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Panda M, Kalita E, Singh S, Kumar K, Prajapati VK. Nanobody-peptide-conjugate (NPC) for passive immunotherapy against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoC): a prospective pan-coronavirus therapeutics. Mol Divers 2023; 27:2577-2603. [PMID: 36400898 PMCID: PMC9676808 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 crisis, incited by the zoonotic SARS-CoV-2 virus, has quickly escalated into a catastrophic public health issue and a grave threat to humankind owing to the advent of mutant viruses. Multiple pharmaceutical therapies or biologics envision stopping the virus from spreading further; however, WHO has voiced concerns about the variants of concern (VoCs) inability to respond. Nanobodies are a new class of antibody mimics with binding affinity and specificity similar to classical mAbs, as well as the privileges of a small molecular weight, ease of entry into solid tissues, and binding cryptic epitopes of the antigen. Herein, we investigated multiple putative anti-SARS-CoV-2 nanobodies targeting the Receptor binding domain of the WHO-listed SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern using a comprehensive computational immunoinformatics methodology. With affinity maturation via alanine scanning mutagenesis, we remodeled an ultrapotent nanobody with substantial breadth and potency, exhibiting pico-molar binding affinities against all the VoCs. An antiviral peptide with specificity for ACE-2 receptors was affixed to make it multispecific and discourage viral entry. Collectively, we constructed a broad-spectrum therapeutic biparatopic nanobody-peptide conjugate (NPC) extending coverage to SARS-CoV-2 VoCs RBDs. We PEGylated the biparatopic construct with 20kD maleimide-terminated PEG (MAL-(PEG)n-OMe) to improve its clinical efficacy limiting rapid renal clearance, and performed in silico cloning to facilitate future experimental studies. Our findings suggest that combining biparatopic nanobody conjugate with standard treatment may be a promising bivariate tool for combating viral entry during COVID-19 illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Elora Kalita
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Satyendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Ketan Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
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2
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Tiwari P, Yadav K, Shukla RP, Gautam S, Marwaha D, Sharma M, Mishra PR. Surface modification strategies in translocating nano-vesicles across different barriers and the role of bio-vesicles in improving anticancer therapy. J Control Release 2023; 363:290-348. [PMID: 37714434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanovesicles and bio-vesicles (BVs) have emerged as promising tools to achieve targeted cancer therapy due to their ability to overcome many of the key challenges currently being faced with conventional chemotherapy. These challenges include the diverse and often complex pathophysiology involving the progression of cancer, as well as the various biological barriers that circumvent therapeutic molecules reaching their target site in optimum concentration. The scientific evidence suggests that surface-functionalized nanovesicles and BVs camouflaged nano-carriers (NCs) both can bypass the established biological barriers and facilitate fourth-generation targeting for the improved regimen of treatment. In this review, we intend to emphasize the role of surface-functionalized nanovesicles and BVs camouflaged NCs through various approaches that lead to an improved internalization to achieve improved and targeted oncotherapy. We have explored various strategies that have been employed to surface-functionalize and biologically modify these vesicles, including the use of biomolecule functionalized target ligands such as peptides, antibodies, and aptamers, as well as the targeting of specific receptors on cancer cells. Further, the utility of BVs, which are made from the membranes of cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), platelets (PLTs) as well as cancer cells also been investigated. Lastly, we have discussed the translational challenges and limitations that these NCs can encounter and still need to be overcome in order to fully realize the potential of nanovesicles and BVs for targeted cancer therapy. The fundamental challenges that currently prevent successful cancer therapy and the necessity of novel delivery systems are in the offing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Tiwari
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Krishna Yadav
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Ravi Prakash Shukla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Shalini Gautam
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Disha Marwaha
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Madhu Sharma
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Prabhat Ranjan Mishra
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, U.P., India.
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3
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Moncalvo F, Lacroce E, Franzoni G, Altomare A, Fasoli E, Aldini G, Sacchetti A, Cellesi F. Selective Protein Conjugation of Poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) and Poly(polyethylene glycol methacrylate) with Tunable Topology via Reductive Amination with Multifunctional ATRP Initiators for Activity Preservation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Moncalvo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Elisa Lacroce
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Alessandra Altomare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Fasoli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Francesco Cellesi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
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4
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Shi D, Beasock D, Fessler A, Szebeni J, Ljubimova JY, Afonin KA, Dobrovolskaia MA. To PEGylate or not to PEGylate: Immunological properties of nanomedicine's most popular component, polyethylene glycol and its alternatives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114079. [PMID: 34902516 PMCID: PMC8899923 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol or PEG has a long history of use in medicine. Many conventional formulations utilize PEG as either an active ingredient or an excipient. PEG found its use in biotechnology therapeutics as a tool to slow down drug clearance and shield protein therapeutics from undesirable immunogenicity. Nanotechnology field applies PEG to create stealth drug carriers with prolonged circulation time and decreased recognition and clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Most nanomedicines approved for clinical use and experimental nanotherapeutics contain PEG. Among the most recent successful examples are two mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines that are delivered by PEGylated lipid nanoparticles. The breadth of PEG use in a wide variety of over the counter (OTC) medications as well as in drug products and vaccines stimulated research which uncovered that PEG is not as immunologically inert as it was initially expected. Herein, we review the current understanding of PEG's immunological properties and discuss them in the context of synthesis, biodistribution, safety, efficacy, and characterization of PEGylated nanomedicines. We also review the current knowledge about immunological compatibility of other polymers that are being actively investigated as PEG alternatives.
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Key Words
- Poly(ethylene)glycol, PEG, immunogenicity, immunology, nanomedicine, toxicity, anti-PEG antibodies, hypersensitivity, synthesis, drug delivery, biotherapeutics
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Shi
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Damian Beasock
- University of North Carolina Charlotte; Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Adam Fessler
- University of North Carolina Charlotte; Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Marina A. Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Lab, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick MD, USA;,Corresponding author:
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5
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Nakamura H, Kiyoshi M, Anraku M, Hashii N, Oda-Ueda N, Ueda T, Ohkuri T. Glycosylation decreases aggregation and immunogenicity of adalimumab Fab secreted from Pichia pastoris. J Biochem 2021; 169:435-443. [PMID: 33107910 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoengineering of therapeutic proteins has been applied to improve the clinical efficacy of several therapeutics. Here, we examined the effect of glycosylation on the properties of the Fab of the therapeutic antibody, adalimumab. An N-glycosylation site was introduced at position 178 of the H chain constant region of adalimumab Fab through site-directed mutagenesis (H:L178N Fab), and the H:L178N Fab was produced in Pichia pastoris. Expressed mutant Fab contained long and short glycan chains (L-glyco Fab and S-glyco Fab, respectively). Under the condition of aggregation of Fab upon pH shift-induced stress, both of L-glyco Fab and S-glyco Fab were less prone to aggregation, with L-glyco Fab suppressing aggregation more effectively than the S-glyco Fab. Moreover, the comparison of the antigenicity of glycosylated and wild-type Fabs in mice revealed that glycosylation resulted in the suppression of antigenicity. Analysis of the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the Fab, L-glyco Fab and S-glyco Fab indicated that the half-lives of glycosylated Fabs in the rats were shorter than that of wild-type Fab, with L-glyco Fab having a shorter half-life than S-glyco Fab. Thus, we demonstrated that the glycan chain influences Fab aggregation and immunogenicity, and glycosylation reduces the elimination half-life in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Masato Kiyoshi
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Makoto Anraku
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hashii
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Naoko Oda-Ueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ueda
- Department of Protein Structure, Function and Design, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Ohkuri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
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Yasmeen F, Seo H, Javaid N, Kim MS, Choi S. Therapeutic Interventions into Innate Immune Diseases by Means of Aptamers. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100955. [PMID: 33050544 PMCID: PMC7600108 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a crucial role in the body's defense system against various pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, as well as recognizes non-self- and self-molecules. The innate immune system is composed of special receptors known as pattern recognition receptors, which play a crucial role in the identification of pathogen-associated molecular patterns from diverse microorganisms. Any disequilibrium in the activation of a particular pattern recognition receptor leads to various inflammatory, autoimmune, or immunodeficiency diseases. Aptamers are short single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid molecules, also termed "chemical antibodies," which have tremendous specificity and affinity for their target molecules. Their features, such as stability, low immunogenicity, ease of manufacturing, and facile screening against a target, make them preferable as therapeutics. Immune-system-targeting aptamers have a great potential as a targeted therapeutic strategy against immune diseases. This review summarizes components of the innate immune system, aptamer production, pharmacokinetic characteristics of aptamers, and aptamers related to innate-immune-system diseases.
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7
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Park J, Chariou PL, Steinmetz NF. Site-Specific Antibody Conjugation Strategy to Functionalize Virus-Based Nanoparticles. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:1408-1416. [PMID: 32281790 PMCID: PMC8085887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amine/thiol-reactive chemistries are commonly used to conjugate antibodies to pharmaceuticals or nanoparticles. Yet, these conjugation strategies often result in unfavorable outcomes such as heterogeneous antibody display with hindered biological activity or aggregation due to multivalent interactions of the antibody and nanoparticles. Here, we report the application of a site-specific and enzymatically driven antibody conjugation strategy to functionalize virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs). Specifically, an azide-handle was introduced into the Fc region of a set of immunoglobulins using a two-step enzymatic reaction: (1) cleavage of N-linked glycan in the Fc region by a glycosidase and (2) conjugation of a chemically reactive linker (containing an azide functional handle) using a microbial transglutaminase. Conjugation of the azide-functional antibodies to several VNPs was achieved by making use of strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition. We report the conjugation of three immunoglobulin (IgG) isotypes (human IgG from sera, anti-CD47 Rat IgG2a, κ, and Trastuzumab recombinant humanized IgG1, κ) to the plant virus cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and the lysine mutant of tobacco mosaic virus (TMVlys) as well as bacteriophage Qβ. Site-specific conjugation resulted in stable and functional antibody-VNP conjugates. In stark contrast, the use of heterobifunctional linkers targeting thiols and amines on the antibodies and VNPs, respectively, led to aggregation due to nonspecific and multivalent coupling between the antibodies and VNPs. We demonstrate that antibody-VNP conjugates were functional, and Trastuzumab-displaying VNPs targeted HER2-positive SKOV-3 human ovarian cancer cells. This bioconjugation strategy adds to the portfolio of methods that can be used for designing functional antibody-VNP conjugates.
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8
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Moncalvo F, Martinez Espinoza MI, Cellesi F. Nanosized Delivery Systems for Therapeutic Proteins: Clinically Validated Technologies and Advanced Development Strategies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:89. [PMID: 32117952 PMCID: PMC7033645 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of protein therapeutics in healthcare is steadily increasing, due to advancements in the field of biotechnology and a deeper understanding of several pathologies. However, their safety and efficacy are often limited by instability, short half-life and immunogenicity. Nanodelivery systems are currently being investigated for overcoming these limitations and include covalent attachment of biocompatible polymers (PEG and other synthetic or naturally derived macromolecules) as well as protein nanoencapsulation in colloidal systems (liposomes and other lipid or polymeric nanocarriers). Such strategies have the potential to develop next-generation protein therapeutics. Herein, we review recent research progresses on these nanodelivery approaches, as well as future directions and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesco Cellesi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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9
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Kozma GT, Shimizu T, Ishida T, Szebeni J. Anti-PEG antibodies: Properties, formation, testing and role in adverse immune reactions to PEGylated nano-biopharmaceuticals. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 154-155:163-175. [PMID: 32745496 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) to proteins or drug delivery nanosystems is a widely accepted method to increase the therapeutic index of complex nano-biopharmaceuticals. Nevertheless, these drugs and agents are often immunogenic, triggering the rise of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs). Among these ADAs, anti-PEG IgG and IgM were shown to account for efficacy loss due to accelerated blood clearance of the drug (ABC phenomenon) and hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) entailing severe allergic symptoms with occasionally fatal anaphylaxis. In addition to recapitulating the basic information on PEG and its applications, this review expands on the physicochemical factors influencing its immunogenicity, the prevalence, features, mechanism of formation and detection of anti-PEG IgG and IgM and the mechanisms by which these antibodies (Abs) induce ABC and HSRs. In particular, we highlight the in vitro, animal and human data attesting to anti-PEG Ab-induced complement (C) activation as common underlying cause of both adverse effects. A main message is that correct measurement of anti-PEG Abs and individual proneness for C activation might predict the rise of adverse immune reactions to PEGylated drugs and thereby increase their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Tibor Kozma
- Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Department of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary; SeroScience Ltd, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Taro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ishida
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Janos Szebeni
- Nanomedicine Research and Education Center, Department of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary; SeroScience Ltd, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Nanobiotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health, Miskolc University, Miskolc, Hungary.
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10
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Hong E, Dobrovolskaia MA. Addressing barriers to effective cancer immunotherapy with nanotechnology: achievements, challenges, and roadmap to the next generation of nanoimmunotherapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 141:3-22. [PMID: 29339144 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex systemic disorder that affects many organs and tissues and arises from the altered function of multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms. One of the systems malfunctioning in cancer is the immune system. Restoring and improving the ability of the immune system to effectively recognize and eradicate cancer is the main focus of immunotherapy, a topic which has garnered recent and significant interest. The initial excitement about immunotherapy, however, has been challenged by its limited efficacy in certain patient populations and the development of adverse effects such as therapeutic resistance and autoimmunity. At the same time, a number of advances in the field of nanotechnology have sought to address the challenges faced by modern immunotherapeutics and allow these therapeutic strategies to realize their full potential. This endeavour requires an understanding of not only the immunological barriers in cancer but also the mechanisms by which modern technologies and immunotherapeutics modulate the function of the immune system. Herein, we summarize the major barriers relevant to cancer immunotherapy and review current progress in addressing these obstacles using various approaches and clinically approved therapies. We then discuss the remaining challenges and how they can be addressed by nanotechnology. We lay out translational considerations relevant to the therapies described and propose a framework for the development of next-generation nanotechnology-enabled immunotherapies.
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11
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Liu X, Sun J, Gao W. Site-selective protein modification with polymers for advanced biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2018; 178:413-434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Nakamura H, Oda-Ueda N, Ueda T, Ohkuri T. A novel engineered interchain disulfide bond in the constant region enhances the thermostability of adalimumab Fab. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:7-11. [PMID: 29097200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We constructed a system for expressing the Fab of the therapeutic human monoclonal antibody adalimumab at a yield of 20 mg/L in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. To examine the contribution of interchain disulfide bonds to conformational stability, we prepared adalimumab Fab from which the interchain disulfide bond at the C-terminal region at both the CH1 and CL domains was deleted by substitution of Cys with Ala (FabΔSS). DSC measurements showed that the Tm values of FabΔSS were approximately 5 °C lower than those of wild-type Fab, suggesting that the interchain disulfide bond contributes to conformational thermostability. Using computer simulations, we designed a novel interchain disulfide bond outside the C-terminal region to increase the stability of FabΔSS. The resulting Fab (mutSS FabΔSS) had the mutations H:V177C and L:Q160C in FabΔSS, confirming the formation of the disulfide bond between CH1 and CL. The thermostability of mutSS FabΔSS was approximately 5 °C higher than that of FabΔSS. Therefore, the introduction of the designed interchain disulfide bond enhanced the thermostability of FabΔSS and mitigated the destabilization caused by partial reduction of the interchain disulfide bond at the C-terminal region, which occurs in site-specific modification such as PEGylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naoko Oda-Ueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
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13
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Zhou X, Meng X, Cheng L, Su C, Sun Y, Sun L, Tang Z, Fawcett JP, Yang Y, Gu J. Development and Application of an MSALL-Based Approach for the Quantitative Analysis of Linear Polyethylene Glycols in Rat Plasma by Liquid Chromatography Triple-Quadrupole/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5193-5200. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zhou
- School
of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- School
of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Longmei Cheng
- School
of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Chong Su
- School
of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Yantong Sun
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Lingxia Sun
- School
of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key
Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China
| | - John Paul Fawcett
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, P.O. Box 56, New Zealand
| | - Yan Yang
- School
of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Jingkai Gu
- School
of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
- Clinical
Pharmacology Center, Research Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, PR China
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14
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Abstract
The immune system plays important role in protecting the organism by recognizing non-self molecules from pathogen such as bacteria, parasitic worms, and viruses. When the balance of the host defense system is disturbed, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and inflammation occur. Nucleic acid aptamers are short single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or RNA ligands that interact with complementary molecules with high specificity and affinity. Aptamers that target the molecules involved in immune system to modulate their function have great potential to be explored as new diagnostic and therapeutic agents for immune disorders. This review summarizes recent advances in the development of aptamers targeting immune system. The selection of aptamers with superior chemical and biological characteristics will facilitate their application in the diagnosis and treatment of immune disorders.
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15
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Mononuclear phagocytes as a target, not a barrier, for drug delivery. J Control Release 2017; 259:53-61. [PMID: 28108325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes have been generally recognized as a barrier to drug delivery. Recently, a new understanding of mononuclear phagocytes (MPS) ontogeny has surfaced and their functions in disease have been unveiled, demonstrating the need for re-evaluation of perspectives on mononuclear phagocytes in drug delivery. In this review, we described mononuclear phagocyte biology and focus on their accumulation mechanisms in disease sites with explanations of monocyte heterogeneity. In the 'MPS as a barrier' section, we summarized recent studies on mechanisms to avoid phagocytosis based on two different biological principles: protein adsorption and self-recognition. In the 'MPS as a target' section, more detailed descriptions were given on mononuclear phagocyte-targeted drug delivery systems and their applications to various diseases. Collectively, we emphasize in this review that mononuclear phagocytes are potent targets for future drug delivery systems. Mononuclear phagocyte-targeted delivery systems should be created with an understanding of mononuclear phagocyte ontogeny and pathology. Each specific subset of phagocytes should be targeted differently by location and function for improved disease-drug delivery while avoiding RES clearance such as Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages.
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16
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Díaz-Cruz C, Alonso Nuñez G, Espinoza-Gómez H, Flores-López LZ. Effect of molecular weight of PEG or PVA as reducing-stabilizing agent in the green synthesis of silver-nanoparticles. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Griffin KS, Davis KM, McKinley TO, Anglen JO, Chu TMG, Boerckel JD, Kacena MA. Evolution of Bone Grafting: Bone Grafts and Tissue Engineering Strategies for Vascularized Bone Regeneration. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-015-9194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Chinen AB, Guan CM, Ferrer JR, Barnaby SN, Merkel TJ, Mirkin CA. Nanoparticle Probes for the Detection of Cancer Biomarkers, Cells, and Tissues by Fluorescence. Chem Rev 2015; 115:10530-74. [PMID: 26313138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 610] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Chinen
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chenxia M Guan
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jennifer R Ferrer
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stacey N Barnaby
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timothy J Merkel
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, §Department of Interdepartmental Biological Sciences, and ∥International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Koniev O, Wagner A. Developments and recent advancements in the field of endogenous amino acid selective bond forming reactions for bioconjugation. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5495-551. [PMID: 26000775 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation methodologies have proven to play a central enabling role in the recent development of biotherapeutics and chemical biology approaches. Recent endeavours in these fields shed light on unprecedented chemical challenges to attain bioselectivity, biocompatibility, and biostability required by modern applications. In this review the current developments in various techniques of selective bond forming reactions of proteins and peptides were highlighted. The utility of each endogenous amino acid-selective conjugation methodology in the fields of biology and protein science has been surveyed with emphasis on the most relevant among reported transformations; selectivity and practical use have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Koniev
- Laboratory of Functional Chemo-Systems (UMR 7199), Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
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Stukel J, Thompson S, Simon L, Willits R. Polyethlyene glycol microgels to deliver bioactive nerve growth factor. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:604-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Stukel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; The University of Akron; Akron Ohio 44325-0302
| | - Susan Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; The University of Akron; Akron Ohio 44325-0302
| | - Laurent Simon
- Department of Chemical; Biological; and Pharmaceutical Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark New Jersey 07102
| | - Rebecca Willits
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; The University of Akron; Akron Ohio 44325-0302
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Wu J, Zhao C, Lin W, Hu R, Wang Q, Chen H, Li L, Chen S, Zheng J. Binding characteristics between polyethylene glycol (PEG) and proteins in aqueous solution. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:2983-2992. [PMID: 32261674 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00253a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-protein interactions are crucial for determining the activity of both polymer and protein for many bio-related applications. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a well-known antifouling material is often coated on surfaces to form highly solvated brushes, which exhibit excellent protein-repellent properties. However, unlike surface-induced antifouling effects, little is known about the intrinsic PEG-protein interactions in aqueous solution, which is an important yet neglected problem. Here, we investigate the interactions between PEG and proteins in aqueous solution using fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Two important characteristics, molecular weight of PEG and mass ratio of PEG : protein, are examined to determine the effect of each on PEG-protein interactions as well as binding characteristics between PEG and proteins. In contrast to too long and too short PEG chains, collective results have shown that PEG with optimal molecular weight (MW) is more capable of interacting with proteins, which induces the conformational change of proteins through more stable binding sites and stronger interactions with long chain PEG. Enhanced PEG-protein interactions are likely due to the change of hydrophilicity to amphiphilicity of PEG with increasing MWPEG. In contrast to almost none or weak interactions of PEG surfaces with proteins, this work provides new evidence to demonstrate the existence of interactions between PEG and proteins in aqueous solution, which is important not only for better understanding of the structure-activity relationship of PEG both in solution and on surfaces, but also for the rational design of new PEG-based materials for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China 310027.
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22
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Mullen L, Adams G, Layward L, Vessillier S, Annenkov A, Mittal G, Rigby A, Sclanders M, Baker D, Gould D, Chernajovsky Y. Latent cytokines for targeted therapy of inflammatory disorders. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 11:101-10. [PMID: 24294995 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.863872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of cytokines as therapeutic agents is important, given their potent biological effects. However, this very potency, coupled with the pleiotropic nature and short half-life of these molecules, has limited their therapeutic use. Strategies to increase the half-life and to decrease toxicity are necessary to allow effective treatment with these molecules. AREAS COVERED A number of strategies are used to overcome the natural limitations of cytokines, including PEGylation, encapsulation in liposomes, fusion to targeting peptides or antibodies and latent cytokines. Latent cytokines are engineered using the latency-associated peptide of transforming growth factor-β to produce therapeutic cytokines/peptides that are released only at the site of disease by cleavage with disease-induced matrix metalloproteinases. The principles underlying the latent cytokine technology are described and are compared to other methods of cytokine delivery. The potential of this technology for developing novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diseases with an inflammatory-mediated component is discussed. EXPERT OPINION Methods of therapeutic cytokine delivery are addressed. The latent cytokine technology holds significant advantages over other methods of drug delivery by providing simultaneously increased half-life and localised drug delivery without systemic effects. Cytokines that failed clinical trials should be reassessed using this delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mullen
- Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Bone and Joint Research Unit, Barts and The London Medical School , Charterhouse Square , London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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23
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Longley CB, Zhao H, Lozanguiez YL, Conover CD. Biodistribution and Excretion of Radiolabeled 40kDa Polyethylene Glycol Following Intravenous Administration in Mice. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2362-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shi Y, Huang W, Liang R, Sun K, Zhang F, Liu W, Li Y. Improvement of in vivo efficacy of recombinant human erythropoietin by encapsulation in PEG-PLA micelle. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 8:1-11. [PMID: 23293515 PMCID: PMC4599715 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s38648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the pharmacokinetics and stability of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), rhEPO was successfully formulated into poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(d,l-lactide) (PEG–PLA) di-block copolymeric micelles at diameters ranging from 60 to 200 nm with narrow polydispersity indices (PDIs; PDI < 0.3) and trace amount of protein aggregation. The zeta potential of the spherical micelles was in the range of −3.78 to 4.65 mV and the highest encapsulation efficiency of rhEPO in the PEG–PLA micelles was about 80%. In vitro release profiles indicated that the stability of rhEPO in the micelles was improved significantly and only a trace amount of aggregate was found. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed highly enhanced plasma retention time of the rhEPO-loaded PEG-PLA micelles in comparison with the native rhEPO group. Increased hemoglobin concentrations were also found in the rat study. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis results demonstrated that rhEPO was successfully encapsulated into the micelles, which was stable in phosphate buffered saline with different pHs and concentrations of NaCl. Therefore, PEG–PLA micelles can be a potential protein drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Shi
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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25
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26
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Co-purification of chicken egg white proteins using polyethylene glycol precipitation and anion-exchange chromatography. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Li Q, Yan Z, Li F, Lu W, Wang J, Guo C. The improving effects on hepatic fibrosis of interferon-γ liposomes targeted to hepatic stellate cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:265101. [PMID: 22700686 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/26/265101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
No satisfactory anti-fibrotic therapies have yet been applied clinically. One of the main reasons is the inability to specifically target the responsible cells to produce an available drug concentration and the side-effects. Exploiting the key role of the activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in both hepatic fibrogenesis and over-expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor- (PDGFR- ), we constructed targeted sterically stable liposomes (SSLs) modified by a cyclic peptide (pPB) with affinity for the PDGFR- to deliver interferon (IFN)- to HSCs. The pPB-SSL-IFN- showed satisfactory size distribution. In vitro pPB-SSL could be taken up by activated HSCs. The study of tissue distribution via living-body animal imaging showed that the pPB-SSL-IFN- mostly accumulated in the liver until 24 h. Furthermore, the pPB-SSL-IFN- showed more significant remission of hepatic fibrosis. In vivo the histological Ishak stage, the semiquantitative score for collagen in fibrotic liver and the serum levels of collagen type IV-C in fibrotic rats treated with pPB-SSL-IFN- were less than those treated with SSL-IFN- , IFN- and the control group. In vitro pPB-SSL-IFN- was also more effective in suppressing activated HSC proliferation and inducing apoptosis of activated HSCs. Thus the data suggest that pPB-SSL-IFN- might be a more effective anti-fibrotic agent and a new opportunity for clinical therapy of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Zhang X, Qiu N, Geng F, Ma M. Simply and effectively preparing high-purity phosvitin using polyethylene glycol and anion-exchange chromatography. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3295-301. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bansal R, Prakash J, Post E, Beljaars L, Schuppan D, Poelstra K. Novel engineered targeted interferon-gamma blocks hepatic fibrogenesis in mice. Hepatology 2011; 54:586-96. [PMID: 21538439 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver fibrogenesis is a process tightly controlled by endogenous anti- and pro-fibrogenic factors. Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a potent antifibrogenic cytokine in vitro and might therefore represent a powerful therapeutic entity. However, its poor pharmacokinetics and adverse effects, due to the presence of IFNγ receptors on nearly all cells, prevented its clinical application so far. We hypothesized that delivery of IFNγ specifically to the disease-inducing cells and concurrently avoiding its binding to nontarget cells might increase therapeutic efficacy and avoid side effects. We conjugated IFNγ to a cyclic peptide recognizing the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor (PDGFβR) which is strongly up-regulated on activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC), the key effector cells responsible for hepatic fibrogenesis. The IFNγ conjugates were analyzed in vitro for PDGFβR-specific binding and biological effects and in vivo in acute (early) and chronic (progressive and established) carbon-tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice. The targeted-IFNγ construct showed PDGFβR-specific binding to fibroblasts and HSC and inhibited their activation in vitro. In vivo, the targeted-IFNγ construct attenuated local HSC activation in an acute liver injury model. In the established liver fibrosis model, it not only strongly inhibited fibrogenesis but also induced fibrolysis. In contrast, nontargeted IFNγ was ineffective in both models. Moreover, in contrast to unmodified IFNγ, our engineered targeted-IFNγ did not induce IFNγ-related side effects such as systemic inflammation, hyperthermia, elevated plasma triglyceride levels, and neurotropic effects. CONCLUSION This study presents a novel HSC-targeted engineered-IFNγ, which in contrast to systemic IFNγ, blocked liver fibrogenesis and is devoid of side effects, by specifically acting on the key pathogenic cells within the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Bansal
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Harada M, Ohuchi M, Hayashi T, Kato Y. Prolonged circulation and in vivo efficacy of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor encapsulated in polymeric micelles. J Control Release 2011; 156:101-8. [PMID: 21723892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To improve the pharmacokinetics of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and decrease dosing frequency, polyethylene glycol polyglutamate block copolymers were used as delivery carriers. The block copolymers are partially substituted with hydrophobic octyl or benzyl groups to form a micellar structure in aqueous media and encapsulate the protein. G-CSF is encapsulated in the polymeric micelles with a diameter of 60-70nm. The present study was designed to evaluate the plasma pharmacokinetics, G-CSF release and in vivo efficacy of G-CSF-encapsulating micelles. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed highly enhanced plasma retention of the micelles compared with native G-CSF. The AUC (area under the curve) of the octyl-based polymer formulation showed a 5-fold increase, compared with native G-CSF. Size-exclusion chromatography of the blood from rats injected with the micelles demonstrated the release of G-CSF from the micelles in the blood circulation. The pharmacokinetic behavior supports the in vivo studies showing that the micelles display a comparable efficacy to PEGylated G-CSF. Simultaneous pharmacokinetic analysis of released and encapsulated G-CSF plasma levels showed that the G-CSF release occurs with the first-order kinetics and the half-life is 4.8h. In conclusion, G-CSF is endowed by the polymeric micelles with prolonged half-life and increased efficacy without any chemical modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Harada
- Research Division, NanoCarrier Co. Ltd., 5-4-19 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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31
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Bansal R, Post E, Proost JH, de Jager-Krikken A, Poelstra K, Prakash J. PEGylation improves pharmacokinetic profile, liver uptake and efficacy of Interferon gamma in liver fibrosis. J Control Release 2011; 154:233-40. [PMID: 21664391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a potent cytokine that displays a variety of anti-viral, anti-proliferative, immunomodulatory, apoptotic and anti-fibrotic functions. However, its clinical use is limited to the treatment of few diseases due to the rapid clearance from the body. PEGylated IFN-alpha formulations are shown to be beneficial in viral hepatitis, but PEGylation of IFNγ to enhance its therapeutic effects in liver fibrosis is not yet explored. Liver fibrosis is characterized by the extensive accumulation of an abnormal extracellular matrix and is the major cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. To date, there is no pharmacotherapy available for this disease. We modified IFNγ with different-sized linear PEG molecules (5, 10 and 20kDa) and assessed the biological activity in vitro and in vivo. All PEGylated IFNγ constructs were biologically active and activated IFNγ signaling in vitro as determined with a nitric oxide release assay and a pGAS-Luc reporter plasmid assay, respectively. Similar to IFNγ, all PEGylated IFNγ induced a significant reduction of fibrotic parameters in mouse NIH3T3 fibroblasts as shown with immunohistochemical staining and quantitative PCR analyses. In vivo, the pharmacokinetic profile of radiolabeled (125)I-IFNγ-PEG conjugates revealed a decreased renal clearance and an increased plasma half-life with an increase of PEG size. Moreover, the liver accumulation of PEGylated IFNγ constructs was significantly higher than the unmodified IFNγ, which was also confirmed by increased MHC-II expression in the livers. Furthermore, in a CCl(4)-induced acute liver injury model in mice, PEGylated constructs reduced the early fibrotic parameters more drastically than unmodified IFNγ. Of note, these effects were stronger with higher PEG-sized IFNγ constructs. These data nicely correlated with the pharmacokinetic data. In conclusion, PEGylation significantly improved the pharmacokinetics, liver uptake and anti-fibrotic effects of IFNγ. This study opens new opportunities to exploit the therapeutic applications of PEGylated IFNγ for the treatment of liver fibrosis and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Bansal
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Graduate School for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Pepinsky RB, Walus L, Shao Z, Ji B, Gu S, Sun Y, Wen D, Lee X, Wang Q, Garber E, Mi S. Production of a PEGylated Fab′ of the anti-LINGO-1 Li33 Antibody and Assessment of Its Biochemical and Functional Properties in Vitro and in a Rat Model of Remyelination. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:200-10. [DOI: 10.1021/bc1002746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Blake Pepinsky
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lee Walus
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Zhaohui Shao
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Benxiu Ji
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sheng Gu
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yaping Sun
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Dingyi Wen
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Xinhua Lee
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Qin Wang
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ellen Garber
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sha Mi
- Departments of Drug and Molecular Discovery, Biogen Idec, Inc., 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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Boyle MM, Smaldone RA, Whalley AC, Ambrogio MW, Botros YY, Stoddart JF. Mechanised materials. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00453g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Soderquist RG, Mahoney MJ. Central nervous system delivery of large molecules: challenges and new frontiers for intrathecally administered therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:285-93. [PMID: 20201735 DOI: 10.1517/17425240903540205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Therapeutic proteins and DNA constructs offer promise for the treatment of central nervous system disorders, yet significant biological barriers limit the ability of these molecules to reach the central nervous system from the bloodstream. Direct administrations to the cerebrospinal fluid (intrathecal administration) comprise an emerging field to facilitate the efficient delivery of these biological macromolecules to central nervous system tissues. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Previous reports from 1990 to the present time describing the interactions and turnover of the cerebrospinal fluid within the intrathecal space, characterizations of the effects that therapeutic proteins and DNA have shown after intrathecal delivery through a lumbar route, and reports of emerging technologies to address the limitations of intrathecally administered macromolecules are reviewed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review provides an overview of the limitations that must be overcome for intrathecally administered biological macromolecules and the recent advances and promising approaches for surmounting these limitations. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Emerging approaches that stabilize and sustain the delivery of intrathecally administered biological macromolecules may enhance substantially the clinical relevance of promising therapeutic proteins and DNA constructs for the treatment of various central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Soderquist
- University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 424 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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Soderquist RG, Milligan ED, Sloane EM, Harrison JA, Douvas KK, Potter JM, Hughes TS, Chavez RA, Johnson K, Watkins LR, Mahoney MJ. PEGylation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor for preserved biological activity and enhanced spinal cord distribution. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 91:719-29. [PMID: 19048635 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was covalently attached to polyethylene glycol (PEG) in order to enhance delivery to the spinal cord via the cerebrospinal fluid (intrathecal administration). By varying reaction conditions, mixtures of BDNF covalently attached to one (primary), two (secondary), three (tertiary), or more (higher order) PEG molecules were produced. The biological activity of each resulting conjugate mixture was assessed with the goal of identifying a relationship between the number of PEG molecules attached to BDNF and biological activity. A high degree of in vitro biological activity was maintained in mixtures enriched in primary and secondary conjugate products, while a substantial reduction in biological activity was observed in mixtures with tertiary and higher order conjugates. When a biologically active mixture of PEG-BDNF was administered intrathecally, it displayed a significantly improved half-life in the cerebrospinal fluid and an enhanced penetration into spinal cord tissue relative to native BDNF. Results from these studies suggest a PEGylation strategy that preserves the biological activity of the protein while also improving the half-life of the protein in vivo. Furthermore, PEGylation may be a promising approach for enhancing intrathecal delivery of therapeutic proteins with potential for treating disease and injury in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Soderquist
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 424 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Modulating the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic antibodies. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 32:609-22. [PMID: 20131077 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of antibody fragments and alternative binding scaffolds, that are devoid of Fc-regions, strategies to increase the half-life of small proteins are becoming increasingly important. Currently, the established method is chemical PEGylation, but more elaborate approaches are being described such as polysialylation, amino acid polymers and albumin-binding derivatives. This article reviews the main strategies for pharmacokinetic enhancement, primarily chemical conjugates and recombinant fusions that increase apparent molecular weight or hydrodynamic radius or interact with serum albumin which itself has a long plasma half-life. We highlight the key chemical linkage methods that preserve antibody function and retain stability and look forward to the next generation of technologies which promise to make better quality pharmaceuticals with lower side effects. Although restricted to antibodies, all of the approaches covered can be applied to other biotherapeutics.
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Zhao X, Shaw AC, Wang J, Chang CC, Deng J, Su J. A Novel High-Throughput Screening Method for Microbial Transglutaminases with High Specificity toward Gln141 of Human Growth Hormone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:206-12. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057109356206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PEGylation modification has been used to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of protein-based drugs. For example, PEGylated human growth hormone (hGH) has been shown to exhibit better pharmacokinetic profiles than the unmodified hGH. Unlike chemical PEGylation of hGH that is difficult to be controlled to result in homogeneity, microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) only conjugates poly(ethelene glycol) (PEG) on glutamine-40 (Q40) and glutamine-141 (Q141) of hGH, the only glutamine residues exposed. Yet, an mTGase that can selectively conjugate PEG to only 1 glutamine residue is more desirable to control the homogeneity of the product. In this study, the authors have developed a novel high-throughput assay, with which they have identified 5 mTGase mutants that are highly specific for conjugating PEG to Q141 of hGH. In this scintillation proximity assay (SPA)–based method, the authors have (1) achieved a high expression level of active mTGase, which is toxic to the living cell, directly from Escherichia coli (0.2 U/mL/OD600) by in vivo activation; (2) developed a high-throughput affinity purification method to eliminate the strong interference of cellular protein to mTGase reaction; and (3) used therapeutic protein as the substrate. This method is highly sensitive, is easily automated, and could be generally applied to screening mTGases with desired specificity targeting on different therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Beijing Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Sci & Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Allan C. Shaw
- Department of Protein Expression, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Beijing Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Sci & Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Chih-Chuan Chang
- Beijing Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Sci & Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Deng
- Beijing Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Sci & Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jing Su
- Beijing Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Sci & Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
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Engineering liposomes and nanoparticles for biological targeting. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 125:251-80. [PMID: 21049296 DOI: 10.1007/10_2010_92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Our ability to engineer nanomaterials for biological and medical applications is continuously increasing, and nanomaterial designs are becoming more and more complex. One very good example of this is the drug delivery field where nanoparticle systems can be used to deliver drugs specifically to diseased tissue. In the early days, the design of the nanoparticles was relatively simple, but today we can surface functionalize and manipulate material properties to target diseased tissue and build highly complex drug release mechanisms into our designs. One of the most promising strategies in drug delivery is to use ligands that target overexpressed or selectively expressed receptors on the surface of diseased cells. To utilize this approach, it is necessary to control the chemistry involved in surface functionalization of nanoparticles and construct highly specific functionalities that can be used as attachment points for a diverse range of targeting ligands such as antibodies, peptides, carbohydrates and vitamins. In this review we provide an overview and a critical evaluation of the many strategies that have been developed for surface functionalization of nanoparticles and furthermore provide an overview of how these methods have been used in drug delivery systems.
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Dermatan sulfate as a stabilizer for protein stability in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) depot. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-009-0058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Trmcic-Cvitas J, Hasan E, Ramstedt M, Li X, Cooper MA, Abell C, Huck WTS, Gautrot JE. Biofunctionalized Protein Resistant Oligo(ethylene glycol)-Derived Polymer Brushes as Selective Immobilization and Sensing Platforms. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:2885-94. [DOI: 10.1021/bm900706r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Trmcic-Cvitas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden, Cambridge Medical Innovations, 181 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, United Kingdom, and Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Erol Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden, Cambridge Medical Innovations, 181 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, United Kingdom, and Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Madeleine Ramstedt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden, Cambridge Medical Innovations, 181 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, United Kingdom, and Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden, Cambridge Medical Innovations, 181 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, United Kingdom, and Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden, Cambridge Medical Innovations, 181 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, United Kingdom, and Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden, Cambridge Medical Innovations, 181 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, United Kingdom, and Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden, Cambridge Medical Innovations, 181 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, United Kingdom, and Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Julien E. Gautrot
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden, Cambridge Medical Innovations, 181 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, United Kingdom, and Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
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Gao W, Liu W, Mackay JA, Zalutsky MR, Toone EJ, Chilkoti A. In situ growth of a stoichiometric PEG-like conjugate at a protein's N-terminus with significantly improved pharmacokinetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:15231-6. [PMID: 19706892 PMCID: PMC2731796 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0904378106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenge in the synthesis of protein-polymer conjugates for biological applications is to synthesize a stoichiometric (typically 1:1) conjugate of the protein with a monodisperse polymer, with good retention of protein activity, significantly improved pharmacokinetics and increased bioavailability, and hence improved in vivo efficacy. Here we demonstrate, using myoglobin as an example, a general route to grow a PEG-like polymer, poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) [poly(OEGMA)], with low polydispersity and high yield, solely from the N-terminus of the protein by in situ atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) under aqueous conditions, to yield a site-specific (N-terminal) and stoichiometric conjugate (1:1). Notably, the myoglobin-poly(OEGMA) conjugate [hydrodynamic radius (R(h)): 13 nm] showed a 41-fold increase in its blood exposure compared to the protein (R(h): 1.7 nm) after IV administration to mice, thereby demonstrating that comb polymers that present short oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains are a class of PEG-like polymers that can significantly improve the pharmacological properties of proteins. We believe that this approach to the synthesis of N-terminal protein conjugates of poly(OEGMA) may be applicable to a large subset of protein and peptide drugs, and thereby provide a general methodology for improvement of their pharmacological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Center for Biologically Inspired Materials and Material Systems, and
| | - Wenge Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Center for Biologically Inspired Materials and Material Systems, and
| | | | | | - Eric J. Toone
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708; and
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Center for Biologically Inspired Materials and Material Systems, and
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Chen AM, Scott MD. Comparative Analysis of Polymer and Linker Chemistries on the Efficacy of Immunocamouflage of Murine Leukocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 34:305-22. [PMID: 16809132 DOI: 10.1080/10731190600683845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Membrane grafting of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) [mPEG] to allogeneic leukocytes attenuates allorecognition and significantly reduces the risk of graft-versus-host disease in mice. To optimize the immunological efficacy of polymer grafting, murine splenocytes were modified using three differing linker chemistries: CmPEG (5 kDa), BTCmPEG (5 and 20 kDa) and TmPEG (5 kDa). In vitro immunocamouflage efficacy was examined by flow cytometic analysis of leukocyte markers and mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). In contrast to CmPEG and BTCmPEG, TmPEG exerted significant cellular toxicity. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that both CmPEG and BTCmPEG were highly effective at camouflaging cell surface markers while TmPEG was ineffective. Furthermore, CmPEG and BTCmPEG dramatically blocked MLR allorecognition and cellular proliferation. Polymer length was the most critical factor in the immunocamouflage of cells with the BTCmPEG 20 kDa being the most effective. In contrast to other immunomodulatory approaches, immunocamouflage of leukocytes yields a multivalent effect globally interfering with attachment, allorecognition, presentation and costimulation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey M Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA
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Shinya E, Owaki A, Norose Y, Sato S, Takahashi H. Quick method of multimeric protein production for biologically active substances such as human GM-CSF (hGM-CSF). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 386:40-4. [PMID: 19497303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal fragment of C4b-binding protein (C4BP)-based multimerizing system was applied to hGM-CSF to induce dendritic cells (DCs) from peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs), to see whether the C4BP could stimulate immature DCs, since DCs, equipped with pattern recognition receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), are hypersensitive to various immunologically active molecules like LPS. hGM-CSF gene was merged to the 3'-terminal region of the C4BPalpha-chain gene, and the transfected human 293FT cells produced sufficient amount of octameric hGM-CSF, which resulted in iDCs with the same phenotype and the same response to a TRL4 ligand, LPS and a TLR3 ligand, poly I:C, as those induced with authentic monomeric hGM-CSF. These results suggest that the C4BP-based multimerizing system could facilitate the design of self-associating multimeric recombinant proteins without stimulating iDCs, which might be seen with the other multimerizing systems such as that using Fc fragment of IgM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Shinya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, Graduate School 2D03, Bunkyo City, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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Elliott S, Pham E, Macdougall IC. Erythropoietins: A common mechanism of action. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:1573-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang C, Easteal AJ. Rheological properties of poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropanesulphonic acid) semi‐interpenetrating networks. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lee DL, Sharif I, Kodihalli S, Stewart DIH, Tsvetnitsky V. Preparation and characterization of monopegylated human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2008; 28:101-12. [PMID: 18279105 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Conjugates of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) attached to polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains were prepared using amine-reactive chemistry. Molecular masses of the PEGs were 20, 30, and 40 kDa. The monopegylated forms were isolated by anion-exchange chromatography and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), size-exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), peptide mapping, in vitro cell proliferation bioassays, and rat pharmacokinetic studies. The pegylation site of the purified monopegylated products was identified as the N-terminus of the protein. All forms of pegylated GM-CSF were able to stimulate TF-1 cell proliferation in a colorimetric bioassay at concentrations equal to or lower than that of GM-CSF. Pharmacokinetic studies in rats demonstrated 32-fold, 27-fold, and 40-fold extensions in elimination half-lives for 20, 30, and 40 kDa PEG-GM-CSF, respectively, as compared with nonmodified GM-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin L Lee
- Cangene Corporation, Mississauga, ON, Canada M9W 6A9
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Site-specific modification and PEGylation of pharmaceutical proteins mediated by transglutaminase. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:13-28. [PMID: 17916398 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase (TGase, E.C. 2.3.2.13) catalyzes acyl transfer reactions between the gamma-carboxamide groups of protein-bound glutamine (Gln) residues, which serve as acyl donors, and primary amines, resulting in the formation of new gamma-amides of glutamic acid and ammonia. By using an amino-derivative of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-NH(2)) as substrate for the enzymatic reaction with TGase it is possible to covalently bind the PEG polymer to proteins of pharmaceutical interest. In our laboratory, we have conducted experiments aimed to modify proteins of known structure using TGase and, surprisingly, we were able to obtain site-specific modification or PEGylation of protein-bound Gln residue(s) in the protein substrates. For example, in apomyoglobin (apoMb, myoglobin devoid of heme) only Gln91 was modified and in human growth hormone only Gln40 and Gln141, despite these proteins having many more Gln residues. Moreover, we noticed that these proteins suffered highly selective limited proteolysis phenomena at the same chain regions being attacked by TGase. We have analysed also the results of other published experiments of TGase-mediated modification or PEGylation of several proteins in terms of protein structure and dynamics, among them alpha-lactalbumin and interleukin-2, as well as disordered proteins. A noteworthy correlation was observed between chain regions of high temperature factor (B-factor) determined crystallographically and sites of TGase attack and limited proteolysis, thus emphasizing the role of chain mobility or local unfolding in dictating site-specific enzymatic modification. We propose that enhanced chain flexibility favors limited enzymatic reactions on polypeptide substrates by TGases and proteases, as well as by other enzymes involved in a number of site-specific post-translational modifications of proteins, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation. Therefore, it is possible to predict the site(s) of TGase-mediated modification and PEGylation of a therapeutic protein on the basis of its structure and dynamics and, consequently, the likely effects of modifications on the functional properties of the protein.
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Abstract
Bifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules provide a novel approach to retargeting viral vectors without the need to genetically modify the vector. Modification of the surface of adenovirus with heterofunctional PEG allows further modification of the capsid with ligands. In addition, heterofunctional PEG modification ablates the normal tropism of the virus and reduces transduction of non-target tissues in vivo. Moreover, the addition of PEG chains to the surface of the virus shields antigen-binding sites, significantly reducing the susceptibility of the virus to antibody neutralization. Finally, T cell subsets from mice exposed to the PEGylated vector demonstrate a marked decrease in Th1 and Th2 responses, suggesting that PEG modification may help reduce the immune response to the vector.
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Matsumoto T, Kiyota H, Matsukawa M, Yasuda M, Arakawa S, Monden K. Japanese guidelines for prevention of perioperative infections in urological field. Int J Urol 2007; 14:890-909. [PMID: 17880286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2007.01869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For urologists, it is very important to master surgical indications and surgical techniques. On the other hand, the knowledge of the prevention of perioperative infections and the improvement of surgical techniques should always be considered. Although the prevention of perioperative infections in each surgical field is a very important issue, the evidence and the number of guidelines are limited. Among them, the preparation of guidelines has progressed, especially in gastrointestinal surgery. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) proposed guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infections, which have been used worldwide. In urology, the original guidelines were different from those of general surgery, due to many endourological procedures and urine exposure in the surgical field. The Japanese Society of UTI Cooperative Study Group has thus framed these guidelines supported by The Japanese Urological Association. The guidelines consist of the following nine techniques: open surgeries, laparoscopic surgeries, transurethral resection of bladder tumor, ureterorenoscope and transurethral lithotripsy, transurethral resection of the prostate, prostate biopsy, cystourethroscope, pediatric surgeries in the urological field, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and febrile neutropenia. These are the first guidelines for the prevention of perioperative infections in the urological field in Japan. Although most of these guidelines were made using reliable evidence, there are parts without enough evidence. Therefore, if new reliable data is reported, it will be necessary for these guidelines to be revised in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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