1
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Sinha NK, McKenney C, Yeow ZY, Li JJ, Nam KH, Yaron-Barir TM, Johnson JL, Huntsman EM, Cantley LC, Ordureau A, Regot S, Green R. The ribotoxic stress response drives UV-mediated cell death. Cell 2024:S0092-8674(24)00527-0. [PMID: 38843833 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
While ultraviolet (UV) radiation damages DNA, eliciting the DNA damage response (DDR), it also damages RNA, triggering transcriptome-wide ribosomal collisions and eliciting a ribotoxic stress response (RSR). However, the relative contributions, timing, and regulation of these pathways in determining cell fate is unclear. Here we use time-resolved phosphoproteomic, chemical-genetic, single-cell imaging, and biochemical approaches to create a chronological atlas of signaling events activated in cells responding to UV damage. We discover that UV-induced apoptosis is mediated by the RSR kinase ZAK and not through the DDR. We identify two negative-feedback modules that regulate ZAK-mediated apoptosis: (1) GCN2 activation limits ribosomal collisions and attenuates ZAK-mediated RSR and (2) ZAK activity leads to phosphodegron autophosphorylation and its subsequent degradation. These events tune ZAK's activity to collision levels to establish regimes of homeostasis, tolerance, and death, revealing its key role as the cellular sentinel for nucleic acid damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niladri K Sinha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Connor McKenney
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhong Y Yeow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ki Hong Nam
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tomer M Yaron-Barir
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jared L Johnson
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Emily M Huntsman
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alban Ordureau
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Sergi Regot
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Rachel Green
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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2
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Marmolejo CO, Sanchez C, Lee J, Werner M, Roberts P, Hamperl S, Saldivar JC. A phosphorylation code coordinating transcription condensate dynamics with DNA replication. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.10.593572. [PMID: 38765978 PMCID: PMC11100774 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.10.593572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Chromatin is organized into compartments enriched with functionally-related proteins driving non-linear biochemical activities. Some compartments, e.g. transcription foci, behave as liquid condensates. While the principles governing the enrichment of proteins within condensates are being elucidated, mechanisms that coordinate condensate dynamics with other nuclear processes like DNA replication have not been identified. We show that at the G1/S cell cycle transition, large transcription condensates form at histone locus bodies (HLBs) in a cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and 2 (CDK1/2)-dependent manner. As cells progress through S phase, ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) accumulates within HLBs and dissolves the associated transcription condensates. Integration of CDK1/2 and ATR signaling creates a phosphorylation code within the intrinsically-disordered region of mediator subunit 1 (MED1) coordinating condensate dynamics with DNA replication. Disruption of this code results in imbalanced histone biosynthesis, and consequently, global DNA damage. We propose the spatiotemporal dynamics of transcription condensates are actively controlled via phosphorylation and essential for viability of proliferating cells.
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3
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Yao H, Wu Y, Zhong Y, Huang C, Guo Z, Jin Y, Wang X. Role of c-Fos in DNA damage repair. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31216. [PMID: 38327128 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
c-Fos, a member of the immediate early gene, serves as a widely used marker of neuronal activation induced by various types of brain damage. In addition, c-Fos is believed to play a regulatory role in DNA damage repair. This paper reviews the literature on c-Fos' involvement in the regulation of DNA damage repair and indicates that genes of the Fos family can be induced by various forms of DNA damage. In addition, cells lacking c-Fos have difficulties in DNA repair. c-Fos is involved in tumorigenesis and progression as a proto-oncogene that maintains cancer cell survival, which may also be related to DNA repair. c-Fos may impact the repair of DNA damage by regulating the expression of downstream proteins, including ATR, ERCC1, XPF, and others. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanisms necessitate further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilun Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Zhong
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxuan Huang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zimo Guo
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinpeng Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianli Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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4
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Wang Y, Wang R, Zhao Y, Cao S, Li C, Wu Y, Ma L, Liu Y, Yao Y, Jiao Y, Chen Y, Liu S, Zhang K, Wei M, Yang C, Yang G. Discovery of Selective and Potent ATR Degrader for Exploration its Kinase-Independent Functions in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318568. [PMID: 38433368 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
ATR has emerged as a promising target for anti-cancer drug development. Several potent ATR inhibitors are currently undergoing various stages of clinical trials, but none have yet received FDA approval due to unclear regulatory mechanisms. In this study, we discovered a potent and selective ATR degrader. Its kinase-independent regulatory functions in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells were elucidated using this proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) molecule as a probe. The ATR degrader, 8 i, exhibited significantly different cellular phenotypes compared to the ATR kinase inhibitor 1. Mechanistic studies revealed that ATR deletion led to breakdown in the nuclear envelope, causing genome instability and extensive DNA damage. This would increase the expression of p53 and triggered immediately p53-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway, which was earlier and more effective than ATR kinase inhibition. Based on these findings, the in vivo anti-proliferative effects of ATR degrader 8 i were assessed using xenograft models. The degrader significantly inhibited the growth of AML cells in vivo, unlike the ATR inhibitor. These results suggest that the marked anti-AML activity is regulated by the kinase-independent functions of the ATR protein. Consequently, developing potent and selective ATR degraders could be a promising strategy for treating AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Cao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, 277160, China
| | - Chen Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yanjie Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Lan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yuhong Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yue Jiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yukun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Shuangwei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
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5
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Ngoi NYL, Pilié PG, McGrail DJ, Zimmermann M, Schlacher K, Yap TA. Targeting ATR in patients with cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:278-293. [PMID: 38378898 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-024-00863-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein serine/threonine kinase (ATR; also known as FRAP-related protein (FRP1)) has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment that exploits synthetic lethal interactions with proteins involved in DNA damage repair, overcomes resistance to other therapies and enhances antitumour immunity. Multiple novel, potent ATR inhibitors are being tested in clinical trials using biomarker-directed approaches and involving patients across a broad range of solid cancer types; some of these inhibitors have now entered phase III trials. Further insight into the complex interactions of ATR with other DNA replication stress response pathway components and with the immune system is necessary in order to optimally harness the potential of ATR inhibitors in the clinic and achieve hypomorphic targeting of the various ATR functions. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of the diverse range of predictive biomarkers of response to ATR inhibitors and of the intraclass differences between these agents could help to refine trial design and patient selection strategies. Key challenges that remain in the clinical development of ATR inhibitors include the optimization of their therapeutic index and the development of rational combinations with these agents. In this Review, we detail the molecular mechanisms regulated by ATR and their clinical relevance, and discuss the challenges that must be addressed to extend the benefit of ATR inhibitors to a broad population of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Y L Ngoi
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patrick G Pilié
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J McGrail
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Katharina Schlacher
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Therapeutics Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Khalifa Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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6
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Zhang H, Su W, Zhao R, Li M, Zhao S, Chen Z, Zhao H. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate improves the quality of maternally aged oocytes. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13575. [PMID: 38010042 PMCID: PMC10984106 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The decline in female fertility as age advances is intricately linked to the diminished developmental potential of oocytes. Despite this challenge, the strategies available to enhance the quality of aged oocytes remain limited. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), characterised by its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and tissue protective properties, holds promise as a candidate for improving the quality of maternally aged oocytes. In this study, we explored the precise impact and underlying mechanisms of EGCG on aged oocytes. EGCG exhibited the capacity to enhance the quality of aged oocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, the application of EGCG in vitro resulted in noteworthy improvements, including an increased rate of first polar body extrusion, enhanced mitochondrial function, refined spindle morphology and a reduction in oxidative stress. These beneficial effects were further validated by the improved fertility observed among aged mice. In addition, our findings propose that EGCG might augment the expression of Arf6. This augmentation, in turn, contributes to the assembly of spindle-associated F-actin, which can contribute to mitigate the aneuploidy induced by the disruption of spindle F-actin within aged oocytes. This work thus contributes not only to understanding the role of EGCG in bolstering oocyte health, but also underscores its potential as a therapeutic intervention to address fertility challenges associated with advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongHui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring HealthShandong UniversityJinanChina
- The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu SchoolNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanChina
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive GeneticShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART‐Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001)JinanChina
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
| | - Wei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring HealthShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanChina
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive GeneticShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART‐Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001)JinanChina
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
| | - RuSong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring HealthShandong UniversityJinanChina
- The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu SchoolNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanChina
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive GeneticShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART‐Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001)JinanChina
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring HealthShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanChina
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive GeneticShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART‐Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001)JinanChina
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
| | - ShiGang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring HealthShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanChina
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive GeneticShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART‐Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001)JinanChina
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
| | - Zi‐Jiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring HealthShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanChina
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive GeneticShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART‐Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001)JinanChina
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive GeneticsShanghaiChina
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Han Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring HealthShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanChina
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive GeneticShandong UniversityJinanChina
- Research Unit of Gametogenesis and Health of ART‐Offspring, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No.2021RU001)JinanChina
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
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7
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Ascenção C, Sims JR, Dziubek A, Comstock W, Fogarty EA, Badar J, Freire R, Grimson A, Weiss RS, Cohen PE, Smolka MB. A TOPBP1 allele causing male infertility uncouples XY silencing dynamics from sex body formation. eLife 2024; 12:RP90887. [PMID: 38391183 PMCID: PMC10942628 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) is a critical feature of meiotic prophase I progression in males. While the ATR kinase and its activator TOPBP1 are key drivers of MSCI within the specialized sex body (SB) domain of the nucleus, how they promote silencing remains unclear given their multifaceted meiotic functions that also include DNA repair, chromosome synapsis, and SB formation. Here we report a novel mutant mouse harboring mutations in the TOPBP1-BRCT5 domain. Topbp1B5/B5 males are infertile, with impaired MSCI despite displaying grossly normal events of early prophase I, including synapsis and SB formation. Specific ATR-dependent events are disrupted, including phosphorylation and localization of the RNA:DNA helicase Senataxin. Topbp1B5/B5 spermatocytes initiate, but cannot maintain ongoing, MSCI. These findings reveal a non-canonical role for the ATR-TOPBP1 signaling axis in MSCI dynamics at advanced stages in pachynema and establish the first mouse mutant that separates ATR signaling and MSCI from SB formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolline Ascenção
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Jennie R Sims
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Alexis Dziubek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - William Comstock
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Elizabeth A Fogarty
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Jumana Badar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Fundación Canaria del Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de CanariasSanta Cruz de TenerifeSpain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La LagunaLa LagunaSpain
- Universidad Fernando Pessoa CanariasLas Palmas de Gran CanariaSpain
| | - Andrew Grimson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Robert S Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Paula E Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Marcus B Smolka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
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8
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Ascencao CFR, Sims JR, Dziubek A, Comstock W, Fogarty EA, Badar J, Freire R, Grimson A, Weiss RS, Cohen PE, Smolka M. A TOPBP1 Allele Causing Male Infertility Uncouples XY Silencing Dynamics From Sex Body Formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.31.543071. [PMID: 37398453 PMCID: PMC10312512 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.31.543071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) is a critical feature of meiotic prophase I progression in males. While the ATR kinase and its activator TOPBP1 are key drivers of MSCI within the specialized sex body (SB) domain of the nucleus, how they promote silencing remains unclear given their multifaceted meiotic functions that also include DNA repair, chromosome synapsis and SB formation. Here we report a novel mutant mouse harboring mutations in the TOPBP1-BRCT5 domain. Topbp1 B5/B5 males are infertile, with impaired MSCI despite displaying grossly normal events of early prophase I, including synapsis and SB formation. Specific ATR-dependent events are disrupted including phosphorylation and localization of the RNA:DNA helicase Senataxin. Topbp1 B5/B5 spermatocytes initiate, but cannot maintain ongoing, MSCI. These findings reveal a non-canonical role for the ATR-TOPBP1 signaling axis in MSCI dynamics at advanced stages in pachynema and establish the first mouse mutant that separates ATR signaling and MSCI from SB formation.
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9
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Wang N, Xu S, Egli D. Replication stress in mammalian embryo development, differentiation, and reprogramming. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:872-886. [PMID: 37202286 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Duplicating a genome of 3 billion nucleotides is challenged by a variety of obstacles that can cause replication stress and affect the integrity of the genome. Recent studies show that replication fork slowing and stalling is prevalent in early mammalian development, resulting in genome instability and aneuploidy, and constituting a barrier to development in human reproduction. Genome instability resulting from DNA replication stress is a barrier to the cloning of animals and to the reprogramming of differentiated cells to induced pluripotent stem cells, as well as a barrier to cell transformation. Remarkably, the regions most impacted by replication stress are shared in these different cellular contexts, affecting long genes and flanking intergenic areas. In this review we integrate our knowledge of DNA replication stress in mammalian embryos, in programming, and in reprogramming, and we discuss a potential role for fragile sites in sensing replication stress and restricting cell cycle progression in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shuangyi Xu
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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10
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Milletti G, Colicchia V, Cecconi F. Cyclers' kinases in cell division: from molecules to cancer therapy. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:2035-2052. [PMID: 37516809 PMCID: PMC10482880 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful eucaryotic cell division requires spatio-temporal orchestration of multiple sequential events. To ensure the dynamic nature of these molecular and morphological transitions, a swift modulation of key regulatory pathways is necessary. The molecular process that most certainly fits this description is phosphorylation, the post-translational modification provided by kinases, that is crucial to allowing the progression of the cell cycle and that culminates with the separation of two identical daughter cells. In detail, from the early stages of the interphase to the cytokinesis, each critical step of this process is tightly regulated by multiple families of kinases including the Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), kinases of the Aurora, Polo, Wee1 families, and many others. While cell-cycle-related CDKs control the timing of the different phases, preventing replication machinery errors, the latter modulate the centrosome cycle and the spindle function, avoiding karyotypic abnormalities typical of chromosome instability. Such chromosomal abnormalities may result from replication stress (RS) and chromosome mis-segregation and are considered a hallmark of poor prognosis, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis in cancer patients. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of how different families of kinases concur to govern cell cycle, preventing RS and mitotic infidelity. Additionally, considering the growing number of clinical trials targeting these molecules, we review to what extent and in which tumor context cell-cycle-related kinases inhibitors are worth exploiting as an effective therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Milletti
- DNA Replication and Cancer Group, Danish Cancer Institute, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology and of Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valeria Colicchia
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- IRBM S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30.60, 00070, Pomezia, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Cell Stress and Survival Group, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore and Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Peng X, Cheng J, Li H, Feijó A, Xia L, Ge D, Wen Z, Yang Q. Whole-genome sequencing reveals adaptations of hairy-footed jerboas (Dipus, Dipodidae) to diverse desert environments. BMC Biol 2023; 21:182. [PMID: 37649052 PMCID: PMC10469962 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental conditions vary among deserts across the world, spanning from hyper-arid to high-elevation deserts. However, prior genomic studies on desert adaptation have focused on desert and non-desert comparisons overlooking the complexity of conditions within deserts. Focusing on the adaptation mechanisms to diverse desert environments will advance our understanding of how species adapt to extreme desert environments. The hairy-footed jerboas are well adapted to diverse desert environments, inhabiting high-altitude arid regions, hyper-arid deserts, and semi-deserts, but the genetic basis of their adaptation to different deserts remains unknown. RESULTS Here, we sequenced the whole genome of 83 hairy-footed jerboas from distinct desert zones in China to assess how they responded under contrasting conditions. Population genomics analyses reveal the existence of three species in hairy-footed jerboas distributed in China: Dipus deasyi, Dipus sagitta, and Dipus sowerbyi. Analyses of selection between high-altitude desert (elevation ≥ 3000m) and low-altitude desert (< 500m) populations identified two strongly selected genes, ATR and HIF1AN, associated with intense UV radiation and hypoxia in high-altitude environments. A number of candidate genes involved in energy and water homeostasis were detected in the comparative genomic analyses of hyper-arid desert (average annual precipitation < 70mm) and arid desert (< 200mm) populations versus semi-desert (> 360mm) populations. Hyper-arid desert animals also exhibited stronger adaptive selection in energy homeostasis, suggesting water and resource scarcity may be the main drivers of desert adaptation in hairy-footed jerboas. CONCLUSIONS Our study challenges the view of deserts as homogeneous environments and shows that distinct genomic adaptations can be found among desert animals depending on their habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jilong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hong Li
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Anderson Feijó
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Lin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Deyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhixin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qisen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
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12
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Uchida C, Niida H, Sakai S, Iijima K, Kitagawa K, Ohhata T, Shiotani B, Kitagawa M. p130RB2 positively contributes to ATR activation in response to replication stress via the RPA32-ETAA1 axis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119484. [PMID: 37201767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase is a crucial regulator of the cell cycle checkpoint and activated in response to DNA replication stress by two independent pathways via RPA32-ETAA1 and TopBP1. However, the precise activation mechanism of ATR by the RPA32-ETAA1 pathway remains unclear. Here, we show that p130RB2, a member of the retinoblastoma protein family, participates in the pathway under hydroxyurea-induced DNA replication stress. p130RB2 binds to ETAA1, but not TopBP1, and depletion of p130RB2 inhibits the RPA32-ETAA1 interaction under replication stress. Moreover, p130RB2 depletion reduces ATR activation accompanied by phosphorylation of its targets RPA32, Chk1, and ATR itself. It also causes improper re-progression of S phase with retaining single-stranded DNA after cancelation of the stress, which leads to an increase in the anaphase bridge phenotype and a decrease in cell survival. Importantly, restoration of p130RB2 rescued the disrupted phenotypes of p130RB2 knockdown cells. These results suggest positive involvement of p130RB2 in the RPA32-ETAA1-ATR axis and proper re-progression of the cell cycle to maintain genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Uchida
- Advanced Research Facilities & Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Niida
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kenta Iijima
- Laboratory Animal Facilities & Services, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education & Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kitagawa
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohhata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Bunsyo Shiotani
- Laboratory of Genome Stress Signaling, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kitagawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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13
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Cheung AHK, Hui CHL, Wong KY, Liu X, Chen B, Kang W, To KF. Out of the cycle: Impact of cell cycle aberrations on cancer metabolism and metastasis. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:1510-1525. [PMID: 36093588 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The use of cell cycle inhibitors has necessitated a better understanding of the cell cycle in tumor biology to optimize the therapeutic approach. Cell cycle aberrations are common in cancers, and it is increasingly acknowledged that these aberrations exert oncogenic effects beyond the cell cycle. Multiple facets such as cancer metabolism, immunity and metastasis are also affected, all of which are beyond the effect of cell proliferation alone. This review comprehensively summarized the important recent findings and advances in these interrelated processes. In cancer metabolism, cell cycle regulators can modulate various pathways in aerobic glycolysis, glucose uptake and gluconeogenesis, mainly through transcriptional regulation and kinase activities. Amino acid metabolism is also regulated through cell cycle progression. On cancer metastasis, metabolic plasticity, immune evasion, tumor microenvironment adaptation and metastatic site colonization are intricately related to the cell cycle, with distinct regulatory mechanisms at each step of invasion and dissemination. Throughout the synthesis of current understanding, knowledge gaps and limitations in the literature are also highlighted, as are new therapeutic approaches such as combinational therapy and challenges in tackling emerging targeted therapy resistance. A greater understanding of how the cell cycle modulates diverse aspects of cancer biology can hopefully shed light on identifying new molecular targets by harnessing the vast potential of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Ho-Kwan Cheung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chris Ho-Lam Hui
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kit Yee Wong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bonan Chen
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir Y.K. Pao Cancer Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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14
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Wang P, Ouyang J, Jia Z, Zhang A, Yang Y. Roles of DNA damage in renal tubular epithelial cells injury. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1162546. [PMID: 37089416 PMCID: PMC10117683 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1162546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of renal diseases including acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide. However, the pathogenesis of most renal diseases is still unclear and effective treatments are still lacking. DNA damage and the related DNA damage response (DDR) have been confirmed as common pathogenesis of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced DNA damage is one of the most common types of DNA damage involved in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. In recent years, several developments have been made in the field of DNA damage. Herein, we review the roles and developments of DNA damage and DNA damage response in renal tubular epithelial cell injury in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. In this review, we conclude that focusing on DNA damage and DNA damage response may provide valuable diagnostic biomarkers and treatment strategies for renal diseases including acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yunwen Yang, ; Aihua Zhang,
| | - Yunwen Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Nanjing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Yunwen Yang, ; Aihua Zhang,
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15
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Chevarin M, Alcantara D, Albuisson J, Collonge-Rame MA, Populaire C, Selmani Z, Baurand A, Sawka C, Bertolone G, Callier P, Duffourd Y, Jonveaux P, Bignon YJ, Coupier I, Cornelis F, Cordier C, Mozelle-Nivoix M, Rivière JB, Kuentz P, Thauvin C, Boidot R, Ghiringhelli F, O'Driscoll M, Faivre L, Nambot S. The "extreme phenotype approach" applied to male breast cancer allows the identification of rare variants of ATR as potential breast cancer susceptibility alleles. Oncotarget 2023; 14:111-125. [PMID: 36749285 PMCID: PMC9904323 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In oncogenetics, some patients could be considered as "extreme phenotypes", such as those with very early onset presentation or multiple primary malignancies, unusually high numbers of cancers of the same spectrum or rare cancer types in the same parental branch. For these cases, a genetic predisposition is very likely, but classical candidate gene panel analyses often and frustratingly remains negative. In the framework of the EX2TRICAN project, exploring unresolved extreme cancer phenotypes, we applied exome sequencing on rare familial cases with male breast cancer, identifying a novel pathogenic variant of ATR (p.Leu1808*). ATR has already been suspected as being a predisposing gene to breast cancer in women. We next identified 3 additional ATR variants in a cohort of both male and female with early onset and familial breast cancers (c.7762-2A>C; c.2078+1G>A; c.1A>G). Further molecular and cellular investigations showed impacts on transcripts for variants affecting splicing sites and reduction of ATR expression and phosphorylation of the ATR substrate CHEK1. This work further demonstrates the interest of an extended genetic analysis such as exome sequencing to identify very rare variants that can play a role in cancer predisposition in extreme phenotype cancer cases unexplained by classical cancer gene panels testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Chevarin
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation diagnostique dans les maladies rares, laboratoire de génétique chromosomique et moléculaire, Plateau Technique de Biologie, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Diana Alcantara
- Human DNA Damage Response Disorders Group, University of Sussex, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Juliette Albuisson
- Service d’Oncogénétique, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
- Département de biologie et pathologie des tumeurs, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | | | - Céline Populaire
- Oncobiologie Génétique Bioinformatique, PCBio, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Zohair Selmani
- Oncobiologie Génétique Bioinformatique, PCBio, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Amandine Baurand
- Service d’Oncogénétique, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du Développement de l’Interrégion Est, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Sawka
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du Développement de l’Interrégion Est, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Geoffrey Bertolone
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du Développement de l’Interrégion Est, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Patrick Callier
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation diagnostique dans les maladies rares, laboratoire de génétique chromosomique et moléculaire, Plateau Technique de Biologie, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU TRANSLAD), CHU Dijon Bourgogne et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Yannis Duffourd
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU TRANSLAD), CHU Dijon Bourgogne et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Jonveaux
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, INSERM U954, Hôpitaux de Brabois, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Yves-Jean Bignon
- Laboratoire d’Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - François Cornelis
- Université Bordeaux, IMB, UMR 5251, Talence, France
- Service d’imagerie diagnostique et interventionnelle de l’adulte, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Baptiste Rivière
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du Développement de l’Interrégion Est, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU TRANSLAD), CHU Dijon Bourgogne et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Paul Kuentz
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Oncobiologie Génétique Bioinformatique, PCBio, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU TRANSLAD), CHU Dijon Bourgogne et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Christel Thauvin
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du Développement de l’Interrégion Est, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Romain Boidot
- Département de biologie et pathologie des tumeurs, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Département d’oncologie médicale, INSERM LNC U1231, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Marc O'Driscoll
- Human DNA Damage Response Disorders Group, University of Sussex, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Service d’Oncogénétique, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du Développement de l’Interrégion Est, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU TRANSLAD), CHU Dijon Bourgogne et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sophie Nambot
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Service d’Oncogénétique, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du Développement de l’Interrégion Est, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU TRANSLAD), CHU Dijon Bourgogne et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
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16
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Liu Z, Dai H, Huo H, Li W, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Huo J. Molecular characteristics and transcriptional regulatory of spermatogenesis-related gene RFX2 in adult Banna mini-pig inbred line (BMI). Anim Reprod 2023; 20:e20220090. [PMID: 36922987 PMCID: PMC10010159 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2022-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RFX2 plays critical roles in mammalian spermatogenesis and cilium maturation. Here, the testes of 12-month-old adult boars of Banna mini-pig inbred line (BMI) were subjected to whole-transcriptome sequencing. The results indicated that the average expression (raw count) of RFX2 gene in BMI testes was 16138.25, and the average expression value of the corresponding transcript ENSSSCT00000043271.2 was 123.1898. The CDS of RFX2 obtained from BMI testes was 2,817 bp (GenBank accession number: OL362242). Gene structure analysis showed that RFX2 was located on chromosome 2 of the pig genome with 19 exons. Protein structure analysis indicated that RFX2 contains 728 amino acids with two conserved domains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that RFX2 was highly conserved with evolutionary homologies among mammalian species. Other analyses, including PPI networks, KEGG, and GO, indicated that BMI RFX2 had interactions with 43 proteins involving various functions, such as in cell cycle, spermatid development, spermatid differentiation, cilium assembly, and cilium organization, etc. Correlation analysis between these proteins and the transcriptome data implied that RFX2 was significantly associated with FOXJ1, DNAH9, TMEM138, E2F7, and ATR, and particularly showed the highest correlation with ATR, demonstrating the importance of RFX2 and ART in spermatogenesis. Functional annotation implied that RFX2 was involved in 17 GO terms, including three cellular components (CC), six molecular functions (MF), and eight biological processes (BP). The analysis of miRNA-gene targeting indicated that BMI RFX2 was mainly regulated by two miRNAs, among which four lncRNAs and five lncRNAs competitively bound ssc-miR-365-5p and ssc-miR-744 with RFX2, respectively. Further, the dual-luciferase report assay indicated that the ssc-miR-365-5p and ssc-miR-744 significantly reduced luciferase activity of RFX2 3'UTR in the 293T cells, suggesting that these two miRNAs regulated the expression of RFX2. Our results revealed the important role of RFX2 in BMI spermatogenesis, making it an intriguing candidate for follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongmei Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hailong Huo
- Yunnan Vocational and Technical College of Agriculture, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Weizhen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- College of Life Science, Lyuliang University, Lvliang, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinlong Huo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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17
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Wong L, Sami A, Chelico L. Competition for DNA binding between the genome protector replication protein A and the genome modifying APOBEC3 single-stranded DNA deaminases. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:12039-12057. [PMID: 36444883 PMCID: PMC9757055 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human APOBEC family of eleven cytosine deaminases use RNA and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as substrates to deaminate cytosine to uracil. This deamination event has roles in lipid metabolism by altering mRNA coding, adaptive immunity by causing evolution of antibody genes, and innate immunity through inactivation of viral genomes. These benefits come at a cost where some family members, primarily from the APOBEC3 subfamily (APOBEC3A-H, excluding E), can cause off-target deaminations of cytosine to form uracil on transiently single-stranded genomic DNA, which induces mutations that are associated with cancer evolution. Since uracil is only promutagenic, the mutations observed in cancer genomes originate only when uracil is not removed by uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) or when the UNG-induced abasic site is erroneously repaired. However, when ssDNA is present, replication protein A (RPA) binds and protects the DNA from nucleases or recruits DNA repair proteins, such as UNG. Thus, APOBEC enzymes must compete with RPA to access their substrate. Certain APOBEC enzymes can displace RPA, bind and scan ssDNA efficiently to search for cytosines, and can become highly overexpressed in tumor cells. Depending on the DNA replication conditions and DNA structure, RPA can either be in excess or deficient. Here we discuss the interplay between these factors and how despite RPA, multiple cancer genomes have a mutation bias at cytosines indicative of APOBEC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wong
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Alina Sami
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Linda Chelico
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 306 966 4318; Fax: +1 306 966 4298;
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18
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Manolakou T, Nikolopoulos D, Gkikas D, Filia A, Samiotaki M, Stamatakis G, Fanouriakis A, Politis P, Banos A, Alissafi T, Verginis P, Boumpas DT. ATR-mediated DNA damage responses underlie aberrant B cell activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo5840. [PMID: 36306362 PMCID: PMC9616496 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
B cells orchestrate autoimmune responses in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but broad-based B cell-directed therapies show only modest efficacy while blunting humoral immune responses to vaccines and inducing immunosuppression. Development of more effective therapies targeting pathogenic clones is a currently unmet need. Here, we demonstrate enhanced activation of the ATR/Chk1 pathway of the DNA damage response (DDR) in B cells of patients with active SLE disease. Treatment of B cells with type I IFN, a key driver of immunity in SLE, induced expression of ATR via binding of interferon regulatory factor 1 to its gene promoter. Pharmacologic targeting of ATR in B cells, via a specific inhibitor (VE-822), attenuated their immunogenic profile, including proinflammatory cytokine secretion, plasmablast formation, and antibody production. Together, these findings identify the ATR-mediated DDR axis as the orchestrator of the type I IFN-mediated B cell responses in SLE and as a potential novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Manolakou
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- Corresponding author. (T.M.); (P.V.); (D.T.B.)
| | - Dionysis Nikolopoulos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gkikas
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Filia
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Attica, Greece
- Centre of New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine (CNBPM) School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 115 27, Greece
| | - George Stamatakis
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Attica, Greece
- Centre of New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine (CNBPM) School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 115 27, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27, Athens, Greece
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 1516, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Aggelos Banos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Themis Alissafi
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27, Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 124 62 Athens, Greece
| | - Panayotis Verginis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, 700 13 Heraklion, Greece
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Tolerance, Division of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, 700 13 Heraklion, Greece
- Corresponding author. (T.M.); (P.V.); (D.T.B.)
| | - Dimitrios T. Boumpas
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
- Joint Rheumatology Program, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 124 62 Athens, Greece
- Corresponding author. (T.M.); (P.V.); (D.T.B.)
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19
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Li S, Wang L, Wang Y, Zhang C, Hong Z, Han Z. The synthetic lethality of targeting cell cycle checkpoints and PARPs in cancer treatment. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:147. [PMID: 36253861 PMCID: PMC9578258 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous cell division is a hallmark of cancer, and the underlying mechanism is tumor genomics instability. Cell cycle checkpoints are critical for enabling an orderly cell cycle and maintaining genome stability during cell division. Based on their distinct functions in cell cycle control, cell cycle checkpoints are classified into two groups: DNA damage checkpoints and DNA replication stress checkpoints. The DNA damage checkpoints (ATM-CHK2-p53) primarily monitor genetic errors and arrest cell cycle progression to facilitate DNA repair. Unfortunately, genes involved in DNA damage checkpoints are frequently mutated in human malignancies. In contrast, genes associated with DNA replication stress checkpoints (ATR-CHK1-WEE1) are rarely mutated in tumors, and cancer cells are highly dependent on these genes to prevent replication catastrophe and secure genome integrity. At present, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) operate through “synthetic lethality” mechanism with mutant DNA repair pathways genes in cancer cells. However, an increasing number of patients are acquiring PARP inhibitor resistance after prolonged treatment. Recent work suggests that a combination therapy of targeting cell cycle checkpoints and PARPs act synergistically to increase the number of DNA errors, compromise the DNA repair machinery, and disrupt the cell cycle, thereby increasing the death rate of cancer cells with DNA repair deficiency or PARP inhibitor resistance. We highlight a combinational strategy involving PARP inhibitors and inhibition of two major cell cycle checkpoint pathways, ATM-CHK2-TP53 and ATR-CHK1-WEE1. The biological functions, resistance mechanisms against PARP inhibitors, advances in preclinical research, and clinical trials are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Changyi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenya Hong
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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20
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Salvi JS, Kang J, Kim S, Colville AJ, de Morrée A, Billeskov TB, Larsen MC, Kanugovi A, van Velthoven CTJ, Cimprich KA, Rando TA. ATR activity controls stem cell quiescence via the cyclin F-SCF complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2115638119. [PMID: 35476521 PMCID: PMC9170012 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115638119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A key property of adult stem cells is their ability to persist in a quiescent state for prolonged periods of time. The quiescent state is thought to contribute to stem cell resilience by limiting accumulation of DNA replication–associated mutations. Moreover, cellular stress response factors are thought to play a role in maintaining quiescence and stem cell integrity. We utilized muscle stem cells (MuSCs) as a model of quiescent stem cells and find that the replication stress response protein, ATR (Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-Related), is abundant and active in quiescent but not activated MuSCs. Concurrently, MuSCs display punctate RPA (replication protein A) and R-loop foci, both key triggers for ATR activation. To discern the role of ATR in MuSCs, we generated MuSC-specific ATR conditional knockout (ATRcKO) mice. Surprisingly, ATR ablation results in increased MuSC quiescence exit. Phosphoproteomic analysis of ATRcKO MuSCs reveals enrichment of phosphorylated cyclin F, a key component of the Skp1–Cul1–F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex and regulator of key cell-cycle transition factors, such as the E2F family of transcription factors. Knocking down cyclin F or inhibiting the SCF complex results in E2F1 accumulation and in MuSCs exiting quiescence, similar to ATR-deficient MuSCs. The loss of ATR could be counteracted by inhibiting casein kinase 2 (CK2), the kinase responsible for phosphorylating cyclin F. We propose a model in which MuSCs express cell-cycle progression factors but ATR, in coordination with the cyclin F–SCF complex, represses premature stem cell quiescence exit via ubiquitin–proteasome degradation of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh S. Salvi
- aPaul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- bDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jengmin Kang
- aPaul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- bDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Soochi Kim
- aPaul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- bDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Alex J. Colville
- aPaul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- bDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Antoine de Morrée
- aPaul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- bDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Tine Borum Billeskov
- aPaul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- bDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Mikkel Christian Larsen
- aPaul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- bDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Abhijnya Kanugovi
- aPaul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- bDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Cindy T. J. van Velthoven
- aPaul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- bDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Karlene A. Cimprich
- cDepartment of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305–5441
| | - Thomas A. Rando
- aPaul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- bDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
- dNeurology Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
- 6To whom correspondence may be addressed.
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21
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Murakami Y, Konishi H, Fujiya M, Takahashi K, Ando K, Ueno N, Kashima S, Moriichi K, Tanabe H, Okumura T. Testis-specific hnRNP is expressed in colorectal cancer cells and accelerates cell growth mediating ZDHHC11 mRNA stabilization. Cancer Med 2022; 11:3643-3656. [PMID: 35384384 PMCID: PMC9554453 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Various heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) have been reported to be associated with cancer cell growth. However, it remains unclear whether hnRNP G‐T, which is specifically expressed in the testis, is expressed in tumor cells, and whether hnRNP G‐T expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells is associated with tumor progression. We herein report that hnRNP G‐T promoted cancer cell growth and stabilized mRNA of ZDHHC11 in CRC. The cell growth was inhibited by transfection of siRNA of hnRNP G‐T in cancer cells, but not in non‐cancerous epithelial cells. The tumor promotive effect of hnRNP G‐T was confirmed in an HCT116 transplanted mouse model. RT‐PCR and western blotting indicated the augmentation of hnRNP G‐T in CRC in comparison to non‐cancerous cells. The downregulation of hnRNP G‐T inhibited cancer cell growth and promoted apoptosis in CRC. A transcriptome analysis combined with immunoprecipitation revealed that hnRNP G‐T stabilized 174 mRNAs, including ZDHHC11 mRNA. The cell growth was also suppressed by the transfection of siRNA of ZDHHC11 and the mRNA and the protein expression were decreased by the transfection of siRNA of hnRNP G‐T. These results suggested that hnRNP G‐T promotes the cell growth of CRC by regulating the mRNA of ZDHHC11. Therefore, hnRNP G‐T will be highlighted as an effective therapeutic target with less adverse effects in CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murakami
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Konishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced Medical Sciences, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Fujiya
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced Medical Sciences, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Keitaro Takahashi
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Ando
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ueno
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Shin Kashima
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Moriichi
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanabe
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- Division of Metabolism and Biosystemic Science, Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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22
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Ajazi A, Choudhary R, Tronci L, Bachi A, Bruhn C. CTP sensing and Mec1ATR-Rad53CHK1/CHK2 mediate a two-layered response to inhibition of glutamine metabolism. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010101. [PMID: 35239666 PMCID: PMC8923462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine analogs are potent suppressors of general glutamine metabolism with anti-cancer activity. 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) is an orally available glutamine analog which has been recently improved by structural modification for cancer treatment. Here, we explored the chemogenomic landscape of DON sensitivity using budding yeast as model organism. We identify evolutionarily conserved proteins that mediate cell resistance to glutamine analogs, namely Ura8CTPS1/2, Hpt1HPRT1, Mec1ATR, Rad53CHK1/CHK2 and Rtg1. We describe a function of Ura8 as inducible CTP synthase responding to inhibition of glutamine metabolism and propose a model for its regulation by CTP levels and Nrd1-dependent transcription termination at a cryptic unstable transcript. Disruption of the inducible CTP synthase under DON exposure hyper-activates the Mec1-Rad53 DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, which prevents chromosome breakage. Simultaneous inhibition of CTP synthase and Mec1 kinase synergistically sensitizes cells to DON, whereas CTP synthase over-expression hampers DDR mutant sensitivity. Using genome-wide suppressor screening, we identify factors promoting DON-induced CTP depletion (TORC1, glutamine transporter) and DNA breakage in DDR mutants. Together, our results identify CTP regulation and the Mec1-Rad53 DDR axis as key glutamine analog response pathways, and provide a rationale for the combined targeting of glutamine and CTP metabolism in DDR-deficient cancers. Cancer cell proliferation is supported by high metabolic activity. Targeting metabolic pathways is therefore a strategy to suppress cancer cell growth and survival. Glutamine is a key metabolite that supports a plethora of anabolic, growth-promoting reactions in the cell. Therefore, the use of small molecules that block glutamine-dependent reactions has been extensively investigated in cancer therapy. Knowledge about the pathways that influence sensitivity towards glutamine metabolism inhibitors would help to tailor the use of such glutamine-targeting therapies. In this study, we use budding yeast as model system to identify the pathways that mediate or restrict the toxicity of a representative inhibitor of glutamine metabolism, the glutamine analog 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON). We describe a response mechanism mediated by an inducible CTP synthase that promotes nucleotide homeostasis during DON exposure to prevent DNA breaks. Moreover, we show that combined inhibition of the inducible CTP synthase and DNA damage response enhances DON toxicity, pointing out a potential therapeutic application in cancers with defective DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arta Ajazi
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (AA); (CB)
| | | | - Laura Tronci
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Molecular Basis of Cystic Kidney Diseases, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Bachi
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, Italy
| | - Christopher Bruhn
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (AA); (CB)
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23
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Bukhari AB, Chan GK, Gamper AM. Targeting the DNA Damage Response for Cancer Therapy by Inhibiting the Kinase Wee1. Front Oncol 2022; 12:828684. [PMID: 35251998 PMCID: PMC8891215 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.828684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells typically heavily rely on the G2/M checkpoint to survive endogenous and exogenous DNA damage, such as genotoxic stress due to genome instability or radiation and chemotherapy. The key regulator of the G2/M checkpoint, the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), is tightly controlled, including by its phosphorylation state. This posttranslational modification, which is determined by the opposing activities of the phosphatase cdc25 and the kinase Wee1, allows for a more rapid response to cellular stress than via the synthesis or degradation of modulatory interacting proteins, such as p21 or cyclin B. Reducing Wee1 activity results in ectopic activation of CDK1 activity and drives premature entry into mitosis with unrepaired or under-replicated DNA and causing mitotic catastrophe. Here, we review efforts to use small molecule inhibitors of Wee1 for therapeutic purposes, including strategies to combine Wee1 inhibition with genotoxic agents, such as radiation therapy or drugs inducing replication stress, or inhibitors of pathways that show synthetic lethality with Wee1. Furthermore, it become increasingly clear that Wee1 inhibition can also modulate therapeutic immune responses. We will discuss the mechanisms underlying combination treatments identifying both cell intrinsic and systemic anti-tumor activities.
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24
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Sims JR, Faça VM, Pereira C, Ascenção C, Comstock W, Badar J, Arroyo-Martinez GA, Freire R, Cohen PE, Weiss RS, Smolka MB. Phosphoproteomics of ATR signaling in mouse testes. eLife 2022; 11:e68648. [PMID: 35133275 PMCID: PMC8824463 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase (PI3K)-related kinase ATR is crucial for mammalian meiosis. ATR promotes meiotic progression by coordinating key events in DNA repair, meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI), and checkpoint-dependent quality control during meiotic prophase I. Despite its central roles in meiosis, the ATR-dependent meiotic signaling network remains largely unknown. Here, we used phosphoproteomics to define ATR signaling events in testes from mice following chemical and genetic ablation of ATR signaling. Quantitative analysis of phosphoproteomes obtained after germ cell-specific genetic ablation of the ATR activating 9-1-1 complex or treatment with ATR inhibitor identified over 14,000 phosphorylation sites from testes samples, of which 401 phosphorylation sites were found to be dependent on both the 9-1-1 complex and ATR. Our analyses identified ATR-dependent phosphorylation events in crucial DNA damage signaling and DNA repair proteins including TOPBP1, SMC3, MDC1, RAD50, and SLX4. Importantly, we identified ATR and RAD1-dependent phosphorylation events in proteins involved in mRNA regulatory processes, including SETX and RANBP3, whose localization to the sex body was lost upon ATR inhibition. In addition to identifying the expected ATR-targeted S/T-Q motif, we identified enrichment of an S/T-P-X-K motif in the set of ATR-dependent events, suggesting that ATR promotes signaling via proline-directed kinase(s) during meiosis. Indeed, we found that ATR signaling is important for the proper localization of CDK2 in spermatocytes. Overall, our analysis establishes a map of ATR signaling in mouse testes and highlights potential meiotic-specific actions of ATR during prophase I progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie R Sims
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Vitor M Faça
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São PauloRibeirão PretoBrazil
| | - Catalina Pereira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Carolline Ascenção
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - William Comstock
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Jumana Badar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | | | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de CanariasTenerifeSpain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Universidad de La LagunaLa LagunaSpain
- Universidad Fernando Pessoa CanariasLas Palmas de Gran CanariaSpain
| | - Paula E Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Robert S Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Marcus B Smolka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
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25
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Kouprianov VA, Selmek AA, Ferguson JL, Mo X, Shive HR. brca2-mutant zebrafish exhibit context- and tissue-dependent alterations in cell phenotypes and response to injury. Sci Rep 2022; 12:883. [PMID: 35042909 PMCID: PMC8766490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently co-opt molecular programs that are normally activated in specific contexts, such as embryonic development and the response to injury. Determining the impact of cancer-associated mutations on cellular phenotypes within these discrete contexts can provide new insight into how such mutations lead to dysregulated cell behaviors and subsequent cancer onset. Here we assess the impact of heritable BRCA2 mutation on embryonic development and the injury response using a zebrafish model (Danio rerio). Unlike most mouse models for BRCA2 mutation, brca2-mutant zebrafish are fully viable and thus provide a unique tool for assessing both embryonic and adult phenotypes. We find that maternally provided brca2 is critical for normal oocyte development and embryonic survival in zebrafish, suggesting that embryonic lethality associated with BRCA2 mutation is likely to reflect defects in both meiotic and embryonic developmental programs. On the other hand, we find that adult brca2-mutant zebrafish exhibit aberrant proliferation of several cell types under basal conditions and in response to injury in tissues at high risk for cancer development. These divergent effects exemplify the often-paradoxical outcomes that occur in embryos (embryonic lethality) versus adult animals (cancer predisposition) with mutations in cancer susceptibility genes such as BRCA2. The altered cell behaviors identified in brca2-mutant embryonic and adult tissues, particularly in adult tissues at high risk for cancer, indicate that the effects of BRCA2 mutation on cellular phenotypes are both context- and tissue-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aubrie A Selmek
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jordan L Ferguson
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Heather R Shive
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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26
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Botrugno OA, Tonon G. Genomic Instability and Replicative Stress in Multiple Myeloma: The Final Curtain? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010025. [PMID: 35008191 PMCID: PMC8750813 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Genomic instability is recognized as a driving force in most cancers as well as in the haematological cancer multiple myeloma and remains among the leading cause of drug resistance. Several evidences suggest that replicative stress exerts a fundamental role in fuelling genomic instability. Notably, cancer cells rely on a single protein, ATR, to cope with the ensuing DNA damage. In this perspective, we provide an overview depicting how replicative stress represents an Achilles heel for multiple myeloma, which could be therapeutically exploited either alone or in combinatorial regimens to preferentially ablate tumor cells. Abstract Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a genetically complex and heterogeneous hematological cancer that remains incurable despite the introduction of novel therapies in the clinic. Sadly, despite efforts spanning several decades, genomic analysis has failed to identify shared genetic aberrations that could be targeted in this disease. Seeking alternative strategies, various efforts have attempted to target and exploit non-oncogene addictions of MM cells, including, for example, proteasome inhibitors. The surprising finding that MM cells present rampant genomic instability has ignited concerted efforts to understand its origin and exploit it for therapeutic purposes. A credible hypothesis, supported by several lines of evidence, suggests that at the root of this phenotype there is intense replicative stress. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of replicative stress in eliciting genomic instability in MM and how MM cells rely on a single protein, Ataxia Telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related protein, ATR, to control and survive the ensuing, potentially fatal DNA damage. From this perspective, replicative stress per se represents not only an opportunity for MM cells to increase their evolutionary pool by increasing their genomic heterogeneity, but also a vulnerability that could be leveraged for therapeutic purposes to selectively target MM tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oronza A. Botrugno
- Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, Experimental Oncology Division, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (O.A.B.); (G.T.); Tel.: +39-02-2643-6661 (O.A.B.); +39-02-2643-5624 (G.T.); Fax: +39-02-2643-6352 (O.A.B. & G.T.)
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, Experimental Oncology Division, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (O.A.B.); (G.T.); Tel.: +39-02-2643-6661 (O.A.B.); +39-02-2643-5624 (G.T.); Fax: +39-02-2643-6352 (O.A.B. & G.T.)
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27
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Szydzik J, Lind DE, Arefin B, Kurhe Y, Umapathy G, Siaw JT, Claeys A, Gabre JL, Van den Eynden J, Hallberg B, Palmer RH. ATR inhibition enables complete tumour regression in ALK-driven NB mouse models. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6813. [PMID: 34819497 PMCID: PMC8613282 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk neuroblastoma (NB) often involves MYCN amplification as well as mutations in ALK. Currently, high-risk NB presents significant clinical challenges, and additional therapeutic options are needed. Oncogenes like MYCN and ALK result in increased replication stress in cancer cells, offering therapeutically exploitable options. We have pursued phosphoproteomic analyses highlighting ATR activity in ALK-driven NB cells, identifying the BAY1895344 ATR inhibitor as a potent inhibitor of NB cell growth and proliferation. Using RNA-Seq, proteomics and phosphoproteomics we characterize NB cell and tumour responses to ATR inhibition, identifying key components of the DNA damage response as ATR targets in NB cells. ATR inhibition also produces robust responses in mouse models. Remarkably, a 2-week combined ATR/ALK inhibition protocol leads to complete tumor regression in two independent genetically modified mouse NB models. These results suggest that NB patients, particularly in high-risk groups with oncogene-induced replication stress, may benefit from ATR inhibition as therapeutic intervention. Effective therapeutic options are still needed in neuroblastoma treatment. Here, the authors, through a comprehensive proteomics analysis, identify ATR as a potential therapeutic target of neuroblastoma and demonstrate the efficacy of the ATR inhibitor BAY1895344 in combination with the ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor lorlatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szydzik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dan E Lind
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Badrul Arefin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yeshwant Kurhe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ganesh Umapathy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joachim Tetteh Siaw
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arne Claeys
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonatan L Gabre
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Human Structure and Repair, Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jimmy Van den Eynden
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Anatomy and Embryology Unit, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bengt Hallberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Ruth H Palmer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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28
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Matos-Rodrigues GE, Martins RAP. An Eye in the Replication Stress Response: Lessons From Tissue-Specific Studies in vivo. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:731308. [PMID: 34805142 PMCID: PMC8599991 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several inherited human syndromes that severely affect organogenesis and other developmental processes are caused by mutations in replication stress response (RSR) genes. Although the molecular machinery of RSR is conserved, disease-causing mutations in RSR-genes may have distinct tissue-specific outcomes, indicating that progenitor cells may differ in their responses to RSR inactivation. Therefore, understanding how different cell types respond to replication stress is crucial to uncover the mechanisms of RSR-related human syndromes. Here, we review the ocular manifestations in RSR-related human syndromes and summarize recent findings investigating the mechanisms of RSR during eye development in vivo. We highlight a remarkable heterogeneity of progenitor cells responses to RSR inactivation and discuss its implications for RSR-related human syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel E Matos-Rodrigues
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A P Martins
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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29
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Jo U, Murai Y, Takebe N, Thomas A, Pommier Y. Precision Oncology with Drugs Targeting the Replication Stress, ATR, and Schlafen 11. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4601. [PMID: 34572827 PMCID: PMC8465591 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine aims to implement strategies based on the molecular features of tumors and optimized drug delivery to improve cancer diagnosis and treatment. DNA replication is a logical approach because it can be targeted by a broad range of anticancer drugs that are both clinically approved and in development. These drugs increase deleterious replication stress (RepStress); however, how to selectively target and identify the tumors with specific molecular characteristics are unmet clinical needs. Here, we provide background information on the molecular processes of DNA replication and its checkpoints, and discuss how to target replication, checkpoint, and repair pathways with ATR inhibitors and exploit Schlafen 11 (SLFN11) as a predictive biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukhyun Jo
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA; (Y.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Yasuhisa Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA; (Y.M.); (A.T.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Naoko Takebe
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA;
| | - Anish Thomas
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA; (Y.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA; (Y.M.); (A.T.)
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30
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Jo U, Senatorov IS, Zimmermann A, Saha LK, Murai Y, Kim SH, Rajapakse VN, Elloumi F, Takahashi N, Schultz CW, Thomas A, Zenke FT, Pommier Y. Novel and Highly Potent ATR Inhibitor M4344 Kills Cancer Cells With Replication Stress, and Enhances the Chemotherapeutic Activity of Widely Used DNA Damaging Agents. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1431-1441. [PMID: 34045232 PMCID: PMC9398135 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although several ATR inhibitors are in development, there are unresolved questions regarding their differential potency, molecular signatures of patients with cancer for predicting activity, and most effective therapeutic combinations. Here, we elucidate how to improve ATR-based chemotherapy with the newly developed ATR inhibitor, M4344 using in vitro and in vivo models. The potency of M4344 was compared with the clinically developed ATR inhibitors BAY1895344, berzosertib, and ceralasertib. The anticancer activity of M4344 was investigated as monotherapy and combination with clinical DNA damaging agents in multiple cancer cell lines, patient-derived tumor organoids, and mouse xenograft models. We also elucidated the anticancer mechanisms and potential biomarkers for M4344. We demonstrate that M4344 is highly potent among the clinically developed ATR inhibitors. Replication stress (RepStress) and neuroendocrine (NE) gene expression signatures are significantly associated with a response to M4344 treatment. M4344 kills cancer cells by inducing cellular catastrophe and DNA damage. M4344 is highly synergistic with a broad range of DNA-targeting anticancer agents. It significantly synergizes with topotecan and irinotecan in patient-derived tumor organoids and xenograft models. Taken together, M4344 is a promising and highly potent ATR inhibitor. It enhances the activity of clinical DNA damaging agents commonly used in cancer treatment including topoisomerase inhibitors, gemcitabine, cisplatin, and talazoparib. RepStress and NE gene expression signatures can be exploited as predictive markers for M4344.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukhyun Jo
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland.,Corresponding Authors: Ukhyun Jo and Yves Pommier, 37 Convent Dr., Building 37-Room 5068, Bethesda, MD 20892. Phone: 240-760-6142; Fax: 240-541-4475; E-mail: and
| | - Ilya S. Senatorov
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Astrid Zimmermann
- Merck KGaA, Biopharma R&D, Translational Innovation Platform Oncology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Liton Kumar Saha
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yasuhisa Murai
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland.,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Vinodh N. Rajapakse
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fathi Elloumi
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland.,General Dynamics Information Technology Inc., Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christopher W. Schultz
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anish Thomas
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frank T. Zenke
- Merck KGaA, Biopharma R&D, Translational Innovation Platform Oncology, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland.,Corresponding Authors: Ukhyun Jo and Yves Pommier, 37 Convent Dr., Building 37-Room 5068, Bethesda, MD 20892. Phone: 240-760-6142; Fax: 240-541-4475; E-mail: and
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31
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Blakemore D, Vilaplana-Lopera N, Almaghrabi R, Gonzalez E, Moya M, Ward C, Murphy G, Gambus A, Petermann E, Stewart GS, García P. MYBL2 and ATM suppress replication stress in pluripotent stem cells. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51120. [PMID: 33779025 PMCID: PMC8097389 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication stress, a major cause of genome instability in cycling cells, is mainly prevented by the ATR-dependent replication stress response pathway in somatic cells. However, the replication stress response pathway in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) may be different due to alterations in cell cycle phase length. The transcription factor MYBL2, which is implicated in cell cycle regulation, is expressed a hundred to a thousand-fold more in ESCs compared with somatic cells. Here we show that MYBL2 activates ATM and suppresses replication stress in ESCs. Consequently, loss of MYBL2 or inhibition of ATM or Mre11 in ESCs results in replication fork slowing, increased fork stalling and elevated origin firing. Additionally, we demonstrate that inhibition of CDC7 activity rescues replication stress induced by MYBL2 loss and ATM inhibition, suggesting that uncontrolled new origin firing may underlie the replication stress phenotype resulting from loss/inhibition of MYBL2 and ATM. Overall, our study proposes that in addition to ATR, a MYBL2-MRN-ATM replication stress response pathway functions in ESCs to control DNA replication initiation and prevent genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Blakemore
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nuria Vilaplana-Lopera
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ruba Almaghrabi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Elena Gonzalez
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Miriam Moya
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Carl Ward
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - George Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Agnieszka Gambus
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eva Petermann
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Grant S Stewart
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paloma García
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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32
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Zell J, Rota Sperti F, Britton S, Monchaud D. DNA folds threaten genetic stability and can be leveraged for chemotherapy. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:47-76. [PMID: 35340894 PMCID: PMC8885165 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Damaging DNA is a current and efficient strategy to fight against cancer cell proliferation. Numerous mechanisms exist to counteract DNA damage, collectively referred to as the DNA damage response (DDR) and which are commonly dysregulated in cancer cells. Precise knowledge of these mechanisms is necessary to optimise chemotherapeutic DNA targeting. New research on DDR has uncovered a series of promising therapeutic targets, proteins and nucleic acids, with application notably via an approach referred to as combination therapy or combinatorial synthetic lethality. In this review, we summarise the cornerstone discoveries which gave way to the DNA being considered as an anticancer target, and the manipulation of DDR pathways as a valuable anticancer strategy. We describe in detail the DDR signalling and repair pathways activated in response to DNA damage. We then summarise the current understanding of non-B DNA folds, such as G-quadruplexes and DNA junctions, when they are formed and why they can offer a more specific therapeutic target compared to that of canonical B-DNA. Finally, we merge these subjects to depict the new and highly promising chemotherapeutic strategy which combines enhanced-specificity DNA damaging and DDR targeting agents. This review thus highlights how chemical biology has given rise to significant scientific advances thanks to resolutely multidisciplinary research efforts combining molecular and cell biology, chemistry and biophysics. We aim to provide the non-specialist reader a gateway into this exciting field and the specialist reader with a new perspective on the latest results achieved and strategies devised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zell
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC Dijon France
| | - Francesco Rota Sperti
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC Dijon France
| | - Sébastien Britton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS Toulouse France
- Équipe Labellisée la Ligue Contre le Cancer 2018 Toulouse France
| | - David Monchaud
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC Dijon France
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33
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Engin AB, Engin A. The Connection Between Cell Fate and Telomere. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:71-100. [PMID: 33539012 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abolition of telomerase activity results in telomere shortening, a process that eventually destabilizes the ends of chromosomes, leading to genomic instability and cell growth arrest or death. Telomere shortening leads to the attainment of the "Hayflick limit", and the transition of cells to state of senescence. If senescence is bypassed, cells undergo crisis through loss of checkpoints. This process causes massive cell death concomitant with further telomere shortening and spontaneous telomere fusions. In functional telomere of mammalian cells, DNA contains double-stranded tandem repeats of TTAGGG. The Shelterin complex, which is composed of six different proteins, is required for the regulation of telomere length and stability in cells. Telomere protection by telomeric repeat binding protein 2 (TRF2) is dependent on DNA damage response (DDR) inhibition via formation of T-loop structures. Many protein kinases contribute to the DDR activated cell cycle checkpoint pathways, and prevent DNA replication until damaged DNA is repaired. Thereby, the connection between cell fate and telomere length-associated telomerase activity is regulated by multiple protein kinase activities. Contrarily, inactivation of DNA damage checkpoint protein kinases in senescent cells can restore cell-cycle progression into S phase. Therefore, telomere-initiated senescence is a DNA damage checkpoint response that is activated with a direct contribution from dysfunctional telomeres. In this review, in addition to the above mentioned, the choice of main repair pathways, which comprise non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination in telomere uncapping telomere dysfunctions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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34
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Marin PA, Obonaga R, Pavani RS, da Silva MS, de Araujo CB, Lima AA, Avila CC, Cestari I, Machado CR, Elias MC. ATR Kinase Is a Crucial Player Mediating the DNA Damage Response in Trypanosoma brucei. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:602956. [PMID: 33415107 PMCID: PMC7783291 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.602956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are among the most deleterious lesions that threaten genome integrity. To address DSBs, eukaryotic cells of model organisms have evolved a complex network of cellular pathways that are able to detect DNA damage, activate a checkpoint response to delay cell cycle progression, recruit the proper repair machinery, and resume the cell cycle once the DNA damage is repaired. Cell cycle checkpoints are primarily regulated by the apical kinases ATR and ATM, which are conserved throughout the eukaryotic kingdom. Trypanosoma brucei is a divergent pathogenic protozoan parasite that causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), a neglected disease that can be fatal when left untreated. The proper signaling and accuracy of DNA repair is fundamental to T. brucei not only to ensure parasite survival after genotoxic stress but also because DSBs are involved in the process of generating antigenic variations used by this parasite to evade the host immune system. DSBs trigger a strong DNA damage response and efficient repair process in T. brucei, but it is unclear how these processes are coordinated. Here, by knocking down ATR in T. brucei using two different approaches (conditional RNAi and an ATR inhibitor), we show that ATR is required to mediate intra-S and partial G1/S checkpoint responses. ATR is also involved in replication fork stalling, is critical for H2A histone phosphorylation in a small group of cells and is necessary for the recruitment and upregulation of the HR-mediated DNA repair protein RAD51 after ionizing radiation (IR) induces DSBs. In summary, this work shows that apical ATR kinase plays a central role in signal transduction and is critical for orchestrating the DNA damage response in T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Andrea Marin
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle (LCC), Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling (CETICs), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Obonaga
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle (LCC), Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling (CETICs), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael Souza Pavani
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle (LCC), Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling (CETICs), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Santos da Silva
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle (LCC), Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling (CETICs), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiane Bezerra de Araujo
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle (LCC), Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling (CETICs), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Arruda Lima
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle (LCC), Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling (CETICs), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Cristi Avila
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle (LCC), Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling (CETICs), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Cestari
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carlos Renato Machado
- Biochemical and Immunology Department, Institute of Biomedical Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Elias
- Laboratory of Cell Cycle (LCC), Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling (CETICs), Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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35
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Ackerson SM, Gable CI, Stewart JA. Human CTC1 promotes TopBP1 stability and CHK1 phosphorylation in response to telomere dysfunction and global replication stress. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:3491-3507. [PMID: 33269665 PMCID: PMC7781613 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1849979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
CST (CTC1-STN1-TEN1) is a heterotrimeric, RPA-like complex that binds to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and functions in the replication of telomeric and non-telomeric DNA. Previous studies demonstrated that deletion of CTC1 results in decreased cell proliferation and telomere DNA damage signaling. However, a detailed analysis of the consequences of conditional CTC1 knockout (KO) has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the effects of CTC1 KO on cell cycle progression, genome-wide replication and activation of the DNA damage response. Consistent with previous findings, we demonstrate that CTC1 KO results in decreased cell proliferation, G2 arrest and RPA-bound telomeric ssDNA. However, despite the increased levels of telomeric RPA-ssDNA, global ATR-dependent CHK1 and p53 phosphorylation was not detected in CTC1 KO cells. Nevertheless, we show that RPA-ssDNA does activate ATR, leading to the phosphorylation of RPA and autophosphorylation of ATR. Further analysis determined that inactivation of ATR, but not CHK1 or ATM, suppressed the accumulation of G2 arrested cells and phosphorylated RPA following CTC1 removal. These results suggest that ATR is localized and active at telomeres but is unable to elicit a global checkpoint response through CHK1. Furthermore, CTC1 KO inhibited CHK1 phosphorylation following hydroxyurea-induced replication stress. Additional studies revealed that this suppression of CHK1 phosphorylation, following replication stress, is caused by decreased levels of the ATR activator TopBP1. Overall, our results identify CST as a novel regulator of the ATR-CHK1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline I. Gable
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jason A. Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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36
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ATRIP protects progenitor cells against DNA damage in vivo. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:923. [PMID: 33110058 PMCID: PMC7591577 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of genomic stability during the cell cycle of progenitor cells is essential for the faithful transmission of genetic information. Mutations in genes that ensure genome stability lead to human developmental syndromes. Mutations in Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) or in ATR-interacting protein (ATRIP) lead to Seckel syndrome, which is characterized by developmental malformations and short life expectancy. While the roles of ATR in replicative stress response and chromosomal segregation are well established, it is unknown how ATRIP contributes to maintaining genomic stability in progenitor cells in vivo. Here, we generated the first mouse model to investigate ATRIP function. Conditional inactivation of Atrip in progenitor cells of the CNS and eye led to microcephaly, microphthalmia and postnatal lethality. To understand the mechanisms underlying these malformations, we used lens progenitor cells as a model and found that ATRIP loss promotes replicative stress and TP53-dependent cell death. Trp53 inactivation in Atrip-deficient progenitor cells rescued apoptosis, but increased mitotic DNA damage and mitotic defects. Our findings demonstrate an essential role of ATRIP in preventing DNA damage accumulation during unchallenged replication.
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37
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Alhmoud JF, Mustafa AG, Malki MI. Targeting DNA Repair Pathways in Hematological Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197365. [PMID: 33036137 PMCID: PMC7582413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair plays an essential role in protecting cells that are repeatedly exposed to endogenous or exogenous insults that can induce varying degrees of DNA damage. Any defect in DNA repair mechanisms results in multiple genomic changes that ultimately may result in mutation, tumor growth, and/or cell apoptosis. Furthermore, impaired repair mechanisms can also lead to genomic instability, which can initiate tumorigenesis and development of hematological malignancy. This review discusses recent findings and highlights the importance of DNA repair components and the impact of their aberrations on hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehad F. Alhmoud
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan;
| | - Ayman G. Mustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar;
| | - Mohammed Imad Malki
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +97-44403-7847
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38
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Yap TA, Tan DSP, Terbuch A, Caldwell R, Guo C, Goh BC, Heong V, Haris NRM, Bashir S, Drew Y, Hong DS, Meric-Bernstam F, Wilkinson G, Hreiki J, Wengner AM, Bladt F, Schlicker A, Ludwig M, Zhou Y, Liu L, Bordia S, Plummer R, Lagkadinou E, de Bono JS. First-in-Human Trial of the Oral Ataxia Telangiectasia and RAD3-Related (ATR) Inhibitor BAY 1895344 in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Cancer Discov 2020; 11:80-91. [PMID: 32988960 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the ataxia telangiectasia and RAD3-related (ATR) enzyme represents a promising anticancer strategy for tumors with DNA damage response (DDR) defects and replication stress, including inactivation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling. We report the dose-escalation portion of the phase I first-in-human trial of oral ATR inhibitor BAY 1895344 intermittently dosed 5 to 80 mg twice daily in 21 patients with advanced solid tumors. The MTD was 40 mg twice daily 3 days on/4 days off. Most common adverse events were manageable and reversible hematologic toxicities. Partial responses were achieved in 4 patients and stable disease in 8 patients. Median duration of response was 315.5 days. Responders had ATM protein loss and/or deleterious ATM mutations and received doses ≥40 mg twice daily. Overall, BAY 1895344 is well tolerated, with antitumor activity against cancers with certain DDR defects, including ATM loss. An expansion phase continues in patients with DDR deficiency. SIGNIFICANCE: Oral BAY 1895344 was tolerable, with antitumor activity in heavily pretreated patients with various advanced solid tumors, particularly those with ATM deleterious mutations and/or loss of ATM protein; pharmacodynamic results supported a mechanism of action of increased DNA damage. Further study is warranted in this patient population.See related commentary by Italiano, p. 14.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Yap
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David S P Tan
- National University Cancer Institute and National University Hospital and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angelika Terbuch
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom.,Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Reece Caldwell
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Guo
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- National University Cancer Institute and National University Hospital and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Valerie Heong
- National University Cancer Institute and National University Hospital and Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Noor R Md Haris
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Saira Bashir
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Yvette Drew
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - David S Hong
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Joseph Hreiki
- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Whippany, New Jersey
| | | | | | | | | | - Yinghui Zhou
- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Whippany, New Jersey
| | - Li Liu
- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Whippany, New Jersey
| | - Sonal Bordia
- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Whippany, New Jersey
| | - Ruth Plummer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | | | - Johann S de Bono
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom.
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39
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Wang C, Chen Z, Su D, Tang M, Nie L, Zhang H, Feng X, Wang R, Shen X, Srivastava M, McLaughlin ME, Hart T, Li L, Chen J. C17orf53 is identified as a novel gene involved in inter-strand crosslink repair. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 95:102946. [PMID: 32853826 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-Related kinase (ATR) is a master regulator of genome maintenance, and participates in DNA replication and various DNA repair pathways. In a genome-wide screen for ATR-dependent fitness genes, we identified a previously uncharacterized gene, C17orf53, whose loss led to hypersensitivity to ATR inhibition. C17orf53 is conserved in vertebrates and is required for efficient cell proliferation. Loss of C17orf53 slowed down DNA replication and led to pronounced interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair defect. We showed that C17orf53 is a ssDNA- and RPA-binding protein and both characteristics are important for its functions in the cell. In addition, using multiple omics methods, we found that C17orf53 works with MCM8/9 to promote cell survival in response to ICL lesions. Taken together, our data suggest that C17orf53 is a novel component involved in ICL repair pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mengfan Tang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Litong Nie
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mrinal Srivastava
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Megan E McLaughlin
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Traver Hart
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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40
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Harnessing DNA Replication Stress for Novel Cancer Therapy. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11090990. [PMID: 32854236 PMCID: PMC7564951 DOI: 10.3390/genes11090990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is the fundamental process for accurate duplication and transfer of genetic information. Its fidelity is under constant stress from endogenous and exogenous factors which can cause perturbations that lead to DNA damage and defective replication. This can compromise genomic stability and integrity. Genomic instability is considered as one of the hallmarks of cancer. In normal cells, various checkpoints could either activate DNA repair or induce cell death/senescence. Cancer cells on the other hand potentiate DNA replicative stress, due to defective DNA damage repair mechanism and unchecked growth signaling. Though replicative stress can lead to mutagenesis and tumorigenesis, it can be harnessed paradoxically for cancer treatment. Herein, we review the mechanism and rationale to exploit replication stress for cancer therapy. We discuss both established and new approaches targeting DNA replication stress including chemotherapy, radiation, and small molecule inhibitors targeting pathways including ATR, Chk1, PARP, WEE1, MELK, NAE, TLK etc. Finally, we review combination treatments, biomarkers, and we suggest potential novel methods to target DNA replication stress to treat cancer.
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41
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Hiregange D, Naick H, Rao BJ. ATR signalling mediates the prosurvival function of phospho-NPM against PIDDosome mediated cell death. Cell Signal 2020; 71:109602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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42
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Protective Mechanisms Against DNA Replication Stress in the Nervous System. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070730. [PMID: 32630049 PMCID: PMC7397197 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise replication of DNA and the successful segregation of chromosomes are essential for the faithful transmission of genetic information during the cell cycle. Alterations in the dynamics of genome replication, also referred to as DNA replication stress, may lead to DNA damage and, consequently, mutations and chromosomal rearrangements. Extensive research has revealed that DNA replication stress drives genome instability during tumorigenesis. Over decades, genetic studies of inherited syndromes have established a connection between the mutations in genes required for proper DNA repair/DNA damage responses and neurological diseases. It is becoming clear that both the prevention and the responses to replication stress are particularly important for nervous system development and function. The accurate regulation of cell proliferation is key for the expansion of progenitor pools during central nervous system (CNS) development, adult neurogenesis, and regeneration. Moreover, DNA replication stress in glial cells regulates CNS tumorigenesis and plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases such as ataxia telangiectasia (A-T). Here, we review how replication stress generation and replication stress response (RSR) contribute to the CNS development, homeostasis, and disease. Both cell-autonomous mechanisms, as well as the evidence of RSR-mediated alterations of the cellular microenvironment in the nervous system, were discussed.
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Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) pathway prevents high level endogenous and environmental DNA damage being replicated and passed on to the next generation of cells via an orchestrated and integrated network of cell cycle checkpoint signalling and DNA repair pathways. Depending on the type of damage, and where in the cell cycle it occurs different pathways are involved, with the ATM-CHK2-p53 pathway controlling the G1 checkpoint or ATR-CHK1-Wee1 pathway controlling the S and G2/M checkpoints. Loss of G1 checkpoint control is common in cancer through TP53, ATM mutations, Rb loss or cyclin E overexpression, providing a stronger rationale for targeting the S/G2 checkpoints. This review will focus on the ATM-CHK2-p53-p21 pathway and the ATR-CHK1-WEE1 pathway and ongoing efforts to target these pathways for patient benefit.
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Kafer GR, Cesare AJ. A Survey of Essential Genome Stability Genes Reveals That Replication Stress Mitigation Is Critical for Peri-Implantation Embryogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:416. [PMID: 32548123 PMCID: PMC7274024 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine development demands that pluripotent epiblast stem cells in the peri-implantation embryo increase from approximately 120 to 14,000 cells between embryonic days (E) 4.5 and E7.5. This is possible because epiblast stem cells can complete cell cycles in under 3 h in vivo. To ensure conceptus fitness, epiblast cells must undertake this proliferative feat while maintaining genome integrity. How epiblast cells maintain genome health under such an immense proliferation demand remains unclear. To illuminate the contribution of genome stability pathways to early mammalian development we systematically reviewed knockout mouse data from 347 DDR and repair associated genes. Cumulatively, the data indicate that while many DNA repair functions are dispensable in embryogenesis, genes encoding replication stress response and homology directed repair factors are essential specifically during the peri-implantation stage of early development. We discuss the significance of these findings in the context of the unique proliferative demands placed on pluripotent epiblast stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia R Kafer
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony J Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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45
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The 6-4 photoproduct is the trigger of UV-induced replication blockage and ATR activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12806-12816. [PMID: 32444488 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917196117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent human carcinogen is sunlight-associated ultraviolet (UV), a physiologic dose of which generates thousands of DNA lesions per cell, mostly of two types: cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6-4 photoproducts (6-4PPs). It has not been possible, in living cells, to precisely characterize the respective contributions of these two lesion types to the signals that regulate cell cycle progression, DNA replication, and cell survival. Here we coupled multiparameter flow cytometry with lesion-specific photolyases that eliminate either CPDs or 6-4PPs and determined their respective contributions to DNA damage responses. Strikingly, only 6-4PP lesions activated the ATR-Chk1 DNA damage response pathway. Mechanistically, 6-4PPs, but not CPDs, impeded DNA replication across the genome as revealed by microfluidic-assisted replication track analysis. Furthermore, single-stranded DNA accumulated preferentially at 6-4PPs during DNA replication, indicating selective and prolonged replication blockage at 6-4PPs. These findings suggest that 6-4PPs, although eightfold fewer in number than CPDs, are the trigger for UV-induced DNA damage responses.
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46
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ATR-CHK1 pathway as a therapeutic target for acute and chronic leukemias. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 88:102026. [PMID: 32592909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progress in cancer therapy changed the outcome of many patients and moved therapy from chemotherapy agents to targeted drugs. Targeted drugs already changed the clinical practice in treatment of leukemias, such as imatinib (BCR/ABL inhibitor) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), ibrutinib (Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), venetoclax (BCL2 inhibitor) in CLL and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or midostaurin (FLT3 inhibitor) in AML. In this review, we focused on DNA damage response (DDR) inhibition, specifically on inhibition of ATR-CHK1 pathway. Cancer cells harbor often defects in different DDR pathways, which render them vulnerable to DDR inhibition. Some DDR inhibitors showed interesting single-agent activity even in the absence of cytotoxic drug especially in cancers with underlying defects in DDR or DNA replication. Almost no mutations were found in ATR and CHEK1 genes in leukemia patients. Together with the fact that ATR-CHK1 pathway is essential for cell development and survival of leukemia cells, it represents a promising therapeutic target for treatment of leukemia. ATR-CHK1 inhibition showed excellent results in preclinical testing in acute and chronic leukemias. However, results in clinical trials are so far insufficient. Therefore, the ongoing and future clinical trials will decide on the success of ATR/CHK1 inhibitors in clinical practice of leukemia treatment.
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47
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Atashpaz S, Samadi Shams S, Gonzalez JM, Sebestyén E, Arghavanifard N, Gnocchi A, Albers E, Minardi S, Faga G, Soffientini P, Allievi E, Cancila V, Bachi A, Fernández-Capetillo Ó, Tripodo C, Ferrari F, López-Contreras AJ, Costanzo V. ATR expands embryonic stem cell fate potential in response to replication stress. eLife 2020; 9:54756. [PMID: 32163370 PMCID: PMC7067586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Unrepaired DNA damage during embryonic development can be potentially inherited by a large population of cells. However, the quality control mechanisms that minimize the contribution of damaged cells to developing embryos remain poorly understood. Here, we uncovered an ATR- and CHK1-mediated transcriptional response to replication stress (RS) in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that induces genes expressed in totipotent two-cell (2C) stage embryos and 2C-like cells. This response is mediated by Dux, a multicopy retrogene defining the cleavage-specific transcriptional program in placental mammals. In response to RS, DUX triggers the transcription of 2C-like markers such as murine endogenous retrovirus-like elements (MERVL) and Zscan4. This response can also be elicited by ETAA1-mediated ATR activation in the absence of RS. ATR-mediated activation of DUX requires GRSF1-dependent post-transcriptional regulation of Dux mRNA. Strikingly, activation of ATR expands ESCs fate potential by extending their contribution to both embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues. These findings define a novel ATR dependent pathway involved in maintaining genome stability in developing embryos by controlling ESCs fate in response to RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Atashpaz
- IFOM-The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Negar Arghavanifard
- IFOM-The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gnocchi
- IFOM-The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eliene Albers
- Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simone Minardi
- IFOM-The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Cogentech, IFOM-The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Faga
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, IFOM-The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Allievi
- Cogentech, IFOM-The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Cancila
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Bachi
- IFOM-The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Óscar Fernández-Capetillo
- Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain.,Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Human Pathology Section, University of Palermo School of Medicine Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Andrés Joaquin López-Contreras
- Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vincenzo Costanzo
- IFOM-The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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48
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Targeting ATR as Cancer Therapy: A new era for synthetic lethality and synergistic combinations? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 207:107450. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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49
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Menolfi D, Zha S. ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs kinases-the lessons from the mouse models: inhibition ≠ deletion. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:8. [PMID: 32015826 PMCID: PMC6990542 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-0376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage, especially DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) and replication stress, activates a complex post-translational network termed DNA damage response (DDR). Our review focuses on three PI3-kinase related protein kinases-ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs, which situate at the apex of the mammalian DDR. They are recruited to and activated at the DNA damage sites by their respective sensor protein complexes-MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 for ATM, RPA/ATRIP for ATR and KU70-KU80/86 (XRCC6/XRCC5) for DNA-PKcs. Upon activation, ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs phosphorylate a large number of partially overlapping substrates to promote efficient and accurate DNA repair and to coordinate DNA repair with other DNA metabolic events (e.g., transcription, replication and mitosis). At the organism level, robust DDR is critical for normal development, aging, stem cell maintenance and regeneration, and physiological genomic rearrangements in lymphocytes and germ cells. In addition to endogenous damage, oncogene-induced replication stresses and genotoxic chemotherapies also activate DDR. On one hand, DDR factors suppress genomic instability to prevent malignant transformation. On the other hand, targeting DDR enhances the therapeutic effects of anti-cancer chemotherapy, which led to the development of specific kinase inhibitors for ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs. Using mouse models expressing kinase dead ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs, an unexpected structural function of these kinases was revealed, where the expression of catalytically inactive kinases causes more genomic instability than the loss of the proteins themselves. The spectrum of genomic instabilities and physiological consequences are unique for each kinase and depends on their activating complexes, suggesting a model in which the catalysis is coupled with DNA/chromatin release and catalytic inhibition leads to the persistence of the kinases at the DNA lesion, which in turn affects repair pathway choice and outcomes. Here we discuss the experimental evidences supporting this mode of action and their implications in the design and use of specific kinase inhibitors for ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demis Menolfi
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
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50
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Functional interplay between the oxidative stress response and DNA damage checkpoint signaling for genome maintenance in aerobic organisms. J Microbiol 2019; 58:81-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-9520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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