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Jones MR, Jones J, Pandu P, Liu C, Carey CD, Falo LD, Albers KM. Neurturin GF Enhances the Acute Cytokine Response of Inflamed Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)01978-X. [PMID: 39122143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocytes, immune cells, and sensory nerves all contribute to immune balance and skin homeostasis. Keratinocyte's release of GFs, neuromodulators, and immune activators is particularly important because each can evoke local (skin) and systemic (ie, immune and neural) responses that can initiate and exacerbate skin pathophysiology. From studies of skin and neural GFs, we hypothesized that neurturin (Nrtn), a member of the GDNF family that is expressed in the skin, has particular importance in this process. In this study, we examine how elevation of Nrtn in skin keratinocytes impacts early cytokine expression in response to complete Freund's adjuvant-mediated inflammation. Nrtn-overexpressing mice and wild-type mice injected with Nrtn exhibit an enhanced level of TNFα and IL-1β cytokines in the skin, a response previously shown to support healing. In vitro assays suggest that one source of the Nrtn-induced TNFα increase is keratinocytes, which are shown to express Nrtn and mRNAs encoding the Nrtn receptors GFRα2, Ret, ITGB1, and NCAM. These findings support the contribution of keratinocyte-derived Nrtn as an autocrine/paracrine factor that acts as a first-line defense molecule that regulates the initial cytokine response to inflammatory challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Ritter Jones
- Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James Jones
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Prathyusha Pandu
- Rutgers University School of Medicine, East Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cara D Carey
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Louis D Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathryn M Albers
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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2
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O’Brien J, Niehaus P, Chang K, Remark J, Barrett J, Dasgupta A, Adenegan M, Salimian M, Kevas Y, Chandrasekaran K, Kristian T, Chellappan R, Rubin S, Kiemen A, Lu CPJ, Russell JW, Ho CY. Skin keratinocyte-derived SIRT1 and BDNF modulate mechanical allodynia in mouse models of diabetic neuropathy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.01.24.523981. [PMID: 36747753 PMCID: PMC9900813 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.24.523981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is a debilitating disorder characterized by spontaneous and mechanical pain. The role of skin mechanoreceptors in the development of mechanical pain (allodynia) is unclear. We discovered that mice with diabetic neuropathy had decreased sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) deacetylase activity in foot skin, leading to reduced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and subsequent loss of innervation in Meissner corpuscles, a mechanoreceptor expressing the BDNF receptor TrkB. When SIRT1 was depleted from skin, the mechanical allodynia worsened in diabetic neuropathy mice, likely due to retrograde degeneration of the Meissner-corpuscle innervating Aβ axons and aberrant formation of Meissner corpuscles which may have increased the mechanosensitivity. The same phenomenon was also noted in skin BDNF knockout mice. Furthermore, overexpression of SIRT1 in skin induced Meissner corpuscle reinnervation and regeneration, resulting in significant improvement of diabetic mechanical allodynia. Overall, the findings suggested that skin-derived SIRT1 and BDNF function in the same pathway in skin sensory apparatus regeneration and highlighted the potential of developing topical SIRT1-activating compounds as a novel treatment for diabetic mechanical allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer O’Brien
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Peter Niehaus
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Koping Chang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Juliana Remark
- Hansj rg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Joy Barrett
- Hansj rg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Abhishikta Dasgupta
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Morayo Adenegan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Mohammad Salimian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yanni Kevas
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Krish Chandrasekaran
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Tibor Kristian
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rajeshwari Chellappan
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Samuel Rubin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23187, USA
| | - Ashley Kiemen
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Catherine Pei-Ju Lu
- Hansj rg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - James W. Russell
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Cheng-Ying Ho
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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Rose SC, Larsen M, Xie Y, Sharfstein ST. Salivary Gland Bioengineering. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 11:28. [PMID: 38247905 PMCID: PMC10813147 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland dysfunction affects millions globally, and tissue engineering may provide a promising therapeutic avenue. This review delves into the current state of salivary gland tissue engineering research, starting with a study of normal salivary gland development and function. It discusses the impact of fibrosis and cellular senescence on salivary gland pathologies. A diverse range of cells suitable for tissue engineering including cell lines, primary salivary gland cells, and stem cells are examined. Moreover, the paper explores various supportive biomaterials and scaffold fabrication methodologies that enhance salivary gland cell survival, differentiation, and engraftment. Innovative engineering strategies for the improvement of vascularization, innervation, and engraftment of engineered salivary gland tissue, including bioprinting, microfluidic hydrogels, mesh electronics, and nanoparticles, are also evaluated. This review underscores the promising potential of this research field for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction and suggests directions for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Rose
- Department of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA (Y.X.)
| | - Melinda Larsen
- Department of Biological Sciences and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222, USA;
| | - Yubing Xie
- Department of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA (Y.X.)
| | - Susan T. Sharfstein
- Department of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, College of Nanotechnology, Science, and Engineering, University at Albany, SUNY, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA (Y.X.)
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Chu Y, Kordower JH. Post-Mortem Studies of Neurturin Gene Therapy for Parkinson's Disease: Two Subjects with 10 Years CERE120 Delivery. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1728-1736. [PMID: 37544016 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurturin is a member of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family of neurotrophic factors and has the potential to protectdegenerating dopaminergic neurons. OBJECTIVE Here, we performed post-mortem studies on two patients with advanced Parkinson's disease that survived 10 years following AAV-neurturin gene (Cere120) delivery to verify long-term effects of trophic factor neurturin. METHODS Cere120 was delivered to the putamen bilaterally in one case and to the putamen plus substantia nigra bilaterally in the second. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine neurturin, Rearranged during transfection(RET), phosphor-S6, and tyrosine hydroxylase expressions, inflammatory reactions, and α-synuclein accumulation. RESULTS In both patients there was persistent, albeit limited, neurturin expression in the putamen covering 1.31% to 5.92% of the putamen. Dense staining of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibers was observed in areas that contained detectable neurturin expression. In substantia nigra, neurturin expression was detected in 11% of remaining melanin-containing neurons in the patient with combined putamenal and nigral gene delivery, but not in the patient with putamenal gene delivery alone. Tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons were 66% to 84% of remaining neuromelanin neurons in substantia nigra with Cere120 delivery and 23% to 24% in substantia nigra without gene delivery. More RET and phosphor-S6 positive neurons were observed in substantia nigra following nigral Cere120. Inflammatory and Lewy pathologies were similar in substantia nigra with or without Cere120 delivery. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of long-term persistent transgene expression and bioactivity following gene delivery to the nigrostriatal system. Therefore, future efforts using gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases should consider means to enhance remaining dopamine neuron function and stop pathological propagation. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chu
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Kordower
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Sato S, Suzuki Y, Kikuchi M, Rikimaru M, Saito J, Shibata Y. Sputum Neurturin Levels in Adult Asthmatic Subjects. J Asthma Allergy 2023; 16:889-901. [PMID: 37671183 PMCID: PMC10476664 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s421742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neurturin (NRTN) is a neurotrophic factor that was originally identified in the development and maintenance of neural cells. Recent studies involving NRTN knockout mice have reported its anti-inflammatory effects in allergic airway conditions. However, the role of NRTN in human asthma has not yet been identified. Objective The purposes of the present study were to confirm the presence of NRTN in the airways and to investigate the clinical and pathogenetic roles of NRTN in asthma. Methods The NRTN levels in the induced sputum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Relationships between NRTN and clinical characteristics, asthma control status, and airway inflammation were assessed. Results Sixty-four asthmatic subjects were enrolled in the study. All asthmatic subjects had detectable sputum NRTN levels, with a mean (SD) level of 2.03 (1.29) ng/mL. The sputum NRTN levels had significant positive correlations with sputum eosinophil and exhaled nitric oxide levels and were significantly higher in the atopic subjects than in the non-atopic subjects. No significant difference in sputum NRTN levels were observed for asthma control status and asthma exacerbation. In sputum inflammatory analyses, sputum NRTN level was positively correlated with interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 levels, and negatively correlated with matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 level. Conclusion It is plausible that sputum NRTN could serve as a new marker for Type 2 airway inflammation, implicating its role in the process of airway remodeling in asthma. Future studies should investigate the clinical relevance of sputum NRTN level in prospective analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Sato
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Suzuki
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masami Kikuchi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mami Rikimaru
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Junpei Saito
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yoko Shibata
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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Nguyen TM, Ngoc DTM, Choi JH, Lee CH. Unveiling the Neural Environment in Cancer: Exploring the Role of Neural Circuit Players and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Cells 2023; 12:1996. [PMID: 37566075 PMCID: PMC10417274 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the immune environment within the tumor microenvironment has provided new opportunities for cancer treatment. However, an important microenvironment surrounding cancer that is often overlooked despite its significance in cancer progression is the neural environment surrounding the tumor. The release of neurotrophic factors from cancer cells is implicated in cancer growth and metastasis by facilitating the infiltration of nerve cells into the tumor microenvironment. This nerve-tumor interplay can elicit cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in response to neurotransmitters. Moreover, it is possible that cancer cells could establish a network resembling that of neurons, allowing them to communicate with one another through neurotransmitters. The expression levels of players in the neural circuits of cancers could serve as potential biomarkers for cancer aggressiveness. Notably, the upregulation of certain players in the neural circuit has been linked to poor prognosis in specific cancer types such as breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, basal cell carcinoma, and stomach cancer. Targeting these players with inhibitors holds great potential for reducing the morbidity and mortality of these carcinomas. However, the efficacy of anti-neurogenic agents in cancer therapy remains underexplored, and further research is necessary to evaluate their effectiveness as a novel approach for cancer treatment. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of players in the neural circuits of cancers and the potential of anti-neurogenic agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Minh Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea; (T.M.N.); (D.T.M.N.)
| | - Dinh Thi Minh Ngoc
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea; (T.M.N.); (D.T.M.N.)
| | - Jung-Hye Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea; (T.M.N.); (D.T.M.N.)
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Lee J, Kim S, Lee B, Kim YB, Kim KH, Chung G, Lee SJ, Lee S, Sun W, Park HK, Choi SY. Major depression-related factor NEGR1 controls salivary secretion in mouse submandibular glands. iScience 2023; 26:106773. [PMID: 37216094 PMCID: PMC10196562 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland cells, which secrete water in response to neuronal stimulation, are closely connected to other neurons. Transcriptomic studies show that salivary glands also express some proteins responsible for neuronal function. However, the physiological functions of these common neuro-exocrine factors in salivary glands are largely unknown. Here, we studied the function of Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) in the salivary gland cells. NEGR1 was also expressed in mouse and human salivary glands. The structure of salivary glands of Negr1 knockout (KO) mice was normal. Negr1 KO mice showed tempered carbachol- or thapsigargin-induced intracellular Ca2+ increases and store-operated Ca2+ entry. Of interest, the activity of the large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (BK channel) was increased, whereas Ca2+-activated Cl- channel ANO1 channel activity was not altered in Negr1 KO mice. Pilocarpine- and carbachol-induced salivation was decreased in Negr1 KO mice. These results suggest that NEGR1 influence salivary secretion though the muscarinic Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Lee
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Bin Kim
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Hwan Kim
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Gehoon Chung
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Joong Lee
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Park
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Choi
- Department of Physiology, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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Zhang Z, Li B, Jiang Q, Li Q, Pierro A, Li L. Hirschsprung-Associated Enterocolitis: Transformative Research from Bench to Bedside. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2022; 32:383-390. [PMID: 35649434 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1745780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital disease that is characterized by the absence of intrinsic ganglion cells in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the distal colon and is the most common cause of congenital intestinal obstruction. Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) is a life-threatening complication of HSCR, which can occur either before or after surgical resection of the aganglionic bowel. Even though HAEC is a leading cause of death in HSCR patients, its etiology and pathophysiology remain poorly understood. Various factors have been associated with HAEC, including the mucus barrier, microbiota, immune function, obstruction of the colon, and genetic variations. In this review, we examine our current mouse model of HAEC and how it informs our understanding of the disease. We also describe current emerging research that highlights the potential future of HAEC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Li
- Translational Medicine Program, Division of General and Thoracic Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Agostino Pierro
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Long Li
- Department of General Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, Beijing, China
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Gadomski S, Fielding C, García-García A, Korn C, Kapeni C, Ashraf S, Villadiego J, Toro RD, Domingues O, Skepper JN, Michel T, Zimmer J, Sendtner R, Dillon S, Poole KES, Holdsworth G, Sendtner M, Toledo-Aral JJ, De Bari C, McCaskie AW, Robey PG, Méndez-Ferrer S. A cholinergic neuroskeletal interface promotes bone formation during postnatal growth and exercise. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:528-544.e9. [PMID: 35276096 PMCID: PMC9033279 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system is a master regulator of homeostatic processes and stress responses. Sympathetic noradrenergic nerve fibers decrease bone mass, but the role of cholinergic signaling in bone has remained largely unknown. Here, we describe that early postnatally, a subset of sympathetic nerve fibers undergoes an interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced cholinergic switch upon contacting the bone. A neurotrophic dependency mediated through GDNF-family receptor-α2 (GFRα2) and its ligand, neurturin (NRTN), is established between sympathetic cholinergic fibers and bone-embedded osteocytes, which require cholinergic innervation for their survival and connectivity. Bone-lining osteoprogenitors amplify and propagate cholinergic signals in the bone marrow (BM). Moderate exercise augments trabecular bone partly through an IL-6-dependent expansion of sympathetic cholinergic nerve fibers. Consequently, loss of cholinergic skeletal innervation reduces osteocyte survival and function, causing osteopenia and impaired skeletal adaptation to moderate exercise. These results uncover a cholinergic neuro-osteocyte interface that regulates skeletogenesis and skeletal turnover through bone-anabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Gadomski
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIH Oxford-Cambridge Scholars Program in Partnership with Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Claire Fielding
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Andrés García-García
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Claudia Korn
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Chrysa Kapeni
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Sadaf Ashraf
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Javier Villadiego
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-IBiS (Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío y Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, (CIBERNED), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Raquel Del Toro
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-IBiS (Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío y Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Olivia Domingues
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jeremy N Skepper
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Tatiana Michel
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jacques Zimmer
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Regine Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Scott Dillon
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Kenneth E S Poole
- Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Michael Sendtner
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Juan J Toledo-Aral
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-IBiS (Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío y Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, (CIBERNED), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Cosimo De Bari
- Arthritis and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Aberdeen Centre for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Andrew W McCaskie
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Simón Méndez-Ferrer
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-IBiS (Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío y Macarena/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla), 41013 Seville, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain.
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10
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Román-Gil MS, Pozas J, Rosero-Rodríguez D, Chamorro-Pérez J, Ruiz-Granados Á, Caracuel IR, Grande E, Molina-Cerrillo J, Alonso-Gordoa T. Resistance to RET targeted therapy in Thyroid Cancer: Molecular basis and overcoming strategies. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 105:102372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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11
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Zhu J, Inomata T, Shih KC, Okumura Y, Fujio K, Huang T, Nagino K, Akasaki Y, Fujimoto K, Yanagawa A, Miura M, Midorikawa-Inomata A, Hirosawa K, Kuwahara M, Shokirova H, Eguchi A, Morooka Y, Chen F, Murakami A. Application of Animal Models in Interpreting Dry Eye Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:830592. [PMID: 35178415 PMCID: PMC8844459 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.830592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Different pathophysiologic mechanisms are involved in the initiation, development, and outcome of dry eye disease (DED). Animal models have proven valuable and efficient in establishing ocular surface microenvironments that mimic humans, thus enabling better understanding of the pathogenesis. Several dry eye animal models, including lacrimal secretion insufficiency, evaporation, neuronal dysfunction, and environmental stress models, are related to different etiological factors. Other models may be categorized as having a multifactorial DED. In addition, there are variations in the methodological classification, including surgical lacrimal gland removal, drug-induced models, irradiation impairment, autoimmune antibody-induced models, and transgenic animals. The aforementioned models may manifest varying degrees of severity or specific pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute to the complexity of DED. This review aimed to summarize various dry eye animal models and evaluate their respective characteristics to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanism and identify therapeutic prospects for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Takenori Inomata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kendrick Co Shih
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuichi Okumura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Fujio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tianxiang Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Nagino
- Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutsugu Akasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ai Yanagawa
- Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria Miura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akie Midorikawa-Inomata
- Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Hirosawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizu Kuwahara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hurramhon Shokirova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Eguchi
- Department of Hospital Administration, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Morooka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, China
| | - Akira Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Digital Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Bhallamudi S, Roos BB, Teske JJ, Wicher SA, McConico A, M Pabelick C, Sathish V, Prakash YS. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor in human airway smooth muscle. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:8184-8196. [PMID: 34170009 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells modulate the local airway milieu via production of inflammatory mediators and growth factors including classical neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands (GFLs) are nonclassical neurotrophins and their role in the airway is barely understood. The major GFLs, GDNF and Neurturin (NRTN) bind to GDNF family receptor (GFR) α1 and α2 respectively that pair with Ret receptor to accomplish signaling. In this study, we found GDNF is expressed in human lung and increased in adult asthma, while human ASM expresses GDNF and its receptors. Accordingly, we used human ASM cells to test the hypothesis that ASM expression and autocrine signaling by GFLs regulate [Ca2+ ]i . Serum-deprived ASM cells from non-asthmatics were exposed to 10 ng/ml GDNF or NRTN for 15 min (acute) or 24 h (chronic). In fura-2 loaded cells, acute GDNF or NRTN alone induced [Ca2+ ]i responses, and further enhanced responses to 1 µM ACh or 10 µM histamine. Ret inhibitor (SPP86; 10 µM) or specific GDNF chelator GFRα1-Fc (1 µg/ml) showed roles of these receptors in GDNF effects. In contrast, NRTN did not enhance [Ca2+ ]i response to histamine. Furthermore, conditioned media of nonasthmatic and asthmatic ASM cells showed GDNF secretion. SPP86, Ret inhibitor and GFRα1-Fc chelator markedly decreased [Ca2+ ]i response compared with vehicle, highlighting autocrine effects of secreted GDNF. Chronic GDNF treatment increased histamine-induced myosin light chain phosphorylation. These novel data demonstrate GFLs particularly GDNF/GFRα1 influence ASM [Ca2+ ]i and raise the possibility that GFLs are potential targets of airway hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Bhallamudi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Benjamin B Roos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jacob J Teske
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah A Wicher
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrea McConico
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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13
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Diposarosa R, Bustam NA, Sahiratmadja E, Susanto PS, Sribudiani Y. Literature review: enteric nervous system development, genetic and epigenetic regulation in the etiology of Hirschsprung's disease. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07308. [PMID: 34195419 PMCID: PMC8237298 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system (ENS) derived from neural crest cells (NCCs), which affects their migration, proliferation, differentiation, or preservation in the digestive tract, resulting in aganglionosis in the distal intestine. The regulation of both NCCs and the surrounding environment involves various genes, signaling pathways, transcription factors, and morphogens. Therefore, changes in gene expression during the development of the ENS may contribute to the pathogenesis of HSCR. This review discusses several mechanisms involved in the development of ENS, confirming that deviant genetic and epigenetic patterns, such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA (miRNA) regulation, can contribute to the development of neurocristopathy. Specifically, the epigenetic regulation of miRNA expression and its relationship to cellular interactions and gene activation through various major pathways in Hirschsprung's disease will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Diposarosa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - N A Bustam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Edhyana Sahiratmadja
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Research Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - P S Susanto
- Research Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Y Sribudiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia.,Research Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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14
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Li H, Kurtzeborn K, Kupari J, Gui Y, Siefker E, Lu B, Mätlik K, Olfat S, Montaño-Rodríguez AR, Huh SH, Costantini F, Andressoo JO, Kuure S. Postnatal prolongation of mammalian nephrogenesis by excess fetal GDNF. Development 2021; 148:268366. [PMID: 34032268 PMCID: PMC8180252 DOI: 10.1242/dev.197475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nephron endowment, defined during the fetal period, dictates renal and related cardiovascular health throughout life. We show here that, despite its negative effects on kidney growth, genetic increase of GDNF prolongs the nephrogenic program beyond its normal cessation. Multi-stage mechanistic analysis revealed that excess GDNF maintains nephron progenitors and nephrogenesis through increased expression of its secreted targets and augmented WNT signaling, leading to a two-part effect on nephron progenitor maintenance. Abnormally high GDNF in embryonic kidneys upregulates its known targets but also Wnt9b and Axin2, with concomitant deceleration of nephron progenitor proliferation. Decline of GDNF levels in postnatal kidneys normalizes the ureteric bud and creates a permissive environment for continuation of the nephrogenic program, as demonstrated by morphologically and molecularly normal postnatal nephron progenitor self-renewal and differentiation. These results establish that excess GDNF has a bi-phasic effect on nephron progenitors in mice, which can faithfully respond to GDNF dosage manipulation during the fetal and postnatal period. Our results suggest that sensing the signaling activity level is an important mechanism through which GDNF and other molecules contribute to nephron progenitor lifespan specification. Summary: Dosage of neurotropic factor GDNF regulates nephron progenitors and in utero growth factor augmentation can extend postnatal lifespan and differentiation of nephron progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristen Kurtzeborn
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Kupari
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yujuan Gui
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Edward Siefker
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Benson Lu
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kärt Mätlik
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soophie Olfat
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ana R Montaño-Rodríguez
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sung-Ho Huh
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Franklin Costantini
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jaan-Olle Andressoo
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Satu Kuure
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,GM-unit, Laboratory Animal Centre, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Kang YN, Fung C, Vanden Berghe P. Gut innervation and enteric nervous system development: a spatial, temporal and molecular tour de force. Development 2021; 148:148/3/dev182543. [PMID: 33558316 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic development, the gut is innervated by intrinsic (enteric) and extrinsic nerves. Focusing on mammalian ENS development, in this Review we highlight how important the different compartments of this innervation are to assure proper gut function. We specifically address the three-dimensional architecture of the innervation, paying special attention to the differences in development along the longitudinal and circumferential axes of the gut. We review recent information about the formation of both intrinsic innervation, which is fairly well-known, as well as the establishment of the extrinsic innervation, which, despite its importance in gut-brain signaling, has received much less attention. We further discuss how external microbial and nutritional cues or neuroimmune interactions may influence development of gut innervation. Finally, we provide summary tables, describing the location and function of several well-known molecules, along with some newer factors that have more recently been implicated in the development of gut innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ning Kang
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Candice Fung
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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16
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Wright CM, Schneider S, Smith-Edwards KM, Mafra F, Leembruggen AJL, Gonzalez MV, Kothakapa DR, Anderson JB, Maguire BA, Gao T, Missall TA, Howard MJ, Bornstein JC, Davis BM, Heuckeroth RO. scRNA-Seq Reveals New Enteric Nervous System Roles for GDNF, NRTN, and TBX3. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 11:1548-1592.e1. [PMID: 33444816 PMCID: PMC8099699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bowel function requires coordinated activity of diverse enteric neuron subtypes. Our aim was to define gene expression in these neuron subtypes to facilitate development of novel therapeutic approaches to treat devastating enteric neuropathies, and to learn more about enteric nervous system function. METHODS To identify subtype-specific genes, we performed single-nucleus RNA-seq on adult mouse and human colon myenteric plexus, and single-cell RNA-seq on E17.5 mouse ENS cells from whole bowel. We used immunohistochemistry, select mutant mice, and calcium imaging to validate and extend results. RESULTS RNA-seq on 635 adult mouse colon myenteric neurons and 707 E17.5 neurons from whole bowel defined seven adult neuron subtypes, eight E17.5 neuron subtypes and hundreds of differentially expressed genes. Manually dissected human colon myenteric plexus yielded RNA-seq data from 48 neurons, 3798 glia, 5568 smooth muscle, 377 interstitial cells of Cajal, and 2153 macrophages. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated differential expression for BNC2, PBX3, SATB1, RBFOX1, TBX2, and TBX3 in enteric neuron subtypes. Conditional Tbx3 loss reduced NOS1-expressing myenteric neurons. Differential Gfra1 and Gfra2 expression coupled with calcium imaging revealed that GDNF and neurturin acutely and differentially regulate activity of ∼50% of myenteric neurons with distinct effects on smooth muscle contractions. CONCLUSION Single cell analyses defined genes differentially expressed in myenteric neuron subtypes and new roles for TBX3, GDNF and NRTN. These data facilitate molecular diagnostic studies and novel therapeutics for bowel motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristen M Smith-Edwards
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fernanda Mafra
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Michael V Gonzalez
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Deepika R Kothakapa
- Department of Pediatrics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jessica B Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Beth A Maguire
- Department of Pediatrics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tricia A Missall
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Marthe J Howard
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian M Davis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert O Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics, Abramson Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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17
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Radiation-Induced Salivary Gland Dysfunction: Mechanisms, Therapeutics and Future Directions. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9124095. [PMID: 33353023 PMCID: PMC7767137 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9124095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands sustain collateral damage following radiotherapy (RT) to treat cancers of the head and neck, leading to complications, including mucositis, xerostomia and hyposalivation. Despite salivary gland-sparing techniques and modified dosing strategies, long-term hypofunction remains a significant problem. Current therapeutic interventions provide temporary symptom relief, but do not address irreversible glandular damage. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of mechanisms involved in RT-induced hyposalivation and provide a framework for future mechanistic studies. One glaring gap in published studies investigating RT-induced mechanisms of salivary gland dysfunction concerns the effect of irradiation on adjacent non-irradiated tissue via paracrine, autocrine and direct cell-cell interactions, coined the bystander effect in other models of RT-induced damage. We hypothesize that purinergic receptor signaling involving P2 nucleotide receptors may play a key role in mediating the bystander effect. We also discuss promising new therapeutic approaches to prevent salivary gland damage due to RT.
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18
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Fedele L, Brand T. The Intrinsic Cardiac Nervous System and Its Role in Cardiac Pacemaking and Conduction. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7040054. [PMID: 33255284 PMCID: PMC7712215 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac autonomic nervous system (CANS) plays a key role for the regulation of cardiac activity with its dysregulation being involved in various heart diseases, such as cardiac arrhythmias. The CANS comprises the extrinsic and intrinsic innervation of the heart. The intrinsic cardiac nervous system (ICNS) includes the network of the intracardiac ganglia and interconnecting neurons. The cardiac ganglia contribute to the tight modulation of cardiac electrophysiology, working as a local hub integrating the inputs of the extrinsic innervation and the ICNS. A better understanding of the role of the ICNS for the modulation of the cardiac conduction system will be crucial for targeted therapies of various arrhythmias. We describe the embryonic development, anatomy, and physiology of the ICNS. By correlating the topography of the intracardiac neurons with what is known regarding their biophysical and neurochemical properties, we outline their physiological role in the control of pacemaker activity of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. We conclude by highlighting cardiac disorders with a putative involvement of the ICNS and outline open questions that need to be addressed in order to better understand the physiology and pathophysiology of the ICNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fedele
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (T.B.); Tel.: +44-(0)-207-594-6531 (L.F.); +44-(0)-207-594-8744 (T.B.)
| | - Thomas Brand
- Correspondence: (L.F.); (T.B.); Tel.: +44-(0)-207-594-6531 (L.F.); +44-(0)-207-594-8744 (T.B.)
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19
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Parekh PA, Garcia TX, Hofmann MC. Regulation of GDNF expression in Sertoli cells. Reproduction 2020; 157:R95-R107. [PMID: 30620720 DOI: 10.1530/rep-18-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cells regulate male germ cell proliferation and differentiation and are a critical component of the spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) niche, where homeostasis is maintained by the interplay of several signaling pathways and growth factors. These factors are secreted by Sertoli cells located within the seminiferous epithelium, and by interstitial cells residing between the seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells and peritubular myoid cells produce glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), which binds to the RET/GFRA1 receptor complex at the surface of undifferentiated spermatogonia. GDNF is known for its ability to drive SSC self-renewal and proliferation of their direct cell progeny. Even though the effects of GDNF are well studied, our understanding of the regulation its expression is still limited. The purpose of this review is to discuss how GDNF expression in Sertoli cells is modulated within the niche, and how these mechanisms impact germ cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag A Parekh
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas X Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marie-Claude Hofmann
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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20
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Lombaert IMA, Patel VN, Jones CE, Villier DC, Canada AE, Moore MR, Berenstein E, Zheng C, Goldsmith CM, Chorini JA, Martin D, Zourelias L, Trombetta MG, Edwards PC, Meyer K, Ando D, Passineau MJ, Hoffman MP. CERE-120 Prevents Irradiation-Induced Hypofunction and Restores Immune Homeostasis in Porcine Salivary Glands. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 18:839-855. [PMID: 32953934 PMCID: PMC7479444 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salivary gland hypofunction causes significant morbidity and loss of quality of life for head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. Preventing hypofunction is an unmet therapeutic need. We used an adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) vector expressing the human neurotrophic factor neurturin (CERE-120) to treat murine submandibular glands either pre- or post-irradiation (IR). Treatment with CERE-120 pre-IR, not post-IR, prevented hypofunction. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed reduced gene expression associated with fibrosis and the innate and humoral immune responses. We then used a minipig model with CERE-120 treatment pre-IR and also compared outcomes of the contralateral non-IR gland. Analysis of gene expression, morphology, and immunostaining showed reduced IR-related immune responses and improved secretory mechanisms. CERE-120 prevented IR-induced hypofunction and restored immune homeostasis, and there was a coordinated contralateral gland response to either damage or treatment. CERE-120 gene therapy is a potential treatment for head and neck cancer patients to influence communication among neuronal, immune, and epithelial cells to prevent IR-induced salivary hypofunction and restore immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle M A Lombaert
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christina E Jones
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Derrick C Villier
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ashley E Canada
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew R Moore
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elsa Berenstein
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Changyu Zheng
- Translational Research Core, NIDCR, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - John A Chorini
- Adeno-Associated Virus Section, NIDCR, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel Martin
- Genomics and Computational Biology Core, NIDCR, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lee Zourelias
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburg, PA 15212, USA
| | - Mark G Trombetta
- Department of Oncology, Division of Radiation Oncology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburg, PA 15212, USA
| | - Paul C Edwards
- Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine, and Radiology, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kathleen Meyer
- Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., 501 Canal Blvd., Richmond, CA 94804
| | - Dale Ando
- Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., 501 Canal Blvd., Richmond, CA 94804
| | - Michael J Passineau
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburg, PA 15212, USA
| | - Matthew P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Takahashi M, Kawai K, Asai N. Roles of the RET Proto-oncogene in Cancer and Development. JMA J 2020; 3:175-181. [PMID: 33150251 PMCID: PMC7590400 DOI: 10.31662/jmaj.2020-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
RET (REarranged during Transfection)is activated by DNA rearrangement of the 3' fragment of the receptor tyrosine kinase gene, namely, RET proto-oncogene, with the 5' fragment of various genes with putative dimerization domains, such as a coiled coil domain, that are necessary for constitutive activation. RET rearrangements have been detected in a variety of human cancers, including thyroid, lung, colorectal, breast, and salivary gland cancers. Moreover, point mutations in RET are responsible for multiple endocrine neoplasia types 2A and 2B, which can develop into medullary thyroid cancer and pheochromocytoma. Substantial effort is currently being exerted in developing RET kinase inhibitors. RET is also responsible for Hirschsprung's disease, a developmental abnormality in the enteric nervous system. Gene knockout studies have demonstrated that RET plays essential roles in the development of the enteric nervous system and kidney as well as in spermatogenesis. Studies regarding RET continue to provide fascinating challenges in the fields of cancer research, neuroscience, and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kumi Kawai
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Naoya Asai
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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22
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Chalazonitis A, Li Z, Pham TD, Chen J, Rao M, Lindholm P, Saarma M, Lindahl M, Gershon MD. Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor is essential for enteric neuronal development, maintenance, and regulation of gastrointestinal transit. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2420-2444. [PMID: 32154930 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) is expressed in the brain and is neuroprotective. We have previously shown that CDNF is also expressed in the bowel and that its absence leads to degeneration and autophagy in the enteric nervous system (ENS), particularly in the submucosal plexus. We now demonstrate that enteric CDNF immunoreactivity is restricted to neurons (submucosal > myenteric) and is not seen in glia, interstitial cells of Cajal, or smooth muscle. Expression of CDNF, moreover, is essential for the normal development and survival of enteric dopaminergic neurons; thus, expression of the dopaminergic neuronal markers, dopamine, tyrosine hydroxylase, and dopamine transporter are deficient in the ileum of Cdnf -/- mice. The normal age-related decline in proportions of submucosal dopaminergic neurons is exacerbated in Cdnf -/- animals. The defect in Cdnf -/- animals is not dopamine-restricted; proportions of other submucosal neurons (NOS-, GABA-, and CGRP-expressing), are also deficient. The deficits in submucosal neurons are reflected functionally in delayed gastric emptying, slowed colonic motility, and prolonged total gastrointestinal transit. CDNF is expressed selectively in isolated enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCDC), which also express the dopamine-related transcription factor Foxa2. Addition of CDNF to ENCDC promotes development of dopaminergic neurons; moreover, survival of these neurons becomes CDNF-dependent after exposure to bone morphogenetic protein 4. The effects of neither glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) nor serotonin are additive with CDNF. We suggest that CDNF plays a critical role in development and long-term maintenance of dopaminergic and other sets of submucosal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcmène Chalazonitis
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - ZhiShan Li
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Tuan D Pham
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Jason Chen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Meenakshi Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | - Päivi Lindholm
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Lindahl
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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23
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Vining KH, Lombaert IMA, Patel VN, Kibbey SE, Pradhan-Bhatt S, Witt RL, Hoffman MP. Neurturin-containing laminin matrices support innervated branching epithelium from adult epithelial salispheres. Biomaterials 2019; 216:119245. [PMID: 31200143 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell transplantation of autologous adult biopsies, grown ex vivo as epithelial organoids or expanded as spheroids, are proposed treatments to regenerate damaged branching organs. However, it is not clear whether transplantation of adult organoids or spheroids alone is sufficient to initiate a fetal-like program of branching morphogenesis in which coordinated branching of multiple cell types including nerves, mesenchyme and blood vessels occurs. Yet this is an essential concept for the regeneration of branching organs such as lung, pancreas, and lacrimal and salivary glands. Here, we used factors identified from fetal organogenesis to maintain and expand adult murine and human epithelial salivary gland progenitors in non-adherent spheroid cultures, called salispheres. These factors stimulated critical developmental pathways, and increased expression of epithelial progenitor markers such as Keratin5, Keratin14, FGFR2b and KIT. Moreover, physical recombination of adult salispheres in a laminin-111 extracellular matrix with fetal salivary mesenchyme, containing endothelial and neuronal cells, only induced branching morphogenesis when neurturin, a neurotrophic factor, was added to the matrix. Neurturin was essential to improve neuronal survival, axon outgrowth, innervation of the salispheres, and resulted in the formation of branching structures with a proximal-distal axis that mimicked fetal branching morphogenesis, thus recapitulating organogenesis. Epithelial progenitors were also maintained, and developmental differentiation programs were initiated, showing that the fetal microenvironment provides a template for adult epithelial progenitors to initiate branching and differentiation. Further delineation of secreted and physical cues from the fetal niche will be useful to develop novel regenerative therapies that instruct adult salispheres to resume a developmental-like program in vitro and to regenerate branching organs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Vining
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20842, USA; Medical Research Scholars Program, Office of Clinical Research Training and Medical Education, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20842, USA; University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Current Address: John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138. USA
| | - I M A Lombaert
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20842, USA; Current Address: Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, North Campus Research Center, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - V N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20842, USA
| | - S E Kibbey
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20842, USA
| | - S Pradhan-Bhatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA; Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA; Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
| | - R L Witt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA; Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA; Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, 19713, USA; Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - M P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20842, USA.
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24
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Pöyhönen S, Er S, Domanskyi A, Airavaara M. Effects of Neurotrophic Factors in Glial Cells in the Central Nervous System: Expression and Properties in Neurodegeneration and Injury. Front Physiol 2019; 10:486. [PMID: 31105589 PMCID: PMC6499070 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are abundant cell types found in the central nervous system and have been shown to play crucial roles in regulating both normal and disease states. An increasing amount of evidence points to the critical importance of glia in mediating neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (AD, PD), and in ischemic stroke, where microglia are involved in initial tissue clearance, and astrocytes in the subsequent formation of a glial scar. The importance of these cells for neuronal survival has previously been studied in co-culture experiments and the search for neurotrophic factors (NTFs) initiated after finding that the addition of conditioned media from astrocyte cultures could support the survival of primary neurons in vitro. This led to the discovery of the potent dopamine neurotrophic factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). In this review, we focus on the relationship between glia and NTFs including neurotrophins, GDNF-family ligands, CNTF family, and CDNF/MANF-family proteins. We describe their expression in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and their precursors (NG2-positive cells, OPCs), and microglia during development and in the adult brain. Furthermore, we review existing data on the glial phenotypes of NTF knockout mice and follow NTF expression patterns and their effects on glia in disease models such as AD, PD, stroke, and retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Pöyhönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Safak Er
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrii Domanskyi
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Airavaara
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Duraikannu A, Krishnan A, Chandrasekhar A, Zochodne DW. Beyond Trophic Factors: Exploiting the Intrinsic Regenerative Properties of Adult Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:128. [PMID: 31024258 PMCID: PMC6460947 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries and diseases of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are common but frequently irreversible. It is often but mistakenly assumed that peripheral neuron regeneration is robust without a need to be improved or supported. However, axonal lesions, especially those involving proximal nerves rarely recover fully and injuries generally are complicated by slow and incomplete regeneration. Strategies to enhance the intrinsic growth properties of reluctant adult neurons offer an alternative approach to consider during regeneration. Since axons rarely regrow without an intimately partnered Schwann cell (SC), approaches to enhance SC plasticity carry along benefits to their axon partners. Direct targeting of molecules that inhibit growth cone plasticity can inform important regenerative strategies. A newer approach, a focus of our laboratory, exploits tumor suppressor molecules that normally dampen unconstrained growth. However several are also prominently expressed in stable adult neurons. During regeneration their ongoing expression “brakes” growth, whereas their inhibition and knockdown may enhance regrowth. Examples have included phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), a tumor suppressor that inhibits PI3K/pAkt signaling, Rb1, the protein involved in retinoblastoma development, and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor that inhibits β-Catenin transcriptional signaling and its translocation to the nucleus. The identification of several new targets to manipulate the plasticity of regenerating adult peripheral neurons is exciting. How they fit with canonical regeneration strategies and their feasibility require additional work. Newer forms of nonviral siRNA delivery may be approaches for molecular manipulation to improve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Duraikannu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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26
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García-García A, Korn C, García-Fernández M, Domingues O, Villadiego J, Martín-Pérez D, Isern J, Bejarano-García JA, Zimmer J, Pérez-Simón JA, Toledo-Aral JJ, Michel T, Airaksinen MS, Méndez-Ferrer S. Dual cholinergic signals regulate daily migration of hematopoietic stem cells and leukocytes. Blood 2019; 133:224-236. [PMID: 30361261 PMCID: PMC6449569 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-08-867648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and leukocytes circulate between the bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood following circadian oscillations. Autonomic sympathetic noradrenergic signals have been shown to regulate HSPC and leukocyte trafficking, but the role of the cholinergic branch has remained unexplored. We have investigated the role of the cholinergic nervous system in the regulation of day/night traffic of HSPCs and leukocytes in mice. We show here that the autonomic cholinergic nervous system (including parasympathetic and sympathetic) dually regulates daily migration of HSPCs and leukocytes. At night, central parasympathetic cholinergic signals dampen sympathetic noradrenergic tone and decrease BM egress of HSPCs and leukocytes. However, during the daytime, derepressed sympathetic noradrenergic activity causes predominant BM egress of HSPCs and leukocytes via β3-adrenergic receptor. This egress is locally supported by light-triggered sympathetic cholinergic activity, which inhibits BM vascular cell adhesion and homing. In summary, central (parasympathetic) and local (sympathetic) cholinergic signals regulate day/night oscillations of circulating HSPCs and leukocytes. This study shows how both branches of the autonomic nervous system cooperate to orchestrate daily traffic of HSPCs and leukocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/physiology
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotaxis
- Cholinergic Agents/pharmacology
- Circadian Rhythm
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Female
- Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors/physiology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology
- Leukocytes/cytology
- Leukocytes/drug effects
- Leukocytes/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Parasympathetic Nervous System/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-3/physiology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Sympathetic Nervous System/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés García-García
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Korn
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - María García-Fernández
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Domingues
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Javier Villadiego
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; and
| | | | - Joan Isern
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A Bejarano-García
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and
| | - Jacques Zimmer
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - José A Pérez-Simón
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and
| | - Juan J Toledo-Aral
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; and
| | - Tatiana Michel
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Matti S Airaksinen
- Neuroscience Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simón Méndez-Ferrer
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Cooper M, O'Connor‐Semmes R, Reedy BA, Hacquoil K, Gorycki P, Pannullo K, Verticelli A, Shakib S. First‐in‐Human Studies for a Selective RET Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, GSK3179106, to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2018; 8:234-245. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sepehr Shakib
- CMAX Clinical Research Pty LtdRoyal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide South Australia
- Department of Clinical PharmacologySchool of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia
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28
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract contains its own set of intrinsic neuroglial circuits - the enteric nervous system (ENS) - which detects and responds to diverse signals from the environment. Here, we address recent advances in the understanding of ENS development, including how neural-crest-derived progenitors migrate into and colonize the bowel, the formation of ganglionated plexuses and the molecular mechanisms of enteric neuronal and glial diversification. Modern lineage tracing and transcription-profiling technologies have produced observations that simultaneously challenge and affirm long-held beliefs about ENS development. We review many genetic and environmental factors that can alter ENS development and exert long-lasting effects on gastrointestinal function, and discuss how developmental defects in the ENS might account for some of the large burden of digestive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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29
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30
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Ferreira JN, Zheng C, Lombaert IM, Goldsmith CM, Cotrim AP, Symonds JM, Patel VN, Hoffman MP. Neurturin Gene Therapy Protects Parasympathetic Function to Prevent Irradiation-Induced Murine Salivary Gland Hypofunction. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 9:172-180. [PMID: 29560384 PMCID: PMC5857485 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer patients treated with irradiation often present irreversible salivary gland hypofunction for which no conventional treatment exists. We recently showed that recombinant neurturin, a neurotrophic factor, improves epithelial regeneration of mouse salivary glands in ex vivo culture after irradiation by reducing apoptosis of parasympathetic neurons. Parasympathetic innervation is essential to maintain progenitor cells during gland development and for regeneration of adult glands. Here, we investigated whether a neurturin-expressing adenovirus could be used for gene therapy in vivo to protect parasympathetic neurons and prevent gland hypofunction after irradiation. First, ex vivo fetal salivary gland culture was used to compare the neurturin adenovirus with recombinant neurturin, showing they both improve growth after irradiation by reducing neuronal apoptosis and increasing innervation. Then, the neurturin adenovirus was delivered to mouse salivary glands in vivo, 24 hr before irradiation, and compared with a control adenovirus. The control-treated glands have ∼50% reduction in salivary flow 60 days post-irradiation, whereas neurturin-treated glands have similar flow to nonirradiated glands. Further, markers of parasympathetic function, including vesicular acetylcholine transporter, decreased with irradiation, but not with neurturin treatment. Our findings suggest that in vivo neurturin gene therapy prior to irradiation protects parasympathetic function and prevents irradiation-induced hypofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao N.A. Ferreira
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Changyu Zheng
- Translational Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Isabelle M.A. Lombaert
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Corinne M. Goldsmith
- Translational Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ana P. Cotrim
- Translational Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Symonds
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vaishali N. Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew P. Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Corresponding author: Matthew P. Hoffman, Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, 30 Convent Drive, Building 30/5A509, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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31
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Sandmark J, Dahl G, Öster L, Xu B, Johansson P, Akerud T, Aagaard A, Davidsson P, Bigalke JM, Winzell MS, Rainey GJ, Roth RG. Structure and biophysical characterization of the human full-length neurturin-GFRa2 complex: A role for heparan sulfate in signaling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5492-5508. [PMID: 29414779 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurturin (NRTN) provides trophic support to neurons and is considered a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. It binds to its co-receptor GFRa2, and the resulting NRTN-GFRa2 complex activates the transmembrane receptors rearranged during transfection (RET) or the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). We report the crystal structure of NRTN, alone and in complex with GFRa2. This is the first crystal structure of a GFRa with all three domains and shows that domain 1 does not interact directly with NRTN, but it may support an interaction with RET and/or NCAM, via a highly conserved surface. In addition, biophysical results show that the relative concentration of GFRa2 on cell surfaces can affect the functional affinity of NRTN through avidity effects. We have identified a heparan sulfate-binding site on NRTN and a putative binding site in GFRa2, suggesting that heparan sulfate has a role in the assembly of the signaling complex. We further show that mutant NRTN with reduced affinity for heparan sulfate may provide a route forward for delivery of NRTN with increased exposure in preclinical in vivo models and ultimately to Parkinson's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sandmark
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Göran Dahl
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Linda Öster
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Bingze Xu
- the Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
| | - Patrik Johansson
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Tomas Akerud
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Anna Aagaard
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Pia Davidsson
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, and
| | - Janna M Bigalke
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | | | - G Jonah Rainey
- the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, and
| | - Robert G Roth
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden,
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Expression of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) and the GDNF Family Receptor Alpha Subunit 1 in the Paravaginal Ganglia of Nulliparous and Primiparous Rabbits. Int Neurourol J 2018; 22:S23-33. [PMID: 29385786 PMCID: PMC5798635 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1834974.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its receptor, GDNF family receptor alpha subunit 1 (GFRα-1) in the pelvic (middle third) vagina and, particularly, in the paravaginal ganglia of nulliparous and primiparous rabbits. METHODS Chinchilla-breed female rabbits were used. Primiparas were killed on postpartum day 3 and nulliparas upon reaching a similar age. The vaginal tracts were processed for histological analyses or frozen for Western blot assays. We measured the ganglionic area, the Abercrombie-corrected number of paravaginal neurons, the cross-sectional area of the neuronal somata, and the number of satellite glial cells (SGCs) per neuron. The relative expression of both GDNF and GFRα-1 were assessed by Western blotting, and the immunostaining was semiquantitated. Unpaired two-tailed Student t -test or Wilcoxon test was used to identify statistically significant differences (P≤0.05) between the groups. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that the ganglionic area, neuronal soma size, Abercrombie-corrected number of neurons, and number of SGCs per neuron were similar in nulliparas and primiparas. The relative expression of both GDNF and GFRα-1 was similar. Immunostaining for both GDNF and GFRα-1 was observed in several vaginal layers, and no differences were detected regarding GDNF and GFRα-1 immunostaining between the 2 groups. In the paravaginal ganglia, the expression of GDNF was increased in neurons, while that of GFRα-1 was augmented in the SGCs of primiparous rabbits. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest an ongoing regenerative process related to the recovery of neuronal soma size in the paravaginal ganglia, in which GDNF and GFRα-1 could be involved in cross-talk between neurons and SGCs.
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Fielder GC, Yang TWS, Razdan M, Li Y, Lu J, Perry JK, Lobie PE, Liu DX. The GDNF Family: A Role in Cancer? Neoplasia 2018; 20:99-117. [PMID: 29245123 PMCID: PMC5730419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands (GFLs) comprising of GDNF, neurturin, artemin, and persephin plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the central and peripheral nervous system, renal morphogenesis, and spermatogenesis. Here we review our current understanding of GFL biology, and supported by recent progress in the area, we examine their emerging role in endocrine-related and other non-hormone-dependent solid neoplasms. The ability of GFLs to elicit actions that resemble those perturbed in an oncogenic phenotype, alongside mounting evidence of GFL involvement in tumor progression, presents novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahalakshmi Razdan
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yan Li
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jun Lu
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter E Lobie
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore and Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Tsinghua Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Xu Liu
- The Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Biphasic functions for the GDNF-Ret signaling pathway in chemosensory neuron development and diversification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E516-E525. [PMID: 29282324 PMCID: PMC5776963 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708838115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
While knowledge of signaling mechanisms orchestrating the development and diversification of peripheral somatosensory neurons is extensive, our understanding of the mechanisms controlling chemosensory neuron specification remains rudimentary. Lingually projecting sensory neurons of the geniculate ganglion are receptive to the five taste qualities, as well as temperature and tactile stimuli, but the mechanisms responsible for the diversification of the unique subpopulations that respond to one, or several, of these stimuli remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that the GDNF-Ret signaling pathway exerts a unique, dual function in peripheral taste system development and postnatal function. Ret acts embryonically to regulate the expression of the chemosensory master regulator Phox2b, thus inducing chemosensory differentiation, while postnatally acting to specify a molecularly unique subpopulation of lingual mechanoreceptors. The development of the taste system relies on the coordinated regulation of cues that direct the simultaneous development of both peripheral taste organs and innervating sensory ganglia, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we describe a novel, biphasic function for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in the development and subsequent diversification of chemosensory neurons within the geniculate ganglion (GG). GDNF, acting through the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret, regulates the expression of the chemosensory fate determinant Phox2b early in GG development. Ret−/− mice, but not Retfx/fx; Phox2b-Cre mice, display a profound loss of Phox2b expression with subsequent chemosensory innervation deficits, indicating that Ret is required for the initial amplification of Phox2b expression but not its maintenance. Ret expression is extinguished perinatally but reemerges postnatally in a subpopulation of large-diameter GG neurons expressing the mechanoreceptor marker NF200 and the GDNF coreceptor GFRα1. Intriguingly, we observed that ablation of these neurons in adult Ret-Cre/ERT2; Rosa26LSL-DTA mice caused a specific loss of tactile, but not chemical or thermal, electrophysiological responses. Overall, the GDNF-Ret pathway exerts two critical and distinct functions in the peripheral taste system: embryonic chemosensory cell fate determination and the specification of lingual mechanoreceptors.
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Reyes-Corona D, Vázquez-Hernández N, Escobedo L, Orozco-Barrios CE, Ayala-Davila J, Moreno MG, Amaro-Lara ME, Flores-Martinez YM, Espadas-Alvarez AJ, Fernandez-Parrilla MA, Gonzalez-Barrios JA, Gutierrez-Castillo ME, González-Burgos I, Martinez-Fong D. Neurturin overexpression in dopaminergic neurons induces presynaptic and postsynaptic structural changes in rats with chronic 6-hydroxydopamine lesion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188239. [PMID: 29176874 PMCID: PMC5703459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural effect of neurturin (NRTN) on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in animals remains unknown, although NRTN has been shown to be effective in Parkinson's disease animal models. Herein, we aimed to demonstrate that NRTN overexpression in dopaminergic neurons stimulates both neurite outgrowths in the nigrostriatal pathway and striatal dendritic spines in aging rats with chronic 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion. At week 12 after lesion, pTracer-mNRTN-His or pGreenLantern-1 plasmids were intranigrally transfected using the NTS-polyplex nanoparticles system. We showed that the transgenic expression in dopaminergic neurons remained until the end of the study (12 weeks). Only animals expressing NRTN-His showed recovery of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+ cells (28 ± 2%), their neurites (32 ± 2%) and the neuron-specific cytoskeletal marker β-III-tubulin in the substantia nigra; striatal TH(+) fibers were also recovered (52 ± 3%), when compared to the healthy condition. Neurotensin receptor type 1 levels were also significantly recovered in the substantia nigra and striatum. Dopamine recovery was 70 ± 4% in the striatum and complete in the substantia nigra. The number of dendritic spines of striatal medium spiny neurons was also significantly increased, but the recovery was not complete. Drug-activated circling behavior decreased by 73 ± 2% (methamphetamine) and 89 ± 1% (apomorphine). Similar decrease was observed in the spontaneous motor behavior. Our results demonstrate that NRTN causes presynaptic and postsynaptic restoration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system after a 6-OHDA-induced chronic lesion. However, those improvements did not reach the healthy condition, suggesting that NRTN exerts lesser neurotrophic effects than other neurotrophic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reyes-Corona
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Nallely Vázquez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Psicobiología, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Lourdes Escobedo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carlos E. Orozco-Barrios
- CONACYT—Medical Research Unit in Neurological Diseases, National Medical Center "Siglo XXI", IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose Ayala-Davila
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mario Gil Moreno
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Apetito, Departamento de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miriam E. Amaro-Lara
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Yazmin M. Flores-Martinez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Armando J. Espadas-Alvarez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Manuel A. Fernandez-Parrilla
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan A. Gonzalez-Barrios
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Hospital Regional 1º de Octubre, ISSSTE, Ciudad de México, México
| | - ME Gutierrez-Castillo
- Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ignacio González-Burgos
- Laboratorio de Psicobiología, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Daniel Martinez-Fong
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
- Programa de Doctorado en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
- * E-mail:
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Sakai K, Sanders KM, Youssef MR, Yanushefski KM, Jensen LE, Yosipovitch G, Akiyama T. Role of neurturin in spontaneous itch and increased nonpeptidergic intraepidermal fiber density in a mouse model of psoriasis. Pain 2017; 158:2196-2202. [PMID: 28825602 PMCID: PMC5676563 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is often accompanied by itch, but the mechanisms behind this symptom remain elusive. Dynamic changes in epidermal innervation have been observed under chronic itch conditions. Therefore, we investigated whether epidermal innervation is altered in the imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model, whether blockade of neurotrophic growth factor signaling can reduce these changes, and whether this system can impact psoriatic itch. Over the 7-day time course of imiquimod treatment, the density of epidermal nonpeptidergic nerves significantly increased, whereas the density of peptidergic nerves significantly decreased. The nonpeptidergic epidermal nerves expressed glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor GFRα-1 and GFRα-2, the ligand-binding domains for GDNF and neurturin (NRTN). The NRTN mRNA expression was elevated in the skin of imiquimod-treated mice, whereas the GDNF mRNA expression was decreased. Treatment of imiquimod-challenged mice with an NRTN-neutralizing antibody significantly reduced nonpeptidergic nerve density as well as spontaneous scratching. These results indicate that NRTN contributes to an increase in the epidermal density of nonpeptidergic nerves in the imiquimod-induced psoriasis model, and this increase may be a factor in chronic itch for these mice. Therefore, inhibition of NRTN could be a potential treatment for chronic itch in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Sakai
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Kristen M. Sanders
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | | | | | - Liselotte E. Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gil Yosipovitch
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Tasuku Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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Yoo BB, Mazmanian SK. The Enteric Network: Interactions between the Immune and Nervous Systems of the Gut. Immunity 2017; 46:910-926. [PMID: 28636959 PMCID: PMC5551410 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the nervous and immune systems enable the gut to respond to the variety of dietary products that it absorbs, the broad spectrum of pathogens that it encounters, and the diverse microbiome that it harbors. The enteric nervous system (ENS) senses and reacts to the dynamic ecosystem of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by translating chemical cues from the environment into neuronal impulses that propagate throughout the gut and into other organs in the body, including the central nervous system (CNS). This review will describe the current understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the GI tract by focusing on the ENS and the mucosal immune system. We highlight emerging literature that the ENS is essential for important aspects of microbe-induced immune responses in the gut. Although most basic and applied research in neuroscience has focused on the brain, the proximity of the ENS to the immune system and its interface with the external environment suggest that novel paradigms for nervous system function await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan B Yoo
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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38
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Enteric glial cells counteract Clostridium difficile Toxin B through a NADPH oxidase/ROS/JNK/caspase-3 axis, without involving mitochondrial pathways. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45569. [PMID: 28349972 PMCID: PMC5368562 DOI: 10.1038/srep45569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric glial cells (EGCs) are components of the intestinal epithelial barrier essential for regulating the enteric nervous system. Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated colitis, toxin B (TcdB) being the major virulence factor, due to its ability to breach the intestinal epithelial barrier and to act on other cell types. Here we investigated TcdB effects on EGCs and the activated molecular mechanisms. Already at 2 hours, TcdB triggered ROS formation originating from NADPH-oxidase, as demonstrated by their reduction in the presence of the NADPH-oxidase inhibitor ML171. Although EGCs mitochondria support almost completely the cellular ATP need, TcdB exerted weak effects on EGCs in terms of ATP and mitochondrial functionality, mitochondrial ROS production occurring as a late event. ROS activated the JNK signalling and overexpression of the proapoptotic Bim not followed by cytochrome c or AIF release to activate the downstream apoptotic cascade. EGCs underwent DNA fragmentation through activation of the ROS/JNK/caspase-3 axis, evidenced by the ability of ML171, N-acetylcysteine, and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 to inhibit caspase-3 or to contrast apoptosis. Therefore, TcdB aggressiveness towards EGCs is mainly restricted to the cytosolic compartment, which represents a peculiar feature, since TcdB primarily influences mitochondria in other cellular types.
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Venkatesh H, Monje M. Neuronal Activity in Ontogeny and Oncology. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:89-112. [PMID: 28718448 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system plays a central role in regulating the stem cell niche in many organs, and thereby pivotally modulates development, homeostasis, and plasticity. A similarly powerful role for neural regulation of the cancer microenvironment is emerging. Neurons promote the growth of cancers of the brain, skin, prostate, pancreas, and stomach. Parallel mechanisms shared in development and cancer suggest that neural modulation of the tumor microenvironment may prove a universal theme, although the mechanistic details of such modulation remain to be discovered for many malignancies. We review here what is known about the influences of active neurons on stem cell and cancer microenvironments across a broad range of tissues, and we discuss emerging principles of neural regulation of development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humsa Venkatesh
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Sathi GA, Farahat M, Hara ES, Taketa H, Nagatsuka H, Kuboki T, Matsumoto T. MCSF orchestrates branching morphogenesis in developing submandibular gland tissue. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1559-1569. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.196907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of macrophages in tissue development and regeneration have been strongly emphasized. However, the specific roles of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF), the key regulator of macrophage differentiation, in glandular tissue development have been unexplored. Here, we disclose new macrophage-independent roles of MCSF in tissue development. We initially found that MCSF is markedly upregulated at embryonic day E13.5, at a stage preceding the colonization of macrophages (at E15.5) in mouse submandibular gland (SMG) tissue. Surprisingly, MCSF-induced branching morphogenesis was based on a direct effect on epithelial cells, as well as indirectly, by modulating the expression of major growth factors of SMG growth, FGF7 and FGF10, via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Additionally, given the importance of neurons in SMG organogenesis, MCSF-induced SMG growth was associated with regulation of neurturin expression and neuronal network development during early SMG development in an in vitro organogenesis model as well as in vivo. These results indicate that MCSF plays pleiotropic roles and is an important regulator of early SMG morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsan Ara Sathi
- Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mahmoud Farahat
- Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Emilio Satoshi Hara
- Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Taketa
- Center for the Development of Medical and Health Care Education, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagatsuka
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takuo Kuboki
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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Jankowski MP, Baumbauer KM, Wang T, Albers KM, Davis BM, Koerber HR. Cutaneous neurturin overexpression alters mechanical, thermal, and cold responsiveness in physiologically identified primary afferents. J Neurophysiol 2016; 117:1258-1265. [PMID: 28031403 PMCID: PMC5349329 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00731.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors play an important role in the regulation of functional properties of sensory neurons under normal and pathological conditions. The GDNF family member neurturin is one such factor that has been linked to modulating responsiveness to peripheral stimuli. Neurturin binds to the GFRα2 receptor, a receptor found primarily in isolectin B4-expressing polymodal cutaneous nociceptors. Previous work has shown that knockout of GFRα2 alters heat, but not mechanical, responses in dissociated sensory neurons and reduces pain-related behaviors during the second phase of the formalin test. Research has also shown that overexpression of neurturin in basal keratinocytes increases behavioral responsiveness to mechanical stimulation and innocuous cooling of the skin without affecting noxious heat responses. Here we directly examined the impact of neurturin overexpression on cutaneous afferent function. We compared physiological responses of individual sensory neurons to mechanical and thermal stimulation of the skin, using an ex vivo skin-nerve-dorsal root ganglion-spinal cord preparation produced from neurturin-overexpressing (NRTN/OE) mice and wild-type littermate controls. We found that neurturin overexpression increases responsiveness to innocuous mechanical stimuli in A-fiber nociceptors, alters thermal responses in the polymodal subpopulation of C-fiber sensory neurons, and changes the relative numbers of mechanically sensitive but thermally insensitive C-fiber afferents. These results demonstrate the potential roles of different functional groups of sensory neurons in the behavioral changes observed in mice overexpressing cutaneous neurturin and highlight the importance of neurturin in regulating cutaneous afferent response properties.NEW & NOTEWORTHY GDNF family neurotrophic factors regulate the development and function of primary sensory neurons. Of these, neurturin has been shown to modulate mechanical and cooling sensitivity behaviorally. Here we show that overexpression of neurturin in basal keratinocytes regulates mechanical responsiveness in A-fiber primary sensory neurons while increasing the overall numbers of cold-sensing units. Results demonstrate a crucial role for cutaneous neurturin in modulating responsiveness to peripheral stimuli at the level of the primary afferent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Jankowski
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyle M Baumbauer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn M Albers
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian M Davis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - H Richard Koerber
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Moyle LA, Blanc E, Jaka O, Prueller J, Banerji CR, Tedesco FS, Harridge SD, Knight RD, Zammit PS. Ret function in muscle stem cells points to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27841748 PMCID: PMC5108591 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) involves sporadic expression of DUX4, which inhibits myogenesis and is pro-apoptotic. To identify target genes, we over-expressed DUX4 in myoblasts and found that the receptor tyrosine kinase Ret was significantly up-regulated, suggesting a role in FSHD. RET is dynamically expressed during myogenic progression in mouse and human myoblasts. Constitutive expression of either RET9 or RET51 increased myoblast proliferation, whereas siRNA-mediated knockdown of Ret induced myogenic differentiation. Suppressing RET activity using Sunitinib, a clinically-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor, rescued differentiation in both DUX4-expressing murine myoblasts and in FSHD patient-derived myoblasts. Importantly, Sunitinib also increased engraftment and differentiation of FSHD myoblasts in regenerating mouse muscle. Thus, DUX4-mediated activation of Ret prevents myogenic differentiation and could contribute to FSHD pathology by preventing satellite cell-mediated repair. Rescue of DUX4-induced pathology by Sunitinib highlights the therapeutic potential of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for treatment of FSHD. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11405.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Moyle
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Blanc
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Core Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oihane Jaka
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Prueller
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Rs Banerji
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephen Dr Harridge
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert D Knight
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S Zammit
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Downs AM, Jalloh HB, Prater KJ, Fregoso SP, Bond CE, Hampton TG, Hoover DB. Deletion of neurturin impairs development of cholinergic nerves and heart rate control in postnatal mouse hearts. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/9/e12779. [PMID: 27162260 PMCID: PMC4873631 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotrophic factor neurturin is required for normal cholinergic innervation of adult mouse heart and bradycardic responses to vagal stimulation. Our goals were to determine effects of neurturin deletion on development of cardiac chronotropic and dromotropic functions, vagal baroreflex response, and cholinergic nerve density in nodal regions of postnatal mice. Experiments were performed on postnatal C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and neurturin knockout (KO) mice. Serial electrocardiograms were recorded noninvasively from conscious pups using an ECGenie apparatus. Mice were treated with atenolol to evaluate and block sympathetic effects on heart rate (HR) and phenylephrine (PE) to stimulate the baroreflex. Immunohistochemistry was used to label cholinergic nerves in paraffin sections. WT and KO mice showed similar age-dependent increases in HR and decreases in PR interval between postnatal days (P) 2.5 and 21. Treatment with atenolol reduced HR significantly in WT and KO pups at P7.5. PE caused a reflex bradycardia that was significantly smaller in KO pups. Cholinergic nerve density was significantly less in nodal regions of P7.5 KO mice. We conclude that cholinergic nerves have minimal influence on developmental changes in HR and PR, QRS, and QTc intervals in mouse pups. However, cholinergic nerves mediate reflex bradycardia by 1 week postnatally. Deletion of neurturin impairs cholinergic innervation of the heart and the vagal efferent component of the baroreflex early during postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Downs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Hawa B Jalloh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Kayla J Prater
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Santiago P Fregoso
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Cherie E Bond
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | | | - Donald B Hoover
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
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44
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Végh AMD, Duim SN, Smits AM, Poelmann RE, Ten Harkel ADJ, DeRuiter MC, Goumans MJ, Jongbloed MRM. Part and Parcel of the Cardiac Autonomic Nerve System: Unravelling Its Cellular Building Blocks during Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3:jcdd3030028. [PMID: 29367572 PMCID: PMC5715672 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system (cANS) is essential for proper heart function, and complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias and even sudden cardiac death are associated with an altered cANS function. A changed innervation state may underlie (part of) the atrial and ventricular arrhythmias observed after myocardial infarction. In other cardiac diseases, such as congenital heart disease, autonomic dysfunction may be related to disease outcome. This is also the case after heart transplantation, when the heart is denervated. Interest in the origin of the autonomic nerve system has renewed since the role of autonomic function in disease progression was recognized, and some plasticity in autonomic regeneration is evident. As with many pathological processes, autonomic dysfunction based on pathological innervation may be a partial recapitulation of the early development of innervation. As such, insight into the development of cardiac innervation and an understanding of the cellular background contributing to cardiac innervation during different phases of development is required. This review describes the development of the cANS and focuses on the cellular contributions, either directly by delivering cells or indirectly by secretion of necessary factors or cell-derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M D Végh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sjoerd N Duim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke M Smits
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert E Poelmann
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 20, 2311 EZ Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Arend D J Ten Harkel
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marco C DeRuiter
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marie José Goumans
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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45
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Ishida H, Saba R, Kokkinopoulos I, Hashimoto M, Yamaguchi O, Nowotschin S, Shiraishi M, Ruchaya P, Miller D, Harmer S, Poliandri A, Kogaki S, Sakata Y, Dunkel L, Tinker A, Hadjantonakis AK, Sawa Y, Sasaki H, Ozono K, Suzuki K, Yashiro K. GFRA2 Identifies Cardiac Progenitors and Mediates Cardiomyocyte Differentiation in a RET-Independent Signaling Pathway. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1026-1038. [PMID: 27396331 PMCID: PMC4967477 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A surface marker that distinctly identifies cardiac progenitors (CPs) is essential for the robust isolation of these cells, circumventing the necessity of genetic modification. Here, we demonstrate that a Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchor containing neurotrophic factor receptor, Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha 2 (Gfra2), specifically marks CPs. GFRA2 expression facilitates the isolation of CPs by fluorescence activated cell sorting from differentiating mouse and human pluripotent stem cells. Gfra2 mutants reveal an important role for GFRA2 in cardiomyocyte differentiation and development both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the cardiac GFRA2 signaling pathway is distinct from the canonical pathway dependent on the RET tyrosine kinase and its established ligands. Collectively, our findings establish a platform for investigating the biology of CPs as a foundation for future development of CP transplantation for treating heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Ishida
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Rie Saba
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ioannis Kokkinopoulos
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Masakazu Hashimoto
- Laboratory for Embryogenesis, Osaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sonja Nowotschin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraishi
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Prashant Ruchaya
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Duncan Miller
- Cardiac Electrophysiology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Stephen Harmer
- Cardiac Electrophysiology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ariel Poliandri
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Shigetoyo Kogaki
- Department of Paediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Leo Dunkel
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Andrew Tinker
- Cardiac Electrophysiology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | - Yoshiki Sawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Laboratory for Embryogenesis, Osaka University Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Paediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken Suzuki
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Kenta Yashiro
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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46
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Brosens E, Burns AJ, Brooks AS, Matera I, Borrego S, Ceccherini I, Tam PK, García-Barceló MM, Thapar N, Benninga MA, Hofstra RMW, Alves MM. Genetics of enteric neuropathies. Dev Biol 2016; 417:198-208. [PMID: 27426273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal development or disturbed functioning of the enteric nervous system (ENS), the intrinsic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract, is associated with the development of neuropathic gastrointestinal motility disorders. Here, we review the underlying molecular basis of these disorders and hypothesize that many of them have a common defective biological mechanism. Genetic burden and environmental components affecting this common mechanism are ultimately responsible for disease severity and symptom heterogeneity. We believe that they act together as the fulcrum in a seesaw balanced with harmful and protective factors, and are responsible for a continuum of symptoms ranging from neuronal hyperplasia to absence of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Brosens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alan J Burns
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Alice S Brooks
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ivana Matera
- UOC Medical Genetics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Salud Borrego
- Department of Genetics, Reproduction and Fetal Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Seville, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Seville, Spain
| | | | - Paul K Tam
- Division of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maria-Mercè García-Barceló
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Reproduction, Development, and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Marc A Benninga
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children's Hospital/Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Maria M Alves
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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47
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Bolon B, Jing S, Asuncion F, Scully S, Pisegna M, Van GY, Hu Z, Yu YB, Min H, Wild K, Rosenfeld RD, Tarpley J, Carnahan J, Duryea D, Hill D, Kaufman S, Yan XQ, Juan T, Christensen K, McCabe J, Simonet WS. The Candidate Neuroprotective Agent Artemin Induces Autonomic Neural Dysplasia without Preventing Peripheral Nerve Dysfunction. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 32:275-94. [PMID: 15204970 DOI: 10.1080/01926230490431475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Artemin (ART) signals through the GFR α—3/RET receptor complex to support sympathetic neuron development. Here we show that ART also influences autonomic elements in adrenal medulla and enteric and pelvic ganglia. Transgenic mice over-expressing Art throughout development exhibited systemic autonomic neural lesions including fusion of adrenal medullae with adjacent paraganglia, adrenal medullary dysplasia, and marked enlargement of sympathetic (superior cervical and sympathetic chain ganglia) and parasympathetic (enteric, pelvic) ganglia. Changes began by gestational day 12.5 and formed progressively larger masses during adulthood. Art supplementation in wild type adult mice by administering recombinant protein or an Art-bearing retroviral vector resulted in hyperplasia or neuronal metaplasia at the adrenal corticomedullary junction. Expression data revealed that Gfr α—3 is expressed during development in the adrenal medulla, sensory and autonomic ganglia and their projections, while Art is found in contiguous mesenchymal domains (especially skeleton) and in certain nerves. Intrathecal Art therapy did not reduce hypalgesia in rats following nerve ligation. These data (1) confirm that ART acts as a differentiation factor for autonomic (chiefly sympathoadrenal but also parasympathetic) neurons, (2) suggest a role for ART overexpression in the genesis of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, and (3) indicate that ART is not a suitable therapy for peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Bolon
- Department of Pathology, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, USA
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48
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Bondurand N, Southard-Smith EM. Mouse models of Hirschsprung disease and other developmental disorders of the enteric nervous system: Old and new players. Dev Biol 2016; 417:139-57. [PMID: 27370713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, intestinal aganglionosis) is a multigenic disorder with variable penetrance and severity that has a general population incidence of 1/5000 live births. Studies using animal models have contributed to our understanding of the developmental origins of HSCR and the genetic complexity of this disease. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding control of enteric nervous system (ENS) development through analyses in mouse models. An overview of signaling pathways that have long been known to control the migration, proliferation and differentiation of enteric neural progenitors into and along the developing gut is provided as a framework for the latest information on factors that influence enteric ganglia formation and maintenance. Newly identified genes and additional factors beyond discrete genes that contribute to ENS pathology including regulatory sequences, miRNAs and environmental factors are also introduced. Finally, because HSCR has become a paradigm for complex oligogenic diseases with non-Mendelian inheritance, the importance of gene interactions, modifier genes, and initial studies on genetic background effects are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadege Bondurand
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 6, F-94000 Creteil, France; Universite Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Creteil, France.
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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49
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Enteric nervous system assembly: Functional integration within the developing gut. Dev Biol 2016; 417:168-81. [PMID: 27235816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Co-ordinated gastrointestinal function is the result of integrated communication between the enteric nervous system (ENS) and "effector" cells in the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike smooth muscle cells, interstitial cells, and the vast majority of cell types residing in the mucosa, enteric neurons and glia are not generated within the gut. Instead, they arise from neural crest cells that migrate into and colonise the developing gastrointestinal tract. Although they are "later" arrivals into the developing gut, enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs) respond to many of the same secreted signalling molecules as the "resident" epithelial and mesenchymal cells, and several factors that control the development of smooth muscle cells, interstitial cells and epithelial cells also regulate ENCCs. Much progress has been made towards understanding the migration of ENCCs along the gastrointestinal tract and their differentiation into neurons and glia. However, our understanding of how enteric neurons begin to communicate with each other and extend their neurites out of the developing plexus layers to innervate the various cell types lining the concentric layers of the gastrointestinal tract is only beginning. It is critical for postpartum survival that the gastrointestinal tract and its enteric circuitry are sufficiently mature to cope with the influx of nutrients and their absorption that occurs shortly after birth. Subsequently, colonisation of the gut by immune cells and microbiota during postnatal development has an important impact that determines the ultimate outline of the intrinsic neural networks of the gut. In this review, we describe the integrated development of the ENS and its target cells.
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50
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Uesaka T, Young HM, Pachnis V, Enomoto H. Development of the intrinsic and extrinsic innervation of the gut. Dev Biol 2016; 417:158-67. [PMID: 27112528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is innervated by intrinsic enteric neurons and by extrinsic efferent and afferent nerves. The enteric (intrinsic) nervous system (ENS) in most regions of the gut consists of two main ganglionated layers; myenteric and submucosal ganglia, containing numerous types of enteric neurons and glial cells. Axons arising from the ENS and from extrinsic neurons innervate most layers of the gut wall and regulate many gut functions. The majority of ENS cells are derived from vagal neural crest cells (NCCs), which proliferate, colonize the entire gut, and first populate the myenteric region. After gut colonization by vagal NCCs, the extrinsic nerve fibers reach the GI tract, and Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) enter the gut along the extrinsic nerves. Furthermore, a subpopulation of cells in myenteric ganglia undergoes a radial (inward) migration to form the submucosal plexus, and the intrinsic and extrinsic innervation to the mucosal region develops. Here, we focus on recent progress in understanding the developmental processes that occur after the gut is colonized by vagal ENS precursors, and provide an up-to-date overview of molecular mechanisms regulating the development of the intrinsic and extrinsic innervation of the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Uesaka
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Laboratory for Neuronal Differentiation and Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Heather M Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Hideki Enomoto
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Laboratory for Neuronal Differentiation and Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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