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Dongbang S, Doyle AG. Ni/Photoredox-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Coupling between Aziridines and Acetals as Alcohol-Derived Alkyl Radical Precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20067-20077. [PMID: 36256882 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aziridines are readily available C(sp3) precursors that afford valuable β-functionalized amines upon ring opening. In this article, we report a Ni/photoredox methodology for C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling between aziridines and methyl/1°/2° aliphatic alcohols activated as benzaldehyde dialkyl acetals. Orthogonal activation modes of each alkyl coupling partner facilitate cross-selectivity in the C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond-forming reaction: the benzaldehyde dialkyl acetal is activated via hydrogen atom abstraction and β-scission via a bromine radical (generated in situ from single-electron oxidation of bromide), whereas the aziridine is activated at the Ni center via reduction. We demonstrate that an Ni(II) azametallacycle, conventionally proposed in aziridine cross-coupling, is not an intermediate in the productive cross-coupling. Rather, stoichiometric organometallic and linear free energy relationship studies indicate that aziridine activation proceeds via Ni(I) oxidative addition, a previously unexplored elementary step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Dongbang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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2
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El-Zohairy M, Zlotos DP, Berger MR, Adwan HH, Mandour YM. Discovery of Novel CCR5 Ligands as Anticolorectal Cancer Agents by Sequential Virtual Screening. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10921-10935. [PMID: 34056245 PMCID: PMC8153923 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor. CCR5 and its interaction with chemokine ligands have been crucial for understanding and tackling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 entry into target cells. In recent years, the change in CCR5 expression has been related to the progression of different cancer types. Patients treated with the CCR5 ligand, maraviroc (MVC), showed a deceleration in tumor development especially for metastatic colorectal cancer. Based on the crystal structure of CCR5, we herein describe a multistage virtual screening protocol including pharmacophore screening, molecular docking, and protein-ligand interaction fingerprint (PLIF) postdocking filtration for discovery of novel CCR5 ligands. The applied virtual screening protocol led to the identification of four hits with binding modes showing access to the major and minor pockets of the MVC binding site. Compounds 2-4 showed a decrease in cellular proliferation upon testing on the metastatic colorectal cancer cell line, SW620, displaying 12, 16, and 4 times higher potency compared to MVC, respectively. Compound 3 induced apoptosis by arresting cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle similar to MVC. Further in vitro assays showed compound 3 drastically decreasing the CCR5 expression and cellular migration 48 h post treatment, indicating its ability to inhibit metastatic activity in SW620 cells. The discovered hits represent potential leads for the development of novel classes of anticolorectal cancer agents targeting CCR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam
A. El-Zohairy
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Darius P. Zlotos
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Martin R. Berger
- Toxicology
and Chemotherapy Unit, German Cancer Research
Centre (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hassan H. Adwan
- Pharmacology
and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmine M. Mandour
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
- School
of Life and Medical Sciences, University
of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, 11578 Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Shah HR, Savjani JK. Recent updates for designing CCR5 antagonists as anti-retroviral agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 147:115-129. [PMID: 29425816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The healthcare system faces various challenges in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy due to resistance to Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) as a consequence of the evolutionary process. Despite the success of antiretroviral drugs like Zidovudine, Zalcitabine, Raltegravir WHO ranks HIV as one of the deadliest diseases with a mortality of one million lives in 2016. Thus, there emerges an urgency of developing a novel anti-retroviral agent that combat resistant HIV strains. The clinical development of ART from a single drug regimen to current triple drug combination is very slow. The progression in the structural biology of the viral envelope prompted the discovery of novel targets, which can be demonstrated a proficient approach for drug design of anti-retroviral agents. The current review enlightens the recent updates in the structural biology of the viral envelope and focuses on CCR5 as a validated target as well as ways to overcome CCR5 resistance. The article also throws light on the SAR studies and most prevalent mutations in the receptor for designing CCR5 antagonists that can combat HIV-1 infection. To conclude, the paper lists diversified scaffolds that are in pipeline by various pharmaceutical companies that could provide an aid for developing novel CCR5 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshil R Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S.G. Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, India
| | - Jignasa Ketan Savjani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, S.G. Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, India.
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4
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Li M, Kong D, Zi G, Hou G. Rh-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 1,2-Dicyanoalkenes. J Org Chem 2016; 82:680-687. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meina Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals,
College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Duanyang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals,
College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guofu Zi
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals,
College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guohua Hou
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals,
College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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5
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Hanessian S, Jennequin T, Boyer N, Babonneau V, Soma U, Mannoury la Cour C, Millan MJ, De Nanteuil G. Design, Synthesis, and Optimization of Balanced Dual NK1/NK3 Receptor Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:550-5. [PMID: 24900878 DOI: 10.1021/ml400528y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In connection with a program directed at potent and balanced dual NK1/NK3 receptor ligands, a focused exploration of an original class of peptidomimetic derivatives was performed. The rational design and molecular hybridization of a novel phenylalanine core series was achieved to maximize the in vitro affinity and antagonism at both human NK1 and NK3 receptors. This study led to the identification of a new potent dual NK1/NK3 antagonist with pK i values of 8.6 and 8.1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hanessian
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Que. H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Thomas Jennequin
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Que. H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Nicolas Boyer
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Que. H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Vincent Babonneau
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Que. H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Udaykumar Soma
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, Que. H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Clotilde Mannoury la Cour
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Mark J. Millan
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Guillaume De Nanteuil
- Neuroscience Chemistry Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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Roy K, Chakraborty P, Mitra I, Ojha PK, Kar S, Das RN. Some case studies on application of “rm2” metrics for judging quality of quantitative structure-activity relationship predictions: Emphasis on scaling of response data. J Comput Chem 2013; 34:1071-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.23231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Cumming JG, Tucker H, Oldfield J, Fielding C, Highton A, Faull A, Wild M, Brown D, Wells S, Shaw J. Balancing hERG affinity and absorption in the discovery of AZD5672, an orally active CCR5 antagonist for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1655-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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8
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Handel TM, Horuk R. Duffy antigen inhibitors: useful therapeutics for malaria? Trends Parasitol 2010; 26:329-33. [PMID: 20382562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax accounts for 65% of all cases of malaria in Asia and South America. Although not usually deadly, this form of malaria continues to inflict misery on the millions of sufferers who have been infected. The paucity of treatments for malaria, coupled with the emerging resistance of the parasite to anti-malarial drugs such as chloroquine, demonstrates an urgent need to develop new and alternative approaches to combat this disease. In this perspective, we propose that the development of small molecule inhibitors of the Duffy antigen, the portal of infection of P. vivax, would be a novel and potentially effective approach for treating this form of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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9
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Arcadi A, Aschi M, Chiarini M, Ferrara G, Marinelli F. Rhodium- and Palladium-Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Propargylic Amines with Arylboronic Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Cheung R, Malik M, Ravyn V, Tomkowicz B, Ptasznik A, Collman RG. An arrestin-dependent multi-kinase signaling complex mediates MIP-1beta/CCL4 signaling and chemotaxis of primary human macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:833-45. [PMID: 19620252 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0908551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MIP-1beta/CCL4 is a principal regulator of macrophage migration and signals through CCR5. Several protein kinases are linked to CCR5 in macrophages including the src kinase Lyn, PI3K, focal adhesion related kinase Pyk2, and members of the MAPK family, but whether and how these kinases regulate macrophage chemotaxis are not known. To define the role of these signaling molecules, we examined the functions and interactions of endogenous proteins in primary human macrophages. Using siRNA gene silencing and pharmacologic inhibition, we show that chemotaxis in response to CCR5 stimulation by MIP-1beta requires activation of Pyk2, PI3K p85, and Lyn, as well as MAPK ERK. MIP-1beta activation of CCR5 triggered translocation of Pyk2 and PI3K p85 from the cytoplasm to colocalize with Lyn at the plasma membrane with formation of a multimolecular complex. We show further that arrestins were recruited into the complex, and arrestin down-regulation impaired complex formation and macrophage chemotaxis toward MIP-1beta. Together, these results identify a novel mechanism of chemokine receptor regulation of chemotaxis and suggest that arrestins may serve as scaffolding proteins linking CCR5 to multiple downstream signaling molecules in a biologically important primary human cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Cheung
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6061, USA
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Pratim Roy P, Paul S, Mitra I, Roy K. On two novel parameters for validation of predictive QSAR models. Molecules 2009; 14:1660-701. [PMID: 19471190 PMCID: PMC6254296 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14051660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Validation is a crucial aspect of quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) modeling. The present paper shows that traditionally used validation parameters (leave-one-out Q2 for internal validation and predictive R2 for external validation) may be supplemented with two novel parameters rm2 and Rp2 for a stricter test of validation. The parameter rm2(overall) penalizes a model for large differences between observed and predicted values of the compounds of the whole set (considering both training and test sets) while the parameter Rp2 penalizes model R2 for large differences between determination coefficient of nonrandom model and square of mean correlation coefficient of random models in case of a randomization test. Two other variants of rm2 parameter, rm2(LOO) and rm2(test), penalize a model more strictly than Q2 and R2pred respectively. Three different data sets of moderate to large size have been used to develop multiple models in order to indicate the suitability of the novel parameters in QSAR studies. The results show that in many cases the developed models could satisfy the requirements of conventional parameters (Q2 and R2pred) but fail to achieve the required values for the novel parameters rm2 and Rp2. Moreover, these parameters also help in identifying the best models from among a set of comparable models. Thus, a test for these two parameters is suggested to be a more stringent requirement than the traditional validation parameters to decide acceptability of a predictive QSAR model, especially when a regulatory decision is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Lab, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
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13
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14
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Zhuo Y, Kong R, Cong XJ, Chen WZ, Wang CX. Three-dimensional QSAR analyses of 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidine-based CCR5 receptor inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2724-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Predictive QSAR modeling of CCR5 antagonist piperidine derivatives using chemometric tools. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 24:205-23. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360802051297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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16
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Mastrolorenzo A, Maresca A, Rusconi S, Supuran CT. Update on the development of HIV entry inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/17469600.2.5.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
HIV fusion and entry are two steps in the viral lifecycle that can be targeted by several classes of antiviral drugs. The discovery of chemokines focused the attention on cellular co-receptors used by the virus for entering cells, and on the various steps of such processes that are subject to interactions with small molecules. Intense research has led to a wide range of effective compounds that are able to inhibit these initial steps of viral replication. All steps in the process of HIV entry into the cell may be targeted by specific compounds, grouped into three main classes (attachment inhibitors, co-receptor binding inhibitors and fusion inhibitors), which may be developed as novel antiretrovirals. Thus, several inhibitors of the gp120–CD4 interaction have been discovered (e.g., zintevir and BMS-378806). Small molecule chemokine receptor antagonists acting as HIV entry inhibitors have also been described recently, including those which interact with both the CXCR4 co-receptor (e.g., AMD3100, AMD3465, ALX40-4C, T22, T134 and T140) and CCR5 co-receptor antagonists (TAK-779, TAK-220, E913, AK-602 and NSC 651016 in clinical trials). Recently, a third family of antivirals started to be used clinically (in addition to reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors), with the advent of enfuvirtide (T20), the first fusion inhibitor to be approved as an anti-HIV agent. Some of these compounds demonstrated in vitro synergism with other classes of antivirals, thus offering the rationale for their combination in therapies for HIV-infected individuals. Many HIV entry and fusion inhibitors are currently being investigated in controlled clinical trials, and a number of them are bioavailable as oral formulations. In 2007, the US FDA approved maraviroc as an anti-HIV agent. Maraviroc is the product of a medicinal chemistry effort initiated following identification of an imidazopyridine CCR5 ligand from a high-throughput screen of the Pfizer compound file. Maraviroc demonstrated potent antiviral activity against all CCR5-tropic HIV-1 viruses tested, including 43 primary isolates from various clades and diverse geographic origin. Maraviroc was active against 200 clinically derived HIV-1 envelope-recombinant pseudoviruses, 100 of which were derived from viruses resistant to existing drug classes. Furthermore, in October 2007, the FDA announced the approval of raltegravir for the treatment of HIV-1 infection as part of combination antiretroviral therapy in treatment-experienced patients with evidence of HIV-1 replication despite optimized background antiretroviral therapy. At present, raltegravir is the only drug in the integrase inhibitor class approved for clinical use. With the approval of raltegravir, oral agents targeting all three constitutive viral enzymes, reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase, are now represented in FDA-approved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mastrolorenzo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Scienze Dermatologiche, Centro MTS, Via degli Alfani 37, I-50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Alfonso Maresca
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Rm. 188, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche “Luigi Sacco”, Cattedra di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Università degli Studi, Ospedale Luigi Sacco, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Dipartimento di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Via della Lastruccia, 3, Rm. 188, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,3,3,4-tetrasubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists. Discovery of a potent and orally bioavailable anti-HIV agent. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:187-93. [PMID: 17163560 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,3,3,4-tetrasubstituted pyrrolidine containing CCR5 receptor antagonists were designed, which were elaborated either by condensation of a lithium salt of 3-(N,N-dibenzyl)aminopropionic acid methyl ester with ethyl benzoformate or by Baylis-Hillman reaction of ethyl acrylate with ethyl benzoformate and subsequent 1,4-addition of benzylamine, in the key steps. These compounds bearing 4-(N,N-disubstituted)amino piperidine units showed low nanomolar potency against the CCR5 receptor, whereas molecules with a 4-phenylpiperidine moiety displayed poor activity. Asymmetric synthesis of the most potent compound 23 a gave rise to the (3R,4S)-enantiomer 30 and the (3S,4R)-enantiomer 31, which showed IC(50) values of 2.9 and 385.9 nM, respectively. These results indicated that (3R,4S)-configuration in the series of compounds is favored for their interaction with the CCR5 receptor. The possible binding mode of these antagonists with the CCR5 receptor was discussed using a computer-modeling method. Compound 30 displayed excellent replication inhibition of seven genetically diverse R5 HIV-1 strains in the PBMC model, in a concentration-dependent manner with EC(50) values ranging from 0.3 nM to 30 nM. This molecule showed oral bioavailabilities of 41.2 % and 21.6 % in rats and dogs, respectively. Thus, compound 30 is a promising candidate for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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Ness TL, Kunkel SL, Hogaboam CM. CCR5 antagonists: the answer to inflammatory disease? Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006; 16:1051-65. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.8.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Schlyer S, Horuk R. I want a new drug: G-protein-coupled receptors in drug development. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11:481-93. [PMID: 16713899 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Huey Lewis and the News summed it up nicely in their 1980s hit record: 'I want a new drug, one that won't make me sick, one that won't make me crash my car, or make me feel three feet thick'. The song could be an anthem for drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry. We all want new and better drugs with fewer side effects, which are effective for combating the major diseases of our time: cancer, heart disease, obesity and autoimmune diseases. How do we get these new drugs? There are currently some new ideas in drug discovery, centered on that staple diet of the pharmaceutical industry, the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. In silico methods, employing receptor-based modeling, offer a more rational approach in the design of drugs targeting GPCRs. These approaches can be used to understand receptor selectivity and species specificity of drugs that interact with GPCRs. In addition, there are various novel approaches, such as the design and potential utility of drugs that target more than one GPCR ('dual specificity' drugs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schlyer
- Department of Computational Chemistry, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
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20
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Haskell CA, Horuk R, Liang M, Rosser M, Dunning L, Islam I, Kremer L, Gutiérrez J, Marquez G, Martinez-A C, Biscone MJ, Doms RW, Ribeiro S. Identification and Characterization of a Potent, Selective Nonpeptide Agonist of the CC Chemokine Receptor CCR8. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 69:309-16. [PMID: 16221874 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.014779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the first example of a nonpeptide chemokine receptor agonist, 2-{2-[4-(3-phenoxybenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethoxy}ethanol (ZK 756326), for the CC chemokine receptor CCR8. ZK 756326 inhibited the binding of the CCR8 ligand I-309 (CCL1), with an IC(50) value of 1.8 muM. Furthermore, ZK 756326 was a full agonist of CCR8, dose-responsively eliciting an increase in intracellular calcium and cross-desensitizing the response of the receptor to CCL1. In addition, ZK 756326 stimulated extracellular acidification in cells expressing human CCR8. The ability of ZK 756326 to induce a response was receptor-specific and mediated through Galpha(i), because it could be blocked by treatment with pertussis toxin. The CCR8 agonist activated cells expressing murine CCR8, eliciting their chemotaxis and inducing phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK1/2. Like CCL1, ZK 756326 inhibited human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) fusion of cells expressing CD4 and CCR8. Finally, unlike mCCL1, ZK 756326 bound to and activated a form of mCCR8 that was mutated to eliminate O-linked sulfation at tyrosines 14 and 15. Therefore, ZK 756326 is most probably not binding in the same manner as CCL1 but can activate the switch mechanism involved in transducing signaling events. In summary, we have identified a nonpeptide agonist of CCR8. This compound may be useful in evaluating the physiological role of CCR8 in HIV infection, as well as in the general study of CCR8 biology without the constraints inherent to the use of protein agonists such as its natural ligand.
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Ribeiro S, Horuk R. The clinical potential of chemokine receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 107:44-58. [PMID: 15894378 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines belong to a family of chemotactic cytokines that direct the migration of immune cells towards sites of inflammation. They mediate their biological effects by binding to cell surface receptors, which belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Since chemokines and their receptors have been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of autoinflammatory diseases, chemokine receptor antagonists could prove to be useful therapeutics to target these diseases. Here, we review the role of chemokines in autoimmunity, concentrating mainly on the chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5, and discuss the potential utility of antagonists that target these 2 receptors as they progress through the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ribeiro
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
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22
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Shah SK, Chen N, Guthikonda RN, Mills SG, Malkowitz L, Springer MS, Gould SL, Demartino JA, Carella A, Carver G, Holmes K, Schleif WA, Danzeisen R, Hazuda D, Kessler J, Lineberger J, Miller M, Emini EA, MacCoss M. Synthesis and evaluation of CCR5 antagonists containing modified 4-piperidinyl-2-phenyl-1-(phenylsulfonylamino)-butane. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:977-82. [PMID: 15686896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Revised: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of analogs containing more rigid bicyclic piperidine replacements for the 4-benzyloxycarbonyl-(ethyl)amino-piperidine moiety of the CCR5 antagonist structure, 1, is described. Although similar binding affinity to the lead was achieved with some analogs they were overall less potent anti-HIV agents suggesting that other features besides CCR5 binding are required for good anti-viral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrenik K Shah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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23
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Abstract
A combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs, commonly termed 'highly active antiretroviral therapy' (HAART), has become the standard-of-care treatment for HIV-related disease in the developed world. Since its initiation in the mid 1990s, HAART has led to substantial reductions in both mortality and morbidity. There are, however, significant problems associated with existing therapies including high pill burdens and serious side effects in many patients, as well as the emergence and transmission of drug-resistant HIV variants. There is, therefore, a need for new medicines to treat HIV infections, both from the existing drug classes and, perhaps more importantly, a need for medicines that act against the virus in entirely new ways. In recent years, much has been learned about how HIV enters its target cells and this work has led to the identification of compounds that potently inhibit the individual steps of viral entry. The status of current research focussed on preventing HIV entry is described below.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Redshaw
- Roche Discovery Welwyn, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK.
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24
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Xu Y, Liu H, Niu C, Luo C, Luo X, Shen J, Chen K, Jiang H. Molecular docking and 3D QSAR studies on 1-amino-2-phenyl-4-(piperidin-1-yl)-butanes based on the structural modeling of human CCR5 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:6193-208. [PMID: 15519163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Revised: 08/31/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have used an approach combining protein structure modeling, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, automated docking, and 3D QSAR analyses to investigate the detailed interactions of CCR5 with their antagonists. Homology modeling and MD simulation were used to build the 3D model of CCR5 receptor based on the high-resolution X-ray structure of bovine rhodopsin. A series of 64 CCR5 antagonists, 1-amino-2-phenyl-4-(piperidin-1-yl)-butanes, were docked into the putative binding site of the 3D model of CCR5 using the docking method, and the probable interaction model between CCR5 and the antagonists were obtained. The predicted binding affinities of the antagonists to CCR5 correlate well with the antagonist activities, and the interaction model could be used to explain many mutagenesis results. All these indicate that the 3D model of antagonist-CCR5 interaction is reliable. Based on the binding conformations and their alignment inside the binding pocket of CCR5, three-dimensional structure-activity relationship (3D QSAR) analyses were performed on these antagonists using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity analysis (CoMSIA) methods. Both CoMFA and CoMSIA provide statistically valid models with good correlation and predictive power. The q(2)(r(cross)(2)) values are 0.568 and 0.587 for CoMFA and CoMSIA, respectively. The predictive ability of these models was validated by six compounds that were not included in the training set. Mapping these models back to the topology of the active site of CCR5 leads to a better understanding of antagonist-CCR5 interaction. These results suggest that the 3D model of CCR5 can be used in structure-based drug design and the 3D QSAR models provide clear guidelines and accurate activity predictions for novel antagonist design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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25
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Song M, Breneman CM, Sukumar N. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of piperidine-based CCR5 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:489-99. [PMID: 14723967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The CCR5 chemokine receptor has recently been found to play a crucial role in the viral entry stage of HIV infection and has therefore become an attractive potential target for anti-HIV therapeutics. On the other hand, the lack of CCR5 crystal structure data has impeded the development of structure-based CCR5 antagonist design. In this paper, we compare two three-dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (3D-QSAR) methods: Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) and Comparative Molecular Similarity Indices Analysis (CoMSIA) on a series of piperidine-based CCR5 antagonists as an alternative approach to investigate the interaction between CCR5 antagonists and their receptor. Superimposition of antagonist structures was performed using two alignment rules: atomic/centroid rms fit and rigid body field fit techniques. The 3D QSAR models were derived from a training set of 72 compounds, and were found to have predictive capability for a set of 19 holdout test compounds. The resulting contour maps produced by the best CoMFA and CoMSIA models were used to identify the structural features relevant to biological activity in this series of compounds. Further analyses of these interaction-field contour maps also showed a high level of internal consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghu Song
- Department of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Gao
- Medicinal Chemistry, Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Route 202-206, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807-0800, USA
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27
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Brzozowski Z, Saczewski F, Gdaniec M. Synthesis, structural characterization and in vitro antitumor activity of novel 6-chloro-1,1-dioxo-1,4,2-benzodithiazie derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:3673-81. [PMID: 12901913 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of nonconventional aminium N-(6-chloro-7-R-1,1-dioxo-1,4,2-benzodithiazin-3-yl)arylsulfonamidates 7-15 have been synthesized by the reactions of 6-chloro-7-R-3-methylthio-1,4,2-benzodithiazine 1,1-dioxides with 4-dimethylaminopyridine or Et(3)N and some arylsulfonamides. The free N-(6-chloro-7-methyl-1,1-dioxo-1,4,2-benzodithiazin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamides 16-18 were obtained by treatment of their aminium salts with H(2)SO(4) in boiling acetic acid. The in vitro antitumor activity of the compounds 9, 11-14 and 16-18 has been tested in the antitumor screening of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and relationships between structure and antitumor activity are discussed. 4-Dimethylaminopyridinium 4-chloro-N-(6-chloro-7-methyl-1,1-dioxo-1,4,2-benzodithiazin-3-yl)benzenesulfonamidate 9 is the prominent of the compounds due to its remarkable activity (log GI(50)<-8.00, log TGI=-5.50) and selectivity for the leukemia SR cell line. For that reason experimental and theoretical analysis of the geometric and electronic properties of 9 was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdzislaw Brzozowski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
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28
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Kazmierski W, Bifulco N, Yang H, Boone L, DeAnda F, Watson C, Kenakin T. Recent progress in discovery of small-molecule CCR5 chemokine receptor ligands as HIV-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:2663-76. [PMID: 12788340 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses key pharmacology and virology issues relevant in discovery and development of CCR5 antagonists as anti-HIV drugs, such as target validation, receptor internalization, allosterism, viral resistance and tropism. Recent progress in the discovery and development of CCR5 antagonists, SAR and clinical status are reviewed. Finally, modeling-based structure of CCR5 is discussed in the context of a small-molecule antagonism of the CCR5 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslaw Kazmierski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3398, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Many lead compounds with the potential to progress to viable drug candidates have been identified from libraries during the past two years. There are two key strategies most often employed to find leads from libraries: first, high-throughput biological screening of corporate compound collections; and second, synthesis and screening of project-directed libraries (i.e. target-based libraries). Numerous success stories, including the discovery of several clinical candidates, testify to the utility of chemical library collections as proven sources of new leads for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Golebiowski
- Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Health Care Research Center, Mason, OH 45040-8006, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Chemokine receptors belong to one of the most pharmacologically exploited proteins, the G-protein-coupled receptors. Drugs that target these receptors make up greater than 45% of all known marketed medicines. Several excellent reviews published recently have concentrated on the biology, pathophysiology, and molecular mechanisms of action of the chemokines [C. Gerard, B.J. Rollins, Nat. Immunol. 2 (2001) 108; C.R. Mackay, Nat. Immunol. 2 (2001) 95; M. Thelen, Nat. Immunol. 2 (2001) 129] and the reader is directed toward them to gain a thorough understanding of the importance of this growing family of proteins. Although some background will be given here to aid in an understanding of the medical importance of chemokines, this review will focus on the rapid advances that have been made in identifying and characterizing chemokine receptor antagonists, by discussing their efficacy in animal models of disease as well as detailing their progression through human clinical trials. This approach is exemplified by specific reference to CCR1 and CCR5, which are the most advanced chemokine receptor programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Horuk
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Biosciences, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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31
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Nishiyama Y, Murakami T, Shikama S, Kurita K, Yamamoto N. Anti-HIV-1 peptides derived from partial amino acid sequences of CC-chemokine RANTES. Regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:4113-7. [PMID: 12413865 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen acetyl-peptide-amides with partial amino acid sequences of RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), all Cys residues of which were substituted by Ala, were synthesized, and screened for anti-HIV-1 activity. Peptides corresponding to 1-10, 37-46, and 57-68 showed marked activity against CC-chemokine receptor 5-using HIV-1(JR-CSF) (% inhibition at 100 nM 69, 82, 76%, respectively). The results indicate that multiple regions, including the N-terminal part responsible for chemotactic activity, are involved in anti-HIV-1 activity of RANTES, yielding possible lead compounds for anti-HIV-1 agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishiyama
- Chemical Immunology and Therapeutics Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, 77030, USA.
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32
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Bioorganic Studies in AIDS: Synthetic Antifungals Against Pneumocystis carinii Based on the Multivalency Concept. Int J Mol Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.3390/i3111145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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33
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Abstract
Chemokines are small cytokines that control a wide variety of biological and pathological processes, from immunosurveillance to inflammation, and from viral infection to cancer. The numerous known chemokine receptors have given hope that selective receptor antagonism might be possible, which could allow us to control which cells are recruited and activated at any time and in any place. As chemokine receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors, which are classical targets for the pharmaceutical industry, it is hoped that chemokines could be the first cytokines for which small-molecule receptor antagonists could be developed. Recently, reports of chemokine-receptor antagonists, both in vitro and in animal models of disease, have been published. It is anticipated that this field could produce clinically useful therapies in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias K Schwarz
- Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 14 Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
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34
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Abstract
The development and clinical use of chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of persistent HIV-1 infection over the past decade has profoundly and favorably affected the course of HIV-1 disease for many infected individuals. Unfortunately, the long-term use of these therapies is complicated by unwanted metabolic side effects, by issues of adherence, and by the selection of viral variants with reduced susceptibility. These complications have spurred the search for new anti-HIV-1 agents having improved pharmacological properties and expressing activity against viral variants resistant to the currently available agents. This brief review describes the current state of this search as well as potentially novel viral targets for chemotherapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon H Condra
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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35
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Kim D, Wang L, Caldwell CG, Chen P, Finke PE, Oates B, MacCoss M, Mills SG, Malkowitz L, Gould SL, DeMartino JA, Springer MS, Hazuda D, Miller M, Kessler J, Danzeisen R, Carver G, Carella A, Holmes K, Lineberger J, Schleif WA, Emini EA. Design, synthesis, and SAR of heterocycle-containing antagonists of the human CCR5 receptor for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:3103-6. [PMID: 11720852 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the large hydantoin-indole moiety from our previous work with a variety of smaller heterocyclic analogues gave rise to potent CCR5 antagonists having binding affinity comparable to the hydantoin analogues. The synthesis, SAR, and biological profiles of this class of antagonists are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, RY 121-240, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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36
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Kim D, Wang L, Caldwell CG, Chen P, Finke PE, Oates B, MacCoss M, Mills SG, Malkowitz L, Gould SL, DeMartino JA, Springer MS, Hazuda D, Miller M, Kessler J, Danzeisen R, Carver G, Carella A, Holmes K, Lineberger J, Schleif WA, Emini EA. Discovery of human CCR5 antagonists containing hydantoins for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:3099-102. [PMID: 11720851 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of hydantoin derivatives has been discovered as highly potent nonpeptide antagonists for the human CCR5 receptor. The synthesis, SAR, and biological profiles of this class of antagonists are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, RY 121-240, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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37
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Willoughby CA, Berk SC, Rosauer KG, Degrado S, Chapman KT, Gould SL, Springer MS, Malkowitz L, Schleif WA, Hazuda D, Miller M, Kessler J, Danzeisen R, Holmes K, Lineberger J, Carella A, Carver G, Emini EA. Combinatorial synthesis of CCR5 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:3137-41. [PMID: 11720860 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the preparation of a combinatorial library of compounds with potent CCR5 binding affinity. The library design was aided by SAR generated in a traditional medicinal chemistry effort. Compounds with novel combinations of subunits were discovered that have high binding affinity for the CCR5 receptor. A potent CCR5 antagonist from the library, compound 11 was found to have moderate anti-HIV-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Willoughby
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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38
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Hale JJ, Budhu RJ, Holson EB, Finke PE, Oates B, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Gould SL, DeMartino JA, Springer MS, Siciliano S, Malkowitz L, Schleif WA, Hazuda D, Miller M, Kessler J, Danzeisen R, Holmes K, Lineberger J, Carella A, Carver G, Emini E. 1,3,4-Trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists. Part 2: lead optimization affording selective, orally bioavailable compounds with potent anti-HIV activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2741-5. [PMID: 11591514 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of the structure-activity relationships of 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidine human CCR5 receptor antagonists afforded orally bioavailable compounds with the ability to inhibit HIV replication in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hale
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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39
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Finke PE, Meurer LC, Oates B, Shah SK, Loebach JL, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Castonguay L, Malkowitz L, Springer MS, Gould SL, DeMartino JA. Antagonists of the human CCR5 receptor as anti-HIV-1 agents. Part 3: a proposed pharmacophore model for 1-[N-(methyl)-N-(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-2-(phenyl)-4-[4-(substituted)piperidin-1-yl]butanes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2469-73. [PMID: 11549449 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies directed toward the optimization of (2S)-2-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-[N-(methyl)-N-(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-4-[4-(substituted)piperidin-1-yl]butanes as CCR5 antagonists resulted in the synthesis of the spiro-indanone derivative 8c (IC50=5 nM). These and previous results are summarized in a proposed pharmacophore model for this class of CCR5 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Finke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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40
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Finke PE, Oates B, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Malkowitz L, Springer MS, Gould SL, DeMartino JA, Carella A, Carver G, Holmes K, Danzeisen R, Hazuda D, Kessler J, Lineberger J, Miller M, Schleif WA, Emini EA. Antagonists of the human CCR5 receptor as anti-HIV-1 agents. Part 4: synthesis and structure-activity relationships for 1-[N-(methyl)-N-(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-2-(phenyl)-4-(4-(N-(alkyl)-N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)butanes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2475-9. [PMID: 11549450 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
(2S)-2-(3-Chlorophenyl)-1-[N-(methyl)-N-(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-4-[spiro(2,3-dihydrobenzthiophene-3,4'-piperidin-1'-yl)]butane S-oxide (1b) has been identified as a potent CCR5 antagonist having an IC50=10 nM. Herein, structure-activity relationship studies of non-spiro piperidines are described, which led to the discovery of 4-(N-(alkyl)-N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)amino)piperidine derivatives (3-5) as potent CCR5 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Finke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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41
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Tagat JR, McCombie SW, Steensma RW, Lin S, Nazareno DV, Baroudy B, Vantuno N, Xu S, Liu J. Piperazine-based CCR5 antagonists as HIV-1 inhibitors. I: 2(S)-methyl piperazine as a key pharmacophore element. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2143-6. [PMID: 11514156 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of the piperidino-piperazines 1 and 2 provided early leads 3 and 4, which showed good activity in the CCR5-RANTES binding assay and in antiviral assays. A systematic study around these structures showed that the 2(S)-methyl piperazine is essential for CCR5 affinity, which is further enhanced by forming the 2,6-dimethyl benzamide of the piperidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Tagat
- Department of Chemical Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, K-15-2B-2800, Kenilworth, NJ 07033-1300, USA. jayaram@
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42
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Walker MA. Novel antiviral molecules. Drug Discov Today 2001; 6:747-749. [PMID: 11445467 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(01)01860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M A. Walker
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 06492, Tel: +1 203 677 6686; fax: +1 203 677 7702, Wallingford CT, USA
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43
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Hale JJ, Budhu RJ, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Malkowitz L, Siciliano S, Gould SL, DeMartino JA, Springer MS. 1,3,4-Trisubstituted pyrrolidine CCR5 receptor antagonists. Part 1: discovery of the pyrrolidine scaffold and determination of its stereochemical requirements. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1437-40. [PMID: 11378372 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrolidines was discovered to have the ability to displace [(125)I]-MIP-1alpha from the CCR5 receptor expressed on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell membranes. CCR5 activity was found to be dependent on the regiochemistry and the absolute stereochemistry of the pyrrolidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hale
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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44
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Dorn CP, Finke PE, Oates B, Budhu RJ, Mills SG, MacCoss M, Malkowitz L, Springer MS, Daugherty BL, Gould SL, DeMartino JA, Siciliano SJ, Carella A, Carver G, Holmes K, Danzeisen R, Hazuda D, Kessler J, Lineberger J, Miller M, Schleif WA, Emini EA. Antagonists of the human CCR5 receptor as anti-HIV-1 agents. part 1: discovery and initial structure-activity relationships for 1 -amino-2-phenyl-4-(piperidin-1-yl)butanes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:259-64. [PMID: 11206473 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00637-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Screening of the Merck sample collection for compounds with CCR5 receptor binding afforded (2S)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-[N-(methyl)-N-(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-4-[spiro(2,3-dihydrobenzthiophene-3,4'-piperidin-1'-yl)]butane S-oxide (4) as a potent lead structure having an IC50 binding affinity of 35 nM. Herein, we describe the discovery of this lead structure and our initial structure activity relationship studies directed toward the requirement for and optimization of the 1-amino fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Dorn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
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