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Human chemokine MIP1α increases efficiency of targeted DNA fusion vaccines. Vaccine 2010; 29:191-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Shiraishi K, Ishiwata Y, Nakagawa K, Yokochi S, Taruki C, Akuta T, Ohtomo K, Matsushima K, Tamatani T, Kanegasaki S. Enhancement of antitumor radiation efficacy and consistent induction of the abscopal effect in mice by ECI301, an active variant of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:1159-66. [PMID: 18281550 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied whether i.v. administration of a chemokine after local tumor site irradiation could prevent remaining, as well as distant, nonirradiated tumor cell growth by leukocyte recruitment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tumors were implanted s.c. in the right or both flanks. After local irradiation at the right flank, ECI301, a human macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha variant was injected i.v. Tumor volumes were measured every 3 days after treatment. RESULTS In Colon26 adenocarcinoma-bearing BALB/c mice, repeated daily administration (over 3-5 consecutive days) of 2 mug per mouse ECI301 after local irradiation of 6 Gy prolonged survival without significant toxicity, and in about half of the treated mice, the tumor was completely eradicated. Three weekly administrations of ECI301 after local irradiation also led to significant, although less effective, antitumor radiation efficacy. ECI301 also inhibited growth of other syngenic tumor grafts, including MethA fibrosarcoma (BALB/c) and Lewis lung carcinoma (C57BL/6). Importantly, tumor growth at the nonirradiated site was inhibited, indicating that ECI301 potentiated the abscopal effect of radiation. This abscopal effect observed in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice was tumor-type independent. Leukocyte depletion studies suggest that CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes and NK1.1 cells were involved. CONCLUSIONS Marked inhibition of tumor growth at the irradiated site, with complete tumor eradication and consistent induction of the abscopal effect, was potentiated by i.v. administration of ECI301. The results of this study may offer a new concept for cancer therapy, namely chemokine administration after local irradiation, leading to development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of advanced metastatic cancer.
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Sotelo J, Guevara P, Pineda B, Diaz C. Interstitial quinacrine activates a distinctive immune response effective for tumor immunotherapy. Surgery 2004; 136:700-7. [PMID: 15349121 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interstitial immunotherapy consists of the local injection of immune cells or molecules with cytotoxic properties to destroy neoplastic cells. Intratumor injection of quinacrine induces intense recruitment of activated immune cells that leads to necrosis and elimination of experimental malignant neoplasms; this effect seems to be mediated by immune molecules. METHODS We measured the tissue content of activated immune cells and various cytokines at different times during the first 8 days after a single interstitial injection of 150 mg quinacrine in rats. RESULTS A large cell infiltrate by macrophages, CD4(+), CD8(+), and natural killer cells was evident a few hours after quinacrine injection. In comparison with controls, tissue contents of 4 cytokines had a marked increase: macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 increased 115-fold; interleukin-6, 9-fold; RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted), 13-fold; and macrophage inflammatory protein-2, 10-fold. Other cytokines, like interleukins 1beta, 2, 4, 10, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, complement 3, and C reactive protein did not increase significantly, indicating that the endogenous local response to quinacrine follows a singular pathway of immune activation. CONCLUSIONS Interstitial quinacrine is a strong activator of innate immunity and is not mediated by the usual mechanisms of immune recognition. It constitutes an original approach for regional immunotherapy of neoplasms that is not mediated solely by induction of local, cytotoxic chemical necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Sotelo
- Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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Krishnadasan B, Farivar AS, Naidu BV, Woolley SM, Byrne K, Fraga CH, Mulligan MS. Beta-chemokine function in experimental lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77:1056-62. [PMID: 14992926 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(03)01600-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although chemokines are functionally important in models of ischemia-reperfusion injury, little is known about their role in lung ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI). This study examined the role of the beta-chemokines, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and regulated upon activation normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES) in LIRI. METHODS Left lungs of Long-Evans rats underwent normothermic ischemia for 90 minutes and reperfusion for up to 4 hours. Treated animals received anti-MIP-1alpha, anti-MCP-1, or anti-RANTES antibodies before reperfusion. Changes in lung vascular permeability were measured with iodine 125-labeled bovine serum albumin. Neutrophil accumulation in the lung parenchyma was determined by myeloperoxidase activity, and bronchoalveolar lavage was performed to measure leukocyte cell counts. Western blots, Northern blots, and ribonuclease protection assays assessed beta-chemokine messenger RNA and protein levels. RESULTS Animals receiving anti-MIP-1alpha demonstrated reduced vascular permeability compared with controls (p < 0.001). Attenuation of permeability was less dramatic in animals treated with anti-MCP-1 and anti-RANTES antibody, which demonstrated permeability decreases of 15% and 16%, respectively (p < 0.02). Lung neutrophil accumulation was reduced in animals receiving anti-MIP-1alpha antibody (p < 0.005) but was unchanged in animals receiving either anti-MCP-1 or anti-RANTES. Bronchoalveolar lavage leukocyte content was also reduced by treatment with anti-MIP-1alpha (p < 0.003) and was unchanged in anti-MCP-1-treated and anti-RANTES-treated animals. MIP-1alpha treatment decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger RNA in injured left lungs. CONCLUSIONS MIP-1alpha is functionally significant in the development of LIRI. It likely exerts its effects in part by mediating the expression of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines and influencing tissue neutrophil recruitment. MCP-1 and RANTES seem to play relatively minor roles in the development of direct LIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiya Krishnadasan
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Abstract
Chemokines are responsible for specific recruitment of leukocytes that are involved both in homing as well as in inflammation. Dysregulation of the system results in excessive recruitment to inflammatory sites and thus prevention of this recruitment is an effective anti-inflammatory strategy. Chemokine receptors are not limited only to cellular recruitment but are also the essential co-factor along with CD4 that enable HIV-1 viruses to infect cells. In this review we discuss the various points of intervention that can be addressed to provide anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV infectivity therapeutics. These include prevention of the receptor-ligand interaction, prevention of the chemokine-glycosaminoglycan interaction, interfering with the signaling pathways that are induced upon receptor activation, and modification of receptor trafficking pathways. We summarize the status of the approaches that have been undertaken to produce therapeutics that block chemokine action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E I Proudfoot
- Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 14 Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan les Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Ying S, Meng Q, Barata LT, Kay AB. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and C-C chemokine receptor-1 in allergen-induced skin late-phase reactions: relationship to macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and T lymphocytes. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:1724-31. [PMID: 11696048 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha binds to C-C chemokine receptor (CCR)-1 with high affinity. CCR-1 is expressed on neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, T lymphocytes and basophils; cells characteristic of atopic allergic inflammation. In vitro, MIP-1alpha is chemotactic for monocytes, T cells and basophils and is also a potent histamine-releasing factor for basophils and mast cells. Although increased levels of MIP-1alpha were shown in atopic allergic disorders, the kinetics of expression of these CC chemokines in vivo is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the kinetics of expression of MIP-1alpha and receptor CCR-1 and the relationships between the expression and infiltration of inflammatory cells in allergen-induced cutaneous late-phase reactions in atopic subjects. METHODS Cryostat sections, obtained from skin biopsies from 10 human atopic subjects at 6, 24, 48, 72 h and 7 days after allergen challenge, were processed for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization using 35S-labelled riboprobes. RESULTS The peak expression of allergen-induced mRNA for MIP-1alpha and CCR-1 was 6 h. This was maintained at 24 h, and gradually returned to base line at 7 days. At 6 h, the number of cells expressing MIP-1alpha mRNA significantly correlated with elastase+ neutrophils and BB-1+ basophils. At 24 h, the MIP-1alpha mRNA+ cells significantly correlated with CD68+ macrophages. There were significant inverse correlations between the numbers of MIP-1alpha mRNA cells and the numbers of Tryptase+ mast cells at 6 and 24 h after allergen challenge. CONCLUSION Allergen-induced cutaneous late-phase reactions in humans were associated with increased expression of MIP-1alpha and CCR-1. This may be relevant to the infiltration of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ying
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Royal Brompton Campus, National Heart & Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, London, UK
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Agrawal L, Alkhatib G, Agrawal L. Chemokine receptors: emerging opportunities for new anti-HIV therapies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2001; 5:303-326. [PMID: 12540267 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.5.3.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the immune system and the major co-receptors required for entry of HIV into CD4(+) target cells. CCR5 is critical for both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease transmission and progression, whereas CXCR4 may be very important in late stages of disease. Additional co-receptors have been shown to function under certain conditions in vitro but evidence of supporting roles in HIV disease is currently lacking. The sheer number of co-receptors potentially used by HIV and the complexity of co-receptors usage are major challenges confronting usage of these molecules as drug development targets. Balanced against this, is a long history of success by the pharmaceutical industry in developing small molecule antagonists for many other classes of GPCRs. In this review, we discuss the current state of understanding of the co-receptor-based antiviral agents designed to block viral entry. The therapeutic potential of this field will be judged from future studies on the efficacy of these novel inhibitors in clinical trials. The data so far obtained from a number of studies point to the potential clinical use of this emerging class of therapeutic agents. Here we review current progress in co-receptor-based antiretroviral drug development and discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Agrawal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W Walnut Street, Room 302, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Abstract
Both embryonic and somatic stem cells have been studied in recent years with particular regard to their differentiation potential. In vitro studies allow a considerable amplification of such cells in culture as well as the induction of commitment in different directions under proper stimulating factors. Moreover, a surprising versatility has been discovered,which makes possible a ;reprogramming' of stem cells into a lineage pathway which may be completely different from the expected direction: for instance, a production of brain cells from blood progenitors has been obtained. It is thus possible to envisage methods of producing in culture sufficient amounts of stem cells, committed to a certain pathway, which can be transplanted in vivo to replace damaged tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Eridani
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Technology, ITBA, the National Research Council, Milano, Italy,
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Broxmeyer HE, Kim CH. Regulation of hematopoiesis in a sea of chemokine family members with a plethora of redundant activities. Exp Hematol 1999; 27:1113-23. [PMID: 10390186 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(99)00045-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The field of chemokine biology is a rapidly advancing one, with over 50 chemokines identified that mediate their effects through one or more of 16 different chemokine receptors. Chemokines, originally identified as chemotactic cytokines, manifest a number of functions, including modulation of blood cell production at the level of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and the directed movement of these early blood cells. This report reviews chemokines and chemokine/receptor activities mainly in the context of hematopoietic cell regulation and the numerous chemokines that manifest suppressive activity on proliferation of stem/progenitor cells. This is contrasted with the specificity of only a few chemokines for the chemotaxis of these early cells. The large number of chemokines with suppressive activity is hypothesized to reflect the different cell, tissue, and organ sites of production of these chemokines and the need to control stem/progenitor cell proliferation in different organ sites throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Broxmeyer
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, and the Walther Cancer Institute, Indianapolis 46202-5254, USA.
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Czaplewski LG, McKeating J, Craven CJ, Higgins LD, Appay V, Brown A, Dudgeon T, Howard LA, Meyers T, Owen J, Palan SR, Tan P, Wilson G, Woods NR, Heyworth CM, Lord BI, Brotherton D, Christison R, Craig S, Cribbes S, Edwards RM, Evans SJ, Gilbert R, Morgan P, Randle E, Schofield N, Varley PG, Fisher J, Waltho JP, Hunter MG. Identification of amino acid residues critical for aggregation of human CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES. Characterization of active disaggregated chemokine variants. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:16077-84. [PMID: 10347159 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.23.16077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed) self-associate to form high-molecular mass aggregates. To explore the biological significance of chemokine aggregation, nonaggregating variants were sought. The phenotypes of 105 hMIP-1alpha variants generated by systematic mutagenesis and expression in yeast were determined. hMIP-1alpha residues Asp26 and Glu66 were critical to the self-association process. Substitution at either residue resulted in the formation of essentially homogenous tetramers at 0.5 mg/ml. Substitution of identical or analogous residues in homologous positions in both hMIP-1beta and RANTES demonstrated that they were also critical to aggregation. Our analysis suggests that a single charged residue at either position 26 or 66 is insufficient to support extensive aggregation and that two charged residues must be present. Solution of the three-dimensional NMR structure of hMIP-1alpha has enabled comparison of these residues in hMIP-1beta and RANTES. Aggregated and disaggregated forms of hMIP-1alpha, hMIP-1beta, and RANTES generally have equivalent G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated biological potencies. We have therefore generated novel reagents to evaluate the role of hMIP-1alpha, hMIP-1beta, and RANTES aggregation in vitro and in vivo. The disaggregated chemokines retained their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) inhibitory activities. Surprisingly, high concentrations of RANTES, but not disaggregated RANTES variants, enhanced infection of cells by both M- and T-tropic HIV isolates/strains. This observation has important implications for potential therapeutic uses of chemokines implying that disaggregated forms may be necessary for safe clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Czaplewski
- British Biotech Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Watlington Road, Oxford OX4 5LY, United Kingdom.
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