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Epidermal Growth Factor Pathway Signaling in Drosophila Embryogenesis: Tools for Understanding Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9020016. [PMID: 28178204 PMCID: PMC5332939 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
EGF signaling is a well-known oncogenic pathway in animals. It is also a key developmental pathway regulating terminal and dorsal-ventral patterning along with many other aspects of embryogenesis. In this review, we focus on the diverse roles for the EGF pathway in Drosophila embryogenesis. We review the existing body of evidence concerning EGF signaling in Drosophila embryogenesis focusing on current uncertainties in the field and areas for future study. This review provides a foundation for utilizing the Drosophila model system for research into EGF effects on cancer.
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Wang C, Guo X, Xi R. EGFR and Notch signaling respectively regulate proliferative activity and multiple cell lineage differentiation of Drosophila gastric stem cells. Cell Res 2014; 24:610-27. [PMID: 24603358 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quiescent, multipotent gastric stem cells (GSSCs) in the copper cell region of adult Drosophila midgut can produce all epithelial cell lineages found in the region, including acid-secreting copper cells, interstitial cells and enteroendocrine cells, but mechanisms controlling their quiescence and the ternary lineage differentiation are unknown. By using cell ablation or damage-induced regeneration assays combined with cell lineage tracing and genetic analysis, here we demonstrate that Delta (Dl)-expressing cells in the copper cell region are the authentic GSSCs that can self-renew and continuously regenerate the gastric epithelium after a sustained damage. Lineage tracing analysis reveals that the committed GSSC daughter with activated Notch will invariably differentiate into either a copper cell or an interstitial cell, but not the enteroendocrine cell lineage, and loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies revealed that Notch signaling is both necessary and sufficient for copper cell/interstitial cell differentiation. We also demonstrate that elevated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, which is achieved by the activation of ligand Vein from the surrounding muscle cells and ligand Spitz from progenitor cells, mediates the regenerative proliferation of GSSCs following damage. Taken together, we demonstrate that Dl is a specific marker for Drosophila GSSCs, whose cell cycle status is dependent on the levels of EGFR signaling activity, and the Notch signaling has a central role in controlling cell lineage differentiation from GSSCs by separating copper/interstitial cell lineage from enteroendocrine cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Wang
- 1] National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China [2] College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xingting Guo
- 1] National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China [2] College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Rongwen Xi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
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Johnson AN, Mokalled MH, Valera JM, Poss KD, Olson EN. Post-transcriptional regulation of myotube elongation and myogenesis by Hoi Polloi. Development 2013; 140:3645-56. [PMID: 23942517 DOI: 10.1242/dev.095596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Striated muscle development requires the coordinated expression of genes involved in sarcomere formation and contractility, as well as genes that determine muscle morphology. However, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control the early stages of muscle morphogenesis. To explore this facet of myogenesis, we performed a genetic screen for regulators of somatic muscle morphology in Drosophila, and identified the putative RNA-binding protein (RBP) Hoi Polloi (Hoip). Hoip is expressed in striated muscle precursors within the muscle lineage and controls two genetically separable events: myotube elongation and sarcomeric protein expression. Myotubes fail to elongate in hoip mutant embryos, even though the known regulators of somatic muscle elongation, target recognition and muscle attachment are expressed normally. In addition, a majority of sarcomeric proteins, including Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC) and Tropomyosin, require Hoip for their expression. A transgenic MHC construct that contains the endogenous MHC promoter and a spliced open reading frame rescues MHC protein expression in hoip embryos, demonstrating the involvement of Hoip in pre-mRNA splicing, but not in transcription, of muscle structural genes. In addition, the human Hoip ortholog NHP2L1 rescues muscle defects in hoip embryos, and knockdown of endogenous nhp2l1 in zebrafish disrupts skeletal muscle development. We conclude that Hoip is a conserved, post-transcriptional regulator of muscle morphogenesis and structural gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron N Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA.
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de Joussineau C, Bataillé L, Jagla T, Jagla K. Diversification of muscle types in Drosophila: upstream and downstream of identity genes. Curr Top Dev Biol 2012; 98:277-301. [PMID: 22305167 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386499-4.00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding gene regulatory pathways underlying diversification of cell types during development is one of the major challenges in developmental biology. Progressive specification of mesodermal lineages that are at the origin of body wall muscles in Drosophila embryos has been extensively studied during past years, providing an attractive framework for dissecting cell type diversification processes. In particular, it has been found that muscle founder cells that are at the origin of individual muscles display specific expression of transcription factors that control diversification of muscle types. These factors, encoded by genes collectively called muscle identity genes, are activated in discrete subsets of muscle founders. As a result, each founder cell is thought to carry a unique combinatorial code of identity gene expression. Considering this, to define temporally and spatially restricted expression of identity genes, a set of coordinated upstream regulatory inputs is required. But also, to realize the identity program and to form specific muscle types with distinct properties, an efficient battery of downstream identity gene targets needs to be activated. Here we review how the specificity of expression and action of muscle identity genes is acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille de Joussineau
- GReD INSERM UMR1103, CNRS UMR6293, University of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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5
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Xu N, Wang SQ, Tan D, Gao Y, Lin G, Xi R. EGFR, Wingless and JAK/STAT signaling cooperatively maintain Drosophila intestinal stem cells. Dev Biol 2011; 354:31-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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6
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Tixier V, Bataillé L, Jagla K. Diversification of muscle types: recent insights from Drosophila. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:3019-27. [PMID: 20673829 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myogenesis is a highly conserved process ending up by the formation of contracting muscles. In Drosophila embryos, myogenesis gives rise to a segmentally repeated array of thirty distinct fibres, each of which represents an individual muscle. Since Drosophila offers a large range of genetic tools for easily testing gene functions, it has become one of the most studied and consequently best-described model organisms for muscle development. Over the last two decades, the Drosophila model system has enabled major advances in our understanding of how the initially equivalent mesodermal cells become competent for entering myogenic differentiation and how each distinct type of muscle is specified. Here we present an overview of Drosophila muscle development with a special focus on the diversification of muscle types and the genes that control acquisition of distinct muscle properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Tixier
- GReD, INSERM U931, CNRS UMR6247, Clermont University, Faculty of Medicine, 28 place Henri Dunant, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Swan LE, Schmidt M, Schwarz T, Ponimaskin E, Prange U, Boeckers T, Thomas U, Sigrist SJ. Complex interaction of Drosophila GRIP PDZ domains and Echinoid during muscle morphogenesis. EMBO J 2006; 25:3640-51. [PMID: 16858411 PMCID: PMC1538559 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptor interacting protein (GRIP) homologues, initially characterized in synaptic glutamate receptor trafficking, consist of seven PDZ domains (PDZDs), whose conserved arrangement is of unknown significance. The Drosophila GRIP homologue (DGrip) is needed for proper guidance of embryonic somatic muscles towards epidermal attachment sites, with both excessive and reduced DGrip activity producing specific phenotypes in separate muscle groups. These phenotypes were utilized to analyze the molecular architecture underlying DGrip signaling function in vivo. Surprisingly, removing PDZDs 1-3 (DGripDelta1-3) or deleting ligand binding in PDZDs 1 or 2 convert DGrip to excessive in vivo activity mediated by ligand binding to PDZD 7. Yeast two-hybrid screening identifies the cell adhesion protein Echinoid's (Ed) type II PDZD-interaction motif as binding PDZDs 1, 2 and 7 of DGrip. ed loss-of-function alleles exhibit muscle defects, enhance defects caused by reduced DGrip activity and suppress the dominant DGripDelta1-3 effect during embryonic muscle formation. We propose that Ed and DGrip form a signaling complex, where competition between N-terminal and the C-terminal PDZDs of DGrip for Ed binding controls signaling function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Swan
- European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Present address: Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. Tel.: +1 203 737 4473; Fax: +1 203 737 1762; E-mail:
| | - Manuela Schmidt
- European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Present address: Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Tobias Schwarz
- European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neural and Sensory Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Evgeni Ponimaskin
- Department of Neural and Sensory Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Prange
- European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Thomas
- Federal Institute for Neurobiology, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stephan J Sigrist
- European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institut für Klinische Neurobiologie und Rudolf-Virchow-Zentrum, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- European Neuroscience Institute, Griesbachstr. 5, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. Tel.: +49 551 391 2350; Fax: +49 551 391 2346; E-mail:
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Soler C, Daczewska M, Da Ponte JP, Dastugue B, Jagla K. Coordinated development of muscles and tendons of the Drosophila leg. Development 2004; 131:6041-51. [PMID: 15537687 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Since Miller's morphological description, the Drosophila leg musculature and its formation has not been revisited. Here, using a set of GFP markers and confocal microscopy, we analyse Drosophila leg muscle development, and describe all the muscles and tendons present in the adult leg. Importantly, we provide for the first time evidence for tendons located internally within leg segments. By visualising muscle and tendon precursors, we demonstrate that leg muscle development is closely associated with the formation of internal tendons. In the third instars discs, in the vicinity of tendon progenitors, some Twist-positive myoblasts start to express the muscle founder cell marker dumbfounded (duf). Slightly later, in the early pupa, epithelial tendon precursors invaginate inside the developing leg segments, giving rise to the internal string-like tendons. The tendon-associated duf-lacZ-expressing muscle founders are distributed along the invaginating tendon precursors and then fuse with surrounding myoblasts to form syncytial myotubes. At mid-pupation, these myotubes grow towards their epithelial insertion sites, apodemes, and form links between internally located tendons and the leg epithelium. This leads to a stereotyped pattern of multifibre muscles that ensures movement of the adult leg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Soler
- INSERM U.384, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont Ferrand, France
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9
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Abstract
A long-standing mystery in Drosophila has been: how do certain bristles induce adjacent cells to make bracts (a type of thick hair) on their proximal side? The apparent answer, based on loss- and gain-of-function studies, is that they emit a signal that neighbors then transduce via the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway. Suppressing this pathway removes bracts, while hyperactivating it evokes bracts indiscriminately on distal leg segments. Misexpression of the diffusible ligand Spitz (but not its membrane-bound precursor) elicits extra bracts at normal sites. What remains unclear is how a secreted signal can have effects in one specific direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis I Held
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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10
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Lanoue BR, Gordon MD, Battye R, Jacobs JR. Genetic analysis of vein function in the Drosophila embryonic nervous system. Genome 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/g00-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) may be activated by two ligands expressed in the embryonic nervous system, Spitz and Vein. Previous studies have established Spitz as an essential activator of EGFR signaling in nervous system development. Here, we report the pattern of expression of vein mRNA in the nervous system and characterize the contribution of vein to cell lineage and axonogenesis. The number of midline glia (MG) precursors is reduced in vein mutants before the onset of embryonic apoptosis. In contrast to spitz, mis-expression of vein does not suppress apoptosis in the MG. These data indicate that early midline EGFR signaling, requiring vein and spitz, establishes MG precursor number, whereas later EGFR signals, requiring spitz, suppress apoptosis in the MG. vein mutants show early irregularities during axon tract establishment, which resolve later to variable defasciculation and thinner intersegmental axon tracts. vein and spitz phenotypes act additively in the regulation of MG cell number, but show synergism in a midline neuronal cell number phenotype and in axon tract architecture. vein appears to act downstream of spitz to briefly amplify local EGFR activation.Key words: Drosophila, vein, midline, axonogenesis, EGF receptor, lineage, neuregulin, spitz, CNS.
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11
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Martín-Blanco E, Roch F, Noll E, Baonza A, Duffy JB, Perrimon N. A temporal switch in DER signaling controls the specification and differentiation of veins and interveins in the Drosophila wing. Development 1999; 126:5739-47. [PMID: 10572049 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126.24.5739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila EGF receptor (DER) is required for the specification of diverse cell fates throughout development. We have examined how the activation of DER controls the development of vein and intervein cells in the Drosophila wing. The data presented here indicate that two distinct events are involved in the determination and differentiation of wing cells. (1) The establishment of a positive feedback amplification loop, which drives DER signaling in larval stages. At this time, rhomboid (rho), in combination with vein, initiates and amplifies the activity of DER in vein cells. (2) The late downregulation of DER activity. At this point, the inactivation of MAPK in vein cells is necessary for the maintenance of the expression of decapentaplegic (dpp) and becomes essential for vein differentiation. Together, these temporal and spatial changes in the activity of DER constitute an autoregulatory network that controls the definition of vein and intervein cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martín-Blanco
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.
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12
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Knirr S, Azpiazu N, Frasch M. The role of the NK-homeobox gene slouch (S59) in somatic muscle patterning. Development 1999; 126:4525-35. [PMID: 10498687 DOI: 10.1242/dev.126.20.4525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the Drosophila embryo, a distinct class of myoblasts, designated as muscle founders, prefigures the mature pattern of somatic body wall muscles. Each founder cell appears to be instrumental in generating a single larval muscle with a defined identity. The NK homeobox gene S59 was the first of a growing number of proposed ‘identity genes’ that have been found to be expressed in stereotyped patterns in specific subsets of muscle founders and their progenitor cells and are thought to control their developmental fates. In the present study, we describe the effects of gain- and loss-of-function experiments with S59. We find that a null mutation in the gene encoding S59, which we have named slouch (slou), disrupts the development of all muscles that are derived from S59-expressing founder cells. The observed phenotypes upon mutation and ectopic expression of slouch include transformations of founder cell fates, thus confirming that slouch (S59) functions as an identity gene in muscle development. These fate transformations occur between sibling founder cells as well as between neighboring founders that are not lineage-related. In the latter case, we show that slouch (S59) activity is required cell-autonomously to repress the expression of ladybird (lb) homeobox genes, thereby preventing specification along the lb pathway. Together, these findings provide new insights into the regulatory interactions that establish the somatic muscle pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Knirr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Frasch M. Controls in patterning and diversification of somatic muscles during Drosophila embryogenesis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1999; 9:522-9. [PMID: 10508697 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-437x(99)00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic studies in Drosophila have provided important insights into the pathways determining the formation and diversification of body wall muscles. These pathways control a progressive subdivision of the mesoderm, ultimately leading to the specification of individual cells, the muscle founders, which are endowed with genetic programs capable of generating distinct muscle fibers. A network of activities of transcriptional regulators, signaling pathways, and lineage genes is beginning to emerge which controls successive steps of this muscle patterning and differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frasch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mount Sinai School of Medicine Box 1020, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Golembo M, Yarnitzky T, Volk T, Shilo BZ. Vein expression is induced by the EGF receptor pathway to provide a positive feedback loop in patterning the Drosophila embryonic ventral ectoderm. Genes Dev 1999; 13:158-62. [PMID: 9925640 PMCID: PMC316388 DOI: 10.1101/gad.13.2.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a single EGF receptor in Drosophila is contrasted by multiple ligands activating it. This work explores the role of two ligands, Spitz and Vein, in the embryonic ventral ectoderm. Spitz is a potent ligand, whereas Vein is an intrinsically weak activating ligand. We show that secreted Spitz emanating from the midline, triggers expression of vein in the ventral-most cell rows, by inducing expression of the ETS domain transcription factor Pointed P1. In the absence of Vein, lateral cell fates are not induced when Spitz levels are compromised. The positive feedback loop of Vein generates a robust mechanism for patterning the ventral ectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Golembo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Strumpf D, Volk T. Kakapo, a novel cytoskeletal-associated protein is essential for the restricted localization of the neuregulin-like factor, vein, at the muscle-tendon junction site. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1998; 143:1259-70. [PMID: 9832554 PMCID: PMC2133081 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.143.5.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Drosophila embryo, the correct association of muscles with their specific tendon cells is achieved through reciprocal interactions between these two distinct cell types. Tendon cell differentiation is initiated by activation of the EGF-receptor signaling pathway within these cells by Vein, a neuregulin-like factor secreted by the approaching myotube. Here, we describe the cloning and the molecular and genetic analyses of kakapo, a Drosophila gene, expressed in the tendons, that is essential for muscle-dependent tendon cell differentiation. Kakapo is a large intracellular protein and contains structural domains also found in cytoskeletal-related vertebrate proteins (including plakin, dystrophin, and Gas2 family members). kakapo mutant embryos exhibit abnormal muscle-dependent tendon cell differentiation. A major defect in the kakapo mutant tendon cells is the failure of Vein to be localized at the muscle-tendon junctional site; instead, Vein is dispersed and its levels are reduced. This may lead to aberrant differentiation of tendon cells and consequently to the kakapo mutant deranged somatic muscle phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Strumpf
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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