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An M, Zheng Z, Qu C, Wang X, Chen H, Shi C, Miao J. The first (6-4) photolyase with DNA damage repair activity from the Antarctic microalga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L. Mutat Res 2018; 809:13-19. [PMID: 29625375 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The psychrophilic microalga, Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L, isolated from floating ice in the Antarctic, one of the most highly UV exposed ecosystems on Earth, displays an efficient DNA photorepair capacity. Here, the first known (6-4) photolyase gene (6-4CiPhr) from C. sp. ICE-L was identified. The 6-4CiPhr encoded 559-amino acid polypeptide with a pI of 8.86, and had a predicted Mw of 64.2 kDa. Real-time PCR was carried out to investigate the response of 6-4CiPhr to UVB exposure. The transcription of 6-4CiPhr was up-regulated continuously within 6 h, achieving a maximum of 62.7-fold at 6 h. Expressing 6-4CiPhr in a photolyase-deficient Escherichia coli strain improved survival rate of the strain. In vitro activity assays of purified protein demonstrated that 6-4CiPhr was a photolyase with 6-4PP repair activity. These findings improve understanding of photoreactivation mechanisms of (6-4) photolyase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling An
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhou Zheng
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Changfeng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xixi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chongli Shi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jinlai Miao
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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Rinnerthaler M, Bischof J, Streubel MK, Trost A, Richter K. Oxidative stress in aging human skin. Biomolecules 2015; 5:545-89. [PMID: 25906193 PMCID: PMC4496685 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress in skin plays a major role in the aging process. This is true for intrinsic aging and even more for extrinsic aging. Although the results are quite different in dermis and epidermis, extrinsic aging is driven to a large extent by oxidative stress caused by UV irradiation. In this review the overall effects of oxidative stress are discussed as well as the sources of ROS including the mitochondrial ETC, peroxisomal and ER localized proteins, the Fenton reaction, and such enzymes as cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, xanthine oxidases, and NADPH oxidases. Furthermore, the defense mechanisms against oxidative stress ranging from enzymes like superoxide dismutases, catalases, peroxiredoxins, and GSH peroxidases to organic compounds such as L-ascorbate, α-tocopherol, beta-carotene, uric acid, CoQ10, and glutathione are described in more detail. In addition the oxidative stress induced modifications caused to proteins, lipids and DNA are discussed. Finally age-related changes of the skin are also a topic of this review. They include a disruption of the epidermal calcium gradient in old skin with an accompanying change in the composition of the cornified envelope. This modified cornified envelope also leads to an altered anti-oxidative capacity and a reduced barrier function of the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Johannes Bischof
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Maria Karolin Streubel
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Andrea Trost
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Klaus Richter
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
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Haug MF, Gesemann M, Lazović V, Neuhauss SCF. Eumetazoan cryptochrome phylogeny and evolution. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:601-19. [PMID: 25601102 PMCID: PMC4350181 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes (Crys) are light sensing receptors that are present in all eukaryotes. They mainly absorb light in the UV/blue spectrum. The extant Crys consist of two subfamilies, which are descendants of photolyases but are now involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms. So far, knowledge about the evolution, phylogeny, and expression of cry genes is still scarce. The inclusion of cry sequences from a wide range of bilaterian species allowed us to analyze their phylogeny in detail, identifying six major Cry subgroups. Selective gene inactivations and stabilizations in multiple chordate as well as arthropod lineages suggest several sub- and/or neofunctionalization events. An expression study performed in zebrafish, the model organism harboring the largest amount of crys, showed indeed only partially overlapping expression of paralogous mRNA, supporting gene sub- and/or neofunctionalization. Moreover, the daily cry expression in the adult zebrafish retina indicated varying oscillation patterns in different cell types. Our extensive phylogenetic analysis provides for the first time an overview of cry evolutionary history. Although several, especially parasitic or blind species, have lost all cry genes, crustaceans have retained up to three crys, teleosts possess up to seven, and tetrapods up to four crys. The broad and cyclic expression pattern of all cry transcripts in zebrafish retinal layers implies an involvement in retinal circadian processes and supports the hypothesis of several autonomous circadian clocks present in the vertebrate retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion F Haug
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Neuroscience Center Zurich and Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Gesemann
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Neuroscience Center Zurich and Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Viktor Lazović
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Neuroscience Center Zurich and Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan C F Neuhauss
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Neuroscience Center Zurich and Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Cheng L, Qiao DR, Lu XY, Xiong Y, Bai LH, Xu H, Yang Y, Cao Y. Identification and expression of the gene product encoding a CPD photolyase from Dunaliella salina. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2007; 87:137-43. [PMID: 17383890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2006] [Revised: 01/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet light induces photoproducts, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and (6-4) photoproducts (6-4PPs), in cellular DNA, which cause cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on the cells. Cells have several DNA repair mechanisms to repair the damage and to maintain genetic information of the cells. Photoreactivation is one of the DNA repair mechanism to remove UV-induced DNA damage from cellular DNA catalyzed by photolyase under visible light. Two types of photolyase, CPD photolyase and (6-4) photolyase, are specific for CPDs and for (6-4)PPs. We have isolated a gene product encoding CPD photolyase, named PHR2, from Dunaliella salina which is a kind of unicellular alga. Sequence analysis showed that PHR2 encodes a protein that has 529 amino acids and is similar to other Class II CPD photolyase. The complementation assay of the photoreactivation deficiency of the Escherichia coli SY2 by PHR2 cDNA showed a significant increase in survival rate when cells were irradiated with UV-C. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that the transcription of PHR2 was induced by UV-C, white light, high salinity, and H(2)O(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610064, PR China
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Song Q, Hei X, Xu Z, Zhang X, Guo Q, Song QH. Model studies of the (6-4) photoproduct photoreactivation: synthesis and photosensitized splitting of uracil oxetane adducts. Bioorg Chem 2003; 31:357-66. [PMID: 12941288 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-2068(03)00082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Uracil oxetane adducts, which are model compounds for the oxetane intermediates generated during the formation of (6-4) photoproducts or in their photoenzymatic repair, have been synthesized using 1,3-dimethyluracil with carbonyl compounds. On the basis of fluorescence measurements and photolysis experiments, it is demonstrated that the oxetane adducts can be split into the nucleotide base and carbonyl compounds via an electron transfer reaction from photosensitizer. The reaction is more efficient for a stronger electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhua Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
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Joseph A, Falvey DE. Photoinduced electron transfer cleavage of oxetane adducts of uracil and cytosine. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2002; 1:632-5. [PMID: 12665298 DOI: 10.1039/b201740g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxetane adducts of 1,3-dimethyluracil and 1,N4,N4-trimethylcytosine were prepared and their behavior under photoinduced electron transfer was examined by fluorescence quenching, laser flash photolysis and product analysis. The excited state electron donor, N,N,N',N'-tetramethylbenzidine, was shown to photosensitize a net cycloreversion of these oxetanes to give the pyrimidine derivative and benzophenone. It is demonstrated that this reaction occurs via the anion radical of the oxetane and that the latter cleaves very rapidly (>10(7) s(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Joseph
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Takata KI, Ishikawa G, Hirose F, Sakaguchi K. Drosophila damage-specific DNA-binding protein 1 (D-DDB1) is controlled by the DRE/DREF system. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:3795-808. [PMID: 12202765 PMCID: PMC137413 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkf490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We succeeded in cloning the gene, termed d-ddb1, for a Drosophila homolog of the p127 subunit of the human damage-specific DNA-binding protein, thought to recognize (6-4) photoproducts and related structures. In Drosophila, the gene product (D-DDB1) also appeared to play a role as a repair factor, d-ddb1 knockout Kc cells generated with a RNAi method being sensitive to UV. In addition, UV or methyl methanesulfonate treatment increased d-ddb1 transcripts. However, we found that the gene is controlled by the DRE/DREF system, which is generally responsible for activating the promoters of proliferation-related genes. Moreover, during Drosophila development, the transcription of d-ddb1 changed greatly, with the highest levels in unfertilized eggs, indicating that external injury to DNA is not essential to D-DDB1 function. Interestingly, as with UV irradiation-induced transfer of D-DDB1 to the nucleus from the cytoplasm, during spermatogenesis the protein transiently shifted from one cell compartment to the other. The results indicate that D-DDB1 not only contributes to the DNA repair system, but also has a role in cell proliferation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-ichi Takata
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda-shi, Chiba-ken 278-8510, Japan
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Joseph A, Prakash G, Falvey DE. Model Studies of the (6−4) Photoproduct Photolyase Enzyme: Laser Flash Photolysis Experiments Confirm Radical Ion Intermediates in the Sensitized Repair of Thymine Oxetane Adducts. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja002541u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arul Joseph
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Gautam Prakash
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Daniel E. Falvey
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
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Affiliation(s)
- T Todo
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Japan.
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