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Matharoo N, Mohd H, Michniak-Kohn B. Transferosomes as a transdermal drug delivery system: Dermal kinetics and recent developments. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1918. [PMID: 37527953 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of innovative approaches to deliver medications has been growing now for the last few decades and generates a growing interest in the dermatopharmaceutical field. Transdermal drug delivery in particular, remains an attractive alternative route for many therapeutics. However, due to the limitations posed by the barrier properties of the stratum corneum, the delivery of many pharmaceutical dosage forms remains a challenge. Most successful therapies using the transdermal route have been ones containing smaller lipophilic molecules with molecular weights of a few hundred Daltons. To overcome these limitations of size and lipophilicity of the drugs, transferosomes have emerged as a successful tool for transdermal delivery of a variety of therapeutics including hydrophilic actives, larger molecules, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids. Transferosomes exhibit a flexible structure and higher surface hydrophilicity which both play a critical role in the transport of drugs and other solutes using hydration gradients as a driving force to deliver the molecules into and across the skin. This results in enhanced overall permeation as well as controlled release of the drug in the skin layers. Additionally, the physical-chemical properties of the transferosomes provide increased stability by preventing degradation of the actives by oxidation, light, and temperature. Here, we present the history of transferosomes from solid lipid nanoparticles and liposomes, their physical-chemical properties, dermal kinetics, and their recent advances as marketed dosage forms. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Matharoo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Dermal Research, Life Sciences Building, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hana Mohd
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Dermal Research, Life Sciences Building, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bozena Michniak-Kohn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Dermal Research, Life Sciences Building, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Costa C, Cavaco-Paulo A, Matamá T. Mapping hair follicle-targeted delivery by particle systems: What has science accomplished so far? Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121273. [PMID: 34763036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The importance of the hair follicle in the process of cutaneous drug penetration has been established since this skin appendage was recognized as an entry point for topically applied substances. A comprehensive review on the hair follicle as a target per se is here provided, exploring the current knowledge on both targeted regions and delivery systems that take advantage of this permeation route. The follicular penetration is a complex process, whose effectiveness and efficiency strongly depends on a diversity of different factors including follicular density and size, activity status of hair follicles and physicochemical properties of the topically applied substances. Nanocarriers represent a heterogeneous assembly of molecules organized into particles and they have revolutionized drug delivery in several areas of medicine, pharmacology and cosmetics. As they possess an inherent ability to use the follicular route, they are reviewed here having in perspective the hair follicle zones that they are able to reach as reported. In this way, a follicular road map for the different delivery systems was compiled to assist as a guiding tool for those that have interest in the development and/or application of such delivery systems for hair and skin treatment or care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Costa
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Cavaco-Paulo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Matamá
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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3
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Mishra P, Handa M, Ujjwal RR, Singh V, Kesharwani P, Shukla R. Potential of nanoparticulate based delivery systems for effective management of alopecia. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 208:112050. [PMID: 34418723 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent times, more than 50 % of the global population is facing hair-related issues (alopecia) which is seen mostly amongst the people in the age group of 30-40 years. The conventional topical dosage forms available in the market falls short in effectively managing alopecia. Despite various advancements in topical dosage forms, it is still disposed to limited clinical application and provides poor penetration of drug molecules into the skin. The exact etiology of alopecia is still unknown and various researchers link lifestyle, hereditary, and auto immune-based events with its existence. Nanoparticulate-based delivery are hence brought in use to enhance the permeability properties of the drug. In comparison to conventional methods nanotechnology-based drug delivery system tames drug molecules to a specific site with much better efficacy. This review is engrossed in the journey and role of nano technological-based drug delivery in the management of alopecia and its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, U.P., 226002, India
| | - Mayank Handa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, U.P., 226002, India
| | - Rewati R Ujjwal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, U.P., 226002, India
| | - Vanshikha Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, U.P., 226002, India.
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Vanaja K, S S, Murthy SN, Shivakumar HN. Iontophoretic Mediated Intraarticular Delivery of Deformable Liposomes of Diclofenac Sodium. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 18:421-432. [PMID: 33059549 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666201014144708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Topical therapy is ineffective in the case of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD) as it is not able to maintain therapeutic levels of the drug in the affected joint due to its inability to surpass the dermal circulation and penetrate into deeper tissues. One of the approaches to enhance deep tissue penetration of drugs is to increase drug delivery much above the dermal clearance. The objective of the present work was to formulate negatively charged Deformable Liposomes (DL) of Diclofenac Sodium (DS) using biosurfactants and target the same to the synovial fluid by application of iontophoresis. METHODS Deformable liposomes loaded with diclofenac sodium were formulated and characterized for surface morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency. In vitro permeation of the diclofenac from aqueous solution, conventional liposomes, and deformable liposomes under iontophoresis was performed using Franz diffusion cells and compared to passive control. Intraarticular microdialysis was carried out to determine the time course of drug concentration in the synovial fluid at the knee-joint region of the hind limb in Sprague Dawley rats. RESULTS The vesicles were found to display a high entrapment (> 60%) and possess a negative zeta potential lower than -30 mV. The size of the vesicles was varied from 112.41 ± 1.42 nm and 154.6 ± 3.22 nm, demonstrated good stability on the application of iontophoresis. The iontophoretic flux values for the DS aqueous solution, conventional liposomes and deformable liposomal formulation were found to be 7.55 ± 0.42, 16.75±1.77and 44.01 ± 3.47 μg/ cm2 h-1, respectively. Deformable liposomes were found to display an enhancement of 5.83 fold compared to passive control. Iontophoresis was found to enhance the availability of DS deformable liposomes (0.56 ± 0.08 μg.h/ml) in the synovial fluid by nearly 2-fold over passive delivery (0.29 ± 0.05 μg.h/ml). CONCLUSION Results obtained indicate that iontophoretic mediated transport of deformable liposomes could improve the regional bioavailability of diclofenac sodium to the synovial joints, an efficient mode for treating MSD in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenchappa Vanaja
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Salwa S
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bangalore, India
| | | | - H N Shivakumar
- Institute for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Research, Bangalore, India
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Zheng H, Xu C, Fei Y, Wang J, Yang M, Fang L, Wei Y, Mu C, Sheng Y, Li F, Zhu J, Tao C. Monoterpenes-containing PEGylated transfersomes for enhancing joint cavity drug delivery evidenced by CLSM and double-sited microdialysis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 113:110929. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Aldalaen S, Nasr M, El-Gogary RI. Angiogenesis and collagen promoting nutraceutical-loaded nanovesicles for wound healing. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Shin K, Choi H, Song SK, Yu JW, Lee JY, Choi EJ, Lee DH, Do SH, Kim JW. Nanoemulsion Vehicles as Carriers for Follicular Delivery of Luteolin. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:1723-1729. [PMID: 33445329 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Luteolin (3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone), a type of flavonoid found in medicinal herbs and vegetables, has been of great interest due to its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic effects. Despite these beneficial biological properties, the ease with which luteolin forms molecular crystals in conventional aqueous formulations has hampered much wider applications. In this study, we introduce an oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion vehicle system for enhanced follicular delivery of luteolin. The luteolin-loaded nanoemulsion, which had an average hydrodynamic size of approximately 290 nm, was produced by the assembly of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) and lecithin at the O/W interface. The luteolin-loaded nanoemulsion showed outstanding stability against drop coalescence and aggregation. This was confirmed from the slight drop size increase after repeated freeze-thaw cycling and long-term storage. Moreover, in vivo hair growth evaluation demonstrated that the luteolin-loaded nanoemulsions fabricated in this study possessed the hair growth-promotion activity, which is comparable with the case of using a luteolin solution in an organic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyounghee Shin
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Choi
- Biomaterial Research Center, Cellinbio, 88 Sinwon-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16681, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kwang Song
- Biomaterial Research Center, Cellinbio, 88 Sinwon-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16681, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Yu
- Biomaterial Research Center, Cellinbio, 88 Sinwon-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16681, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yong Lee
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hee Lee
- Biomaterial Research Center, Cellinbio, 88 Sinwon-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16681, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Do
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Kim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
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8
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Preferential accumulation of gold nanorods into human skin hair follicles: Effect of nanoparticle surface chemistry. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 503:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Jain S, Patel N, Shah MK, Khatri P, Vora N. Recent Advances in Lipid-Based Vesicles and Particulate Carriers for Topical and Transdermal Application. J Pharm Sci 2016; 106:423-445. [PMID: 27865609 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the recent decade, skin delivery (topical and transdermal) has gained an unprecedented popularity, especially due to increased incidences of chronic skin diseases, demand for targeted and patient compliant delivery, and interest in life cycle management strategies among pharmaceutical companies. Literature review of recent publications indicates that among various skin delivery systems, lipid-based delivery systems (vesicular carriers and lipid particulate systems) have been the most successful. Vesicular carriers consist of liposomes, ultradeformable liposomes, and ethosomes, while lipid particulate systems consist of lipospheres, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers. These systems can increase the skin drug transport by improving drug solubilization in the formulation, drug partitioning into the skin, and fluidizing skin lipids. Considering that lipid-based delivery systems are regarded as safe and efficient, they are proving to be an attractive delivery strategy for the pharmaceutical as well as cosmeceutical drug substances. However, development of these delivery systems requires comprehensive understanding of physicochemical characteristics of drug and delivery carriers, formulation and process variables, mechanism of skin delivery, recent technological advancements, specific limitations, and regulatory considerations. Therefore, this review article encompasses recent research advances addressing the aforementioned issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Jain
- Department of Product Development, G & W Labs, 101 Coolidge Street, South Plainfield, New Jersey 07080.
| | - Niketkumar Patel
- Charles River Laboratories Contract Manufacturing PA, LLC, Boothwyn, Pennsylvania 19061
| | - Mansi K Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
| | - Pinak Khatri
- Department of Product Development, G & W PA Laboratories, Sellersville, Pennsylvania 18960
| | - Namrata Vora
- Department of Formulation Development, Capsugel Dosage Form Solutions Division, Xcelience, Tampa, Florida 33634
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10
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Zakrewsky M, Kumar S, Mitragotri S. Nucleic acid delivery into skin for the treatment of skin disease: Proofs-of-concept, potential impact, and remaining challenges. J Control Release 2015; 219:445-456. [PMID: 26385169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids (NAs) hold significant potential for the treatment of several diseases. Topical delivery of NAs for the treatment of skin diseases is especially advantageous since it bypasses the challenges associated with systemic administration which suffers from enzymatic degradation, systemic toxicity and lack of targeting to skin. However, the skin's protective barrier function limits the delivery of NAs into skin after topical application. Here, we highlight strategies for enhancing delivery of NAs into skin, and provide evidence that translation of topical NA therapies could have a transformative impact on the treatment of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zakrewsky
- Center for Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Sunny Kumar
- Center for Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Center for Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Tsai MJ, Huang YB, Fang JW, Fu YS, Wu PC. Preparation and Characterization of Naringenin-Loaded Elastic Liposomes for Topical Application. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131026. [PMID: 26158639 PMCID: PMC4497736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive production of radical oxygen species in skin is a contributor to a variety of skin pathologies. Naringenin is a potent antioxidant. The purpose of the present study was to develop elastic liposomes for naringenin topical application. Naringenin-loaded elastic liposomes containing different amounts of Tween 80 and cholesterol were prepared. The physicochemical properties including vesicle size, surface charge, encapsulation efficiency, and permeability capacity were determined to evaluate the effect of components. The stability of formulation and skin irritation caused by drug-loaded elastic liposomes were also evaluated for assessment of the clinical utility of elastic liposomes. Saturated aqueous solution of naringenin and naringenin dissolved in 10% Tween 80 solution (5 mg/mL) were used as the control group. The result showed that in using elastic liposomes as carrier, the deposition amounts in the skin of naringenin were significantly increased about 7.3~11.8-fold and 1.2~1.9-fold respectively, when compared with the saturated aqueous solution and Tween 80 solution-treated groups. The level of drug was more than 98.89±3.90% after 3 months of storage at 4℃. In a skin irritation test, the result showed experimental formulation exhibit considerably less irritating than the positive control (paraformaldehyde-treated) group, suggesting its potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jun Tsai
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, Medical College, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yaw-Bin Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jhih-Wun Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yaw-Syan Fu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pao-Chu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail:
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Serrano G, Almudéver P, Serrano JM, Cortijo J, Faus C, Reyes M, Expósito I, Torrens A, Millán F. Microneedling dilates the follicular infundibulum and increases transfollicular absorption of liposomal sepia melanin. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2015; 8:313-8. [PMID: 26170707 PMCID: PMC4489818 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s77228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulation of chemicals in liposomes and microneedling are currently used techniques to enhance the penetration of several substances through skin and hair. In this study, we apply a liposomal melanin–fluorescein compound to an ex vivo model of human skin, using a new electrical microneedling device (Nanopore turbo roller). The product was applied by hand massage (A) or with the assistance of the electrical roller for 2 minutes (B). An additional test was performed free of product and with only the E-roller (C). Histological changes and product absorption were evaluated by optical and fluorescent microscopy 60 and 90 minutes after the treatment. Site B showed larger deposits of melanin–fluorescein at superficial and deep levels of hair structures in comparison to site A. Light, epidermal deposits of the melanin–fluorescein complex were also observed. Sites B and C showed a significant widening (47%) of the follicular infundibulum which could explain the increased penetration of the formulation. Microneedling also removed the scales and sebum residues in the neighborhood of the infundibulum. Targeting hair follicles with melanin may be useful to dye poorly pigmented hairs, improving laser hair removal. The procedure accelerates the delivery of melanin into hair structures allowing an even absorption, larger pigment deposits, and deeper penetration of the formulation into the hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Serrano
- Clínica Dermatológica Serrano, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Juan M Serrano
- Research and Development Department, Sesderma Laboratories, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Cortijo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Faus
- Clínica Dermatológica Serrano, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Magda Reyes
- Clínica Dermatológica Serrano, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ana Torrens
- Research and Development Department, Sesderma Laboratories, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Millán
- Clínica Dermatológica Serrano, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Perspectivas de futuro en láseres, nuevas tecnologías y nanotecnología en dermatología. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2015; 106:168-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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14
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Future Prospects in Dermatologic Applications of Lasers, Nanotechnology, and Other New Technologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Haigh O, Depelsenaire AC, Meliga SC, Yukiko SR, McMillan NA, Frazer IH, Kendall MA. CXCL1 gene silencing in skin using liposome-encapsulated siRNA delivered by microprojection array. J Control Release 2014; 194:148-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Jain S, Patel N, Madan P, Lin S. Quality by design approach for formulation, evaluation and statistical optimization of diclofenac-loaded ethosomes via transdermal route. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:473-89. [PMID: 24490793 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.882939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to fabricate and understand ethosomal formulations of diclofenac (DF) for enhanced anti-inflammatory activity using quality by design approach. DF-loaded ethosomal formulations were prepared using 4 × 5 full-factorial design with phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (PC:CH) ratios ranging between 50:50 and 90:10, and ethanol concentration ranging between 0% and 30% as formulation variables. These formulations were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties and skin permeation kinetics. The interaction of formulation variables had a significant effect on both physicochemical properties and permeation kinetics. The results of multivariate regression analysis illustrated that vesicle size and elasticity of ethosomes were the dominating physicochemical properties affecting skin permeation, and could be suitably controlled by manipulation of formulation variables to optimize the formulation and enhance the skin permeation of DF-loaded ethosomes. The optimized formulation had ethanol concentration of 22.9% and PC:CH ratio of 88.4:11.6, with vesicle size of 144 ± 5 nm, zeta potential of -23.0 ± 3.76 mV, elasticity of 2.48 ± 0.75 and entrapment efficiency of 71 ± 4%. Permeation flux for the optimized formulation was 12.9 ± 1.0 µg/h cm(2), which was significantly higher than the drug-loaded conventional liposome, ethanolic or aqueous solution. The in vivo study indicated that optimized ethosomal hydrogel exhibited enhanced anti-inflammatory activity compared with liposomal and plain drug hydrogel formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Jain
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University , Queens, NY , USA
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17
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Jeon SO, Hwang HJ, Oh DH, Seo JE, Chun KH, Hong SM, Kim MJ, Kim WC, Park MS, Yoon CH, Min KH, Suh CW, Lee S. Enhanced percutaneous delivery of recombinant human epidermal growth factor employing nano-liposome system. J Microencapsul 2012; 29:234-41. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.646327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Tong YC, Yu TY, Chang SF, Liaw J. Nanopolymeric micelle effect on the transdermal permeability, the bioavailability and gene expression of plasmid. Mol Pharm 2011; 9:111-20. [PMID: 22142416 DOI: 10.1021/mp200342h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study attempts to investigate the transdermal permeability, the bioavailability and gene expression of plasmid formulated with nonionic poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO) polymeric micelles (PM). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to analyze the PM formulated pCMV-Lac Z (P/PM) containing the gene for β-galactosidase (β-Gal) driven by cytomegalovirus early promoter. Franz diffusion cell was used for in vitro transdermal permeability analysis. Real-time PCR was used to quantify the permeated plasmid in vitro and in vivo. β-Gal activity assay was performed to evaluate transgene expression in vivo. The size of P/PM was ~50 nm with round shape. PM significantly enhanced the in vitro transdermal permeability of plasmid in a direction- and temperature-dependent manner. Following transdermal application of P/PM, higher area under the curve (AUC(P/PM): 98.34 h·ng/mL) and longer half-life of plasmid were detected compared with that of plasmid alone (AUC(P): 10.12 h·ng/mL). Additionally, the β-Gal activity was significantly increased in skin, stomach, brain and spinal cord at both 48 and 72 h after P/PM application and in testis and spleen at 72 h postapplication. In conclusion, PM formulation enhanced the permeation of plasmid through skin into blood circulation, increasing its absorption and the transgene expression in various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw-Chong Tong
- College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Geusens B, Strobbe T, Bracke S, Dynoodt P, Sanders N, Gele MV, Lambert J. Lipid-mediated gene delivery to the skin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 43:199-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kuai R, Yuan W, Qin Y, Chen H, Tang J, Yuan M, Zhang Z, He Q. Efficient delivery of payload into tumor cells in a controlled manner by TAT and thiolytic cleavable PEG co-modified liposomes. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1816-26. [PMID: 20701288 DOI: 10.1021/mp100171c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, PEGylation has been extensively employed to increase the circulation time of liposomes and enhance their accumulation in tumor tissue via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect; however, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is unfavorable for the uptake of liposomes by tumor cells because of its steric hindrance. In this study, thiolytic cleavable PEG modified liposomes were used to solve this dilemma. Before arrival at the tumor tissue, PEG presents on the surface of liposomes, which is useful for passive accumulation in tumor tissue. Upon reaching the tumor tissues, the PEG chain could be removed by a safe cleaving reagent l-cysteine (l-Cys), and thus, the steric hindrance of PEG could be overcome conveniently. To further improve the uptake of liposomes, a "functional molecule" cell-penetrating peptide TAT was attached to the distal end of a shorter PEG spacer anchored to the surface of the liposomes, which could be shielded by cleavable PEG during circulation; upon arriving at tumor tissue, PEG was removed and thus the "functional molecule" TAT was exposed, and then TAT could mediate the uptake of the liposomes with high efficiency. In this study, thiolytic cleavable PEG was synthesized via a disulfide bridge, DOPE-PEG(1600)-TAT was synthesized by sulfhydryl-maleimide reaction, and then Rh-PE labeled liposomes composed of 2% DOPE-PEG(1600)-TAT and various amounts of cleavable PEG(5000) (2%, 4%, and 8%) were prepared, with particle size around 100 nm and slightly negative charge. These liposomes showed good stability in the presence of 10% serum. Their uptake by tumor cells HepG2 in vitro was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. Liposomes modified with 2% DOPE-PEG(1600)-TAT and 8% DOPE-S-S-mPEG(5000) were regarded as the optimal formulation. In this preparation, nearly no uptake could be observed before addition of l-Cys, which meant undesired uptake during circulation could be avoided, while the uptake upon addition of l-Cys was 4 times as high as that in the absence of l-Cys. For the uptake in vivo, calcein loaded and Rh-PE labeled 8% cleavable PEG + 2% TAT modified liposomes were injected intratumorally into H22 tumor bearing mice. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed that the uptake of 8% cleavable PEG + 2% TAT modified liposomes was much higher than that of 8% noncleavable PEG + 2% TAT modified liposomes in the presence of l-Cys. Thus, tumor targeted delivery could be achieved efficiently by the liposomal drug delivery system developed here in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kuai
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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El Zaafarany GM, Awad GAS, Holayel SM, Mortada ND. Role of edge activators and surface charge in developing ultradeformable vesicles with enhanced skin delivery. Int J Pharm 2010; 397:164-72. [PMID: 20599487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Transfersomes are highly efficient edge activator (EA)-based ultraflexible vesicles capable of, non-invasively, trespassing skin by virtue of their high, self-optimizing deformability. This investigation presents different approaches for the optimization of Transfersomes for enhanced transepidermal delivery of Diclofenac sodium (DS). Different methods of preparation, drug and lipid concentrations and vesicle compositions were employed, resulting in ultraflexible vesicles with diverse membrane characteristics. Evaluation of Transfersomes was implemented in terms of their shapes, sizes, entrapment efficiencies (EE%), relative deformabilities and in vitro skin permeation. Transfersomes prepared with 95:5% (w/w) (PC:EA) ratio showed highest EE% (Span 85>Span 80>Na cholate>Na deoxycholate>Tween 80). Whereas, those prepared using 85:15% (w/w) ratio showed highest deformability (Tween 80 was superior to bile salts and spans). Transfersomes were proved significantly superior in terms of, the amount of drug deposited in the skin and the amount permeated, with an enhancement ratio of 2.45, when compared to a marketed product. The study proved that the type and concentration of EA, as well as, the method of preparation had great influences on the properties of Transfersomes. Hence, optimized Transfersomes can significantly increase transepidermal flux and prolong the release of DS, when applied non-occlusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada M El Zaafarany
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Monazzamet El-wehda Elafrikeya Street, Abbasseya, Cairo, Egypt
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Wosicka H, Cal K. Targeting to the hair follicles: Current status and potential. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 57:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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LI L, TANG L, BARANOV E, YANG M, AMOH Y, KATSUOKA K, HOFFMAN RM. Selective induction of apoptosis in the hamster flank sebaceous gland organ by a topical liposome 5-α-reductase inhibitor: A treatment strategy for acne. J Dermatol 2010; 37:156-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2009.00778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bahia APC, Azevedo EG, Ferreira LA, Frézard F. New insights into the mode of action of ultradeformable vesicles using calcein as hydrophilic fluorescent marker. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010; 39:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Meinke M, Abdollahnia M, Gähr F, Platzek T, Sterry W, Lademann J. Migration and penetration of a fluorescent textile dye into the skin -in vivoversusin vitromethods. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:789-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Investigation of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems for Local Dermatotherapy. Pharm Res 2009; 26:2027-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Follicular transport route – Research progress and future perspectives. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 71:173-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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LITERATURE ALERTS. J Microencapsul 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/026520499288726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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29
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Literature Alerts. J Microencapsul 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/02652049809006843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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30
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Dubey V, Mishra D, Nahar M, Jain NK. Vesicles as tools for the modulation of skin permeability. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2007; 4:579-93. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.4.6.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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31
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Bodó E, Tobin DJ, Kamenisch Y, Bíró T, Berneburg M, Funk W, Paus R. Dissecting the impact of chemotherapy on the human hair follicle: a pragmatic in vitro assay for studying the pathogenesis and potential management of hair follicle dystrophy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:1153-67. [PMID: 17823286 PMCID: PMC1988866 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced alopecia represents one of the major unresolved problems of clinical oncology. The underlying molecular pathogenesis in humans is virtually unknown because of the lack of adequate research models. Therefore, we have explored whether microdissected, organ-cultured, human scalp hair follicles (HFs) in anagen VI can be exploited for dissecting and manipulating the impact of chemotherapy on human HFs. Here, we show that these organ-cultured HFs respond to a key cyclophosphamide metabolite, 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC), in a manner that resembles chemotherapy-induced HF dystrophy as it occurs in vivo: namely, 4-HC induced melanin clumping and melanin incontinence, down-regulated keratinocyte proliferation, massively up-regulated apoptosis of hair matrix keratinocytes, prematurely induced catagen, and up-regulated p53. In addition, 4-HC induced DNA oxidation and the mitochondrial DNA common deletion. The organ culture system facilitated the identification of new molecular targets for chemotherapy-induced HF damage by microarray technology (eg, interleukin-8, fibroblast growth factor-18, and glypican 6). It was also used to explore candidate chemotherapy protectants, for which we used the cytoprotective cytokine keratinocyte growth factor as exemplary pilot agent. Thus, this novel system serves as a powerful yet pragmatic tool for dissecting and manipulating the impact of chemotherapy on the human HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Bodó
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Germany.
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Elsayed MMA, Abdallah OY, Naggar VF, Khalafallah NM. Lipid vesicles for skin delivery of drugs: reviewing three decades of research. Int J Pharm 2006; 332:1-16. [PMID: 17222523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since liposomes were first shown to be of potential value for topical therapy by Mezei and Gulasekharam in 1980, studies continued towards further investigation and development of lipid vesicles as carriers for skin delivery of drugs. Despite this long history of intensive research, lipid vesicles are still considered as a controversial class of dermal and transdermal carriers. Accordingly, this article provides an overview of the development of lipid vesicles for skin delivery of drugs, with special emphasis on recent advances in this field, including the development of deformable liposomes and ethosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M A Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, El-Khartoum Square, El-Azarita, Alexandria 21521, Egypt.
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Jung S, Otberg N, Thiede G, Richter H, Sterry W, Panzner S, Lademann J. Innovative Liposomes as a Transfollicular Drug Delivery System: Penetration into Porcine Hair Follicles. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1728-32. [PMID: 16645589 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes had been widely used for drug delivery in the past. In this study, five different liposomes were used as a follicular delivery system in pig ear skin. The liposomes mainly differed in their sphere diameter, lipid composition, and surface charge. A novel class of liposomes being amphoteric in their charge behavior are compared to established anionic and cationic liposomes. Two different fluorescent dyes, hydrophilic carboxyfluoresceine or lipophilic curcumin, were enclosed in the liposomes and used as model drugs. The fluorescent dyes were also applied in a standard formulation for reference. The penetration depth of the dyes was measured by laser scanning microscopy in histological sections. One hour, 3, 5, and 7 days after application, biopsies were taken and the penetration depth into the hair follicle was measured in longitudinal sections. The liposomes showed a higher penetration depth compared to the standard formulation. The relative penetration depth of the dyes, applied in the standard formulation, averaged 30% of the full follicle length during the whole observation period, whereas the liposomal formulations penetrated considerably deeper into the hair follicles. Amphoteric and cationic liposomes reached an average relative penetration depth of approximately 70% of the full hair follicle length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Centre of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, University Clinic Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Freyschmidt-Paul P, Happle R, Hoffman R. [Alopecia areata in animal models--new insights into pathogenesis and treatment of a T cell-mediated autoimmune disorder]. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2005; 2:260-73. [PMID: 16285322 DOI: 10.1046/j.1610-0387.2003.03553.x-i1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata is a common disease, but for ethical reasons it seems difficult to perform large-scale studies to elucidate the pathogenesis and to develop new therapeutic approaches in man. It is therefore helpful to develop appropriate animal models. The Dundee experimental bald rat (DEBR) and the C3H/HeJ mouse are well-established animal models for alopecia areata and can be used for the study of genetic aspects, pathogenesis and therapy of the disease. In C3H/HeJ mice alopecia areata can be experimentally induced by grafting lesional skin from an affected mouse to a histocompatible recipient which offers the possibility to study the influence of various factors on the development of the disease. Studies on the C3H/HeJ mouse and the DEBR have corroborated the concept that alopecia areata is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease and various steps and aspects of the pathogenesis have been elucidated. Based on this knowledge new therapeutic options may be developed such as inhibition of lymphocyte-homing by an anti-CD44v10 antibody, or inhibition of costimulation by monoclonal antibodies. Therapeutic studies in the C3H/HeJ mouse and the DEBR suggest that alopecia areata can be treated by topical tacrolimus but treatment in humans may only be successful after development of an improved vehicle that facilitates penetration of tacrolimus down to the hair bulb. Current investigations in mice are designed to elucidate the mechanisms how contact sensitizers act in the treatment of alopecia areata, and this will hopefully lead to the development of more specific approaches based on the beneficial effect of contact sensitizers.
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Meidan VM, Bonner MC, Michniak BB. Transfollicular drug delivery—Is it a reality? Int J Pharm 2005; 306:1-14. [PMID: 16260102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Revised: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/24/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Once regarded as merely evolutionary remnants, the hair follicles and sebaceous glands are increasingly recognised as potentially significant elements in the percutaneous drug delivery paradigm. Interest in pilosebaceous units has been directed towards their use as depots for localised therapy, particularly for the treatment of follicle-related disorders such as acne or the alopecias. Furthermore, considerable attention has also been focused on exploiting the follicles as transport shunts for systemic drug delivery. This paper reviews various key facets of this field including; relevant aspects of pilosebaceous anatomy and physiology, the design and efficacy of follicle-targeting formulations and the emergence of quantitative modeling systems. Several novel developments in this area promise to greatly expand our understanding of this field in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Meidan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, SIBS, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 ONR, Scotland, UK.
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36
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Vogt A, Mandt N, Lademann J, Schaefer H, Blume-Peytavi U. Follicular targeting--a promising tool in selective dermatotherapy. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2005; 10:252-5. [PMID: 16382676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The penetration of topically applied compounds varies considerably in the different regions of the human body. The presence of hair follicles significantly contributes to this effect by an increase in surface area and a disruption of the epidermal barrier towards the lower parts of the hair follicle. The human hair follicle, hereby, serves not only as a reservoir, but also as a major entry point for topically applied compounds. Topical delivery of active compounds to specific targets within the skin may help reduce side-effects caused by unspecific reactions, and may help develop new strategies in the prevention and treatment of skin diseases. Various drug carrier and drug delivery systems are currently being investigated. The aim of these investigational efforts is to direct topically applied compounds to the different types of hair follicles and, ideally, to specific compartments and cell populations within the hair follicles. Follicular targeting offers opportunities for new developments, not only in hair therapy and in the treatment of hair follicle associated diseases but also in gene therapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Vogt
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Cevc G. Lipid vesicles and other colloids as drug carriers on the skin. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004; 56:675-711. [PMID: 15019752 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Accepted: 10/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Colloids from an aqueous suspension can cross the skin barrier only through hydrophilic pathways. Various colloids have a different ability to do this by penetrating narrow pores of fixed size in the skin, or the relevant nano-pores in barriers modelling the skin. Such ability is governed by colloid adaptability, which must be high enough to allow penetrant deformation to the size of a pore in such barrier: for a 100 nm colloid trespassing the skin this means at least 5-fold deformation/elongation. (Lipid) Bilayer vesicles are normally more adaptable than the comparably large (lipid coated) fluid droplets. One of the reasons for this, and an essential condition for achieving a high bilayer adaptability and pore penetration, is a high bilayer membrane elasticity. The other reason is the relaxation of changing colloid's volume-to-surface constraint during pore penetration; it stands to reason that such relaxation requires a concurrent, but only transient and local, bilayer permeabilisation. Both these phenomena are reflected in bilayer composition sensitivity, which implies non-linear pressure dependency of the apparent barrier penetrability, for example. Amphipats that acceptably weaken a membrane (surfactants, (co)solvents, such as certain alcohols, etc.) consequently facilitate controlled, local bilayer destabilisation and increase lipid bilayer flexibility. When used in the right quantity, such additives thus lower the energetic expense for elastic bilayer deformation, associated with pore penetration. Another prerequisite for aggregate transport through the skin is the colloid-induced opening of the originally very narrow ( approximately 0.4 nm) gaps between cells in the barrier to pores with diameter above 30 nm. Colloids incapable of enforcing such widening-and simultaneously of self-adapting to the size of 20-30 nm without destruction-are confined to the skin surface. All relatively compact colloids seem to fall in this latter category. This includes mixed lipid micelles, solid (nano)particles, nano-droplets, biphasic vesicles, etc. Such colloids, therefore, merely enter the skin through the rare wide gaps between groups of skin cells near the organ surface. Transdermal drug delivery systems based on corresponding drug formulations, therefore, rely on simple drug diffusion through the skin; the colloid then, at best, can modulate drug transport through the barrier. In contrast, the adaptability-and stability-optimised mixed lipid vesicles (Transfersomes, a trademark of IDEA AG) can trespass much narrower pathways between most cells in the skin; such highly adaptable colloids thus mediate drug transport through the skin. Sufficiently stable ultra-adaptable carriers, therefore, can ensure targeted drug delivery deep below the application site. This has already been shown in numerous preclinical tests and several phase I and phase II clinical studies. Drug delivery by means of highly adaptable drug carriers, moreover, allows highly efficient and well-tolerated drug targeting into the skin proper. Sustained drug release through the skin into systemic blood circulation is another field of ultradeformable drug carrier application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Cevc
- IDEA AG, Frankfurter Ring 193a, 80807 Munich, Germany.
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Mordon S, Sumian C, Devoisselle JM. Site-specific methylene blue delivery to pilosebaceous structures using highly porous nylon microspheres: an experimental evaluation. Lasers Surg Med 2004; 33:119-25. [PMID: 12913884 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.10204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the penetration of methylene blue (MB)-loaded microspheres into pilosebaceous structures of rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS MB was incorporated into 5 microm highly porous nylon microspheres. The microspheres were dispersed into fluid silicone. Male hairless rats were used to evaluate the penetration of MB into hair follicles. After formulation application, MB diffusion was induced and skin biopsies were realized immediately, 2 and 26 hours after MB loaded microspheres application. MB fluorescence was observed with a microscope expanded for fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Position of microspheres and MB diffusion was dependent on delay between microspheres application and harvest. Inside the skin, MB was seen exclusively in the hair follicle and the sebaceous glands. MB diffusion varied from 160+/-50 microm (2 hours after application) to 410+/-70 microm (26 hours after application). MB was also found in the sebaceous glands. DISCUSSION This study confirms that 5 micro m microspheres are optimally deposited deep within the pilosebaceous structure. In agreement with the literature, when microspheres are topically applied on the skin, they penetrate via a "lipid-rich channel" coating the hair follicles. MB is exclusively distributed in the hair follicles and their accessories. CONCLUSION This report presents evidence of MB pilosebaceous delivery through the use of microsphere formulation. This is obtained thanks to topical enhancement via the follicular route. This drug delivery system aims to transport MB into the pilosebaceous unit specifically and deeply. Various other applications could derive from this work. For example, such a method might be used to increase the therapeutic index of drugs directed at hair sebaceous gland disorders. Laser treatment of acne or laser hair removal could also benefit of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Mordon
- UPRES EA 2689 INSERM-IFR 114, Pavillon Vancostenobel, Lille University Hospital, 59037 Lille, France.
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Freyschmidt-Paul P, Happle R, McElwee KJ, Hoffmann R. Alopecia areata: treatment of today and tomorrow. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2003; 8:12-7. [PMID: 12894988 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
It is the aim of this article to review and appraise available data on treatments for alopecia areata (AA) according to the demands of evidence based medicine. Studies evaluating the efficacy of a treatment for AA should include appropriate controls, use cosmetically acceptable hair regrowth as a parameter for treatment success, include patients with AA totalis, universalis or extensive patchy AA, and exclude patients suffering from AA for less than 3 months. Moreover, the treatment must be safe over a prolonged period of time. Among the various therapeutic approaches presently available for AA, only treatment with contact sensitizers such as diphenylcyclopropenone or squaric acid dibutylester has been shown to be effective in studies that fulfill these criteria. Improved future treatments may be immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory targeting of the autoimmune pathogenesis of AA, or they may otherwise protect hair follicles from the injurious effects of inflammation. Such possible future therapeutic approaches include the incorporation of immunomodulatory agents into liposomes as an improved vehicle; inhibition of apoptosis mediated by the Fas-FasL system; inhibition of the lymphocyte homing receptor CD44v10; induction of tolerance.
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Raghavachari N, Fahl WE. Targeted gene delivery to skin cells in vivo: a comparative study of liposomes and polymers as delivery vehicles. J Pharm Sci 2002; 91:615-22. [PMID: 11920746 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are microscopic lipid membrane vesicles that provide a current strategy for topical, dermal delivery of biologically active molecules. They have been successfully used for the delivery of various low and high molecular weight molecules into the skin, and as an alternative to virus-mediated delivery systems, have opened the field of dermal gene therapy. The present study was undertaken on 6-day-old rat pups to determine in vivo the efficacy of several liposome and nonliposome formulations, including phospholipid liposomes and their cationic or pegylated variants, nonionic liposomes and their cationic variant, PINC polymer (Protective, Interactive, Noncondensing polymers), and a propylene glycol:alcohol:water mixture (delivery vehicle for minoxidil) in delivering beta-galactosidase and luciferase reporter genes into skin cells. Based upon our observations of the expression of beta-galactosidase and luciferase reporter genes in skin cells, we report here that nonionic liposomes are the most efficient vehicle for transdermal delivery followed by nonionic/cationic and phospholipid (pegylated) liposomes. The propylene glycol:ethanol:water mixture and the PINC polymer were relatively inefficient in the delivery of beta-galactosidase or luciferase DNAs. This simple, noninvasive technique of using nonionic liposomes to deliver biomolecules provides an efficient delivery strategy for gene therapy and drug delivery to the dermal organ site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Raghavachari
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, 1400 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Abstract
Nearly 50 years ago, Chase published a review of hair cycling in which he detailed hair growth in the mouse and integrated hair biology with the biology of his day. In this review we have used Chase as our model and tried to put the adult hair follicle growth cycle in perspective. We have tried to sketch the adult hair follicle cycle, as we know it today and what needs to be known. Above all, we hope that this work will serve as an introduction to basic biologists who are looking for a defined biological system that illustrates many of the challenges of modern biology: cell differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, stem cell biology, pattern formation, apoptosis, cell and organ growth cycles, and pigmentation. The most important theme in studying the cycling hair follicle is that the follicle is a regenerating system. By traversing the phases of the cycle (growth, regression, resting, shedding, then growth again), the follicle demonstrates the unusual ability to completely regenerate itself. The basis for this regeneration rests in the unique follicular epithelial and mesenchymal components and their interactions. Recently, some of the molecular signals making up these interactions have been defined. They involve gene families also found in other regenerating systems such as fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, Wnt pathway, Sonic hedgehog, neurotrophins, and homeobox. For the immediate future, our challenge is to define the molecular basis for hair follicle growth control, to regenerate a mature hair follicle in vitro from defined populations, and to offer real solutions to our patients' problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Stenn
- Beauty Genome Sciences Inc., Skillman, New Jersey, USA.
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Abstract
It has become clear that skin infiltrating autoreactive CD4+ T helper cells play a crucial role in the initiation of alopecia areata. However, the natures of the pathogenic T cell clones as well as of the skin antigen they recognize remain obscure. Here, we analyzed the T cell receptor repertoire expressed in the spleen of diseased mice. We consistently observed the dominant expansion of a limited set of T cell clones expressing Vbeta8.2/Jbeta2.5 T cell receptor rearrangement. We conclude that T cell response in mice alopecia areata is markedly oligoclonal; a feature that may permit the design of selective immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Benichou
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory at Davies Medical Center, USA
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Hoffman RM. Topical liposome targeting of dyes, melanins, genes, and proteins selectively to hair follicles. J Drug Target 1998; 5:67-74. [PMID: 9588863 DOI: 10.3109/10611869808995860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
For therapeutic and cosmetic modification of hair, we have developed a hair-follicle-selective macromolecule and small molecule targeting system with topical application of phosphatidylcholine-based liposomes. Liposome-entrapped melanins, proteins, genes, and small-molecules have been selectively targeted to the hair follicle and hair shafts of mice. Liposomal delivery of these molecules is time dependent. Negligible amounts of delivered molecules enter the dermis, epidermis, or bloodstream thereby demonstrating selective follicle delivery. Naked molecules are trapped in the stratum corneum and are unable to enter the follicle. The potential of the hair-follicle liposome delivery system for therapeutic use for hair disease as well as for cosmesis has been demonstrated in 3-dimensional histoculture of hair-growing skin and mouse in vivo models. Topical liposome selective delivery to hair follicles has demonstrated the ability to color hair with melanin, the delivery of the active lac-Z gene to hair matrix cells and delivery of proteins as well. Liposome-targeting of molecules to hair follicles has also been achieved in human scalp in histoculture. Liposomes thus have high potential in selective hair follicle targeting of large and small molecules, including genes, opening the field of gene therapy and other molecular therapy of the hair process to restore hair growth, physiologically restore or alter hair pigment, and to prevent or accelerate hair loss.
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Literature Alerts. J Microencapsul 1997. [DOI: 10.3109/02652049709006819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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