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Savill R, Baues H, Voigt E, Zierau O, Thieme D, Keiler AM. Cell culture as a toolbox to generate phase I metabolites for antidoping screening. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1169-1177. [PMID: 33527655 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the biotransformation of compounds prohibited by the World Anti Doping Agency is of high concern as doping analyses are mostly based on the detection of metabolites instead of the parent compounds abused by athletes. While the self-administration of doping-relevant compounds is from an ethical point of view a rather problematic method to investigate metabolism, the usage of cell culture systems allows for studies on biotransformation in vitro. Five cell culture models with different tissue origin (liver, ovary, skin, kidney, and testis) were comparatively incubated with testosterone and epitestosterone as well as with the synthetic testosterone derivatives 17α-methyltestosterone and 4-chlorotestosterone to investigate the impact of synthetic modifications on phase I metabolic pathways. Cell culture supernatants were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. All cell lines possessed the default steroid phase I biotransformation reactions. The highest conversion rate was observed in ovarian (BG-1) and liver cells (HepG2). For BG-1 and skin cells (HaCaT), the 5α-reductase products 5α-dihydrotestosterone (for both) and 5α-androstane-3α/β,17β-diol (for BG-1 solely) were found to be prevailing after testosterone incubation. In kidney (COS-1) and HepG2 cells, the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was predominant as supported by the observation that the 17α-OH (epitestosterone) and the methyl group (17α-methyltestosterone) impeded the conversion rate in these cell lines. In conclusion, future work should extend the characterization of the BG-1 and HepG2 cells on phase II metabolic pathways to examine whether they are suitable models for the generation of metabolite reference collections comparable to those obtained by human excretion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Savill
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Helge Baues
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Emmely Voigt
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Annekathrin Martina Keiler
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany
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Development of a Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry-Based Inhibition Assay for the Screening of Steroid 5-α Reductase in Human and Fish Cell Lines. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040893. [PMID: 33567691 PMCID: PMC7915527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid 5-α reductase (5AR) is responsible for the reduction of steroids to 5-α reduced metabolites, such as the reduction of testosterone to 5-α dihydrotestosterone (DHT). A new adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for 5AR inhibition to reduce female reproduction in fish (AOP 289) is under development to clarify the antiestrogenic effects of 5AR inhibitors in female fish. A sensitive method for the DHT analysis using chemical derivatization and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was developed. A cell-based 5AR inhibition assay that utilizes human cell lines, a transient overexpression system, and fish cell lines was developed. The measured IC50 values of two well-known 5AR inhibitors, finasteride and dutasteride, were comparable in the different systems. However, the IC50 of dutasteride in the fish cell lines was lower than that in the human cell lines. Finasteride showed a higher IC50 against the RTG-2 cell line. These results demonstrated that 5ARs inhibition could differ in terms of structural characteristics among species. The assay has high sensitivity and reproducibility and is suitable for the application in 5AR inhibition screening for various endocrine disruption chemicals (EDCs). Future studies will continue to evaluate the quantitative inhibition of 5AR by EDCs to compare the endocrine-disrupting pathway in different species.
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Srivastav A, Changkija B, Sharan K, Nagar GK, Bansode FW. Influence of antifertility agents Dutasteride and Nifedipine on CatSper gene level in epididymis during sperm maturation in BALB/c mice. Reproduction 2018; 155:347-359. [PMID: 29434054 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling is critical for successful fertilization. In spermatozoa, capacitation, hyperactivation of motility and the acrosome reaction are all mediated by increases in intracellular Ca2+ through CatSper (sperm-specific cation channel). The CatSper channel complex contains four pore-forming α subunits (CatSper1-4) and five accessory subunits called β, δ, ε, γ and ζ. Genetic deletion of any of the four CatSper genes in mice results in loss of hyperactivated motility and male infertility. Despite their vital role in male fertility, almost very little is known about influence of antifertility agents on CatSper gene expression in epididymis and epididymal spermatozoa. Therefore, we performed quantitative real-time qPCR analysis for CatSper expression in the epididymis and epididymal sperm of BALB/c mice after treatment with Dutasteride (DS), a dual 5-α reductase inhibitor and Nifedipine (NF) a calcium channel blocker as positive control. We observed that treatment with antifertility agents Dutasteride and Nifedipine induced significant decreases in the caput and cauda epididymal sperm counts, motility and fertility which could partly be attributed to alteration in the normal morphology of the sperm associated with downregulation/upregulation of CatSper mRNAs in epididymis and epididymal spermatozoa of male BALB/c mice. These can be explained on the basis of interference with mechanisms affecting calcium ion signaling resulting in changes in intracellular calcium required for sperm activity, finally affecting sperm maturation and fertility of male BALB/c mice. These studies provide some novel avenues for developing new male contraceptives in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Srivastav
- Division of EndocrinologyCentral Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Kunal Sharan
- Division of EndocrinologyCentral Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Geet Kumar Nagar
- Division of EndocrinologyCentral Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Falgun W Bansode
- Division of EndocrinologyCentral Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Meanwell NA. Fluorine and Fluorinated Motifs in the Design and Application of Bioisosteres for Drug Design. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5822-5880. [PMID: 29400967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1276] [Impact Index Per Article: 212.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties and relatively small size of fluorine endow it with considerable versatility as a bioisostere and it has found application as a substitute for lone pairs of electrons, the hydrogen atom, and the methyl group while also acting as a functional mimetic of the carbonyl, carbinol, and nitrile moieties. In this context, fluorine substitution can influence the potency, conformation, metabolism, membrane permeability, and P-gp recognition of a molecule and temper inhibition of the hERG channel by basic amines. However, as a consequence of the unique properties of fluorine, it features prominently in the design of higher order structural metaphors that are more esoteric in their conception and which reflect a more sophisticated molecular construction that broadens biological mimesis. In this Perspective, applications of fluorine in the construction of bioisosteric elements designed to enhance the in vitro and in vivo properties of a molecule are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development P.O. Box 4000, Princeton , New Jersey 08543-4000 , United States
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Identification of New Epididymal Luminal Fluid Proteins Involved in Sperm Maturation in Infertile Rats Treated by Dutasteride Using iTRAQ. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050602. [PMID: 27187330 PMCID: PMC6273551 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Spermatozoa become mature and acquire fertilizing capacity during their passage through the epididymal lumen. In this study, we identified new epididymal luminal fluid proteins involved in sperm maturation in infertile rats by dutasteride, a dual 5α-reductase inhibitor, in order to provide potential epididymal targets for new contraceptives and infertility treatment. Methods: Male rats were treated with dutasteride for 28 consecutive days. We observed the protein expression profiles in the epididymal luminal fluids in infertile and normal rats using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technique. The confidence of proteome data was validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: 1045 proteins were tested, and 23 of them presented different expression profiling in the infertile and normal rats. The seven proteins were down-regulated, and 16 proteins were up-regulated. Among the seven proteins which were significantly down-regulated by dutasteride in the epididymal luminal fluids, there were three β-defensins (Defb2, Defb18 and Defb39), which maybe the key proteins involved in epididymal sperm maturation and male fertility. Conclusions: We report for the first time that dutasteride influences the protein expression profiling in the epididymal luminal fluids of rats, and this result provides some new epididymal targets for male contraception and infertility therapy.
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Samtani R, Bajpai M, Ghosh PK, Saraswathy KN. A49T, R227Q and TA repeat polymorphism of steroid 5 alpha-reductase type II gene and Hypospadias risk in North Indian children. Meta Gene 2014; 3:1-7. [PMID: 25685716 PMCID: PMC4309258 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Hypospadias is a common congenital error of genital development, the frequency of which is increasing. As androgens have a significant role in the development of the male urethra, we sought to investigate the association between functional polymorphisms of SRD5A2 gene in relation to hypospadias. Methods We examined DNA samples of 96 cases and 105 controls for SRD5A2-A49T, R227Q and TA repeat gene polymorphisms. Result Absence of 49T locus and 227Q locus was observed in the present study. At the (TA) n repeat site, TA (0) allele was observed to be the most common allele in both cases (91.7%) and controls (90%). TA (9/9) genotype exhibited an odds ratio of 3.03 (95% C.I. = 0.18–50.14, p = 0) with respect to only middle phenotypes. Analysis of the demographic data depicted the agricultural background aspect of the parents of the cases. 72.27% of the cases (affected with Hypospadias) have parents having agriculture as a primary occupation. Conclusion As longer TA repeats are associated with lower enzymatic activity and lower DHT levels as reported among Caucasians, this polymorphism may have an effect (rather small) in predisposing the population of the present study to the risk of Hypospadias of lesser severity. Due to small sample size, the 3.03 O.R. is not significant and a larger sample is needed to validate the results. Large scale screening of Hypospadias and other 46 X,Y disorders of sexual development is needed especially in India, where the majority of the population is from agricultural background. The results of the present study are likely to assist the health planners to initiate screening of Hypospadias among the farmer community to combat the risk of Hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratika Samtani
- Amity Institute of Anthropology, Amity University, Noida, UP 201303, India
| | - Minu Bajpai
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, Delhi 110029, India
| | - P K Ghosh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - K N Saraswathy
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Wang JL, Liu HL, Zhou ZL, Chen WH, Ho Y. Discovery of novel 5α-reductase type II inhibitors by pharmacophore modelling, virtual screening, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2013.878865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Iwai A, Yoshimura T, Wada K, Watabe S, Sakamoto Y, Ito E, Miura T. Spectrophotometric method for the assay of steroid 5α-reductase activity of rat liver and prostate microsomes. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:455-9. [PMID: 23574674 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple spectrophotometric method for the assay of steroid 5α-reductase (5α-SR) was developed in which 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (5α-diol), metabolites formed in the NADPH-dependent reduction of testosterone with enzyme sources of 5α-SR, were measured by enzymatic cycling using 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the presence of excess thionicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (thio-NAD) and NADH. It was found that 5α-SR activity was proportional to the accumulated thio-NADH having an absorption maximum at 400 nm. Because of the high cycling rate (> 600 cycle per min) and no interference from testosterone, enzymatic cycling can determine the sum of 5α-DHT and 5α-diol at the picomole level without separation from excess testosterone. The present method was readily applicable to the assay of 5α-SR activity of rat liver and prostate microsomes as well as to the assay of inhibitory activity of finasteride, a synthetic inhibitor of 5α-SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Iwai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Salvador JAR, Pinto RMA, Silvestre SM. Steroidal 5α-reductase and 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17) inhibitors useful in the treatment of prostatic diseases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 137:199-222. [PMID: 23688836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of steroidal inhibitors of androgen biosynthesis as potential weapons in the treatment of prostatic diseases, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer will be reviewed. Two enzymes have been targeted in the development of inhibitors that potentially could be useful in the management of such conditions. 5α-Reductase is primarily of interest in benign prostatic disease, though some role in the chemoprevention of prostatic carcinoma have been considered, whereas the 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17) enzyme is of interest in the treatment of malignant disease. An overview of the main achievements obtained during the past years will be presented, however special focus will be made on steroidal molecules that reached clinical trials or have been commercially launched. Relevant examples of such drugs are finasteride, dutasteride, abiraterone acetate and galeterone (TOK-001, formerly known as VN/124-1). This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Synthesis and biological testing of steroid derivatives as inhibitors".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratório de Química Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal; Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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10
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Lourith N, Kanlayavattanakul M. Hair loss and herbs for treatment. J Cosmet Dermatol 2013; 12:210-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nattaya Lourith
- School of Cosmetic Science; Mae Fah Luang University; Chiang Rai Thailand
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Salvador JAR, Carvalho JFS, Neves MAC, Silvestre SM, Leitão AJ, Silva MMC, Sá e Melo ML. Anticancer steroids: linking natural and semi-synthetic compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:324-74. [PMID: 23151898 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20082a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroids, a widespread class of natural organic compounds occurring in animals, plants and fungi, have shown great therapeutic value for a broad array of pathologies. The present overview is focused on the anticancer activity of steroids, which is very representative of a rich structural molecular diversity and ability to interact with various biological targets and pathways. This review encompasses the most relevant discoveries on steroid anticancer drugs and leads through the last decade and comprises 668 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-508, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Adamovic T, Thai H, Liedén A, Nordenskjöld A. Association of a Tagging Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in theAndrogen ReceptorGene Region with Susceptibility to Severe Hypospadias in a Caucasian Population. Sex Dev 2013; 7:173-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000348882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Samtani R, Bajpai M, Vashisht K, Ghosh P, Saraswathy K. Hypospadias Risk and Polymorphism in SRD5A2 and CYP17 Genes: Case-Control Study Among Indian Children. J Urol 2011; 185:2334-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ratika Samtani
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Minu Bajpai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, Delhi, India
| | - Kapil Vashisht
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, Delhi, India
| | - P.K. Ghosh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - K.N. Saraswathy
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Suzuki R, Satoh H, Ohtani H, Hori S, Sawada Y. Saturable Binding of Finasteride to Steroid 5α-reductase as Determinant of Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2010; 25:208-13. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.25.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pistritto G, Papacleovoulou G, Ragone G, Di Cesare S, Papaleo V, Mason JI, Barbaccia ML. Differentiation-dependent progesterone synthesis and metabolism in NT2-N human neurons. Exp Neurol 2009; 217:302-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Bass R, Perry B, Langenstroer P, Thrasher JB, Dennis KL, Tawfik O, Holzbeierlein J. Effects of Short-Term Finasteride on Apoptotic Factors and Androgen Receptors in Prostate Cancer Cells. J Urol 2009; 181:615-9; discussion 619-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bass
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Hospital, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Billy Perry
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Hospital, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Peter Langenstroer
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Hospital, Kansas City, Kansas
| | | | - Katie L. Dennis
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Hospital, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Osama Tawfik
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Hospital, Kansas City, Kansas
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Hayes VM, Severi G, Padilla EJD, Morris HA, Tilley WD, Southey MC, English DR, Sutherland RL, Hopper JL, Boyle P, Giles GG. 5α-Reductase type 2 gene variant associations with prostate cancer risk, circulating hormone levels and androgenetic alopecia. Int J Cancer 2006; 120:776-80. [PMID: 17136762 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists over the significance of associations between the SRD5A2 (5alpha-reductase type 2) polymorphisms, A49T and V89L, and risk of prostate cancer. These potentially functional polymorphisms may alter life-long exposure to androgens with subsequent effects on male health and aging. The aim of this study was to examine the association of these variants with prostate cancer risk, plasma hormone levels and androgenetic alopecia. Subjects include 827 cases and 736 controls from an Australian population-based case-control study of prostate cancer. Information on prostate cancer risk factors and patterns of balding were collected. Plasma levels of testosterone, 3alpha-diol glucuronide (3alpha-diolG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, sex hormone-binding globulin and estradiol were measured for controls. No associations with the V89L polymorphism were found. Carriers of the rarer A49T A allele were at a 60% higher risk of prostate cancer (OR = 1.60; 95% CI 1.09-2.36; p = 0.02) and 50% lower risk of vertex and frontal balding (p = 0.03) compared with men homozygous for the more common G allele. Although we found little evidence of association between this variant and plasma levels of 5 measured androgens, circulating 3alpha-diolG levels were 34% lower in A49T A allele carriers (p < 0.0001). Our study provides evidence that the SRD5A2 A49T A variant is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, lower levels of circulating 3alpha-diolG and decreased risk of baldness. These findings raise important questions with respect to previous assumptions concerning hormonal influences on prostate cancer risk in ageing males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Hayes
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Andriole G, Bostwick D, Civantos F, Epstein J, Lucia MS, McConnell J, Roehrborn CG. The effects of 5alpha-reductase inhibitors on the natural history, detection and grading of prostate cancer: current state of knowledge. J Urol 2006; 174:2098-104. [PMID: 16280736 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000181216.71605.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) showed that the 5alpha-reductase inhibitor (5ARI) finasteride significantly decreased the 7-year period prevalence of prostate cancer vs placebo. However, Gleason score 7-10 tumors were significantly more common in the finasteride vs the placebo group. We considered data on the effects of 5ARIs on prostate cancer natural history and detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS A detailed review was performed of the literature identified from the MEDLINE database examining the effects of 5ARIs on prostate cancer prevalence and tumor histopathology. RESULTS In PCPT there were fewer biopsies performed for cause in the finasteride vs the placebo group and the proportion of high grade tumors in the treatment groups did not diverge with time. Given that finasteride has an effect on prostate specific antigen and prostate volume, which are key factors in triggering prostate biopsies, they may be significant confounders of Gleason score results. Prostate shrinkage in the finasteride treated group may minimize biopsy sampling error. Furthermore, histological studies have shown that 5ARIs have a significant effect on prostate architecture, which can make the interpretation of prostate specimens in men treated with 5ARIs difficult. Further evaluation of PCPT findings will help determine the true nature of these observations. CONCLUSIONS 5ARIs decrease the risk of prostate cancer but also alter the detection of disease through effects on prostate specific antigen, and prostate volume and histology. The weight of evidence suggests an artifactual effect of finasteride on Gleason grading in the PCPT. The role of 5ARIs for prostate cancer chemoprevention needs further examination before it can be considered for wide recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Andriole
- Division of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University-St. Louis, 4960 Children's Place, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Abstract
Testosterone is converted to the more biologically active androgen, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), by steroid 5alpha-reductase. Two isozymes of 5alpha-reductase, types 1 and 2, are abundantly expressed in the epididymis. DHT is the androgen found in the nuclei of epididymal cells and is essential for the maturation of spermatozoa. Thus, one approach to block androgen action in the epididymis is to inhibit DHT formation. Several compounds have been reported to inhibit either one or both forms of 5alpha-reductase in many tissues. The first commercially available inhibitor of 5alpha-reductase, finasteride, has a predominant effect on the type 2 isozyme, while more recently developed agents, such as dutasteride, PNU157706 and FK143, act as dual inhibitors. We found that the treatment of adult rats with such agents results in pronounced effects on the expression of genes essential to the formation of the optimal luminal microenvironment that is required for proper sperm maturation. Furthermore, drug treatment caused a significant decrease in the percentage of progressively motile and morphologically normal spermatozoa in the cauda epididymides. Mating females to treated males resulted in fewer successful pregnancies and a higher rate of pre-implantation loss. Thus, there may be a role for dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitors as potential components of a male contraceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Robaire
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montréal, Qué., Canada.
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Salam MT, Ursin G, Skinner EC, Dessissa T, Reichardt JKV. Associations between polymorphisms in the steroid 5-alpha reductase type II (SRD5A2) gene and benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2005; 23:246-53. [PMID: 16018939 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2004.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 12/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The prostate gland is an androgen-dependent, and polymorphisms in androgen synthesis gene steroid 5-alpha reductase type II (SRD5A2) may be associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. We evaluated the association between 3 polymorphisms in the SRD5A2 gene (2 single nucleotide polymorphism: alanine-49 to threonine [A49T] and valine-89 to leucine [V89L], and a (TA)n dinucleotide repeat in the 3' untranslated region), and BPH and prostate cancer within a multiethnic population. Men between 60 and 86 years of age were recruited from annual prostate cancer screening programs and from a large urology clinic. Unconditional logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). We genotyped 606 men (412 Hispanic, 98 Caucasian, 73 African-American, and 23 Asian), of whom 100 had prostate cancer, 393 had BPH (280 symptomatic and 113 asymptomatic), and 113 had normal prostates. Overall, the V89L variant was associated with prostate cancer; the OR for men with the leucine-leucine (LL) genotype compared to men with the valine-valine (VV) genotype was 4.47 (95% CI, 1.24-16.18). This association was stronger in Hispanics (OR=7.26; 95% CI: 1.49-35.47). Although V89L was nonsignificantly associated with BPH in overall population, BPH risk increased significantly with the number of L alleles in Hispanics (P for trend=0.03). Prostate cancer and BPH were not associated with the alanine-49 to threonine single nucleotide polymorphism and the (TA)n repeat. These results suggest that the SRD5A2 gene may play an important role in both BPH and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad T Salam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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Forrest MS, Edwards SM, Houlston R, Kote-Jarai Z, Key T, Allen N, Knowles MA, Turner F, Ardern-Jones A, Murkin A, Williams S, Oram R, Bishop DT, Eeles RA. Association between hormonal genetic polymorphisms and early-onset prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2005; 8:95-102. [PMID: 15711606 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the association between seven polymorphisms in four candidate genes involved in vitamin D and androgen metabolism with early-onset prostate cancer (CaP) risk. The polymorphisms were genotyped in 288 UK males who were diagnosed with CaP at the age of 55 y or younger and up to 700 population-based controls. An additional 50 cases (not selected for age) and 76 controls were also genotyped. Short (< or =22 repeats) AR (CAG)(n) repeats were associated with a significantly reduced risk of early onset CaP (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.50-0.91) compared with men with long (> 22) repeats. Men homozygous for the leucine variant of SRD5A2 p.89V > L were also found to be at a significantly increased risk of CaP compared with men who were homozygous for the valine allele (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.15-2.98). No associations were found with the AR (GGC)(n), CYP17 Msp A1 I, VDR Taq I, SRD5A2 (TA)(n) and p.49A >T polymorphisms and CaP risk. These findings suggest that common polymorphisms in the AR and SRD5A2 genes may be associated with early-onset CaP in British men.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Forrest
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Medicine Research Division, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Henderson NA, Robaire B. Effects of PNU157706, a Dual 5α-Reductase Inhibitor, on Rat Epididymal Sperm Maturation and Fertility1. Biol Reprod 2005; 72:436-43. [PMID: 15483222 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.033548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm entering the epididymis gain progressive motility and fertilizing ability in a process termed maturation. The functional dependence of the epididymis on dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is well established, yet few studies have examined the consequences on the epididymis of inhibiting DHT formation. We have shown that inhibition of both isoforms of 5alpha-reductase (types 1 and 2), the enzyme that converts testosterone to DHT, has pronounced effects on epididymal gene expression. In the present study, we investigate whether inhibiting 5alpha-reductase has consequences on epididymal sperm maturation. Rats were treated with vehicle or 10 mg/kg/day PNU157706, a dual-type inhibitor, for 28 days. Fertility and several key facets of sperm maturation were analyzed. Changes in sperm motility were assessed by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Changes in sperm morphology were assessed by CASA and electron microscopy. The motility of spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis of treated animals showed a significant decrease in both the percentage of motile and progressively motile sperm as well as altered motion parameters. The morphology of cauda epididymal spermatozoa was also adversely affected by the treatment; the most prominent effect was a markedly elevated proportion of sperm that retained their cytoplasmic droplet. Matings with treated males resulted in fewer successful pregnancies and a higher rate of preimplantation loss. Progeny outcome was unaffected. The compromised sperm motility and morphology likely contribute to the subfertility of inhibitor-treated rats. Our results indicate a role for dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitors in further studies of epididymal physiology and as a potential component of a male contraceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali Anne Henderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Makridakis N, Akalu A, Reichardt JKV. Identification and characterization of somatic steroid 5α-reductase (SRD5A2) mutations in human prostate cancer tissue. Oncogene 2004; 23:7399-405. [PMID: 15326487 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a very common disease in industrialized countries and it is known to be androgen-dependent. The human SRD5A2 gene encodes the prostatic (or type II) steroid 5alpha-reductase, which catalyses the irreversible conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the most active androgen in the prostate. We have sequenced the entire protein-coding region of this locus in 30 microdissected prostate adenocarcinomas. We identified a total of 17 de novo amino-acid substitutions in 13 of these tumors. We also identified six additional silent substitutions. In total, 18 out of 30 (60%) of the tumors examined had de novo somatic substitutions in the prostatic steroid 5alpha-reductase-coding region. We also characterized all of the SRD5A2 missense substitutions biochemically and pharmacologically, using three 5alpha-reductase inhibitors, including finasteride. The biochemical parameters of the distinct 5alpha-reductase missense substitutions varied substantially. We note that two out of the three recurrent SRD5A2 missense substitutions increased 5alpha-reductase in vitro activity, while the third one is essentially neutral. These findings are consistent with a role for increased DHT levels in the prostate through increased activity of the SRD5A2 locus in prostate cancer progression, in a subset of patients. Our pharmacologic studies also reveal substantial variability for each 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. These data, therefore, should be taken into account in both prevention as well as therapeutic trials of prostate cancer utilizing 5alpha-reductase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Makridakis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-9075, USA
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Chen W, Thiboutot D, Zouboulis CC. Cutaneous androgen metabolism: basic research and clinical perspectives. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:992-1007. [PMID: 12445184 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The skin, especially the pilosebaceous unit composed of sebaceous glands and hair follicles, can synthesize androgens de novo from cholesterol or by locally converting circulating weaker androgens to more potent ones. As in other classical steroidogenic organs, the same six major enzyme systems are involved in cutaneous androgen metabolism, namely steroid sulfatase, 3beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, steroid 5alpha-reductase, 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and aromatase. Steroid sulfatase, together with P450 side chain cleavage enzyme and P450 17-hydroxylase, was found to reside in the cytoplasm of sebocytes and keratinocytes. Strong steroid sulfatase immunoreactivity was observed in the lesional skin but not in unaffected skin of acne patients. 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase has been mainly immunolocalized to sebaceous glands, with the type 1 being the key cutaneous isoenzyme. The type 2 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoenzyme predominates in sebaceous glands and exhibits greater reductive activity in glands from facial areas compared with acne nonprone areas. In hair follicles, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was identified mainly in outer root sheath cells. The type 1 5alpha-reductase mainly occurs in the sebaceous glands, whereby the type II isoenzyme seems to be localized in the hair follicles. 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase converts dihydrotestosterone to 3alpha-androstanediol, and the use of 3alpha-androstanediol glucuronide serum level to reflect the hyperandrogenic state in hirsute women may be a reliable parameter, especially for idiopathic hirsutism. In acne patients it is still controversial if 3alpha-androstanediol glucuronide or androsterone glucuronide could serve as suitable serum markers for measuring androgenicity. Aromatase, localized to sebaceous glands and to both outer as well as inner root sheath cells of anagen terminal hair follicles, may play a "detoxifying" role by removing excess androgens. Pharmacologic development of more potent specific isoenzyme antagonists may lead to better clinical treatment or even prevention of androgen-dependent dermatoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- WenChieh Chen
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Makridakis NM, di Salle E, Reichardt JK. Biochemical and pharmacogenetic dissection of human steroid 5 alpha-reductase type II. PHARMACOGENETICS 2000; 10:407-13. [PMID: 10898110 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200007000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human prostatic steroid 5alpha-reductase, encoded by the SRD5A2 gene on chromosome band 2p23, catalyses the irreversible conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the most active androgen in the prostate, with NADPH as its cofactor. This enzyme has never been purified but a number of competitive inhibitors have been developed for this enzyme since increased steroid 5alpha-reductase activity may cause benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer. We report here the detailed biochemical and pharmacogenetic dissection of the human enzyme by analysing 10 missense substitutions and three double mutants which are all naturally found in humans. Nine of these 13 mutants reduce activity (measured as Vmax) by 20% or more, three increase steroid 5alpha-reductase by more than 15% and one results in essentially unaltered kinetic properties suggesting that it is a truly neutral ('polymorphic') amino acid substitution. Substantial pharmacogenetic variation among the mutants was also observed when three competitive inhibitors, finasteride, GG745 (dutasteride) and PNU157706, were investigated. Our studies not only define the substrate and cofactor binding sites of human steroid 5alpha-reductase, but also have significant consequences for the pharmacological usage of steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitors in human patients treated for prostatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Makridakis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-9075, USA
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Zaccheo T, Giudici D, di Salle E. Effect of the dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor PNU 157706 on the growth of dunning R3327 prostatic carcinoma in the rat. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 64:193-8. [PMID: 9605414 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(97)00157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PNU 157706 [N-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluorophenylpropyl)-3-oxo-4-aza-5alpha-androst-1-ene-17beta-carboxamide] is a novel, potent and selective dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. We have investigated its effect on tumor growth, endocrine organ weights and prostatic dihydrotestosterone (DHT) content in rats bearing the androgen dependent Dunning R3327 prostatic carcinoma. Animals with tumor diameters of about 1 cm were treated orally for 9 weeks with PNU 157706 (2 and 10 mg/kg/day, 6 days a week) or they were castrated, to check the hormone responsiveness of the tumor. PNU 157706 was effective at both doses tested in reducing tumor growth (53 and 51% inhibition at 2 and 10 mg/kg/day, respectively), while castration caused higher inhibition (82%) of tumor growth. A marked reduction of ventral prostate weight occurred in rats treated with both doses of PNU 157706 (75 and 78%) or castrated (91%). Seminal vesicle weight was also reduced by PNU 157706 administration (56 and 61% inhibition), whereas testes, adrenal, thymus and pituitary weights were not affected. Prostatic DHT content was markedly suppressed (85 and 91%) in PNU 157706 treated rats, compared to 95% suppression caused by castration. These data support a possible role of dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitors in the hormonal therapy of prostatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zaccheo
- Experimental Endocrinology, Research/Oncology, Pharmacia and Upjohn, Nerviano (MI), Italy.
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