorporated into the redox machinery of beta-thalassemic RBC and defend the cell from oxidation, possibly interfering with perferryl-Hb, a reactive intermediate in the hydroperoxide-dependent Hb degradation. Opportunities of therapeutic interest for beta-thalassemia may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tesoriere
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico Tossicologico e Biologico, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, Palermo 90128, Italy.
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Gomez-Mejiba SE, Zhai Z, Akram H, Deterding LJ, Hensley K, Smith N, Towner RA, Tomer KB, Mason RP, Ramirez DC. Immuno-spin trapping of protein and DNA radicals: "tagging" free radicals to locate and understand the redox process. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:853-65. [PMID: 19159679 PMCID: PMC2692890 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2008] [Revised: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecule-centered radicals are intermediate species produced during both reversible (redox modulation) and irreversible (oxidative stress) oxidative modification of biomolecules. These oxidative processes must be studied in situ and in real time to understand the molecular mechanism of cell adaptation or death in response to changes in the extracellular environment. In this regard, we have developed and validated immuno-spin trapping to tag the redox process, tracing the oxidatively generated modification of biomolecules, in situ and in real time, by detecting protein- and DNA-centered radicals. The purpose of this methods article is to introduce and update the basic methods and applications of immuno-spin trapping for the study of redox biochemistry in oxidative stress and redox regulation. We describe in detail the production, detection, and location of protein and DNA radicals in biochemical systems, cells, and tissues, and in the whole animal as well, by using immuno-spin trapping with the nitrone spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E. Gomez-Mejiba
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Zili Zhai
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Hammad Akram
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Leesa J. Deterding
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Kenneth Hensley
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Rheal A. Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Kenneth B. Tomer
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Ronald P. Mason
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Dario C. Ramirez
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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Ramirez DC, Gomez-Mejiba SE, Corbett JT, Deterding LJ, Tomer KB, Mason RP. Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase-driven free radical modifications: copper- and carbonate radical anion-initiated protein radical chemistry. Biochem J 2009; 417:341-53. [PMID: 18764780 PMCID: PMC2701971 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the mechanism, oxidant(s) involved and how and what protein radicals are produced during the reaction of wild-type SOD1 (Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase) with H2O2 and their fate is incomplete, but a better understanding of the role of this reaction is needed. We have used immuno-spin trapping and MS analysis to study the protein oxidations driven by human (h) and bovine (b) SOD1 when reacting with H2O2 using HSA (human serum albumin) and mBH (mouse brain homogenate) as target models. In order to gain mechanistic information about this reaction, we considered both copper- and CO3(*-) (carbonate radical anion)-initiated protein oxidation. We chose experimental conditions that clearly separated SOD1-driven oxidation via CO(*-) from that initiated by copper released from the SOD1 active site. In the absence of (bi)carbonate, site-specific radical-mediated fragmentation is produced by SOD1 active-site copper. In the presence of (bi)carbonate and DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid) (to suppress copper chemistry), CO(*-) produced distinct radical sites in both SOD1 and HSA, which caused protein aggregation without causing protein fragmentation. The CO(*-) produced by the reaction of hSOD1 with H2O2 also produced distinctive DMPO (5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide) nitrone adduct-positive protein bands in the mBH. Finally, we propose a biochemical mechanism to explain CO(*-) production from CO2, enhanced protein radical formation and protection by (bi)carbonate against H2O2-induced fragmentation of the SOD1 active site. Our present study is important for establishing experimental conditions for studying the molecular mechanism and targets of oxidation during the reverse reaction of SOD1 with H2O2; these results are the first step in analysing the critical targets of SOD1-driven oxidation during pathological processes such as neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario C. Ramirez
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Sandra E. Gomez-Mejiba
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Jean T. Corbett
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Leesa J. Deterding
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Kenneth B. Tomer
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Ronald P. Mason
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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Ranguelova K, Suarez J, Magliozzo RS, Mason RP. Spin trapping investigation of peroxide- and isoniazid-induced radicals in Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase. Biochemistry 2008; 47:11377-85. [PMID: 18831539 DOI: 10.1021/bi800952b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new approach, the immuno-spin trapping assay, used a novel rabbit polyclonal anti-DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide) antiserum to detect protein radical-derived DMPO nitrone adducts in the hemoprotein Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase (KatG). This work demonstrates that the formation of protein nitrone adducts is dependent on the concentrations of tert-BuOOH and DMPO as shown by Western blotting and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We have also detected protein-protein cross-links formed during turnover of Mtb KatG driven by tert-butyl peroxide ( tert-BuOOH) or enzymatic generation of hydrogen peroxide. DMPO inhibits this dimerization due to its ability to trap the amino acid radicals responsible for the cross-linkage. Chemical modifications by tyrosine and tryptophan blockage suggest that tyrosine residues are one site of formation of the dimers. The presence of the tuberculosis drug isoniazid (INH) also prevented cross-linking as a result of its competition for the protein radical. Protein-DMPO nitrone adducts were also generated by a continuous flux of hydrogen peroxide. These findings demonstrated that the protein-based radicals were formed not only during Mtb KatG turnover with alkyl peroxides but also in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, the formation of protein-DMPO nitrone adducts was accelerated in the presence of isoniazid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Ranguelova
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, MD F0-01, 111 T. W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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He YY, Council SE, Feng L, Bonini MG, Chignell CF. Spatial distribution of protein damage by singlet oxygen in keratinocytes. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:69-74. [PMID: 18173704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen may be generated in cells by either endogenous or exogenous photosensitizers as a result of exposure to UV or visible irradiation. We have used immuno-spin trapping (Free Radic. Biol. Med. 36: 1214, 2004) to identify the subcellular targets of singlet oxygen generated by rose bengal (RB). Confocal fluorescence microscopy of HaCaT keratinocytes incubated with RB clearly showed that the dye entered the cells and was located mainly in the perinuclear region, probably associated with the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. Previous studies by Wright et al. (Free Radic. Biol. Med.34: 637, 2003) have shown that long-lived protein hydroperoxides (POOH) are present in cells exposed to singlet oxygen-generating dyes. The addition of reducing metal ions such as Cu+ to POOH results in the generation of protein-derived radicals, POO(*) and PO(*), which react with the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) to give relatively stable spin adducts. In order to determine the subcellular localization of the protein-DMPO adducts, we exposed keratinocytes to RB/light exposure and then incubated the cells with Cu+ and DMPO. After staining with antibody against DMPO followed by a secondary Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG, the intracellular distribution of protein-DMPO adducts was determined by confocal microscopy. The subcellular localization of the protein DMPO adducts was coincident with that of RB. This approach may provide information on the spatial distribution of singlet oxygen generated in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying He
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Lardinois OM, Detweiler CD, Tomer KB, Mason RP, Deterding LJ. Identifying the site of spin trapping in proteins by a combination of liquid chromatography, ELISA, and off-line tandem mass spectrometry. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:893-906. [PMID: 18160050 PMCID: PMC2268891 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An off-line mass spectrometry method that combines immuno-spin trapping and chromatographic procedures has been developed for selective detection of the nitrone spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) covalently attached to proteins, an attachment which occurs only subsequent to DMPO trapping of free radicals. In this technique, the protein-DMPO nitrone adducts are digested to peptides with proteolytic agents, peptides from the enzymatic digest are separated by HPLC, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using polyclonal anti-DMPO nitrone antiserum are used to detect the eluted HPLC fractions that contain DMPO nitrone adducts. The fractions showing positive ELISA signals are then concentrated and characterized by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). This method, which constitutes the first liquid chromatography-ELISA-mass spectrometry (LC-ELISA-MS)-based strategy for selective identification of DMPO-trapped protein residues in complex peptide mixtures, facilitates location and preparative fractionation of DMPO nitrone adducts for further structural characterization. The strategy is demonstrated for human hemoglobin, horse heart myoglobin, and sperm whale myoglobin, three globin proteins known to form DMPO-trappable protein radicals on treatment with H(2)O(2). The results demonstrate the power of the new experimental strategy to select DMPO-labeled peptides and identify sites of DMPO covalent attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier M. Lardinois
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, MD F0-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Charles D. Detweiler
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, MD F0-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kenneth B. Tomer
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, MD F0-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ronald P. Mason
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, MD F0-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Leesa J. Deterding
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, MD F0-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- †Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Leesa J. Deterding, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, MD F0-03, T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, TEL: (919) 541-3009, FAX: (919) 541-0220,
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Bhattacharjee S, Deterding LJ, Jiang J, Bonini MG, Tomer KB, Ramirez DC, Mason RP. Electron Transfer between a Tyrosyl Radical and a Cysteine Residue in Hemoproteins: Spin Trapping Analysis. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:13493-501. [DOI: 10.1021/ja073349w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suchandra Bhattacharjee
- Contribution from the Laboratories of Pharmacology and Chemistry and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Leesa J. Deterding
- Contribution from the Laboratories of Pharmacology and Chemistry and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - JinJie Jiang
- Contribution from the Laboratories of Pharmacology and Chemistry and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Marcelo G. Bonini
- Contribution from the Laboratories of Pharmacology and Chemistry and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Kenneth B. Tomer
- Contribution from the Laboratories of Pharmacology and Chemistry and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Dario C. Ramirez
- Contribution from the Laboratories of Pharmacology and Chemistry and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Ronald P. Mason
- Contribution from the Laboratories of Pharmacology and Chemistry and Structural Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Siraki AG, Bonini MG, Jiang J, Ehrenshaft M, Mason RP. Aminoglutethimide-induced protein free radical formation on myeloperoxidase: a potential mechanism of agranulocytosis. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1038-45. [PMID: 17602675 PMCID: PMC2073000 DOI: 10.1021/tx6003562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Aminoglutethimide (AG) is a first-generation aromatase inhibitor used for estrogen-dependent breast cancer. Unfortunately, its use has also been associated with agranulocytosis. We have investigated the metabolism of AG by myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the formation of an MPO protein free radical. We hypothesized that AG oxidation by MPO/H2O2 would produce an AG cation radical that, in the absence of a biochemical reductant, would lead to the oxidation of MPO. We utilized a novel anti-DMPO antibody to detect DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide) covalently bound to protein, which forms only by the reaction of DMPO with a protein free radical. We found that AG metabolism by MPO/H2O2 induced the formation of DMPO-MPO, which was inhibited by MPO inhibitors and ascorbate. Glutethimide, a congener of AG that lacks the aromatic amine, did not cause DMPO-MPO formation, indicating the necessity of oxidation of the aniline moiety in AG. When analyzed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, we detected a phenyl radical adduct, derived from AG, which may be involved in the free radical formation on MPO. Furthermore, we also found protein-DMPO adducts in MPO-containing, intact human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60). MPO was affinity-purified from HL-60 cells treated with AG/H2O2 and was found to contain DMPO. These findings were also supported by the detection of protein free radicals with electron spin resonance in the cellular cytosolic lysate. The formation of an MPO protein free radical is believed to be mediated by one of two free radical drug metabolites of AG, one of which was characterized by spin trapping with 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane. These results are the first demonstration of MPO free-radical detection by the anti-DMPO antibody that results from drug oxidation. We propose that drug-dependent free radical formation on MPO may play a role in the origin of agranulocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno G Siraki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Abstract
Immuno-spin trapping is a highly sensitive method for detecting DNA radicals in biological systems. This technique involves three main steps: (i) in situ and real-time trapping of DNA radicals with the nitrone spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO), thus forming DMPO-DNA nitrone adducts (referred to here as nitrone adducts); (ii) purification of nitrone adducts; and (iii) analysis of nitrone adducts by heterogeneous immunoassays using Abs against DMPO. In experiments, DMPO is added prior to the formation of free radicals. It diffuses easily through all cell compartments and is present when DNA free radicals are formed as a result of oxidative damage. Due to its low toxicity, DMPO can be used in cells at high enough concentrations to out-compete the normal reactions of DNA radicals, thus ensuring a high yield of DNA nitrone adducts. Because both protein and DNA nitrone adducts are formed, it is important that the DNA be pure in order to avoid misinterpretations. Depending on the model under study, this protocol can be completed in as few as 6 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario C Ramirez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Building 101, MD F0-02, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Jia Y, Buehler PW, Boykins RA, Venable RM, Alayash AI. Structural basis of peroxide-mediated changes in human hemoglobin: a novel oxidative pathway. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:4894-4907. [PMID: 17178725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609955200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) triggers a redox cycle between ferric and ferryl hemoglobin (Hb) leading to the formation of a transient protein radical and a covalent hemeprotein cross-link. Addition of H(2)O(2) to highly purified human hemoglobin (HbA(0)) induced structural changes that primarily resided within beta subunits followed by the internalization of the heme moiety within alpha subunits. These modifications were observed when an equal molar concentration of H(2)O(2) was added to HbA(0) yet became more abundant with greater concentrations of H(2)O(2). Mass spectrometric and amino acid analysis revealed for the first time that betaCys-93 and betaCys-112 were oxidized extensively and irreversibly to cysteic acid when HbA(0) was treated with H(2)O(2). Oxidation of further amino acids in HbA(0) exclusive to the beta-globin chain included modification of betaTrp-15 to oxyindolyl and kynureninyl products as well as betaMet-55 to methionine sulfoxide. These findings may therefore explain the premature collapse of the beta subunits as a result of the H(2)O(2) attack. Analysis of a tryptic digest of the main reversed phase-high pressure liquid chromatography fraction revealed two alpha-peptide fragments (alpha128-alpha139) and a heme moiety with the loss of iron, cross-linked between alphaSer-138 and the porphyrin ring. The novel oxidative pathway of HbA(0) modification detailed here may explain the diverse oxidative, toxic, and potentially immunogenic effects associated with the release of hemoglobin from red blood cells during hemolytic diseases and/or when cell-free Hb is used as a blood substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Jia
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Hematology, and the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Paul W Buehler
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Hematology, and the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Robert A Boykins
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Richard M Venable
- Membrane Biophysics Section, Laboratory of Computational Biology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Abdu I Alayash
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Vascular Biology, Division of Hematology, and the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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Saeed S, Gillies D, Wagner G, Howell NK. ESR and NMR spectroscopy studies on protein oxidation and formation of dityrosine in emulsions containing oxidised methyl linoleate. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1385-92. [PMID: 16690189 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidised lipids are reported to interact with proteins causing undesirable changes in nutritional and functional properties including a loss of amino acids, cross-linking and damage to proteins and DNA. ESR spectroscopy with spin trapping was used to study the type of radical species generated in methyl linoleate and the transfer of the radical to protein beta-lactoglobulin. Antioxidants vitamins C and E reduced lipid oxidation and subsequent transfer of the radical to the protein as shown by the shape and size of the radical adduct. Changes to protein molecular structure due to oxidation were investigated by multidimensional NMR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography. NMR spectra indicated that as a result of oxidation and protein denaturation, there was an increase in structural flexibility and some initially protected backbone amide groups were exposed as they become sharper and easily identifiable. Dityrosine was detected in all samples tested which is indicative of oxidative damage to proteins. Monitoring tyrosyl radicals and formation of dityrosine is of practical value in order to enhance the acceptability, nutritional and safety aspects of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhur Saeed
- School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
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49
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Vlasova II, Tyurin VA, Kapralov AA, Kurnikov IV, Osipov AN, Potapovich MV, Stoyanovsky DA, Kagan VE. Nitric oxide inhibits peroxidase activity of cytochrome c.cardiolipin complex and blocks cardiolipin oxidation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:14554-62. [PMID: 16543234 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509507200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased production of NO during the early stages of apoptosis indicates its potential involvement in the regulation of programmed cell death through yet to be identified mechanisms. Recently, an important role for catalytically competent peroxidase form of pentacoordinate cytochrome c (cyt c) in a complex with a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL), has been demonstrated during execution of the apoptotic program. Because the cyt c.CL complex acts as CL oxygenase and selectively oxidizes CL in apoptotic cells in a reaction dependent on the generation of protein-derived (tyrosyl) radicals, we hypothesized that binding and nitrosylation of cyt c regulates CL oxidation. Here we demonstrate by low temperature electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy that CL facilitated interactions of ferro- and ferri-states of cyt c with NO and NO(-), respectively, to yield a mixture of penta- and hexa-coordinate nitrosylated cyt c. In the nitrosylated cyt c.CL complex, NO chemically reacted with H(2)O(2)-activated peroxidase intermediates resulting in their reduction. A dose-dependent quenching of H(2)O(2)-induced protein-derived radicals by NO donors was shown using direct electron paramagnetic resonance measurements as well as immuno-spin trapping with antibodies against protein 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide-nitrone adducts. In the presence of NO donors, H(2)O(2)-induced oligomeric forms of cyt c positively stained for 3-nitrotyrosine confirming the reactivity of NO toward tyrosyl radicals of cyt c. Interaction of NO with the cyt c.CL complex inhibited its peroxidase activity with three different substrates: CL, etoposide, and 3,3'-diaminobenzidine. Given the importance of CL oxidation in apoptosis, mass spectrometry analysis was utilized to assess the effects of NO on oxidation of 1,1'2,2'-tertalinoleoyl cardiolipin. NO effectively inhibited 1,1'2,2'-tertalinoleoyl cardiolipin oxidation catalyzed by the peroxidase activity of cyt c. Thus, NO can act as a regulator of peroxidase activity of cyt c.CL complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina I Vlasova
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Keszler A, Mason RP, Hogg N. Immuno-spin trapping of hemoglobin and myoglobin radicals derived from nitrite-mediated oxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:507-15. [PMID: 16443166 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of nitrite with hemoglobin has become of increasing interest due to the realization that plasma nitrite may act as an NO congener that is activated by interaction with red blood cells. Using a combination of spectrophotometry, immuno-spin trapping, and EPR, we have examined the formation of radicals during the oxidation of oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) and oxymyoglobin (oxyMb) by inorganic nitrite. The proposed intermediacy of ferryl species during this oxidation was confirmed by spectrophotometry using multiple linear regression analysis of kinetic data. Using EPR/spin trapping, a protein radical was observed in the case of oxyMb, but not oxyHb, and was inhibited by catalase. When DMPO spin trapping was combined with Western blot analysis using an anti-DMPO-nitrone antibody, globin/DMPO adducts of both oxyHb and oxyMb were detected, and their formation was inhibited by catalase. Catalase effects confirm the intermediacy of hydrogen peroxide as a heme oxidant in this system. Spectrophotometric kinetic studies revealed that the presence of DMPO elongated the lag phase and decreased the maximal rate of oxidation of both oxyHb and oxyMb, which suggests that the globin radical plays an active role in the mechanism of autocatalysis. Interestingly, the oxidation of oxyHb or oxyMb by nitrite, but not by hydrogen peroxide, produced a diffusible radical that was able to generate spin adducts on a bystander protein. This indicates that the oxidation of oxyhemeproteins by nitrite may cause more widespread oxidative damage than the corresponding oxidation by hydrogen peroxide. The immuno-spin trapping technique represents an important new development for the study of the range and extent of protein oxidation by free radicals and oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Keszler
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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