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Nishioka S, Watabe S, Yanagisawa Y, Sayama K, Kizaki H, Imai S, Someya M, Taniguchi R, Yada S, Aramaki E, Hori S. Adverse Event Signal Detection Using Patients' Concerns in Pharmaceutical Care Records: Evaluation of Deep Learning Models. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e55794. [PMID: 38625718 PMCID: PMC11061790 DOI: 10.2196/55794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection of adverse events and their management are crucial to improving anticancer treatment outcomes, and listening to patients' subjective opinions (patients' voices) can make a major contribution to improving safety management. Recent progress in deep learning technologies has enabled various new approaches for the evaluation of safety-related events based on patient-generated text data, but few studies have focused on the improvement of real-time safety monitoring for individual patients. In addition, no study has yet been performed to validate deep learning models for screening patients' narratives for clinically important adverse event signals that require medical intervention. In our previous work, novel deep learning models have been developed to detect adverse event signals for hand-foot syndrome or adverse events limiting patients' daily lives from the authored narratives of patients with cancer, aiming ultimately to use them as safety monitoring support tools for individual patients. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate whether our deep learning models can screen clinically important adverse event signals that require intervention by health care professionals. The applicability of our deep learning models to data on patients' concerns at pharmacies was also assessed. METHODS Pharmaceutical care records at community pharmacies were used for the evaluation of our deep learning models. The records followed the SOAP format, consisting of subjective (S), objective (O), assessment (A), and plan (P) columns. Because of the unique combination of patients' concerns in the S column and the professional records of the pharmacists, this was considered a suitable data for the present purpose. Our deep learning models were applied to the S records of patients with cancer, and the extracted adverse event signals were assessed in relation to medical actions and prescribed drugs. RESULTS From 30,784 S records of 2479 patients with at least 1 prescription of anticancer drugs, our deep learning models extracted true adverse event signals with more than 80% accuracy for both hand-foot syndrome (n=152, 91%) and adverse events limiting patients' daily lives (n=157, 80.1%). The deep learning models were also able to screen adverse event signals that require medical intervention by health care providers. The extracted adverse event signals could reflect the side effects of anticancer drugs used by the patients based on analysis of prescribed anticancer drugs. "Pain or numbness" (n=57, 36.3%), "fever" (n=46, 29.3%), and "nausea" (n=40, 25.5%) were common symptoms out of the true adverse event signals identified by the model for adverse events limiting patients' daily lives. CONCLUSIONS Our deep learning models were able to screen clinically important adverse event signals that require intervention for symptoms. It was also confirmed that these deep learning models could be applied to patients' subjective information recorded in pharmaceutical care records accumulated during pharmacists' daily work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nishioka
- Division of Drug Informatics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watabe
- Division of Drug Informatics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Yanagisawa
- Division of Drug Informatics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sayama
- Division of Drug Informatics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Kizaki
- Division of Drug Informatics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shungo Imai
- Division of Drug Informatics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Shuntaro Yada
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Eiji Aramaki
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Satoko Hori
- Division of Drug Informatics, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Yamura S, Kawada N, Yamakado S, Kyosei Y, Watabe S, Yoshimura T, Murase Y, Mitarai S, Ito E. Non-amplification nucleic acid detection with thio-NAD cycling. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 204:106647. [PMID: 36496031 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The PCR technique is indispensable in biology and medicine, but some difficulties are associated with its use, including false positive or false negative amplifications. To avoid these issues, a non-amplification nucleic acid detection protocol is needed. In the present study, we propose a method in which nucleic-acid probe hybridization is combined with thio-NAD cycling to detect nucleic acids without amplification. We report our application of this method for the detection of the gene of MPT64 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Two different cDNA probes targeted the mpt64 gene: the first probe was used to immobilize the mpt64 gene, and the second probe, linked with alkaline phosphatase (ALP), was hybridized to a target sequence in the mpt64 gene. A substrate was then hydrolyzed by ALP, and a cycling reaction was conducted by a dehydrogenase with its co-factors (thio-NAD and NADH). The single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA, plasmid DNA for the mpt64 gene, and whole genome of M. tuberculosis var. BCG were detected at the level of 105-106 copies/assay, whereas the non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (e.g., M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. kansasii, and M. abscessus) were below the limits of detection. The present method enables us to avoid the errors inherent in nucleic acid amplification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sou Yamura
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawada
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuta Kyosei
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watabe
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruki Yoshimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Murase
- The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mitarai
- The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan; Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Sanmin, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Iha K, Tsurusawa N, Tsai HY, Lin MW, Sonoda H, Watabe S, Yoshimura T, Ito E. Ultrasensitive ELISA detection of proteins in separated lumen and membrane fractions of cancer cell exosomes. Anal Biochem 2022; 654:114831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Tsurusawa N, Chang J, Namba M, Makioka D, Yamura S, Iha K, Kyosei Y, Watabe S, Yoshimura T, Ito E. Modified ELISA for Ultrasensitive Diagnosis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:5197. [PMID: 34768717 PMCID: PMC8585087 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be used for quantitative measurement of proteins, and improving the detection sensitivity to the ultrasensitive level would facilitate the diagnosis of various diseases. In the present review article, we first define the term 'ultrasensitive'. We follow this with a survey and discussion of the current literature regarding modified ELISA methods with ultrasensitive detection and their application for diagnosis. Finally, we introduce our own newly devised system for ultrasensitive ELISA combined with thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cycling and its application for the diagnosis of infectious diseases and lifestyle-related diseases. The aim of the present article is to expand the application of ultrasensitive ELISAs in the medical and biological fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Tsurusawa
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (N.T.); (J.C.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (S.Y.); (K.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Jyunhao Chang
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (N.T.); (J.C.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (S.Y.); (K.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Mayuri Namba
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (N.T.); (J.C.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (S.Y.); (K.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Daiki Makioka
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (N.T.); (J.C.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (S.Y.); (K.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Sou Yamura
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (N.T.); (J.C.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (S.Y.); (K.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Kanako Iha
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (N.T.); (J.C.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (S.Y.); (K.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yuta Kyosei
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (N.T.); (J.C.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (S.Y.); (K.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Satoshi Watabe
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
| | - Teruki Yoshimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (N.T.); (J.C.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (S.Y.); (K.I.); (Y.K.)
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
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Kyosei Y, Namba M, Makioka D, Kokubun A, Watabe S, Yoshimura T, Sasaki T, Shioda T, Ito E. Ultrasensitive Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins Using the Thio-NAD Cycling Reaction: A Preliminary Study before Clinical Trials. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112214. [PMID: 34835340 PMCID: PMC8619787 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To help control the global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we developed a diagnostic method targeting the spike protein of the virus that causes the infection, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We applied an ultrasensitive method by combining a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the thio-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (thio-NAD) cycling reaction to quantify spike S1 proteins. The limit of detection (LOD) was 2.62 × 10−19 moles/assay for recombinant S1 proteins and 2.6 × 106 RNA copies/assay for ultraviolet B-inactivated viruses. We have already shown that the ultrasensitive ELISA for nucleocapsid proteins can detect ultraviolet B-inactivated viruses at the 104 RNA copies/assay level, whereas the nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are difficult to distinguish from those in conventional coronaviruses and SARS-CoV. Thus, an antigen test for only the nucleocapsid proteins is insufficient for virus specificity. Therefore, the use of a combination of tests against both spike and nucleocapsid proteins is recommended to increase both the detection sensitivity and testing accuracy of the COVID-19 antigen test. Taken together, our present study, in which we incorporate S1 detection by combining the ultrasensitive ELISA for nucleocapsid proteins, offers an ultrasensitive, antigen-specific test for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kyosei
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Mayuri Namba
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Daiki Makioka
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Ayumi Kokubun
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Satoshi Watabe
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
| | - Teruki Yoshimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan;
| | - Tadahiro Sasaki
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (A.K.)
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Iha K, Kyosei Y, Namba M, Makioka D, Yamura S, Watabe S, Yoshimura T, Ito E. Zeptomole Detection of an Enzyme by a Simple Colorimetric Method. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1469-1472. [PMID: 33746140 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21n009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme immunoassay, in which an enzyme (e.g., alkaline phosphatase, ALP) is conjugated with an antibody, is a precise and simple protein detection method. Precise measurements of enzymes at low concentrations allow for ultrasensitive protein detection. The application of a phosphorylated substrate to ALP, followed by using a dephosphorylated substrate in thionicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide cycling, provides a simple and precise quantification of ALP. We describe a protocol for detecting ALP at the zeptomole level using a simple colorimetric method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Iha
- Department of Biology, Waseda University
| | | | | | | | - Sou Yamura
- Department of Biology, Waseda University
| | - Satoshi Watabe
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | - Teruki Yoshimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University.,Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University
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7
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Kyosei Y, Namba M, Yamura S, Watabe S, Yoshimura T, Sasaki T, Shioda T, Ito E. Improved Detection Sensitivity of an Antigen Test for SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Proteins with Thio-NAD Cycling. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1332-1336. [PMID: 34148926 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antigen tests for infectious diseases are inexpensive and easy-to-use, but the limit of detection (LOD) is generally higher than that of PCR tests, which are considered the gold standard. In the present study, we combined a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with thionicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (thio-NAD) cycling to improve the LOD of antigen tests for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). For recombinant nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the LOD of our ELISA with thio-NAD cycling was 2.95 × 10-17 moles/assay. When UV-irradiated inactive SARS-CoV-2 was used, the minimum detectable virions corresponding to 2.6 × 104 RNA copies/assay were obtained using our ELISA with thio-NAD cycling. The assay volume for each test was 100 µL. The minimum detectable value was smaller than that of the latest antigen test using a fluorescent immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2, indicating the validity of our detection system for COVID-19 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sou Yamura
- Department of Biology, Waseda University
| | - Satoshi Watabe
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University
| | - Teruki Yoshimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido
| | - Tadahiro Sasaki
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University.,Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University
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Abstract
PCR diagnosis has been considered as the gold standard for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other many diseases. However, there are many problems in using PCR, such as non-specific (i.e., false-positive) and false-negative amplifications, the limits of a target sample volume, deactivation of the enzymes used, complicated techniques, difficulty in designing probe sequences, and the expense. We, thus, need an alternative to PCR, for example an ultrasensitive antigen test. In the present review, we summarize the following three topics. (1) The problems of PCR are outlined. (2) The antigen tests are surveyed in the literature that was published in 2020, and their pros and cons are discussed for commercially available antigen tests. (3) Our own antigen test on the basis of an ultrasensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is introduced. Finally, we discuss the possibility that our antigen test by an ultrasensitive ELISA technique will become the gold standard for diagnosis of COVID-19 and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kyosei
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Sou Yamura
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Mayuri Namba
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Teruki Yoshimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watabe
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.,Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Sanmin, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
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9
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Wang WH, Takeuchi R, Jain SH, Jiang YH, Watanuki S, Ohtaki Y, Nakaishi K, Watabe S, Lu PL, Ito E. A novel, rapid (within hours) culture-free diagnostic method for detecting live Mycobacterium tuberculosis with high sensitivity. EBioMedicine 2020; 60:103007. [PMID: 32949995 PMCID: PMC7501073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are widely used to diagnose tuberculosis (TB), but cannot discriminate live bacilli from dead bacilli. Live bacilli can be isolated by culture methods, but this is time-consuming. We developed a de novo TB diagnostic method that detects only live bacilli with high sensitivity within hours. METHODS A prospective study was performed in Taiwan from 2017 to 2018. Sputum was collected consecutively from 1102 patients with suspected TB infection. The sputum was pretreated and heated at 46°C for 1 h to induce the secretion of MPT64 protein from live Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MPT64 was detected with our ultrasensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) coupled with thionicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (thio-NAD) cycling. We compared our data with those obtained using a culture test (MGIT), a smear test (Kinyoun staining), and a NAAT (Xpert). FINDINGS The limit of detection for MPT64 in our culture-free ultrasensitive ELISA was 2.0 × 10-19 moles/assay. When the criterion for a positive response was set as an absorbance value ≥17 mAbs, this value corresponded to ca. 330 CFU/mL in the culture method - almost the same high-detection sensitivity as the culture method. To confirm that MPT64 is secreted from only live bacilli, M. bovis BCG was killed using 8 μg/mL rifampicin and then heated. Following this procedure, our method detected no MPT64. Our rapid ultra-sensitive ELISA-based method required only 5 h to complete. Comparing the results of our method with those of culture tests for 944 specimens revealed a sensitivity of 86.9% (93/107, 95% CI: 79.0-92.7%) and a specificity of 92.0% (770/837, 95% CI: 89.9-93.7%). The performance data were not significantly different (McNemar's test, P = 0.887) from those of the Xpert tests. In addition, at a ≥1+ titer in the smear test, the positive predictive value of our culture-free ultrasensitive ELISA tests was in a good agreement with that of the culture tests. Furthermore, our culture-free ultrasensitive ELISA test had better validity for drug effectiveness examination than Xpert tests because our test detected only live bacilli. INTERPRETATION Our culture-free ultrasensitive ELISA method detects only live TB bacilli with high sensitivity within hours, allowing for rapid diagnosis of TB and monitoring drug efficacy. FUNDING Matching Planner Program from JST (VP29117939087), the A-STEP Program from JST (AS3015096U), Waseda University grants for Specific Research Projects (2017A-015 and 2019C-123), the Precise Measurement Technology Promotion Foundation to E.I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hung Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, 100 TzYou 1st Rd., Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Rikiya Takeuchi
- R&D Department, TAUNS Laboratories, Inc., 761-1 Kamishima, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2325, Japan
| | - Shu-Huei Jain
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, 100 TzYou 1st Rd., Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Huang Jiang
- R&D Department, TAUNS Laboratories, Inc., 761-1 Kamishima, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2325, Japan
| | - Sonoko Watanuki
- R&D Department, TAUNS Laboratories, Inc., 761-1 Kamishima, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2325, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Ohtaki
- R&D Department, TAUNS Laboratories, Inc., 761-1 Kamishima, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2325, Japan
| | - Kazunari Nakaishi
- R&D Headquarters, TAUNS Laboratories, Inc., 761-1 Kamishima, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2325, Japan; Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watabe
- R&D Headquarters, TAUNS Laboratories, Inc., 761-1 Kamishima, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2325, Japan; Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Po-Liang Lu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, 100 TzYou 1st Rd., Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan.
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan; Department of Biology, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.
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10
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Kyosei Y, Namba M, Yamura S, Takeuchi R, Aoki N, Nakaishi K, Watabe S, Ito E. Proposal of De Novo Antigen Test for COVID-19: Ultrasensitive Detection of Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E594. [PMID: 32823866 PMCID: PMC7459804 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based antigen tests are technically difficult, time-consuming, and expensive, and may produce false negative results requiring follow-up confirmation with computed tomography. The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has increased the demand for accurate, easy-to-use, rapid, and cost-effective antigen tests for clinical application. We propose a de novo antigen test for diagnosing COVID-19 using the combination of sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and thio-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (thio-NAD) cycling. Our test takes advantage of the spike proteins specific to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The limit of detection of our test was 2.3 × 10-18 moles/assay. If the virus has ~25 spike proteins on its surface, our method should detect on the order of 10-20 moles of virus/assay, corresponding to ~104 copies of the virus RNA/assay. The detection sensitivity approaches that of PCR-based assays because the average virus RNA load used for PCR-based assays is ~105 copies per oro- or naso-pharyngeal swab specimen. To our knowledge, this is the first ultrasensitive antigen test for SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins that can be performed with an easy-to-use microplate reader. Sufficient sensitivity can be achieved within 10 min of thio-NAD cycling. Our antigen test allows for rapid, cost-effective, specific, ultrasensitive, and simultaneous multiple measurements of SARS-CoV-2, and has broad application for the diagnosis for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kyosei
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (S.Y.)
| | - Mayuri Namba
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (S.Y.)
| | - Sou Yamura
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (S.Y.)
| | - Rikiya Takeuchi
- Research and Development Department, TAUNS Laboratories, Inc., 245-1 Doniwa, Shimizu, Sunto, Shizuoka 411-0903, Japan; (R.T.); (N.A.); (S.W.)
| | - Noriko Aoki
- Research and Development Department, TAUNS Laboratories, Inc., 245-1 Doniwa, Shimizu, Sunto, Shizuoka 411-0903, Japan; (R.T.); (N.A.); (S.W.)
| | - Kazunari Nakaishi
- Quality Headquarters, TAUNS Laboratories, Inc., 761-1 Kamishima, Izunokuni, Shizuoka 410-2325, Japan;
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watabe
- Research and Development Department, TAUNS Laboratories, Inc., 245-1 Doniwa, Shimizu, Sunto, Shizuoka 411-0903, Japan; (R.T.); (N.A.); (S.W.)
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (S.Y.)
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100 Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
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11
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Abstract
Accurate, rapid and simple detection methods are required to facilitate early diagnosis of various disorders including infectious and lifestyle diseases as well as cancer. These detection approaches reduce the window of infection, i.e., the period between infection and reliable detection. Optimally, these methods should target protein as an indicator of pathogenic microbes as well as other biomarkers. For example, although nucleic acid is easily detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), these markers are also present in dead microbes, and, in the case of mRNA, it is not known whether this target was successfully translated. Accordingly, early diagnostic approaches require the development of ultrasensitive protein detection methods. In this chapter, we introduce an ultrasensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which combines a traditional sandwich-based immunoassay with thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (thio-NAD) cycling. The performance characteristics of this unique approach are reviewed as well as its potential role in providing a novel and ultrasensitive diagnostic tool in the clinical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan; Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Kanako Iha
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruki Yoshimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazunari Nakaishi
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan; R&D Headquarters, TAUNS Laboratories, Inc., Izunokuni, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watabe
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan; R&D Headquarters, TAUNS Laboratories, Inc., Izunokuni, Japan
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12
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Yamakado S, Cho H, Inada M, Morikawa M, Jiang YH, Saito K, Nakaishi K, Watabe S, Takagi H, Kaneda M, Nakatsuma A, Ninomiya M, Imachi H, Arai T, Yoshimoto T, Murao K, Chang JH, Chen SM, Shih YC, Zeng MJ, Ke LY, Chen CH, Yoshimura T, Miura T, Ito E. Urinary adiponectin as a new diagnostic index for chronic kidney disease due to diabetic nephropathy. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2019; 7:e000661. [PMID: 31245009 PMCID: PMC6557464 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The chronic kidney disease (CKD) is widely diagnosed on the basis of albuminuria and the glomerular filtration rate. A more precise diagnosis of CKD, however, requires the assessment of other factors. Urinary adiponectin recently attracted attention for CKD assessment, but evaluation is difficult due to the very low concentration of urinary adiponectin in normal subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We developed an ultrasensitive ELISA coupled with thionicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide cycling to detect trace amounts of proteins, which allows us to measure urinary adiponectin at the subattomole level. We measured urinary adiponectin levels in 59 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and 24 subjects without DM (normal) to test our hypothesis that urinary adiponectin levels increase with progression of CKD due to DM. RESULTS The urinary adiponectin levels were 14.88±3.16 (ng/mg creatinine, mean±SEM) for patients with DM, and 3.06±0.33 (ng/mg creatinine) for normal subjects. The threshold between them was 4.0 ng/mg creatinine. The urinary adiponectin levels increased with an increase in the CKD risk. Furthermore, urinary adiponectin mainly formed a medium-molecular weight multimer (a hexamer) in patients with DM, whereas it formed only a low-molecular weight multimer (a trimer) in normal subjects. That is, the increase in urinary adiponectin in patients with DM led to the emergence of a medium-molecular weight form in urine. CONCLUSIONS Our new assay showed that urinary adiponectin could be a new diagnostic index for CKD. This assay is a non-invasive test using only urine, thus reducing the patient burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroki Cho
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikio Inada
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Morikawa
- R&D Headquarters, TAUNS Laboratories, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yong-Huang Jiang
- R&D Headquarters, TAUNS Laboratories, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Saito
- R&D Headquarters, TAUNS Laboratories, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Watabe
- R&D Headquarters, TAUNS Laboratories, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Takagi
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Mugiho Kaneda
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Nakatsuma
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Ninomiya
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hitomi Imachi
- Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Arai
- Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Koji Murao
- Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Jyun-Hao Chang
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Min Chen
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Shih
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Jing Zeng
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Teruki Yoshimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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13
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De Silva DPN, Tan E, Mizuno N, Hosoya S, Reza MS, Watabe S, Kinoshita S, Asakawa S. Transcriptomic analysis of immunoglobulin novel antigen receptor (IgNAR) heavy chain constant domains of brownbanded bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium punctatum). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 84:370-376. [PMID: 30291985 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cartilaginous fish are the evolutionarily oldest group of animals which possess antibodies, T cell receptors and major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The immunoglobulin novel antigen receptor (IgNAR) found in cartilaginous fish is a heavy chain homodimer which lacks light chain. The presence of non-canonical cysteine molecules and lack of CDR2 region make it more significant. To synthesize active binding domains based on variable region of IgNAR (VNAR), knowledge on the constant region dynamics play a significant role. The IgNAR exhibit species variations in its primary sequence features; hence, this study was conducted to determine the IgNAR heavy chain constant domain of the brownbanded bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium punctatum). Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) isolated from adult bamboo sharks were used to synthesize a cDNA library. A total of four billion residues of two million sequences (average length 218.41 bp) were obtained. Assembled sequences were aligned with published cartilaginous fish IgNAR constant region sequences. Transcriptome analysis revealed two distinct types of IgNAR in the brownbanded bamboo shark. Also, constant-1 domain sequences displayed 13 unique sequences which may reflect the least number of IgNAR gene clusters. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the closest relationship with the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) followed by the wobbegong shark (Orectolobus maculatus) which belong to the same order Orectolobiformes. Analysis of the constant domains of the brownbanded bamboo shark IgNAR revealed an evolutionarily conserved nature and this knowledge can be used to design primers for VNAR cloning. Furthermore, knowledge on the structural features in IgNAR constant domains that increase the stability could be useful in the process of stabilizing human immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P N De Silva
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - E Tan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - N Mizuno
- Fisheries Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2971-4 Bentenjima, Nishi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-0214, Japan
| | - S Hosoya
- Fisheries Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 2971-4 Bentenjima, Nishi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-0214, Japan
| | - Md S Reza
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - S Watabe
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - S Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - S Asakawa
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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14
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Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Shi J, Wang X, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Ito M, Murakami K, da Silva Lopes TJ, Nakaishi K, Yamayoshi S, Watabe S, Chen H, Kawaoka Y. Development of an Influenza Rapid Diagnostic Kit Specific for the H7 Subtype. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1346. [PMID: 29988537 PMCID: PMC6026626 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the spring of 2013, human infections with H7N9 viruses have been detected in China. Some of these viruses have become highly pathogenic. Highly and low pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 viruses are currently co-circulating with the seasonal influenza A viruses H3N2 and H1N1pdm09. Prompt identification and isolation of H7N9 patients is one measure to prevent the spread of H7N9 virus and help prevent a pandemic. The majority of commercially available point-of-care rapid influenza diagnostic kits can differentiate between influenza A and B viruses, but cannot distinguish between H7N9 viruses and seasonal influenza A viruses. Accordingly, we have developed a rapid diagnostic kit specific for the H7 subtype that is accessible, easy to use. Although the detection limit of this H7 kit is one-tenth lower than that of a commercially available rapid influenza A and B diagnostic kit of similar design, except for the specificity of the monoclonal antibodies used, this kit is highly specific, detecting only H7-subtype influenza viruses, including the recent highly pathogenic H7N9 viruses from humans, and does not show any non-specific reactions with other HA subtypes. This H7 kit will be of value for the early detection of H7N9-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Iwatsuki-Horimoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuko Sakai-Tagawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Ito
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tiago J da Silva Lopes
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Watabe S, Morikawa M, Kaneda M, Nakaishi K, Nakatsuma A, Ninomiya M, Yoshimura T, Miura T, Ito E. Ultrasensitive detection of proteins and sugars at single-cell level. Commun Integr Biol 2016; 9:e1124201. [PMID: 27064305 PMCID: PMC4802808 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2015.1124201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Each cell produces its own responses even if it appears identical to other cells. To analyze these individual cell characteristics, we need to measure trace amounts of molecules in a single cell. Nucleic acids in a single cell can be easily amplified by polymerase chain reaction, but single-cell measurement of proteins and sugars will require de novo techniques. In the present study, we outline the techniques we have developed toward this end. For proteins, our ultrasensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) coupled with thionicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide cycling can detect proteins at subattomoles per assay. For sugars, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy coupled with glucose oxidase-catalyzed reaction allows us to measure glucose at tens of nM. Our methods thus offer versatile techniques for single-cell-level analyses, and they are hoped to strongly promote single-cell biology as well as to develop noninvasive tests in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mika Morikawa
- R&D Headquarters, TAUNS Laboratories, Inc., Izunokuni, Japan; Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Mugiho Kaneda
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University , Sanuki, Japan
| | | | - Akira Nakatsuma
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University , Sanuki, Japan
| | - Masaki Ninomiya
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University , Sanuki, Japan
| | - Teruki Yoshimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido , Ishikari-Tobetsu, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University , Sapporo, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University , Sanuki, Japan
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16
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Morikawa M, Naito R, Mita K, Watabe S, Nakaishi K, Yoshimura T, Miura T, Hashida S, Ito E. Subattomole detection of adiponectin in urine by ultrasensitive ELISA coupled with thio-NAD cycling. Biophys Physicobiol 2015; 12:79-86. [PMID: 27493857 PMCID: PMC4736831 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.12.0_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is a hormone secreted from adipocytes, and it demonstrates antidiabetic, anti-atherosclerotic, antiobesity and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the patterns of change in urinary adiponectin levels in various diseases remain unknown, because only trace amounts of the hormone are present in urine. In the present study, we applied an ultrasensitive ELISA coupled with thio-NAD cycling to measure urinary adiponectin levels. Spikeand-recovery tests using urine confirmed the reliability of our ultrasensitive ELISA. The limit of detection for adiponectin in urine was 2.3×10−19 moles/assay (1.4 pg/mL). The urinary adiponectin concentration ranged between 0.04 and 5.82 ng/mL in healthy subjects. The pilot study showed that the urinary adiponectin levels, which were corrected by the creatinine concentration, were 0.73±0.50 (ng/mg creatinine, N=6) for healthy subjects, versus 12.02±3.85 (ng/mg creatinine, N=3) for patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). That is, the urinary adiponectin levels were higher (P<0.05) in DM patients than in healthy subjects. Further, these urinary adiponectin levels tended to increase with the progression of DM accompanied with nephropathy. Our method is thus expected to provide a simple, rapid and reasonably priced test for noninvasive monitoring of the progression of DM without the requirement of special tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Morikawa
- R&D Headquarters, TAUNS Laboratories, Inc., Shizuoka 410-2325, Japan; Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Rina Naito
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | - Koichi Mita
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
| | | | - Kazunari Nakaishi
- R&D Headquarters, TAUNS Laboratories, Inc., Shizuoka 410-2325, Japan
| | - Teruki Yoshimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Seiichi Hashida
- Institute for Health Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan
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17
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Nakatsuma A, Kaneda M, Kodama H, Morikawa M, Watabe S, Nakaishi K, Yamashita M, Yoshimura T, Miura T, Ninomiya M, Ito E. Detection of HIV-1 p24 at Attomole Level by Ultrasensitive ELISA with Thio-NAD Cycling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131319. [PMID: 26098695 PMCID: PMC4476629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce the window period between HIV-1 infection and the ability to diagnose it, a fourth-generation immunoassay including the detection of HIV-1 p24 antigen has been developed. However, because the commercially available systems for this assay use special, high-cost instruments to measure, for example, chemiluminescence, it is performed only by diagnostics companies and hub hospitals. To overcome this limitation, we applied an ultrasensitive ELISA coupled with a thio-NAD cycling, which is based on a usual enzyme immunoassay without special instruments, to detect HIV-1 p24. The p24 detection limit by our ultrasensitive ELISA was 0.0065 IU/assay (i.e., ca. 10-18 moles/assay). Because HIV-1 p24 antigen is thought to be present in the virion in much greater numbers than viral RNA copies, the value of 10-18 moles of the p24/assay corresponds to ca. 103 copies of the HIV-1 RNA/assay. That is, our ultrasensitive ELISA is chasing the detection limit (102 copies/assay) obtained by PCR-based nucleic acid testing (NAT) with a margin of only one different order. Further, the detection limit by our ultrasensitive ELISA is less than that mandated for a CE-marked HIV antigen/antibody assay. An additional recovery test using blood supported the reliability of our ultrasensitive ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nakatsuma
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Mugiho Kaneda
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kodama
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Mika Morikawa
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
- TAUNS Laboratories, Inc., Izunokuni, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Teruki Yoshimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaki Ninomiya
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Watabe S, Kodama H, Kaneda M, Morikawa M, Nakaishi K, Yoshimura T, Iwai A, Miura T, Ito E. Ultrasensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of proteins by combination with the thio-NAD cycling method. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2014; 10:49-54. [PMID: 27493498 PMCID: PMC4629663 DOI: 10.2142/biophysics.10.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultrasensitive method for the determination of proteins is described that combines an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a thionicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (thio-NAD) cycling method. A sandwich method using a primary and a secondary antibody for antigens is employed in an ELISA. An androsterone derivative, 3α-hydroxysteroid, is produced by the hydrolysis of 3α-hydroxysteroid 3-phosphate with alkaline phosphatase linked to the secondary antibody. This 3α-hydroxysteroid is oxidized to a 3-ketosteroid by 3α- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD) with a cofactor thio-NAD. By the opposite reaction, the 3-ketosteroid is reduced to a 3α-hydroxysteroid by 3α-HSD with a cofactor NADH. During this cycling reaction, thio-NADH accumulates in a quadratic function-like fashion. Accumulated thio-NADH can be measured directly at an absorbance of 400 nm without any interference from other cofactors. These features enable us to detect a target protein with ultrasensitivity (10−19 mol/assay) by measuring the cumulative quantity of thio-NADH. Our ultrasensitive determination of proteins thus allows for the detection of small amounts of proteins only by the application of thio-NAD cycling reagents to the usual ELISA system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiromi Kodama
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
| | - Mugiho Kaneda
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
| | - Mika Morikawa
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan; TAUNS Co. Ltd., Izunokuni 410-2325, Japan
| | | | - Teruki Yoshimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Miura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan
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19
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Jagoda SSSDS, Wijewardana TG, Arulkanthan A, Igarashi Y, Tan E, Kinoshita S, Watabe S, Asakawa S. Characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of motile aeromonads isolated from freshwater ornamental fish showing signs of septicaemia. Dis Aquat Organ 2014; 109:127-137. [PMID: 24991740 DOI: 10.3354/dao02733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A total of 74 phenotypically identified presumptive motile Aeromonas isolates recovered from septicaemic freshwater ornamental fish in Sri Lanka were genetically characterized by sequencing of rpoD and gyrB genes. rpoD/gyrB phylogeny confirmed only 53 isolates as Aeromonas, among which A. veronii was the predominant species (79.2%), followed by A. hydrophila (7.5%), A. caviae (5.7%), A. jandaei (1.9%), A. dhakensis (3.8%) and A. entero pelogenes (1.9%). The aeromonads confirmed by sequencing were further subjected to 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP which substantiated sequencing results for 83% of isolates. Fingerprinting of A. enteropelogenes (n = 42) using ERIC-PCR revealed no dominant clones, and the majority were genetically distinct. All isolates were screened by PCR for 7 virulence determinant genes (aer, act, ast, alt, fla, ser, exu) and 2 integrase encoding genes (intI1, intI2). Each isolate contained ≥3 of the virulence genes tested for, with a heterogeneous distribution. Of the isolates, 77% harboured the intI1 gene, while none had intI2. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed highest resistances towards tetracycline (58.5%) and erythromycin (54.7%). Our results indicate the diverse range of aeromonads that could potentially be associated with motile aeromonad septicaemia in ornamental fish. This is the first isolation of A. dhakensis from a septicaemic ornamental fish since its original description from the same host.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S S de S Jagoda
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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20
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Iwai A, Yoshimura T, Wada K, Watabe S, Sakamoto Y, Ito E, Miura T. Spectrophotometric method for the assay of steroid 5α-reductase activity of rat liver and prostate microsomes. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:455-9. [PMID: 23574674 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple spectrophotometric method for the assay of steroid 5α-reductase (5α-SR) was developed in which 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (5α-diol), metabolites formed in the NADPH-dependent reduction of testosterone with enzyme sources of 5α-SR, were measured by enzymatic cycling using 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the presence of excess thionicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (thio-NAD) and NADH. It was found that 5α-SR activity was proportional to the accumulated thio-NADH having an absorption maximum at 400 nm. Because of the high cycling rate (> 600 cycle per min) and no interference from testosterone, enzymatic cycling can determine the sum of 5α-DHT and 5α-diol at the picomole level without separation from excess testosterone. The present method was readily applicable to the assay of 5α-SR activity of rat liver and prostate microsomes as well as to the assay of inhibitory activity of finasteride, a synthetic inhibitor of 5α-SR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Iwai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Nakano M, Murofushi K, Watabe S, Ohta T. Development of an anti-norovirus single-chain Fv for immunochromatographic test kit. Rinsho Biseibutshu Jinsoku Shindan Kenkyukai Shi 2013; 23:69-73. [PMID: 23577605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It was developed that an anti-norovirus single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody for immunochromathographic test kit by using the phage displayed technique and biopanning. To obtain the scFv having wide reactivity for several norovirus genotypes, a mixture of recombinant norovirus capsid proteins, including 11 norovirus genotypes, was used for biopanning. Then, one anti-norovirus scFv antibody that recognized both of norovirus genogroups GI and GII was identified. An immunochromatographic test strip was constructed by using the scFv and demonstrated it to detect norovirus in stool samples. The immunochromatographic strip showed similar sensitivity to a commercially available one on which several monoclonal antibodies are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Nakano
- Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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23
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Ito E, Watabe S. [Development of super high-sensitive measurement of proteins by combination of ELISA and enzyme cycling methods]. Rinsho Byori 2012; 60:1088-1093. [PMID: 23383579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We attempted to develop a super high-sensitive measurement for determination of a small amount of protein by combination of ELISA and enzyme cycling methods. Because protein cannot be amplified, we must amplify the signal intensity corresponding to the amount of protein. For this purpose, we noted that an enzyme cycling method could amplify the signal released from ELISA. In our measurement system, we adopted the thio-NAD cycling method as one of the enzyme cycling methods following ELISA. For example, we employed alkaline phosphatase as an enzyme labeled with an antibody and androsterone phosphate as a substrate for the alkaline phosphatase in ELISA. We then applied a dehydrogenase with a coenzyme, thio NAD, to the thio-NAD cycling method. The signal was measured as the absorbance of thio-NADH, which is generated by the dehydrogenase from the substrate, androsterone, and the coenzyme, thio-NAD. Our measurement system showed that the detection limit of alkaline phosphatase reached 10(-20) mol and that the detection limit of a given protein was 10(-18) mol. Our measurement system will be a powerful tool for diagnosis and assessment of the progress of a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Ito
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki 769-2193, Japan.
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24
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Honein K, Kaneko G, Katsuyama I, Matsumoto M, Kawashima Y, Yamada M, Watabe S. Studies on the Cellulose-Degrading System in a Shipworm and its Potential Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2012.05.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kaneko G, Furukawa S, Kurosu Y, Yamada T, Takeshima H, Nishida M, Mitsuboshi T, Otaka T, Shirasu K, Koda T, Takemasa Y, Aki S, Mochizuki T, Fukushima H, Fukuda Y, Kinoshita S, Asakawa S, Watabe S. Correlation with larval body size of mRNA levels of growth hormone, growth hormone receptor I and insulin-like growth factor I in larval torafugu Takifugu rubripes. J Fish Biol 2011; 79:854-874. [PMID: 21967578 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The full-length of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) complementary (c)DNAs encoded by igf-I and igf-II from torafugu pufferfish Takifugu rubripes were cloned in the present study. The deduced amino acid sequences of the two genes showed c. 80% identity each with those of Igf-I and Igf-II from other teleosts, respectively. Two growth hormone (GH) receptors, ghr1 and ghr2, were also cloned in silico using the T. rubripes Fugu genome database. The transcripts of T. rubripes igf-I were detected in slow muscle, heart, skin, gill, liver and intestine but not in fast muscle, spleen and testis of adult fish, whereas those of igf-II were found in all tissues examined. Subsequently, the accumulated messenger (m)RNA levels of igf-I and igf-II were investigated in an F(2) population derived from a male of an apparent fast-growing T. rubripes strain and a wild female T. rubripes together with those of other growth-related genes encoding Gh, Ghr1 and Ghr2, and with those of prolactin (Prl) and leptin (Lep) previously reported. The accumulated mRNA levels of igf-I, gh and ghr1 were significantly correlated to growth rate at larval stages in the population, but not for those of igf-II, prl, ghr2 and lep. Although it is unclear whether or not this phenotype is directly related to the heredity of the fast-growing strain, the findings suggest that the expression of igf-I, gh and ghr1 is involved in the regulation of growth rate at larval stages in T. rubripes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kaneko
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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26
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Watabe S, Yokoyama Y, Nakazawa K, Shinozaki K, Hiraoka R, Takeshita K, Suzuki Y. Simultaneous measurement of pazufloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1555-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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27
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Akolkar DB, Kinoshita S, Yasmin L, Ono Y, Ikeda D, Yamaguchi H, Nakaya M, Erdogan O, Watabe S. Fibre type-specific expression patterns of myosin heavy chain genes in adult torafugu Takifugu rubripes muscles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:137-45. [PMID: 20008370 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive in silico studies, based on the total fugu genome database, which was the first to appear in fish, revealed that torafugu Takifugu rubripes contains 20 sarcomeric myosin heavy chain (MYH) genes (MYH genes) (Ikeda et al., 2007). The present study was undertaken to identify MYH genes that would be expressed in adult muscles. In total, seven MYH genes were found by screening cDNA clone libraries constructed from fast, slow and cardiac muscles. Three MYH genes, fast-type MYH(M86-1), slow-type MYH(M8248) and slow/cardiac-type MYH(M880), were cloned exclusively from fast, slow and cardiac muscles, respectively. Northern blot hybridization substantiated their specific expression, with the exception of MYH(M880). In contrast, transcripts of fast-type MYH(M2528-1) and MYH(M1034) were found in both fast and slow muscles as revealed by cDNA clone library and northern blot techniques. This result was supported by in situ hybridization analysis using specific RNA probes, where transcripts of fast-type MYH(M2528-1) were expressed in fast fibres with small diameters as well as in fibres of superficial slow muscle with large diameters adjacent to fast muscle. Transcripts of fast-type MYH(M86-1) were expressed in all fast fibres with different diameters, whereas transcripts of slow-type MYH(M8248) were restricted to fibres with small diameters located in a superficial part of slow muscle. Interestingly, histochemical analyses showed that fast fibres with small diameters and slow fibres with large diameters both contained acid-stable myofibrillar ATPase, suggesting that these fibres have similar functions, possibly in the generation of muscle fibres irrespective of their fibre types.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Akolkar
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Ozawa H, Watabe S, Ochiai Y. Thermostability of striated and smooth adductor muscle tropomyosins from Yesso scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis. J Biochem 2010; 147:823-32. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Aoyama T, Omori T, Watabe S, Shioya A, Ueno T, Fukuda N, Matsumoto Y. Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Simulation of Rosuvastatin Using an Extension of the Indirect Response Model by Incorporating a Circadian Rhythm. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:1082-7. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Aoyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University
| | - Takayuki Omori
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University
| | - Satoshi Watabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University
| | - Akemi Shioya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University
| | - Takahiro Ueno
- Advanced Research Institute for the Science and Humanities, Nihon University
| | - Noboru Fukuda
- Advanced Research Institute for the Science and Humanities, Nihon University
| | - Yoshiaki Matsumoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University
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Nagashima T, Aoyama T, Fukasawa A, Watabe S, Fukuda N, Ueno T, Sugiyama H, Nagase H, Matsumoto Y. Determination of pyrrole–imidazole polyamide in rat plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:1070-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Ochiai Y, Wang G, Ono Y, Watabe S. 35.P6. Characterization of decapodiformes myosin heavy chains: Structure, function and evolution. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.06.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Fukami K, Funatsu Y, Kawasaki K, Watabe S. Improvement of Fish-sauce Odor by Treatment with Bacteria Isolated from the Fish-sauce Mush (Moromi) Made from Frigate Mackerel. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb15514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
The efficacy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treatment and the incidence of adverse events differ among patients and depend to some extent on individual variations in drug catabolism. This feasibility study aimed to determine the optimum conditions for a 5-FU oral load test, which would allow the simple evaluation of individual differences in 5-FU catabolism. Patients with colon cancer were given oral 5-FU (200 mg/day) for 3 days (n = 36) or a single 100 mg dose (n = 14). Serum concentrations of uracil, dihydrouracil, 5-FU and 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil were measured before and after 5-FU administration. The results suggested that a decline in 5-FU metabolism was associated with continuous administration and increasing age. We conclude that a continuous load of 5-FU is necessary in order to predict the efficacy and side-effects of the drug. The 3-day regimen, with its ease of administration, merits further study to assess its possible clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Watabe
- The Department of Coloproctological Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kondo H, Watabe S. Temperature-dependent enhancement of cell proliferation and mRNA expression for type I collagen and HSP70 in primary cultured goldfish cells. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2004; 138:221-8. [PMID: 15275657 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2003] [Revised: 04/01/2004] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Goldfish (Carasius auratus) primary culture cells derived from caudal fin were incubated over a temperature range of 20-35 degrees C. The population doubling time of cells cultured at 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C were 34, 29, 17 and 14 h, respectively. Interestingly, cDNA-representational difference analysis revealed type I collagen alpha chain (colalpha(I)) as a candidate for a warm temperature-specific gene. mRNA levels of colalpha(I) increased with an increase of incubation temperature and days of culture. Furthermore, the cell growth rate and colalpha(I) mRNA levels were rapidly changed following temperature shifts. To examine the effects of culture temperature shift on the cellular physiological states, mRNA levels of HSP70 were additionally investigated. HSP70 mRNA levels in the cells cultured at 30 and 35 degrees C were again 2-3 times higher than those at 20 and 25 degrees C. When the culture temperature was shifted from 20 to 35 degrees C, HSP70 mRNA levels were rapidly increased within 1 h. Subsequently, mRNA levels of the 35 degrees C-treated cells decreased, but remained doubled compared with those of the 20 degrees C-treated cells, even 4 h following the temperature shift. When the culture temperature was lowered from 35 to 20 degrees C, HSP70 mRNA levels decreased to about 70% of the original levels in 4 h. These results indicate that goldfish cells cultured at different temperatures easily develop temperature-associated steady physiological states within 4 h of temperature shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kondo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Aoki H, Ahsan MN, Watabe S. Molecular and enzymatic properties of a cathepsin L-like proteinase with distinct substrate specificity from northern shrimp ( Pandalus borealis ). J Comp Physiol B 2004; 174:59-69. [PMID: 14574613 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-003-0389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We purified a cathepsin L-like proteinase to homogeneity from the hepatopancreas of northern shrimp Pandalus borealis by several chromatographic procedures. The purified proteinase showed the highest specificity for leucine residue at P2, a specificity pattern similar to cathepsins S and K whereas proline and arginine residues were not suitable as P2 substrates. However, unlike these proteinases, it accepted valine almost equally to the phenylalanine residue at P2. The shrimp cathepsin was strongly inhibited by E-64, leupeptin and antipain, while benzyloxycarbonyl-Phe-Tyr(t-Bu)-CHN2, a specific inhibitor of cathepsin L, remained largely ineffective. Next, we determined the primary structure of the shrimp enzyme by molecular cloning and investigated the residues constituting the S2 subsite, which is possibly involved in its unusual substrate specificity. The deduced amino acid sequence of the shrimp proteinase shared the highest identity of 65% with a cathepsin L-like proteinase from lobster, but its identity to the well-characterized mammalian cathepsins S, L, and K fell within narrower ranges of 52-55%. However, the shrimp proteinase differed from these cathepsins in some key residues including, for example, the unique occurrence of cysteine and glutamine residues at the structurally important S2 subsite. Interestingly, transcripts of this proteinase were exclusively detected in the shrimp gut coinciding with its broad pH activity and stability profiles, which is also unusual as a cysteine proteinase. These results suggest that the shrimp enzyme is homologous to mammalian cathepsins S, L, and K, but is distinct from each of these proteinases in both enzymatic and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aoki
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, 113-8657 Tokyo, Japan
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Fukushima H, Satoh Y, Nakaya M, Ishizaki S, Watabe S. Thermal Effects on Fast Skeletal Myosins from Alaska Pollock, White Croaker, and Rabbit in Relation to Gel Formation. J Food Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb12293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yamahama Y, Uto N, Tamotsu S, Miyata T, Yamamoto Y, Watabe S, Takahashi SY. In vivo activation of pro-form Bombyx cysteine protease (BCP) in silkmoth eggs: localization of yolk proteins and BCP, and acidification of yolk granules. J Insect Physiol 2003; 49:131-140. [PMID: 12770006 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(02)00257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the process of acidification of yolk granules during embryogenesis. In oocytes of mature Bombyx mori silkmoth, yolk proteins and a cysteine protease (pro-form BCP) were found in yolk granules. BCP was localized in small sized yolk granules (SYG, 3-6 microm in diameter) and yolk proteins in large sized granules (LYG, 6-11 microm in diameter), which might result in a spatial separation of protease and its substrates to avoid unnecessary hydrolysis. The granules were isolated on Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Although separation of LYG and SYG was incomplete, the granules sedimented in different fractions when using unfertilized egg extract, in which LYG was recovered from heavier fractions and BCP from lighter fractions. Acid phosphatase, as well as other lysosomal marker enzymes tested, was recovered from LYG-containing fractions. When extracts were prepared from developing eggs (day 3), some BCP-containing granules co-sedimented with LYG. The inactive pro-form BCP was activated in vivo, in parallel with yolk protein degradation, and as demonstrated previously in vitro under acidic conditions (). These results suggest that acidification occurs in yolk granules during embryogenesis. This was also confirmed using acridine orange fluorescent dye. In early development, most yolk granules were neutral, but became acidic during embryonic development. SYG were progressively recovered in heavier density fractions, displaying acidic interior. In this fraction, BCP-containing granules seem to be associated with larger granules (6-11 microm in size). In addition, SYG (BCP containing granules) were likely to be acidified earlier than LYG. Our results suggest that acidification initiates yolk degradation through activation of pro-form BCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamahama
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-3192, Japan.
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Yamamoto Y, Kurata M, Watabe S, Murakami R, Takahashi SY. Novel cysteine proteinase inhibitors homologous to the proregions of cysteine proteinases. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2002; 3:231-8. [PMID: 12188906 DOI: 10.2174/1389203024605331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Propeptides of papain-like cysteine proteinases such as papain, cathepsins B, L and S are potent inhibitors of their cognate cysteine proteinases with Ki values in the nanomolar range, and they exhibit highest inhibition selectivity for enzymes from which they originate. Recent studies have identified novel inhibitor proteins that are homologous to the proregions of papain-like cysteine proteinases. Mouse activated T-lymphocytes express cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA-2), which is homologous to the proregion of mouse cathepsin L. CTLA-2 exhibits inhibitory activities to several cysteine proteinases. We have also identified a similar propeptide-like cysteine proteinase inhibitor, Bombyx cysteine proteinase inhibitor (BCPI), in the silkmoth Bombyx mori. BCPI is a slow and tight binding inhibitor of cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinases with Ki values in picomolar range, and the inhibition is highly selective towards these proteinases just like the propeptides. Recent genome analyses have shown the expression of similar propeptide-like proteins in Drosophila and rat, suggesting the presence of a novel class of cysteine proteinase inhibitors in a variety of organisms. Studies of the gene structures and phylogenetic analysis have shown that genes of the propeptide-like cysteine proteinase inhibitors have emerged from ancestor genes of their parental enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamamoto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
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Kurata M, Yamamoto Y, Watabe S, Makino Y, Ogawa K, Takahashi SY. Bombyx cysteine proteinase inhibitor (BCPI) homologous to propeptide regions of cysteine proteinases is a strong, selective inhibitor of cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinases. J Biochem 2001; 130:857-63. [PMID: 11726287 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a003058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombyx cysteine proteinase inhibitor (BCPI) is a novel cysteine proteinase inhibitor. The protein sequence is homologous to the proregions of certain cysteine proteinases. Here we report the mechanism of its inhibition of several cysteine proteinases. BCPI strongly inhibited Bombyx cysteine proteinase (BCP) activity with a K(i) = 5.9 pM, and human cathepsin L with a K(i) = 36 pM. The inhibition obeyed slow-binding kinetics. The inhibition of cathepsin H was much weaker (K(i) = 82 nM), while inhibition of papain (K(i) > 1 microM) and cathepsin B (K(i) > 4 microM) was negligible. Following incubation with BCP, BCPI was first truncated at the C-terminal end, and then gradually degraded over time. The truncation mainly involved two C-terminal amino acid residues. Recombinant BCPI lacking the two C-terminal amino acid residues still retained substantial inhibitory activity. Our results indicate that BCPI is a stable and highly selective inhibitor of cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kurata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Radiation Biology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Ochiai Y, Ochiai L, Hashimoto K, Watabe S. Quantitative Estimation of Dark Muscle Content in the Mackerel Meat Paste and its Products Using Antisera Against Myosin Light Chains. J Food Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb15205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Watabe S, Hara M, Yamamoto M, Yoshida M, Yamamoto Y, Takahashi SY. Activation of mitochondrial ATP-dependent protease by peptides and proteins. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2001; 195:153-61. [PMID: 11874248 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.195.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of peptides or protein on the proteolytic and ATPase activities of mitochondrial ATP-dependent LON protease purified from bovine adrenal cortex. Peptides/proteins including angiotensin I which stimulated ATPase activity without hydrolysis of any peptide bonds stimulated proteolysis of 125I-labeled substrates at low concentrations; whereas at high concentrations they competitively inhibited proteolysis, thus displaying a biphasic activity profile. All peptides and proteins thus examined stimulated degradation of 125I-labeled substrates. When an ATP analog was substituted for ATP, only inhibition; i.e., no stimulation, of proteolysis by unlabeled peptides was observed. Without activator peptides, degradation of [125I] peptides was higher in the presence of an ATP analog than that in the presence of ATP. ADP, a product of the ATPase reaction, inhibited the proteolytic activity in the absence of an activator peptide but not in its presence. From analogy to E. coli ATP-dependent protease La (LON), we suggest that the activator peptides stimulated the proteolysis by releasing enzyme-bound ADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Watabe
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.
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Abstract
We developed a method for applying HIV-1 DNA vaccine topically in mice. Topical application of DNA vaccine to the skin is useful against infections. To find a less expensive and less cumbersome vaccination method, we administered HIV-1 DNA vaccine to the skin of mice after elimination of keratinocytes using a fast-acting adhesive. HIV-1 DNA vaccine induced high levels of both humoral and cell-mediated immune activity against HIV-1 envelope antigen. A high level of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response was also observed, and a high level of IFN-gamma and IL-4 production was induced by the improved skin application of DNA vaccine. High levels of both HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte and delayed type hypersensitivity in topical application were induced by coadministration of the DNA vaccine with IL-12 expression plasmids and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression plasmids. These immune responses were inhibited by intradermal injection of anti-CD11c or anti-I-A/I-E antibody. Therefore, topical administration of DNA vaccine is an effective route, and may be very useful for the prevention of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ishii
- Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashi-murayama, Tokyo, Japan.
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43
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Liu LJ, Watabe S, Yang J, Hamajima K, Ishii N, Hagiwara E, Onari K, Xin KQ, Okuda K. Topical application of HIV DNA vaccine with cytokine-expression plasmids induces strong antigen-specific immune responses. Vaccine 2001; 20:42-8. [PMID: 11567744 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The topical application of DNA vaccine to the skin is a useful method of immunization because of its simplicity, painlessness and economy. But the immune responses that it elicits are relatively low. In this study, we administered human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) DNA vaccine with cytokine-expressing plasmids to the skin of mice by a new topical application technique involving prior elimination of keratinocytes using fast-acting adhesive. Our results revealed that the topical application of HIV-1 DNA vaccine induced high levels of both humoral and cell-mediated immune activity against HIV-1 envelope antigen. Co-administration of the DNA vaccine with cytokine expression plasmids of IL-12 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by this new method raised the levels of both the HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and facilitated the induction of substantial immune responses by DNA vaccine. Skin biopsy sections, thus, immunized showed significant increases of S-100 protein-positive dendritic cells (DCs). These results suggest that the topical application method described here is an efficient route of DNA vaccine administration and that the immune response may be induced by DNA plasmids taken in by DCs, Langerhans cells (LCs), or others such as antigen-presenting cells. This new topical application is likely to be of benefit in clinical use.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Administration, Cutaneous
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- Biopsy
- Dermabrasion
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Gene Products, rev/administration & dosage
- Gene Products, rev/genetics
- Gene Products, rev/immunology
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis
- HIV Antigens/genetics
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/administration & dosage
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/administration & dosage
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/immunology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Langerhans Cells/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- S100 Proteins/analysis
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Liu
- Department of Bacteriology, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 236-0004, Yokohama, Japan
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Kinoshita S, Kaneko G, Lee JH, Kikuchi K, Yamada H, Hara T, Itoh Y, Watabe S. A novel heat stress-responsive gene in the marine diatom Chaetoceros compressum encoding two types of transcripts, a trypsin-like protease and its related protein, by alternative RNA splicing. Eur J Biochem 2001; 268:4599-609. [PMID: 11531996 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the change of mRNA expression patterns in the laboratory-grown diatom Chaetoceros compressum under heat-stress conditions by mRNA arbitrarily primed (RAP) RT-PCR. Cells grown at 20 degrees C were subjected to heat treatment at 30 degrees C for 15 min and subsequently maintained at 20 degrees C for 8 h. Four genes including HI-5 were detected as heat stress-responsive genes by fingerprint analysis of RAP RT-PCR. Cloning for full-length cDNA sequences of HI-5 transcripts and related genomic DNA analysis revealed that two types of mRNA, HI-5a and HI-5b, were transcribed from the single HI-5 gene. While the HI-5a protein contained a catalytic domain characteristic to trypsin-like proteases, the HI-5b protein lacked this domain due to an insertion in the associated mRNA of 112 nucleotides; this insertion sequence contained a stop codon near the central region. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to investigate the changes in expression levels of the two types of mRNA following heat treatment. The HI-5b transcripts were constitutively expressed in both unstressed and heat-stressed cells. In contrast, the number of HI-5a transcripts markedly increased in cells immediately after heat stress, reaching levels 19-fold higher at 8 h after heat stress than that in unstressed cells. These results suggest that RNA splicing plays a key role in heat stress-dependent expression of the HI-5a and HI-5b transcripts from the single HI-5 gene in the diatom.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Watabe S, Xin KQ, Ihata A, Liu LJ, Honsho A, Aoki I, Hamajima K, Wahren B, Okuda K. Protection against influenza virus challenge by topical application of influenza DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2001; 19:4434-44. [PMID: 11483269 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We studied the use of a DNA vaccine expressing the matrix (M) gene of the influenza virus A/PR/8/34. Mice were immunized by painting the DNA vaccine three times on the skin after removal of its keratinocytic layers. Immunization by this method produced M-specific antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, and acquired resistance against influenza virus challenge. This protection was abrogated by the in vivo injection of anti-CD8 or anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody. We further found that simultaneous topical application (t.a.) of GM-CSF expression plasmid (pGM-CSF) or liposomes plus mannan produced stronger immune response competence and enhanced the protective effect against influenza virus challenge. The present study revealed that administering DNA vaccine by topical application can elicit both humoral and cell-mediated immunity (CMI).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Watabe
- Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, 236-0004, Yokohama, Japan
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46
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Okuda K, Ihata A, Watabe S, Okada E, Yamakawa T, Hamajima K, Yang J, Ishii N, Nakazawa M, Okuda K, Ohnari K, Nakajima K, Xin KQ. Protective immunity against influenza A virus induced by immunization with DNA plasmid containing influenza M gene. Vaccine 2001; 19:3681-91. [PMID: 11395202 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination is characterized by its preferential induction of the cytotoxic T cell lymphocyte (CTL) response and is expected to be a useful means of protection against viral infection. We examined the protective effect of an expression plasmid (pME18S-M) containing M1 and M2 genes of influenza A/PR/8/34. We detected the CTL activity by introducing these plasmids into BALB/c mice by either the intramuscular or the intranasal route. The influenza-specific antibody response was also induced, although its neutralizing effect against influenza virus was not observed. From 70 to 80% protection was observed in the mice immunized with the pME18S-M plasmid followed by lethal infection with influenza viruses of the A/WSN/33 and A/PR/8/34 strains, whereas all mice without the plasmid vaccination failed to survive. This protective activity was significantly weakened when the CD8(+) cells of these immunized mice were eliminated by several injections of anti-CD8 antibody. The protective activity was also weakened when anti-CD4 antibody was injected in the early phase of DNA vaccination. These data suggest that the pME18S-M plasmid is useful as a DNA vaccine for overcoming highly mutational influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okuda
- Department of Bacteriology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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47
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Kondo H, Kawazoe I, Nakaya M, Kikuchi K, Aida K, Watabe S. The novel sequences of major plasma apolipoproteins in the eel Anguilla japonica. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1531:132-42. [PMID: 11278178 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(01)00099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
cDNAs encoding major plasma apolipoproteins (apo) were cloned from the eel Anguilla japonica liver and their nucleotide sequences determined. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that eel lipoproteins contain apolipoproteins of 28 kDa and 14 kDa as major components. Each of the two apolipoproteins showed two isoforms having different isoelectric points as demonstrated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The two 28 kDa components had different N-terminal amino acid sequences, whereas the two 14 kDa components had an identical one. Then cDNA clones encoding these apolipoproteins were isolated from a cDNA library constructed from the eel liver. An acidic 28 kDa component (28 kDa-1) consisted of 259 amino acids including a putative signal peptide of 27 residues, whereas a basic 28 kDa component (28 kDa-2) was composed of 260 amino acids containing a putative signal peptide of 23 residues. The tandem repeating units, which are characteristic of apolipoproteins, for 28 kDa-1 showed 27.8% identity to that of porcine apoA-IV, although mammalian apoA-IV is about 40 kDa and much larger than 28 kDa-1. However, the repeating units of 28 kDa-2 showed 52.5% identity to that of Atlantic salmon apoA-I. The 14 kDa apolipoprotein consisted of 142 amino acids containing a putative signal peptide of 20 residues. It has a novel sequence differing from apolipoproteins of other vertebrates. The transcriptional expressions of 28 kDa-1, 28 kDa-2, and 14 kDa components were all restricted to the liver, except for the transcripts of 28 kDa-2 which were also slightly expressed in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kondo
- Division of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, 113-8657, Tokyo, Japan
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48
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Funabara D, Kinoshita S, Watabe S, Siegman MJ, Butler TM, Hartshorne DJ. Phosphorylation of molluscan twitchin by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Biochemistry 2001; 40:2087-95. [PMID: 11329277 DOI: 10.1021/bi0022691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Catch in certain molluscan muscles is released by an increase in cAMP, and it was suggested that the target of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is the high molecular weight protein twitchin [Siegman, M. J., Funabara, J., Kinoshita, S., Watabe, S., Hartshorne, D. J., and Butler, T. M. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 5384-5388]. This study was carried out to investigate the phosphorylation of twitchin by PKA. Twitchin was isolated from Mytilus catch muscles and was phosphorylated by PKA to a stoichiometry of about 3 mol of P/mol of twitchin. There was no evidence of twitchin autophosphorylation. Two phosphorylated peptides were isolated and sequenced, termed D1 and D2. Additional cDNA sequence for twitchin was obtained, and the D2 site was located at the C-terminal side of the putative kinase domain in a linker region between two immunoglobulin C2 repeats. Excess PKA substrates, e.g., D1 and D2, blocked the reduction in force on addition of cAMP, confirming the role for PKA in regulating catch. Papain proteolysis of (32)P-labeled twitchin from permeabilized muscles showed that the D1 site represented about 50% of the (32)P labeling. Proteolysis of in-situ twitchin with thermolysin suggested that the D1 and D2 sites were at the N- and C-terminal ends of the molecule, respectively. Thermolysin proteolysis also indicated that D1 and D2 were major sites of phosphorylation by PKA. The direct phosphorylation of twitchin by PKA is consistent with a regulatory role for twitchin in the catch mechanism and probably involves phosphorylation at the D1 and D2 sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Funabara
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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49
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Ahsan MN, Watabe S. Kinetic and structural properties of two isoforms of trypsin isolated from the viscera of Japanese anchovy, Engraulis japonicus. J Protein Chem 2001; 20:49-58. [PMID: 11330348 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011005104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two isoforms of anchovy trypsin (aT-I and aT-II) were purified from the visceral extracts by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation followed by affinity chromatography, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. The homogeneity of the purified preparation was evidenced by both native- and SDS-PAGE, and further by gelatin zymography. Identities of aT-I and aT-II as trypsins were established by N-terminal amino acid sequencing, which matched exactly to the corresponding stretches of their respective amino acid sequences obtained by molecular cloning [Ahsan et al. (2000), Marine Biotechnol., in press]. Both isoforms were completely inhibited by serine protease inhibitors as well as by specific trypsin inhibitors. The purified anchovy trypsins showed considerably higher catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) than bovine trypsin as measured toward benzoyl-arginine p-nitroanilide (BAPA) and benzoyl-arginine ethyl ester (BAEE) at 25 degrees C; in particular, aT-II was 35 times more efficient than its mammalian counterpart against BAPA. This was due mainly to a dramatic decrease of Km values for anchovy trypsins, which are indicative of an evolutionary response toward increased substrate binding at suboptimal temperatures in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Ahsan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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50
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Ahsan MN, Funabara D, Watabe S. Molecular cloning and characterization of two isoforms of trypsinogen from anchovy pyloric ceca. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2001; 3:80-90. [PMID: 14961394 DOI: 10.1007/s101260000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Complementary DNA clones encoding two isoforms of trypsinogen were isolated from the pyloric ceca of anchovy by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Nucleotide sequences of isolated clones encoded, in addition to characteristic signal and activation peptides, two isoforms of trypsin containing 220 and 221 amino acid residues. Both enzymes contained the catalytic triad of a serine protease, together with the residues determining substrate specificity. The anchovy trypsins showed a high amino acid identity of about 80% to those of other fish species. Southern blot analysis with a probe cross-reactive to both isoforms showed a complex genomic pattern. Northern blot analysis with the same probe revealed the highest expression of messenger RNA in the pyloric ceca. Structural parameters possibly involved in higher catalytic properties of fish trypsin were examined by three-dimensional modeling, which included deletion in the autolysis loop, lack of Tyr-151 at the entrance of the S1 pocket, and distribution of charged residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Ahsan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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